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657:"We are all bound up together in one great bundle of humanity, and society cannot trample on the weakest and feeblest of its members without receiving the curse in its own soul. You tried that in the case of the Negro...You white women speak here of rights. I speak of wrongs. I, as a colored woman, have had in this country an education which has made me feel as if I were in the situation of Ishmael, my hand against every man, and every man's hand against me...While there exists this brutal element in society which tramples upon the feeble and treads down the weak, I tell you that if there is any class of people who need to be lifted out of their airy nothings and selfishness, it is the white women of America."
618:"As long as there are such cases as moral irresponsibility, mental imbecility; as long as Potiphar's wife stands in the world's pillory of shame, no man should be deprived of life or liberty without due process of law. A government which has power to tax a man in peace, and draft him in war, should have power to defend his life in the hour of peril. A government which can protect and defend its citizens from wrong and outrage and does not is vicious. A government which would do it and cannot is weak; and where human life is insecure through either weakness or viciousness in the administration of law, there must be a lack of justice, and where this is wanting nothing can make up the deficiency."
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regal language to describe the newly enfranchised population. Upon receiving voting rights, Black men are "crowned" and become "amid the noblest of the land," posing a contrast with their "once despised name" that Harper references. In general, the language in "The
Fifteenth Amendment" casts the Fifteenth Amendment in a positive light, which aligns with Harper's previous support for the Amendment that led her to help found the American Woman Suffrage Association. Unlike "The Deliverance," however, Harper's "The Fifteenth Amendment" poem does not express a particular yearning for Black women's suffrage.
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708:. As scholar Elizabeth A. Petrino argues, in "The Deliverance," Harper communicates how "women within the home are the catalysts for political rebellion" and likewise "posits women as moral exemplars and centers of political power within the home." Indeed, during her years of activism, Harper expressed concern regarding how individuals would cast their ballots once granted the right to vote. Harper's "The Deliverance" conveys these sentiments through several vignettes telling how different fictional men exercised their right to vote. Harper writes:
685:(AWSA), which supported the Amendment. Neither organization fully promoted the rights of Black women. As a proponent of the Fifteenth Amendment, Harper helped found the AWSA. After all, Harper did not want to undermine the progress of Black men by choosing to fight for women's suffrage over African American suffrage. Harper did, however, support the proposed Sixteenth Amendment, which would have granted women the right to vote. After the passage of the Fifteenth Amendment in 1870, Harper also encouraged formerly enslaved people to vote.
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of the vote. Not only does Aunt Kitty, the sole female figure in the text, "toss" the meat and flour, but she also scolds Reeder and makes him cry. While Aunt Kitty has agency in her encounter with Reeder, Reeder has a power of his own in possessing the right to vote. Within "The
Deliverance," Harper expresses a desire for Black women to obtain suffrage rights alongside their male counterparts. In addition to "The Deliverance," Harper's poem,
837:"I cannot recognize that the negro man is the only one who has pressing claims at this hour. To-day our government needs woman's conscience as well as man's judgment. And while I would not throw a straw in the way of the colored man, even though I know that he would vote against me as soon as he gets his vote, yet I do think that woman should have some power to defend herself from oppression, and equal laws as if she were a man."
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protests against in her pro-suffrage rhetoric. In this excerpt, Minnie also shows support for the Black man's vote, stating how she "would not throw a straw in the way of the colored man." At the same time, though, similar to the speaker in "The
Deliverance," Minnie additionally expresses uncertainty regarding how these men might cast their ballots. Within
692:(NACW) in 1896. Harper was often the only Black woman at the progressive conferences she attended, which isolated her from the predominantly white reformers. Harper therefore helped organize the NACW to avoid the racism of white progressives. In 1897, Harper became the NACW's vice president and used her platform to advocate for Black women's civil rights.
906:, and three other children from Fenton Harper's previous marriage. When Fenton Harper died four years later, Frances Harper kept custody of Mary and moved to the East Coast. The two would continue to live there for the rest of their lives. While on the East Coast, Harper continued to give lectures to support herself.
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Canada from 1856 to 1860. Of
Pennsylvania's treatment of African American people, Harper stated: "Now let me tell you about Pennsylvania. I have been traveling nearly four years, and have been in every New England State, in New York, Canada, and Ohio; but of all these places, this is about the meanest of all."
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In these stanzas, Harper includes exclamation points, alongside imagery such as "chimes" of the bells, and a command for the
African American people to "shake off the dust." Harper additionally incorporates positive diction, such as the phrases "gladness thrill" and "joyful triumph." Harper also uses
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In these particular stanzas, the speaker questions how the voting population will exercise their right to vote. As the character John Thomas Reeder "sold his vote" for food, Aunt Kitty expresses her frustration that not all people—and particularly men, in this instance—fully understand the importance
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Speech by
Frances Ellen Watkins Harper to the National Council of Women of the United States, Assembled in Washington, DC, Feb 23, 1891, written by Frances Ellen Watkins Harper, 1825-1911 (1891); edited by Rachel Foster Avery, 1858-1919; in Transactions of the National Council of Women of the United
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Through Minnie's statement, Harper conveys a desire for Black women to achieve suffrage rights in order to defend themselves from oppression. Shortly after making this claim, Minnie is killed—the result of racial violence. Minnie is not protected by the law, and she is a victim of the oppression she
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and became a traveling lecturer for the group. She delivered many speeches during this time and faced much prejudice and discrimination along the way. In 1854, Watkins delivered her first anti-slavery speech called "The
Elevation and Education of Our People." The success of this speech resulted in a
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Harper published 80 poems. In her poem "The Slave Mother", she writes: "He is not hers, although she bore / For him a mother's pains; / He is not hers, although her blood / Is coursing through his veins! / He is not hers, for cruel hands / May rudely tear apart / The only wreath of household love /
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warmly: "Dear old New
England! It was there kindness encompassed my path; it was there kind voices made their music in my ear. The home of my childhood, the burial-place of my kindred, is not as dear to me as New England." She continued to travel, lecturing throughout the East, the Midwest, and
665:(AERA), which incorporated African American suffrage into the Women's Suffrage Movement. Harper served as a member of AERA's Finance Committee, though Black women comprised only five of the organization's fifty-plus officers and speakers. AERA was short-lived, ending when Congress proposed the
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Harper was active in the growing number of Black organizations and came to believe that Black reformers had to be able to set their own priorities. From 1883 to 1890, she helped organize events and programs for the
National Woman's Christian Temperance Union. She had worked with members of the
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argues in her analysis of the novel that the need for protection of the law, which the vote could help Black women obtain, is "rooted in both radicalized and gendered injustices that cannot be extricated from one another." Near the end of the novel, Minnie expresses a desire for Black women's
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campaigned not only for racial and sexual equality but also for a new understanding of the federal government's responsibility to protect rights, regulate morality, and promote social welfare". Harper was disappointed, however, when
Willard gave priority to white women's concerns, rather than
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original WCTU, because "it was the most important women's organization to push for expanding federal power." In her role as superintendent of the Colored Section of the Philadelphia and Pennsylvania WCTU, Harper facilitated both access and independent organizing for Black women, promoting the
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approach, which combined her campaign for African American civil rights with her advocacy for women's rights. One of Harper's major concerns regarded the brutal treatment Black women—including Harper herself—encountered on public transportation, and this matter foregrounded her advocacy for
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That binds her breaking heart." Throughout the two stanzas, Harper demonstrates the restricted relationship between an enslaved mother and her child, while including themes of family, motherhood, humanity and slavery. Another of her poems, "To the Cleveland Union Savers," published in
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When Harper began giving antislavery lectures, the first of which took place in 1854, her gender attracted attention. The challenges she faced were not limited to racial prejudices, for in those days black women who spoke publicly about racial issues were still few in number and
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Harper's writing career started in 1839 when she published pieces in antislavery journals. Her politics and writing informed each other. Her writing career started 20 years before she was married, so several of her works were published under her maiden name of Watkins.
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Numerous African-American women's service clubs are named in her honor. Across the nation, in cities such as St. Louis, St. Paul, and Pittsburgh, F. E. W. Harper Leagues and Frances E. Harper Women's Christian Temperance Unions thrived well into the twentieth
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suffrage, contending the right of suffrage should not be based upon "service or sex, but on the common base of humanity." Responding to the male character Louis, who believes the nation is "not prepared for" Black women's suffrage, Minnie states:
453:, published as a book in 1892 when she was 67. This was one of the first books published by a Black woman in the United States. While using the conventions of the time, Harper dealt with serious social issues, including education for women, the
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after he had been arrested and before his execution: "I thank you that you have been brave enough to reach out your hands to the crushed and blighted of my race; I hope from your sad fate great good may arise to the cause of freedom."
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in 1845 when she was 20 years old. This book marked her as an important abolitionist voice. A single copy of this volume, long lost, was rediscovered in the early 21st century by scholar Johanna Ortner in Baltimore, at the
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At 13, Watkins became employed as a seamstress and nursemaid for a white family that owned a bookshop. She stopped attending school but used her spare time to read from the books in the shop and work on her own writing.
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242:), the only child of free parents. Her parents, whose names are unknown, both died in 1828, making Watkins an orphan at the age of three. She was raised by her maternal aunt and uncle, Henrietta and Rev.
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509:. It was taken by some as confirmation of gendered stereotypes about the differences between black women and white women, as in the scientific thinking of the day black women were cast as a
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Harper founded, supported, and held high office in several national progressive organizations. In 1886, she became superintendent of the Colored Section of the Philadelphia and Pennsylvania
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in New York City, demanded equal rights for all, emphasizing the need to raise awareness for African American suffrage while also advocating for women's suffrage. In her speech, she stated:
817:, published in 1869—in the same year as the Fifteenth Amendment debates—describes the vote as a defense mechanism for Black women as victims of racial violence in the Reconstruction South.
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in Cognard-Black, Jennifer, and Elizabeth MacLeod Walls, eds. Kindred Hands: Letters on Writing by British and American Women Authors, 1865-1935. University of Iowa Press, 2006. p43
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published her essay "Our Greatest Want," in which Harper linked the common religious trope of oppression of African Americans to the oppression of the
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States, Assembled in Washington D.C., February 22 to 25, 1891 (Philadelphia, PA: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1891, originally published 1891), 174-179
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A historical marker was installed to commemorate her by her home at 1006 Bainbridge Street, Philadelphia. (See marker at left side of photo above.)
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and meeting newly freed Black people. In these poems she described the harsh living conditions faced by a Black woman during both slavery and the
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There is little scholarship detailing Frances Harper's involvement in the Women's Suffrage Movement. Indeed, Harper does not appear in the
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type, "governed almost entirely by her libido," drawing a stark contrast with the 19th century ideal of sexually pure white femininity.
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In addition to delivering speeches, Harper also promoted her intersectional suffrage advocacy in later years by helping found the
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in Washington D.C., demanding justice and equal protection by the law for the African American people. In her speech, she stated:
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Various examples of Harper's writing contain themes of suffrage. Her poem, "The Deliverance," published in her 1872 anthology,
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Frances Ellen Watkins Harper died of heart failure on February 22, 1911, at the age of 85. Her funeral service was held at
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Enlightened Motherhood: An Address/by Mrs. Frances E. W. Harper; before the Brooklyn Literary Society, November 15th, 1892
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2193:""We Are Rising as a People": Frances Harper's Radical Views on Class and Racial Equality in Sketches of Southern Life"
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Corinne T. Field, "'Articulating Rights: Nineteenth-Century American Women on Race, Reform, and the State' (review)"
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Bacon, Margaret Hope (1989). ""One Great Bundle of Humanity": Frances Ellen Watkins Harper (1825–1911)".
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Minnie's Sacrifice, Sowing and Reaping, Trial and Triumph: Three Rediscovered Novels by Frances E. W. Harper,
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Poetry for students. Volume 44 : presenting analysis, context and criticism on commonly studied poetry
429:. Harper uses the figure of a former slave, called Aunt Chloe, as a narrator in several of these sketches.
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In 1860, Frances Watkins married a widower named Fenton Harper. The couple had a daughter together, named
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describes in positive terms the Fifteenth Amendment, which granted African-American men the right to vote:
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http://commonplace.online/article/sowing-reapinga-new-chapter-frances-ellen-watkins-harpers-second-novel/
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Gardner, Eric. "Sowing and Reaping: A 'New' Chapter from Frances Ellen Watkins Harper's Second Novel."
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2481:"Ava Du Vernay's 'August 28' Delves Into Just How Monumental That Date Is To Black History In America"
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Minnie's sacrifice ; Sowing and reaping ; Trial and triumph : three rediscovered novels
1935:, Volume 2, Number 3, September 2012, pp. 465-467 | 10.1353/cwe.2012.0065, accessed 29 September 2014.
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http://commonplace.online/article/lost-no-more-recovering-frances-ellen-watkins-harpers-forest-leaves/
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Harper was also a friend and mentor to many other African American writers and journalists, including
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When Harper and her daughter settled in Philadelphia in 1870, she joined the First Unitarian Church.
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After the Civil War ended in 1865, Harper moved South to teach newly freed Black people during the
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Harper's public activism also continued in later years. In 1891, Harper delivered a speech to the
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Fleshing Out America: Race, Gender, and the Politics of the Body in American Literature 1833-1879
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argues, the "suffrage split" that created NWSA and AWSA alienated Harper—who appeared to refuse
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After Harper delivered this speech, the National Woman's Rights Convention agreed to form the
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activist and abolitionist, Rev. Watkins was a major influence on his niece's life and work.
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192:(1854) was a commercial success, making her the most popular African American poet before
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Ernest, John. "Chapter 6: Unsolved Mysteries and Emerging Histories: Frances E. Harper's
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Vanguard: How Black Women Broke Barriers, Won the Vote, and Insisted on Equality for All
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Field, Corinne T., "Frances E. W. Harper and the Politics of Intellectual Maturity", in
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Vanguard: How Black Women Broke Barriers, Won the Vote, and Insisted on Equality for All
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Vanguard: How Black Women Broke Barriers, Won the Vote, and Insisted on Equality for All
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In addition, the following three novels were originally published in serial form in the
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also highlights the intersectional struggles faced by Black women. For example, scholar
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Can I Get A Witness? Prophetic Religious Voices of African American Women: An Anthology
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Articulating Rights: Nineteenth-Century American Women on Race, Reform, and the State,
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in Baltimore, Maryland; it is commonly referred to as Harper-Tubman, or simply Harper.
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in 1859, making literary history as the first short story published by a Black woman.
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Discarded Legacy: Politics and Poetics in the Life of Frances E. W. Harper, 1825–1911
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With Pen and Voice: A Critical Anthology of Nineteenth-Century African-American Women
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Zack, Ian. "Overlooked No More: Frances Ellen Watkins Harper, Poet and Suffragist"
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1069:" is inscribed on a wall of the Contemplative Court, a space for reflection in the
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of all women as a matter of both justice and morality. "Activists like Harper and
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In 1858, Harper refused to give up her seat or ride in the "colored" section of a
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1401:""One Great Bundle of Humanity": Frances Ellen Watkins Harper (1825–1911)"
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Alongside her poetry, Harper's prose also presents suffrage activism. Her novel
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Cutter, Martha J., "The Politics of Hybridity in Frances Harper's Iola Leroy",
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From 1868 to 1888, Harper had three novels serialized in a Christian magazine:
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1955:. Hine, Darlene Clark. (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2005.
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2537:
Resistance and Reformation in Nineteenth-century African-American Literature,
2458:"In This Quiet Space for Contemplation, a Fountain Rains Down Calming Waters"
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604:
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366:, making her the first Black woman to publish a short story. That same year,
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183:
in 1853, Harper began her career as a public speaker and political activist.
164:
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When and Where I Enter, The Impact of Black Women on Race and Sex in America
1970:
1748:
1606:"Poem of the week: Bury Me in a Free Land by Frances EW Harper | Books"
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2526:
Unruly Tongue: Identity and Voice in American Women's Writing 1850 – 1930,
2016:"Harper, Frances Ellen Watkins (1825-1911), political activist and author"
1554:
Ortner, Johanna, "Lost No More: Recovering Frances Ellen Watkins Harper's
1177:""One Great Bundle of Humanity": Frances Ellen Watkins Harper (1825-1911)"
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NEH's EDSITEment lesson Frances Ellen Watkins Harper's "Learning to Read"
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1731:"Words for the hour" : a new anthology of American Civil War poetry
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1225:"Overlooked No More: Frances Ellen Watkins Harper, Poet and Suffragist"
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160:
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90:
2621:
Afro-American Women Writers 1746–1933: An Anthology and Critical Guide
1504:
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supporting Black women's goals of gaining federal support for an anti-
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891:
529:
Frances Ellen Watkins Harper was a strong supporter of abolitionism,
179:, Harper started to write anti-slavery literature. After joining the
6767:
2554:, The University of North Carolina Press Chapel Hill, 2015, 110–126.
2274:"Harper, Historiography, and the Race/Gender Opposition in Feminism"
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148:(1892), placing her among the first Black women to publish a novel.
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Harper is also known for what was long considered her first novel,
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1506:
Lifting as we climb : Black women's battle for the ballot box
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2543:
2424:
1308:
Women in Black History: Stories of Courage, Faith, and Resilience
510:
371:
8451:
79:
71:
2589:, Cambridge, UK ; Medford, PA : Polity Press, 2021,
1849:(3rd ed.). Boston, MA: Bedford/St.Martin's. p. 282.
1543:
The Portable Nineteenth-Century African American Women Writers
8418:
555:
186:
Harper also had a successful literary career. Her collection
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in 1872. This anthology detailed her experience touring the
284:, the first Black-owned and operated college. The school in
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2240:"Poem: Fifteenth Amendment by Frances Ellen Watkins Harper"
2167:"The Activism and Artistry of Frances Ellen Watkins Harper"
128:
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8110:
7658:
6393:
2809:
2575:
1118:"Lifting As They Climb, History of the NACW to 1932, 1933"
495:
360:
In 1859, Harper's story "The Two Offers" was published in
268:
In 1850, at age 26, Watkins moved from Baltimore to teach
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8297:
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5952:
4620:
2375:
Lemay, Kate Clarke; Jones, Martha S. (9 September 2019).
2222:
Harper, Frances Ellen Watkins (1891). "The Deliverance".
119:(September 24, 1825 – February 22, 1911) was an American
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5182:
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1847:
Through Women's Eyes: An American History with Documents
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2528:
University Press of Mississippi/Jackson, 1999, 141–160.
1075:
National Museum of African American History and Culture
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4469:
2096:"19 Oct 1895, 8 - The Times-Tribune at Newspapers.com"
1670:
Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History.
541:
Church, which supported abolitionism. Harper wrote to
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681:(NWSA), which did not support the Amendment, and the
9447:
Burials at Eden Cemetery (Collingdale, Pennsylvania)
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868:, who were original members of the NWSA. As scholar
196:. Her short story "Two Offers" was published in the
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Works by Frances Ellen Watkins Harper in eBook form
2428:
The Norton Anthology of African American Literature
1423:
308:
Frances Harper poetry collection, published in 1900
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2582:, New York, NY: Basic Books, 2020, 90–93, 111–118.
2449:
2425:Gates, Henry Louis; Nellie Y. McKay, eds. (1996).
2319:Harper, Frances Ellen Watkins, 1825-1911. (1994).
1948:
1784:Hine, C. D., C. W. Hine, & S. Harrold (2011).
1695:
1405:The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
1328:The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
1181:The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
603:law, defense of Black rights, or abolition of the
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2748:Boston: J.B. Yerrinton & Son, Printers, 1854.
1729:Barrett, Faith, 1965- Miller, Cristanne. (2005).
1627:
1576:"Extracts from a letter of Frances Ellen Watkins"
1080:Her poem "Bury Me in a Free Land" was recited in
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2559:Commonplace: The Journal of Early American Life,
1560:Commonplace: The Journal of Early American Life.
257:, which her uncle had established in 1820. As a
249:Frances Watkins's uncle was the minister at the
163:(AME). In 1851, while living with the family of
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2752:Frances Ellen Watkins Harper Poems at Poets.org
2623:, New Haven, Connecticut: Meridian Books, 1989.
2587:Frances E. W Harper : a call to conscience
2539:University Press of Mississippi, 1995, 180–207.
2074:. New York, NY: Basic Books. pp. 111–118.
896:Frances Harper's home at 1006 Bainbridge Street
251:Sharp Street African Methodist Episcopal Church
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2688:Works by or about Frances Ellen Watkins Harper
2278:Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society
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2795:
2552:Toward An Intellectual History of Black Women
1874:. New York, NY: Basic Books. pp. 90–93.
1844:
346:). In the same year, she published her poem "
342:trolley car in Philadelphia (97 years before
7504:
6591:
6238:
5787:
5633:
5138:
2353:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1761:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1597:
316:Harper published her first volume of verse,
214:Harper died at age 85 on February 22, 1911.
9577:American Equal Rights Association activists
9562:19th-century African-American women writers
9542:20th-century African-American women writers
6448:
5831:
2603:Northern Illinois University Press, 97–138.
2171:Frances Willard House Museum & Archives
2124:Archives of Women's Political Communication
1845:DuBois, Ellen Carol; Dumenil, Lynn (2012).
1386:. Southern Illinois University Press, 1995.
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
758:"Ring out! ring out! your sweetest chimes,
695:
558:for the Anti-Slavery Society. She recalled
276:-affiliated school for Black students near
4462:
4448:
2802:
2788:
2757:Frances Ellen Watkins Harper, "Free Labor"
2570:The Complete Poems of Frances E. W. Harper
2374:
2357:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1765:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1471:The Vintage Book of American Women Writers
1431:"Editorial: The Late Bishop John M. Brown"
1321:
1319:
1317:
849:
357:which became one of her best known works.
29:
9527:Woman's Christian Temperance Union people
9517:19th-century American short story writers
2120:"We Are All Bound Up Together - May 1866"
2028:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1500304
1825:
1823:
1466:
1435:African Methodist Episcopal Church Review
1261:
1054:A honors dormitory was named for her and
2271:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1815:Frances Ellen Watkins Harper (1825-1911)
1780:
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1394:
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1207:
1086:August 28: A Day in the Life of a People
890:
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520:
388:
303:
221:
151:As a young woman in 1850, Harper taught
9487:19th-century American women journalists
2631:: A Frances Ellen Watkins Harper Reader
2613:University of Rochester Press, 145–171.
2190:
1314:
1305:
736:And I should think he felt quite cheap
496:Gendered stereotypes of black womanhood
94:(1892) Sketches of Southern Life (1872)
9404:
2738:Chicago: Donohue and Henneberry, 189-?
2478:
2431:. W. W. Norton & Company. p.
2221:
2161:
2159:
2152:. New York, NY: W. Morrow. p. 62.
2009:
2007:
1996:
1994:
1829:
1820:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1603:
1502:
764:Let every heart with gladness thrill,
690:National Association for Colored Women
635:
217:
9572:African-American temperance activists
9557:19th-century African-American writers
9552:20th-century African-American writers
9537:American women civil rights activists
9138:
8037:
6353:
4911:
4481:
4443:
4238:
3790:
3402:
3024:
2821:
2783:
2697:Works by Frances Ellen Watkins Harper
2679:Works by Frances Ellen Watkins Harper
2511:. Wayne State University Press, 1995.
2455:
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2368:
2267:
2265:
2263:
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2259:
2142:
2069:
2065:
2063:
2061:
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2055:
2053:
2013:
1943:
1941:
1916:
1893:
1891:
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1733:. University of Massachusetts Press.
1654:
1498:
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1398:
1389:
1325:
1290:, "Frances Ellen Watkins Harper", in
1257:
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1251:
1249:
1247:
1174:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1115:
980:The Martyr of Alabama and Other Poems
883:—from the Women's Suffrage Movement.
782:With freedom's chrism upon thy head,
779:And from thy brow fades out the ban.
712:"But when John Thomas Reeder brought
516:
209:National Association of Colored Women
9512:African-American short story writers
1222:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1041:
730:She gave the meat and flour a toss,
724:You ought to seen Aunt Kitty raise,
622:
612:National Council of Women of America
16:African-American author and activist
9547:20th-century American women writers
2156:
2004:
1991:
1616:
1604:Rumens, Carol (February 27, 2017).
1281:
1091:In 2018 Harper was inducted to the
770:Shake off the dust, O rising race!
767:And songs of joyful triumph raise.
683:American Woman Suffrage Association
679:National Woman Suffrage Association
13:
9492:American women short story writers
3243:Euphemia Mary Goldsborough Willson
2611:and the Struggle for Equal Rights,
2498:
2401:"Obituary for FRANCES Ei W HARPER"
2365:
2256:
2050:
1938:
1888:
1791:
1493:
1457:
1244:
776:Justice to-day asserts her claim,
651:National Woman's Rights Convention
640:Frances Harper's activism took an
631:Frances E.W. Harper portrait, 1893
525:Frances Ellen Watkins Harper, 1902
226:Frances Ellen Watkins Harper, 1872
211:and served as its vice president.
205:Women's Christian Temperance Union
161:African Methodist Episcopal Church
14:
9588:
9502:19th-century American journalists
6771:Mary of the Annunciation Beaumont
2759:, Wisconsin Curriculum guidelines
2647:
2197:American Transcendental Quarterly
1349:Iola Leroy, or, Shadows Uplifted,
1306:Jackson, Tricia Williams (2016).
1299:
1135:
1116:Davis, Elizabeth Lindsay (1933).
928:
785:Her precious ensign in thy hand,
742:And when Aunt Kitty scolded him,
663:American Equal Rights Association
299:
2704:
2654:
1933:The Journal of the Civil War Era
1696:Constantakis, Sara, ed. (2013).
886:
788:Go place thy once despised name
773:Crowned as a brother and a man;
374:people while enslaved in Egypt.
246:, who gave her their last name.
9422:19th-century American novelists
7233:Daeida Hartell Wilcox Beveridge
2744:Poems on Miscellaneous Subjects
2550:, and Barbara D. Savage (eds),
2479:Gooden, Tai (August 28, 2018).
2472:
2418:
2393:
2312:
2232:
2215:
2184:
2136:
2112:
2088:
1863:
1838:
1807:
1722:
1689:
1663:
1648:
1630:"Frances E.W. Harper Biography"
1568:
1548:
1531:
1376:
1268:National Women's History Museum
1093:National Abolition Hall of Fame
987:Iola Leroy, or Shadows Uplifted
943:Poems on Miscellaneous Subjects
761:Ye bells, that call to praise;
733:And said they should not stay.
395:Iola Leroy or Shadows Uplifted,
332:Poems on Miscellaneous Subjects
329:in the 2010s. Her second book,
255:Watkins Academy for Negro Youth
207:. In 1896 she helped found the
189:Poems on Miscellaneous Subjects
159:, a school affiliated with the
110:Mary Frances Harper (1862–1908)
9437:African-American abolitionists
7442:Rae Natalie Prosser de Goodall
2769:"Frances Ellen Watkins Harper"
2741:Frances Ellen Watkins Harper.
2731:Frances Ellen Watkins Harper.
2721:Frances Ellen Watkins Harper.
2711:Frances Ellen Watkins Harper.
2561:vol. 13, no. 1, October 2012.
2272:McDaneld, Jen (January 2015).
2191:Petrino, Elizabeth A. (2005).
1834:. University of Georgia Press.
1441:(1). July 1893. Archived from
1354:
1338:
1264:"Frances Ellen Watkins Harper"
1223:Zack, Ian (February 8, 2023).
1109:
925:, next to her daughter, Mary.
718:And told he had sold his vote
715:His wife some flour and meat,
253:. Watkins was educated at the
169:Pennsylvania Abolition Society
1:
9567:19th-century American writers
9467:American temperance activists
9139:
8455:Frances Seiberling Buchholzer
8038:
6354:
4912:
4482:
2811:Maryland Women's Hall of Fame
2407:. 23 February 1911. p. 7
1786:The African American Odyssey.
1636:. A&E Television Networks
1628:Biography.com Editors (ed.).
1562:vol. 15, no. 4, Summer 2015,
1399:Bacon, Margaret Hope (1989).
1262:Alexander, Kerri Lee (2020).
1175:Bacon, Margaret Hope (1989).
1103:
791:Amid the noblest of the land"
551:American Anti-Slavery Society
473:, and social responsibility.
181:American Anti-Slavery Society
9532:African-American suffragists
3130:Margaret Collins Schweinhaut
2917:Frances Ellen Watkins Harper
2626:Smith Foster, Frances, ed.,
1899:"Clipped From The Liberator"
745:He just stood up and cried."
549:In 1853, Watkins joined the
505:was deeply intertwined with
408:of Feb. 23, 1861, champions
117:Frances Ellen Watkins Harper
7:
9497:19th-century American poets
9462:Underground Railroad people
8774:Joyce "Snowfeather" Mahaney
2703:(public domain audiobooks)
2020:American National Biography
1800:Frances Smith Foster, ed.,
739:For voting the wrong side;
721:For something good to eat,
363:The Anglo-African Newspaper
327:Maryland Historical Society
10:
9593:
9472:Colored Conventions people
9427:African-American novelists
8422:Georgeta Blebea Washington
3824:Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps
3524:Virginia Walcott Beauchamp
2876:Lillie Mae Carroll Jackson
2606:Parker, Alison M. (2012).
2599:Parker, Alison M. (2010).
1788:Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
1475:. Vintage Books. pp.
1467:Showalter, Elaine (2011).
1065:An excerpt from her poem "
962:Moses: A Story of the Nile
752:"The Fifteenth Amendment,"
727:And heard her blaze away;
230:Frances Ellen Watkins was
62:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
9281:
9149:
9145:
9134:
8972:
8818:
8708:
8598:Jeraldyne Kilborn Blunden
8576:
8543:Viola Startzman Robertson
8433:
8246:Frances Jennings Casement
8224:
8048:
8044:
8033:
7816:
7651:
7519:
7409:
7211:
7046:
6870:
6760:
6529:
6364:
6360:
6349:
6154:
5989:
5758:
5604:
5461:
5329:
5219:
5098:
4922:
4918:
4907:
4723:
4492:
4488:
4477:
4471:Ohio Women's Hall of Fame
4393:
4357:
4321:
4285:
4249:
4245:
4239:
4234:
4175:
4139:
4116:Katharine Blodgett Gebbie
4088:
4047:
4006:
3965:
3924:
3883:
3842:
3814:Anne Catherine Hoof Green
3801:
3797:
3791:
3786:
3742:
3701:
3665:
3624:
3593:
3557:
3516:
3485:
3449:
3413:
3409:
3403:
3398:
3354:
3323:
3300:Sol del Ande Mendez Eaton
3287:
3251:
3215:
3179:
3143:
3107:
3071:
3035:
3031:
3025:
3020:
2976:
2940:
2904:
2868:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2817:
2734:Light Beyond the Darkness
2405:The Philadelphia Inquirer
2228:. Harper. pp. 24–25.
2225:Sketches of Southern Life
2070:Jones, Martha S. (2020).
1655:Riggs, Marcia Y. (1997).
1634:The Biography.com website
1364:. University of Minnesota
1310:. Revell. pp. 58–65.
1002:In Memoriam, Wm. McKinley
974:Light Beyond the Darkness
968:Sketches of Southern Life
923:Collingdale, Pennsylvania
857:History of Woman Suffrage
803:Frances Harper portrait,
702:Sketches of Southern Life
418:Sketches of Southern Life
234:on September 24, 1825 in
175:make their way along the
106:
98:
85:
67:
51:
37:
28:
21:
9482:American women novelists
9171:Gayle Channing Tenenbaum
8103:Patricia Louise Fletcher
7607:Jacquelyn Mayer Townsend
7079:Ellen Walker Craig-Jones
6507:Phebe Temperance Sutliff
6496:Fanchon bat-Lillian Shur
6165:Jeanette Grasselli Brown
5923:Anastasia Ann Przelomski
4208:Evelyn Williams Townsend
4060:Oretha Bridgwaters-Simms
3652:Rebecca Alban Hoffberger
2922:Juanita Jackson Mitchell
2143:Paula, Giddings (1984).
2014:Locke, Mamie E. (2000).
1830:Soriso, Carolyn (2002).
1700:. Detroit, Mich.: Gale.
1545:, Penguin, 2017, p. 283.
696:Suffragism in literature
9522:Novelists from Maryland
8928:Elizabeth Stewart Magee
8719:Margaret Brugler Rogers
8114:Jean Patrice Harrington
7662:Marianne Boggs Campbell
6397:Luella Talmadge Jackson
4313:Celeste Revillon Winans
4080:Lizette Woodworth Reese
3709:Ramona McCarthy Hawkins
3601:Shoshana Shoubin Cardin
3421:Constance Uriolo Battle
3197:Harriet Elizabeth Brown
3161:Elizabeth King Ellicott
2568:Graham, Maryemma, ed.,
2456:Keyes, Allison (2017).
1905:. 1858-04-23. p. 3
1813:Foster, Frances Smith,
1503:Dionne, Evette (2020).
1382:Logan, Shirley Wilson.
1362:"Frances Ellen Watkins"
1351:Penguin Classics, 2010.
1347:(ed.), "Introduction,"
1060:Morgan State University
1015:between 1868 and 1888:
850:Scholarship of suffrage
486:Victoria Earle Matthews
244:William J. Watkins, Sr.
102:Fenton Harper (m. 1860)
9457:Writers from Baltimore
9432:African-American poets
9082:Mary Adelaide Sandusky
8785:Rozella M. Schlotfeldt
8631:Olga González-Sanabria
8301:Adella Prentiss Hughes
6738:Nancy Vertrone Bieniek
5956:Julia Montgomery Walsh
4624:Helen Grace McClelland
4157:Emily Saunders Plummer
4152:Sandra Williams Ortega
4096:Marsha Coleman-Adebayo
4070:Elaine Danforth Harmon
4055:Sophia Arabatzis Balis
3503:Mary Young Pickersgill
3472:Eunice Kennedy Shriver
3431:Sonia Pressman Fuentes
3377:Elizabeth Fran Johnson
3336:Mary Katharine Goddard
3238:Nettie Barcroft Taylor
3192:Mary Elizabeth Banning
2891:Jeanette Rosner Wolman
2460:. Smithsonian Magazine
1983:: CS1 maint: others (
1951:Black women in America
1870:Jones, Martha (2020).
1122:ProQuest History Vault
1067:Bury Me in a Free Land
913:on Chestnut Street in
911:First Unitarian Church
899:
866:Elizabeth Cady Stanton
839:
808:
793:
747:
675:Elizabeth Cady Stanton
659:
632:
620:
526:
423:Southern United States
405:The Anti-Slavery Bugle
398:
376:Anglo-African Magazine
368:Anglo-African Magazine
353:The Anti-Slavery Bugle
348:Bury Me in a Free Land
309:
282:Wilberforce University
272:at Union Seminary, an
227:
9442:American rhetoricians
8664:Ellen Mosley-Thompson
8070:Maude Charles Collins
8059:Paige Palmer-Ashbaugh
7992:Harriet Beecher Stowe
7277:Joy Garrison Cauffman
7244:Patricia Ann Blackmon
6980:Anne O'Hare McCormick
6914:Viola Famiano Colombi
5747:Mary Jen Steinbrenner
5571:Helen Hooven Santmyer
5549:Willa Beatrice Player
5494:Cindy Noble Hauserman
5186:Jean Starr Untermeyer
4514:Helen Chatfield Black
3819:Irene Morgan Kirkaldy
3770:Anne St. Clair Wright
3647:Marilyn Hughes Gaston
3372:Edith Houghton Hooker
3259:Madeleine L. Ellicott
3207:Mary Adelaide Nutting
3187:Rosalie Silber Abrams
3171:Martha Ellicott Tyson
2629:A Brighter Coming Day
2521:. Beacon Press, 1987.
2211:– via ProQuest.
1539:Henry Louis Gates, Jr
1537:Robbins, Hollis, and
894:
860:anthology written by
835:
802:
756:
710:
655:
630:
616:
524:
451:, or Shadows Uplifted
392:
307:
225:
155:at Union Seminary in
41:Frances Ellen Watkins
9507:American suffragists
9477:American women poets
8939:Kasturi Rajadhyaksha
8367:Mary Andrew Matesich
8290:Kathleen V. Harrison
8191:Yvonne Walker-Taylor
7827:Mary Jo Behrensmeyer
7761:Henrietta Seiberling
7750:Margaret Diane Quinn
6749:Stella Marie Zannoni
6033:Jewel Freeman Graham
5450:Mary E. Miller Young
5197:Harriet Taylor Upton
4558:Martha Kinney Cooper
4370:Charlotte M. Cooksey
4203:Rosa Gumataotao Rios
4167:Hattie N. Washington
3932:Helen Delich Bentley
3580:Margaret Byrd Rawson
3362:Florence Riefle Bahr
3331:Constance Ross Beims
3233:Amanda Taylor Norris
3135:Carmen Delgado Votaw
3084:Mary Elizabeth Lange
2953:Sadie Kneller Miller
2546:, Farah J. Griffin,
2517:, "Introduction" to
1672:"Anglo-African, The"
917:. She was buried in
382:newspaper were both
288:was run by the Rev.
194:Paul Laurence Dunbar
177:Underground Railroad
9452:Poets from Maryland
8796:Katherine May Smith
8565:Kathryn D. Sullivan
8466:Joan Brown Campbell
7948:Marie Barrett Marsh
7552:Jean Murrell Capers
7387:Alice Robie Resnick
6969:Geraldine Macelwane
6584:Raquel Diaz-Sprague
6066:Carol Heiss Jenkins
5802:Elizabeth Blackwell
5725:Lauretta Schimmoler
5615:Lois Anna Barr Cook
5538:Catherine Pinkerton
5340:Harriet J. Anderson
5274:Grace Goulder Izant
5263:Zelma Watson George
5120:Tina Bischoff Lovin
4767:Charity Edna Earley
4745:Mary Ann Bickerdyke
4679:Marigene Valiquette
4613:Margaret A. Mahoney
4365:Janeen L. Birckhead
4262:Evelyn O. A. Darden
4213:Phyllis B. Trickett
4188:Augusta T. Chissell
4183:Marielsa A. Bernard
3734:Emily Wilson Walker
3688:Karen H. Rothenberg
3637:Liebe Sokol Diamond
3616:Edyth H. Schoenrich
3539:Ruth L. Kirschstein
3498:Florence P. Kendall
3493:Mabel Houze Hubbard
3477:Sandra W. Tomlinson
3382:Bernice Smith White
3279:Barbara A. Robinson
3274:Brigid G. Leventhal
3223:Jill Moss Greenberg
3063:Mary Lemist Titcomb
2963:Martha Carey Thomas
2896:Hiltgunt Zassenhaus
2881:Elizabeth Ann Seton
2728:Philadelphia, 1901.
2724:Idylls of the Bible
2617:Shockley, Ann Allen
1293:Daughters of Africa
1097:Peterboro, New York
995:Idylls of the Bible
904:Mary Frances Harper
667:Fifteenth Amendment
636:Activism techniques
584:Fifteenth Amendment
236:Baltimore, Maryland
218:Early life and work
140:Baltimore, Maryland
133:temperance activist
46:Baltimore, Maryland
9303:Elizabeth H. Flick
9248:Martha Potter Otto
8961:Michele G. Wheatly
8862:Yvette McGee Brown
8763:Mary Ann Jorgenson
8532:Cathy Monroe Lewis
8003:Jerry Sue Thornton
7695:Stephanie J. Jones
7640:Thekla Shackelford
7134:Lucille Nussdorfer
7101:Jill Harms Griesse
6837:Helen Steiner Rice
6705:Virginia Ruehlmann
6606:Mary Ignatia Gavin
6463:Anne Variano Macko
6055:Rebecca D. Jackson
5978:Mary Ellen Withrow
5890:Ruth Ratner Miller
5857:Hooker Glendinning
5780:Kathleen L. Barber
5648:Barbara Easterling
5087:Doris Martha Weber
5065:Mary Louise Nemeth
5010:Esther Greisheimer
4756:Beatrice Cleveland
4257:Victorine Q. Adams
4065:Mary C. Goodwillie
4019:E. Gail de Planque
3957:Beatrice P. Tignor
3911:Diana Gribbon Motz
3834:Lillie D. Shockney
3829:Bernice R. Sandler
3765:Allyson R. Solomon
3714:Ellen Moses Heller
3632:Susan Pardee Baker
3544:Etta Haynie Maddox
3436:Josephine Jacobsen
3367:Lillian C. Compton
3341:Elaine Ryan Hedges
3151:Rosalyn Blake Bell
3058:Adele Hagner Stamp
2958:Mary Eliza Risteau
2773:www.findagrave.com
2244:www.poetrynook.com
1230:The New York Times
1028:Sowing and Reaping
1021:Minnie's Sacrifice
1012:Christian Recorder
900:
875:2021-01-26 at the
844:Minnie's Sacrifice
828:2021-01-26 at the
819:Minnie's Sacrifice
814:Minnie's Sacrifice
809:
706:Reconstruction era
633:
568:Reconstruction Era
527:
517:Progressive causes
442:Trial and Triumph.
438:Sowing and Reaping
434:Minnie's Sacrifice
427:Reconstruction era
399:
310:
294:York, Pennsylvania
290:John Mifflin Brown
228:
43:September 24, 1825
9399:
9398:
9395:
9394:
9391:
9390:
9380:Carrie Vonderhaar
9259:Elizabeth Ruppert
9130:
9129:
9126:
9125:
8609:Shannon K. Carter
8554:Stefanie Spielman
8510:Katie T. Horstman
8477:Nancy Frankenberg
8323:Dorothy Kamenshek
8092:Margarita De Leon
8029:
8028:
8025:
8024:
7772:Mary Emily Taylor
7728:Audrey Mackiewicz
7321:Frances Dana Gage
7288:Bunny Cowan Clark
7266:Christine Brennan
7156:Emma Ann Reynolds
7057:Christine M. Cook
6936:Virginia Hamilton
6716:Josephine Schwarz
6672:Helen H. Peterson
6345:
6344:
6341:
6340:
6319:Charlene Spretnak
6275:Linda James Myers
6231:Florence Harshman
6110:Linda Rocker Sogg
5945:Selma Lois Walker
5912:Arline Webb Pratt
5879:Katherine LeVeque
5131:Dorothy Cornelius
5043:Blanche Krupansky
4955:Patricia M. Byrne
4903:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4888:Marjorie Whiteman
4503:Florence E. Allen
4437:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4401:Adrienne A. Jones
4375:Ana Sol Gutierrez
4349:Odessa M. Shannon
4339:Gloria Richardson
4230:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4029:Katherine O'Brien
3998:Ann Cipriano Rees
3978:Agnes Kane Callum
3973:Dorothy F. Bailey
3855:Barbara Holdridge
3782:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3606:Bessie Olive Cole
3585:Vivian V. Simpson
3534:Kathryn J. DuFour
3394:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3346:Mary Carter Smith
3305:Catherine R. Gira
3120:Anna Ella Carroll
3016:
3015:
3012:
3011:
2683:Project Gutenberg
2595:978-1-5095-3554-5
2505:Boyd, Melba Joyce
2442:978-0-393-04001-2
2037:978-0-19-860669-7
1856:978-0-312-67603-2
1516:978-0-451-48154-2
1042:Legacy and honors
1035:Trial and Triumph
870:Jennifer McDaneld
623:Suffrage activism
592:collective action
574:encouraging many
572:Freedmen's Bureau
507:scientific sexism
503:scientific racism
415:Harper published
167:, a clerk at the
114:
113:
55:February 22, 1911
9584:
9384:
9383:
9382:
9373:
9372:
9371:
9369:Linda S. Noelker
9362:
9361:
9360:
9358:Valerie J. Lyons
9351:
9350:
9349:
9347:Kleia R. Luckner
9340:
9339:
9338:
9329:
9328:
9327:
9318:
9317:
9316:
9307:
9306:
9305:
9296:
9295:
9294:
9274:
9273:
9272:
9263:
9262:
9261:
9252:
9251:
9250:
9241:
9240:
9239:
9230:
9229:
9228:
9219:
9218:
9217:
9208:
9207:
9206:
9197:
9196:
9195:
9186:
9185:
9184:
9175:
9174:
9173:
9164:
9163:
9162:
9147:
9146:
9136:
9135:
9119:
9118:
9117:
9115:Celia Williamson
9108:
9107:
9106:
9104:Bernett Williams
9097:
9096:
9095:
9086:
9085:
9084:
9075:
9074:
9073:
9064:
9063:
9062:
9053:
9052:
9051:
9049:Virginia Manning
9042:
9041:
9040:
9031:
9030:
9029:
9020:
9019:
9018:
9009:
9008:
9007:
8998:
8997:
8996:
8987:
8986:
8985:
8965:
8964:
8963:
8954:
8953:
8952:
8943:
8942:
8941:
8932:
8931:
8930:
8921:
8920:
8919:
8910:
8909:
8908:
8899:
8898:
8897:
8888:
8887:
8886:
8877:
8876:
8875:
8866:
8865:
8864:
8855:
8854:
8853:
8844:
8843:
8842:
8833:
8832:
8831:
8811:
8810:
8809:
8800:
8799:
8798:
8789:
8788:
8787:
8778:
8777:
8776:
8767:
8766:
8765:
8756:
8755:
8754:
8745:
8744:
8743:
8741:Lucille Hastings
8734:
8733:
8732:
8723:
8722:
8721:
8701:
8700:
8699:
8690:
8689:
8688:
8686:Evlyn Gray Scott
8679:
8678:
8677:
8668:
8667:
8666:
8657:
8656:
8655:
8646:
8645:
8644:
8635:
8634:
8633:
8624:
8623:
8622:
8620:Luceille Fleming
8613:
8612:
8611:
8602:
8601:
8600:
8591:
8590:
8589:
8587:Sheila G. Bailey
8569:
8568:
8567:
8558:
8557:
8556:
8547:
8546:
8545:
8536:
8535:
8534:
8525:
8524:
8523:
8514:
8513:
8512:
8503:
8502:
8501:
8492:
8491:
8490:
8488:Zell Hart-Deming
8481:
8480:
8479:
8470:
8469:
8468:
8459:
8458:
8457:
8448:
8447:
8446:
8426:
8425:
8424:
8415:
8414:
8413:
8404:
8403:
8402:
8393:
8392:
8391:
8382:
8381:
8380:
8378:Elizabeth Powell
8371:
8370:
8369:
8360:
8359:
8358:
8356:Martha MacDonell
8349:
8348:
8347:
8338:
8337:
8336:
8327:
8326:
8325:
8316:
8315:
8314:
8312:Janet E. Jackson
8305:
8304:
8303:
8294:
8293:
8292:
8283:
8282:
8281:
8272:
8271:
8270:
8261:
8260:
8259:
8250:
8249:
8248:
8239:
8238:
8237:
8235:Rebecca Boreczky
8217:
8216:
8215:
8206:
8205:
8204:
8202:Margaret W. Wong
8195:
8194:
8193:
8184:
8183:
8182:
8173:
8172:
8171:
8162:
8161:
8160:
8151:
8150:
8149:
8147:Farah Majidzadeh
8140:
8139:
8138:
8129:
8128:
8127:
8118:
8117:
8116:
8107:
8106:
8105:
8096:
8095:
8094:
8085:
8084:
8083:
8074:
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8063:
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8061:
8046:
8045:
8035:
8034:
8018:
8017:
8016:
8007:
8006:
8005:
7996:
7995:
7994:
7985:
7984:
7983:
7981:Lee Lenore Rubin
7974:
7973:
7972:
7963:
7962:
7961:
7952:
7951:
7950:
7941:
7940:
7939:
7937:Nancy Linenkugel
7930:
7929:
7928:
7919:
7918:
7917:
7908:
7907:
7906:
7897:
7896:
7895:
7886:
7885:
7884:
7875:
7874:
7873:
7864:
7863:
7862:
7853:
7852:
7851:
7842:
7841:
7840:
7831:
7830:
7829:
7809:
7808:
7807:
7805:Nancy L. Zimpher
7798:
7797:
7796:
7794:Jacqueline Woods
7787:
7786:
7785:
7776:
7775:
7774:
7765:
7764:
7763:
7754:
7753:
7752:
7743:
7742:
7741:
7732:
7731:
7730:
7721:
7720:
7719:
7717:Barbara Ross-Lee
7710:
7709:
7708:
7699:
7698:
7697:
7688:
7687:
7686:
7677:
7676:
7675:
7666:
7665:
7664:
7644:
7643:
7642:
7633:
7632:
7631:
7629:Beryl Rothschild
7622:
7621:
7620:
7611:
7610:
7609:
7600:
7599:
7598:
7596:Beatrice Lampkin
7589:
7588:
7587:
7578:
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7576:
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7565:
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7554:
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7544:
7543:
7534:
7533:
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7512:
7511:
7510:
7501:
7500:
7499:
7497:Betty Montgomery
7490:
7489:
7488:
7479:
7478:
7477:
7468:
7467:
7466:
7457:
7456:
7455:
7453:Elizabeth Hauser
7446:
7445:
7444:
7435:
7434:
7433:
7424:
7423:
7422:
7420:Carol Cartwright
7402:
7401:
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7391:
7390:
7389:
7380:
7379:
7378:
7369:
7368:
7367:
7358:
7357:
7356:
7354:Tami Longaberger
7347:
7346:
7345:
7336:
7335:
7334:
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7324:
7323:
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7312:
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7292:
7291:
7290:
7281:
7280:
7279:
7270:
7269:
7268:
7259:
7258:
7257:
7255:Mary Bowermaster
7248:
7247:
7246:
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7202:
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7149:
7148:
7147:
7138:
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7136:
7127:
7126:
7125:
7116:
7115:
7114:
7112:Georgia Griffith
7105:
7104:
7103:
7094:
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6253:Geraldine Jensen
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5230:A. Margaret Boyd
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4988:Dorothy Fuldheim
4981:
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4877:Clara Weisenborn
4870:
4869:
4868:
4859:
4858:
4857:
4855:Bobbie L. Sterne
4848:
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4738:
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4736:
4734:Mary Jobe Akeley
4716:
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4681:
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4606:
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4604:
4595:
4594:
4593:
4584:
4583:
4582:
4580:Jane Edna Hunter
4573:
4572:
4571:
4569:Gertrude Donahey
4562:
4561:
4560:
4551:
4550:
4549:
4540:
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4527:
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4507:
4506:
4505:
4490:
4489:
4479:
4478:
4464:
4457:
4450:
4441:
4440:
4380:Gloria G. Lawlah
4344:Beatrice Rodgers
4303:Ruby Reese Moone
4298:Margaret Hawkins
4267:Claire Parkinson
4247:
4246:
4236:
4235:
4218:Pauline Woo Tsui
4162:Rita L. Robinson
4147:Sandra I. Barnes
4014:Beverly B. Byron
3988:Susan K. Goering
3952:Linda A. Shevitz
3870:Lucy Diggs Slowe
3850:Carol W. Greider
3809:Claire M. Fraser
3799:
3798:
3788:
3787:
3673:Annette M.Deener
3565:Edmonson sisters
3508:Lorraine Sheehan
3411:
3410:
3400:
3399:
3089:Claire McCardell
3033:
3032:
3022:
3021:
3004:Estelle R. Ramey
2948:Barbara Mikulski
2932:Helen B. Taussig
2850:Rita C. Davidson
2830:
2829:
2819:
2818:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2708:
2707:
2692:Internet Archive
2664:
2662:Biography portal
2659:
2658:
2657:
2609:Susan B. Anthony
2576:Jones, Martha S.
2493:
2492:
2490:
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2470:
2469:
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2447:
2446:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2397:
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2388:
2387:
2381:The Conversation
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2110:
2109:
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2092:
2086:
2085:
2067:
2048:
2047:
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2011:
2002:
1998:
1989:
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1982:
1974:
1954:
1945:
1936:
1925:
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1911:
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1895:
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1770:
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1719:
1693:
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1684:
1682:
1676:Encyclopedia.com
1667:
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1660:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1625:
1614:
1613:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1585:. April 23, 1858
1580:
1572:
1566:
1552:
1546:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1500:
1491:
1490:
1474:
1464:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1445:on June 27, 2004
1427:
1421:
1420:
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1237:
1220:
1205:
1204:
1172:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1113:
862:Susan B. Anthony
805:The Boston Globe
671:Susan B. Anthony
647:women's suffrage
554:lecture tour in
535:woman's suffrage
270:domestic science
153:domestic science
58:
33:
19:
18:
9592:
9591:
9587:
9586:
9585:
9583:
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9355:
9345:
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9322:
9312:
9311:
9301:
9300:
9292:Cheryl A. Boyce
9290:
9289:
9277:
9268:
9267:
9257:
9256:
9246:
9245:
9235:
9234:
9226:Nina McClelland
9224:
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9213:
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9204:Merle G. Kearns
9202:
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9182:Dorothy Maguire
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9016:Beverly J. Gray
9014:
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8994:Pamela B. Davis
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8837:
8829:Dorothy Baunach
8827:
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8814:
8805:
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8782:
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8761:
8760:
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8749:
8739:
8738:
8730:Julia Chatfield
8728:
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8704:
8697:Yvonne Williams
8695:
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8180:Lanna Samaniego
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8125:Shirley Hoffman
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8014:Janet Voinovich
8012:
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8000:
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7959:Marjorie Parham
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7915:Cheryl Han Horn
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7891:
7890:
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7868:
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7838:Alvina Costilla
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7706:Bettye Ruth Kay
7704:
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7684:Nancy Hollister
7682:
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7673:Carole Garrison
7671:
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7647:
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7605:
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7585:Clarice Herbert
7583:
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7574:Joan Heidelberg
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7506:
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7483:
7473:
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7464:Bernadine Healy
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7431:Elizabeth Evans
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7222:Sandra Beckwith
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7123:Florence Melton
7121:
7120:
7110:
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7099:
7098:
7090:Nanette Ferrall
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7068:Claudia Coulton
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6999:
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6958:Joy Alice Hintz
6956:
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6947:Lucy Webb Hayes
6945:
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6903:Virginia Coffey
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6681:
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6650:Martha C. Moore
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6540:Berenice Abbott
6538:
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6518:Grayce Williams
6516:
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6504:
6494:
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6485:Ludel Sauvageot
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6386:Dorothy Jackson
6384:
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6264:Carolyn Mahoney
6262:
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6220:Michelle Graves
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6176:Maxine Carnahan
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6119:
6118:
6108:
6107:
6099:Alice Raful Lev
6097:
6096:
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6085:
6075:
6074:
6064:
6063:
6053:
6052:
6044:Cathy Guisewite
6042:
6041:
6031:
6030:
6020:
6019:
6011:Patricia Clonch
6009:
6008:
5998:
5997:
5985:
5976:
5975:
5965:
5964:
5954:
5953:
5943:
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5932:
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5920:
5910:
5909:
5899:
5898:
5888:
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5877:
5876:
5866:
5865:
5855:
5854:
5846:Cynthia Drennan
5844:
5843:
5833:
5832:
5822:
5821:
5811:
5810:
5800:
5799:
5789:
5788:
5778:
5777:
5769:Margaret Andrew
5767:
5766:
5754:
5745:
5744:
5734:
5733:
5723:
5722:
5712:
5711:
5701:
5700:
5690:
5689:
5681:Mary K. Lazarus
5679:
5678:
5670:Aurora Gonzalez
5668:
5667:
5657:
5656:
5646:
5645:
5635:
5634:
5626:Mercedes Cotner
5624:
5623:
5613:
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5600:
5591:
5590:
5580:
5579:
5569:
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5557:
5547:
5546:
5536:
5535:
5527:Mary Rose Oakar
5525:
5524:
5514:
5513:
5503:
5502:
5492:
5491:
5483:Sarah E. Harris
5481:
5480:
5470:
5469:
5457:
5448:
5447:
5437:
5436:
5426:
5425:
5415:
5414:
5404:
5403:
5395:Josephine Irwin
5393:
5392:
5382:
5381:
5371:
5370:
5360:
5359:
5349:
5348:
5338:
5337:
5325:
5318:Helen Zelkowitz
5316:
5315:
5305:
5304:
5294:
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5282:
5272:
5271:
5261:
5260:
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5238:
5228:
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5215:
5206:
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5173:
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5164:Eusebia Hunkins
5162:
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4931:
4930:
4914:
4895:
4886:
4885:
4875:
4874:
4864:
4863:
4853:
4852:
4844:Rachel Redinger
4842:
4841:
4831:
4830:
4820:
4819:
4809:
4808:
4798:
4797:
4787:
4786:
4776:
4775:
4765:
4764:
4754:
4753:
4743:
4742:
4732:
4731:
4719:
4710:
4709:
4699:
4698:
4688:
4687:
4677:
4676:
4668:Ella P. Stewart
4666:
4665:
4657:Lottie Randolph
4655:
4654:
4644:
4643:
4633:
4632:
4622:
4621:
4611:
4610:
4602:Virginia Kunkle
4600:
4599:
4591:Consolata Kline
4589:
4588:
4578:
4577:
4567:
4566:
4556:
4555:
4547:Harriet Bracken
4545:
4544:
4536:Elizabeth Boyer
4534:
4533:
4523:
4522:
4512:
4511:
4501:
4500:
4484:
4473:
4468:
4438:
4425:
4389:
4353:
4317:
4308:Nancy K. Welker
4281:
4277:Leslie R. Wolfe
4241:
4222:
4193:Dominique Dawes
4171:
4135:
4084:
4043:
4002:
3993:Henrietta Lacks
3961:
3947:Ellen Sauerbrey
3920:
3916:Gwendolyn Rooks
3896:Margaret Dunkle
3879:
3875:June A. Willenz
3838:
3793:
3774:
3738:
3697:
3693:Audrey E. Scott
3661:
3620:
3589:
3575:Esther McCready
3553:
3512:
3481:
3467:Charmaine Krohe
3457:Kathleen Feeley
3445:
3426:Lois Green Carr
3405:
3386:
3350:
3319:
3283:
3269:Mary Digges Lee
3247:
3211:
3175:
3156:Lucille Clifton
3139:
3115:Annie Armstrong
3103:
3079:Rita R. Colwell
3067:
3048:Enolia McMillan
3027:
3008:
2972:
2936:
2927:Mary Shaw Shorb
2900:
2886:Henrietta Szold
2864:
2855:Gladys Spellman
2824:
2813:
2808:
2767:
2718:Published 1892.
2705:
2674:Standard Ebooks
2660:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2642:online obituary
2585:McKnight, Utz:
2548:Martha S. Jones
2501:
2499:Further reading
2496:
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2012:
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1999:
1992:
1976:
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1963:
1947:
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1355:
1345:Robbins, Hollis
1343:
1339:
1324:
1315:
1304:
1300:
1288:Busby, Margaret
1286:
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1044:
1007:
931:
889:
877:Wayback Machine
852:
830:Wayback Machine
698:
638:
625:
596:Frances Willard
580:Mobile, Alabama
519:
498:
490:Kate D. Chapman
478:Mary Shadd Cary
410:Sara Lucy Bagby
378:and the weekly
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9330:
9319:
9314:Frances Harper
9308:
9297:
9285:
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9264:
9253:
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9231:
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9215:Rebecca J. Lee
9209:
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9193:Barbara Fergus
9187:
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9160:Alvarene Owens
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8906:Billie Johnson
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7799:
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7783:Virginia Varga
7777:
7766:
7755:
7744:
7739:Kathy Palasics
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7398:Muriel Siebert
7392:
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7326:
7315:
7310:Naomi J. Evans
7304:
7299:Grace L. Drake
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7013:Maxine Plummer
7007:
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6991:Rena Olshansky
6985:
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6892:Amelia Bingham
6886:
6881:Mildred Benson
6874:
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6815:Harriet Parker
6809:
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6758:
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6727:Suzanne Timken
6721:
6710:
6699:
6694:Yvonne Pointer
6688:
6677:
6666:
6655:
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6622:
6617:Sara J. Harper
6611:
6600:
6589:
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6573:JoAnn Davidson
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5967:Faye Wattleton
5961:
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5934:Virginia Purdy
5928:
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5868:Louise Herring
5862:
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5824:Eva Mae Crosby
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5692:Barbara Mandel
5686:
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5659:Nikki Giovanni
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5516:Karen Nussbaum
5510:
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5428:Gloria Steinem
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5147:
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5054:Hattie Larlham
5048:
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5015:
5004:
4993:
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4882:
4871:
4866:Ethel Swanbeck
4860:
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4805:
4794:
4789:Bernice Kochan
4783:
4778:Eleanor Jammal
4772:
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4525:Frances Bolton
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4334:Mary L. Cleave
4331:
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3570:Nancy Grasmick
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3295:Diane L. Adams
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3202:Connie Morella
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3043:Lucille Maurer
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2860:Harriet Tubman
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2840:Margaret Brent
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2648:External links
2646:
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2638:New York Times
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2290:10.1086/678147
2284:(2): 393–415.
2255:
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2173:. 24 July 2020
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2100:Newspapers.com
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1855:
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1659:. Orbis Books.
1647:
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1515:
1492:
1485:
1456:
1422:
1388:
1375:
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1337:
1313:
1298:
1296:, 1992, p. 81.
1280:
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1107:
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1056:Harriet Tubman
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1039:
1038:
1031:
1024:
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1005:
999:
991:
983:
977:
971:
965:
959:
956:The Two Offers
953:
947:
939:
932:
930:
929:Selected works
927:
888:
885:
881:white feminism
851:
848:
697:
694:
642:intersectional
637:
634:
624:
621:
518:
515:
497:
494:
467:reconstruction
455:social passing
393:Title page of
322:Autumn Leaves,
301:
300:Writing career
298:
278:Columbus, Ohio
219:
216:
173:refugee slaves
157:Columbus, Ohio
112:
111:
108:
104:
103:
100:
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87:
83:
82:
69:
65:
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59:(aged 85)
53:
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34:
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25:
23:Frances Harper
22:
15:
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8807:Florence Wang
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6187:Tracy Chapman
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5560:Judith Resnik
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5439:Freda Winning
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5406:Barbara Janis
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4198:Virginia Hall
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1962:9780195156775
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1903:The Liberator
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1583:The Liberator
1577:
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1556:Forest Leaves
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1000:
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989:
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981:
978:
975:
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966:
963:
960:
957:
954:
951:
948:
945:
944:
940:
938:, verse, 1845
937:
936:Forest Leaves
934:
933:
926:
924:
920:
919:Eden Cemetery
916:
912:
907:
905:
897:
893:
887:Personal life
884:
882:
878:
874:
871:
867:
863:
859:
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652:
648:
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629:
619:
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613:
608:
606:
605:convict lease
602:
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587:
585:
581:
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573:
569:
564:
561:
557:
552:
547:
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536:
532:
523:
514:
512:
508:
504:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
474:
472:
468:
465:, abolition,
464:
463:miscegenation
460:
456:
452:
450:
444:
443:
439:
435:
430:
428:
424:
420:
419:
413:
411:
407:
406:
396:
391:
387:
385:
381:
380:Anglo-African
377:
373:
369:
365:
364:
358:
356:
354:
349:
345:
341:
336:
334:
333:
328:
323:
319:
318:Forest Leaves
314:
306:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
266:
262:
260:
256:
252:
247:
245:
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237:
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224:
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210:
206:
201:
199:
198:Anglo-African
195:
191:
190:
184:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
165:William Still
162:
158:
154:
149:
147:
146:
141:
138:Born free in
136:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
92:
88:
86:Notable works
84:
81:
77:
73:
70:
66:
63:
54:
50:
47:
40:
36:
32:
27:
20:
9237:Lana Moresky
9071:Judith Rycus
8983:Gail Collins
8840:Carrie Black
8675:Cathy Nelson
8521:Jennie Hwang
8499:Elsie Helsel
8400:Maria Sexton
8334:Maxine Levin
8268:Lucille Ford
8169:Lorle Porter
8081:Faye Dambrot
7926:Carol Latham
7893:Ann Hamilton
7618:Ann O'Rourke
7486:Fannie Lewis
7343:Sylvia Lewis
7332:Jane Kirkham
7200:Lillian Wald
7189:Deanna Tribe
7178:Paula Spence
7035:Pauline Riel
7002:Edna Pincham
6826:Susan Porter
6804:Nancy Oakley
6562:Hallie Brown
6408:Janet Kalven
6308:Renee Powell
6022:Norma Craden
6000:Anna Biggins
5813:Marie Clarke
5736:Marge Schott
5505:Marcy Kaptur
5472:Sally Cooper
5362:Eula Bingham
5241:Ann Eriksson
5208:Nancy Wilson
5175:Andre Norton
5076:Annie Oakley
5021:Edith Keller
4999:Lillian Gish
4944:Erma Bombeck
4933:Grace Berlin
4712:Marion Wells
4701:Stella Walsh
4421:Nancy Pelosi
4416:Aruna Miller
4406:Susan C. Lee
4385:Jackie Ronne
4329:Dorothy Blum
4131:Lilian Welsh
4111:Mary Garrett
4024:Mary S. Feik
3983:Renee E. Fox
3865:Gertrude Poe
3529:Edith Clarke
3228:Mary L. Nock
3166:Jean Spencer
3125:Rose Kushner
3099:Alta Schrock
3094:Bessie Moses
3053:Pauli Murray
2916:
2912:Clara Barton
2772:
2742:
2732:
2722:
2712:
2637:
2627:
2620:
2607:
2600:
2586:
2579:
2569:
2558:
2551:
2536:
2532:
2525:
2518:
2515:Carby, Hazel
2508:
2485:. Retrieved
2483:. Bustle.com
2474:
2462:. Retrieved
2451:
2427:
2420:
2409:. Retrieved
2404:
2395:
2384:. Retrieved
2380:
2321:
2314:
2281:
2277:
2247:. Retrieved
2243:
2234:
2224:
2217:
2200:
2196:
2186:
2175:. Retrieved
2170:
2145:
2138:
2127:. Retrieved
2123:
2114:
2103:. Retrieved
2099:
2090:
2071:
2041:. Retrieved
2019:
1950:
1932:
1907:. Retrieved
1902:
1871:
1865:
1846:
1840:
1831:
1814:
1809:
1801:
1785:
1730:
1724:
1697:
1691:
1679:. Retrieved
1675:
1665:
1656:
1650:
1640:February 12,
1638:. Retrieved
1633:
1610:The Guardian
1609:
1599:
1587:. Retrieved
1582:
1570:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1542:
1533:
1505:
1470:
1447:. Retrieved
1443:the original
1438:
1434:
1425:
1411:(1): 23–24.
1408:
1404:
1383:
1378:
1366:. Retrieved
1356:
1348:
1340:
1331:
1327:
1307:
1301:
1291:
1283:
1271:. Retrieved
1267:
1234:. Retrieved
1228:
1187:(1): 21–43.
1184:
1180:
1125:. Retrieved
1121:
1111:
1085:
1082:Ava DuVernay
1033:
1026:
1019:
1010:
1008:
1001:
994:
986:
979:
973:
967:
961:
955:
949:
941:
935:
915:Philadelphia
908:
901:
855:
853:
843:
840:
836:
823:Jen McDaneld
818:
812:
810:
804:
794:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
748:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
711:
701:
699:
687:
660:
656:
639:
617:
609:
588:
565:
548:
528:
499:
482:Ida B. Wells
475:
457:as white of
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
431:
416:
414:
403:
400:
394:
379:
375:
367:
361:
359:
351:
337:
330:
321:
317:
315:
311:
267:
263:
259:civil rights
248:
229:
213:
202:
197:
187:
185:
150:
143:
137:
121:abolitionist
116:
115:
89:
57:(1911-02-22)
9417:1911 deaths
9412:1825 births
9038:Carol Kuhre
9005:Kim de Groh
8917:Jih-Fen Lei
8895:Carol Gibbs
8884:Joan Durgin
8873:Loann Crane
8653:Lois Lenski
8642:Elsie Janis
8444:Judy Barker
7970:Mary Regula
7882:Annie Glenn
7475:Carol Kelly
7167:Carol Scott
7024:Jean Reilly
6639:June Holley
6474:Alicia Mott
6441:Joan Lamson
6430:Maggie Kuhn
6209:Ann Gazelle
6132:Carolyn Utz
5901:Amelia Nava
5307:Jayne Spain
4977:Louisa Fast
4833:Emma Phaler
4822:Jerrie Mock
4800:Emily Leedy
4646:Rose Papier
4272:Nancy Roman
4075:Joanne Katz
3750:Ilia Fehrer
3462:Misbah Khan
3264:Ethel Ennis
1681:November 8,
1127:27 November
1071:Smithsonian
560:New England
531:prohibition
286:Wilberforce
240:slave state
171:who helped
76:short story
9406:Categories
9270:Rita Singh
9060:Helen Moss
8851:Caro Bosca
8213:Betty Zane
8158:Ada Martin
7849:Sarah Deal
7530:Carol Ball
7365:Donna Moon
7145:Jane Reece
6925:Ivy Gunter
6628:Donna Hawk
6088:Bea Larsen
6077:Carol Kane
5351:Ione Biggs
4811:Ruth Lyons
3901:Nancy Kopp
3549:Debbie Yow
2533:Iola Leroy
2519:Iola Leroy
2487:August 30,
2411:2020-11-28
2386:2020-11-26
2249:2020-11-26
2177:2020-10-26
2129:2020-11-25
2105:2020-10-17
2043:2020-10-17
1909:2020-11-28
1525:1099569335
1509:. Viking.
1273:25 October
1236:8 February
1104:References
950:Free Labor
543:John Brown
471:temperance
459:mixed-race
449:Iola Leroy
344:Rosa Parks
340:segregated
145:Iola Leroy
125:suffragist
91:Iola Leroy
9140:2010–2019
8039:2000–2009
7508:Hope Taft
6595:Rita Dove
6355:1990–1999
6242:June Hutt
5791:Fay Biles
5637:Zell Draz
5142:Doris Day
4913:1980–1989
4483:1970–1979
3642:Bea Gaddy
2464:March 10,
2349:cite book
2306:146515632
2298:0097-9740
2209:222377584
1979:cite book
1757:cite book
1716:842240078
1589:April 30,
1449:April 26,
1368:April 26,
1193:0031-4587
539:Unitarian
384:Civil War
232:born free
6452:Maya Lin
5835:Ruby Dee
2701:LibriVox
2341:29183605
2205:ProQuest
1971:57506600
1749:60796177
1417:20092281
1334:(1): 23.
1201:20092281
1084:'s film
1048:century.
873:Archived
826:Archived
607:system.
601:lynching
576:freedmen
461:people,
238:(then a
107:Children
2690:at the
2633:, 1990.
2572:, 1988.
2544:Mia Bay
1541:(eds),
511:Jezebel
2593:
2535:." In
2439:
2339:
2329:
2304:
2296:
2207:
2078:
2034:
1969:
1959:
1878:
1853:
1747:
1737:
1714:
1704:
1523:
1513:
1483:
1479:–183.
1415:
1199:
1191:
1004:, 1901
998:, 1901
982:, 1894
976:, 1890
970:, 1872
964:, 1869
958:, 1859
952:, 1857
946:, 1854
807:, 1894
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