619:, this technique can achieve some concentration with far less effort than any practical distillation apparatus would require. The danger of fractional freezing of alcoholic beverages is that it does not remove impurities, unlike (heat) distillation. Thus, fractional freezing may increase the ratio of impurities to the total volume of the beverage (though not necessarily the ratio of impurities to the amount of ethanol). This concentration may cause side effects to the drinker, leading to intense
589:
477:
phase. The two phases can then be separated by filtration or decanting. The temperature at which water ice starts to precipitate depends on the ethanol concentration. Consequently, at a given temperature and ethanol concentration, the freezing process will reach an equilibrium at a specific ratio of water ice and enriched ethanol solution with a specific ethanol concentration. The temperatures and mixing ratios of these phase equilibria can be read from the
25:
122:
412:
397:
Partial crystallization can also be achieved by adding a dilute solvent to the mixture, and cooling and concentrating the mixture by evaporating the solvent, a process called solution crystallization. Fractional freezing is generally used to produce ultra-pure solids, or to concentrate heat-sensitive
476:
and liquid water are completely miscible, but ethanol is practically insoluble in water ice. That means almost pure water ice can be precipitated from a lean ethanol-water mixture by cooling it sufficiently. The precipitation of water ice from the mixture enriches ethanol in the remaining liquid
469:
is a misnomer, because it is not distillation but rather a process of enriching a solution by partially freezing it and removing frozen material that is poorer in the dissolved material than is the liquid portion left behind. Such enrichment parallels enrichment by true distillation, where the
580:, form in the middle of floes, and the water eventually sinks to the bottom. Likewise, the frozen water with the highest concentration of salt melts first. Either method decreases the salinity of the remaining frozen water, and after multiple runs the results can be drinkable.
532:
in distillation), a very pure solid can be recovered, as long as the liquid is not at its eutectic composition (in which case a mixed solid forms, which can be hard to separate) or above its eutectic composition (in which case the undesired solid forms).
639:
and other alternative diesel fuels, whereby esters of higher gel point are removed from esters of lower gel point through cold filtering, or other methods to reduce the subsequent alternative fuel gel point of the fuel blend. This process employs fuel
144:
644:
whereby components in the fuel blend develop a higher specific gravity as they approach their respective gel points and thus sink to the bottom of the container, where they can be removed.
564:
sea water. In a process that naturally occurs with sea ice, frozen salt water, when partially melted, leaves behind ice that is of a much lower salt content. Because
541:
When the requirement is to concentrate a liquid phase, fractional freezing can be useful due to its simplicity. Fractional freezing is also used in the production of
595:
beer (12% alcohol) created via freeze distillation of doppelbock beer. Barrels of beer were originally left outdoors to partially freeze, then the ice removed.
623:
and a condition known as "apple palsy" (although this term has also simply been used to refer to intoxication, especially from applejack.)
326:
89:
61:
653:
255:
700:
68:
42:
285:
857:
806:
772:
738:
452:
108:
75:
230:
715:
57:
46:
319:
235:
194:
658:
275:
852:
354:
substances with different melting points. It can be done by partial melting of a solid, for example in
434:
430:
312:
663:
82:
35:
520:
in the desired solid, a multiple stage fractional freezing is required, analogous to multistage
847:
641:
548:
and other heat-sensitive liquids, as it does not involve heating the liquid (as happens during
265:
481:
of ethanol and water. The maximum enrichment of ethanol in the liquid phase is reached at the
832:
796:
762:
728:
632:
599:
Fractional freezing can be used as a simple method to increase the alcohol concentration in
572:
of water, the salt in sea water tends to be forced out of pure water while freezing, called
604:
493:
391:
8:
422:
343:
516:
When a pure solid is desired, two possible situations can occur. If the contaminant is
489:
387:
351:
280:
240:
802:
768:
734:
696:
270:
163:
470:
evaporated and re-condensed portion is richer than the liquid portion left behind.
204:
143:
603:
alcoholic beverages, a process sometimes called freeze distillation. Examples are
688:
573:
565:
482:
367:
295:
225:
184:
135:
615:. In practice, while not able to produce an alcohol concentration comparable to
485:
of ethanol and water, approximately 92.4 weight-% ethanol at -123 °C.
517:
290:
209:
189:
841:
716:
https://serc.carleton.edu/files/research_education/equilibria/alcohol-ice.pdf
569:
508:
the fermentation, and thus it is sugar, not alcohol, that gets concentrated.
478:
383:
668:
616:
588:
561:
521:
504:
is the result of a similar process, but in this case, the freezing happens
466:
355:
300:
199:
549:
545:
542:
250:
168:
631:
Fractional freezing is commonly used as a simple method to reduce the
636:
529:
347:
125:
Fractional freezing of grapes to concentrate grape sugar for making
24:
620:
612:
592:
577:
525:
501:
497:
126:
121:
600:
473:
359:
245:
158:
363:
695:. McGraw-Hill International Editions. pp. 17–3 to 17–4.
608:
767:. : University of Vermont College of Medicine. p. 12.
16:
Separating components of a mixture by their melting points
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
801:. Parkland, Fla.: Brown Walker Press. p. 78.
839:
576:. Large lakes of higher salinity water, called
798:The A-Z encyclopedia of alcohol and drug abuse
687:
764:The University of Vermont College of Medicine
320:
433:. There might be a discussion about this on
536:
327:
313:
794:
511:
453:Learn how and when to remove this message
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
587:
120:
760:
840:
654:Fractional crystallization (chemistry)
583:
401:
726:
693:Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook
681:
626:
405:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
560:Fractional freezing can be used to
286:Shaping processes in crystal growth
13:
14:
869:
826:
410:
142:
23:
555:
256:Fractional crystallization
34:needs additional citations for
833:Freeze Distillation of Vinegar
788:
754:
720:
709:
528:system forms (analogous to an
1:
674:
382:. The initial sample is thus
659:Laser-heated pedestal growth
276:Laser-heated pedestal growth
7:
647:
266:Hydrothermal synthesis
231:Bridgman–Stockbarger method
10:
874:
795:Nordegren, Thomas (2002).
733:. London: Reaktion Books.
858:Methods of crystal growth
308:
236:Van Arkel–de Boer process
222:
217:
181:
176:
155:
150:
141:
134:
761:Kaufman, Martin (1979).
537:Concentration of liquids
261:Fractional freezing
664:Pumpable ice technology
241:Czochralski method
730:Apple a global history
596:
512:Purification of solids
488:The best-known freeze-
218:Methods and technology
129:
727:Janik, Erika (2011).
591:
342:is a process used in
124:
58:"Fractional freezing"
691:; Don Green (2007).
423:confusing or unclear
380:progressive freezing
43:improve this article
584:Alcoholic beverages
490:distilled beverages
431:clarify the article
402:Freeze distillation
372:freeze distillation
370:of a liquid, as in
344:process engineering
340:Fractional freezing
210:Single crystal
190:Crystal growth
597:
281:Micro-pulling-down
130:
853:Phase transitions
702:978-0-07-142294-9
627:Alternative fuels
524:. If, however, a
463:
462:
455:
337:
336:
271:Kyropoulos method
200:Seed crystal
195:Recrystallization
164:Crystal structure
119:
118:
111:
93:
865:
820:
819:
817:
815:
792:
786:
785:
783:
781:
758:
752:
751:
749:
747:
724:
718:
713:
707:
706:
685:
458:
451:
447:
444:
438:
414:
413:
406:
366:, or by partial
329:
322:
315:
205:Protocrystalline
146:
132:
131:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
873:
872:
868:
867:
866:
864:
863:
862:
838:
837:
829:
824:
823:
813:
811:
809:
793:
789:
779:
777:
775:
759:
755:
745:
743:
741:
725:
721:
714:
710:
703:
686:
682:
677:
650:
629:
586:
574:brine rejection
566:sodium chloride
558:
539:
514:
459:
448:
442:
439:
428:
415:
411:
404:
376:normal freezing
368:crystallization
333:
296:Verneuil method
185:Crystallization
136:Crystallization
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
871:
861:
860:
855:
850:
836:
835:
828:
827:External links
825:
822:
821:
807:
787:
773:
753:
739:
719:
708:
701:
679:
678:
676:
673:
672:
671:
666:
661:
656:
649:
646:
642:stratification
628:
625:
585:
582:
557:
554:
538:
535:
513:
510:
483:eutectic point
461:
460:
418:
416:
409:
403:
400:
374:, also called
335:
334:
332:
331:
324:
317:
309:
306:
305:
304:
303:
298:
293:
291:Skull crucible
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
220:
219:
215:
214:
213:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
179:
178:
174:
173:
172:
171:
166:
161:
153:
152:
148:
147:
139:
138:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
870:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
848:Fractionation
846:
845:
843:
834:
831:
830:
810:
808:9781581124040
804:
800:
799:
791:
776:
774:9780874511482
770:
766:
765:
757:
742:
740:9781861899583
736:
732:
731:
723:
717:
712:
704:
698:
694:
690:
689:Perry, Robert
684:
680:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
651:
645:
643:
638:
634:
624:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
594:
590:
581:
579:
575:
571:
570:melting point
567:
563:
553:
551:
547:
544:
534:
531:
527:
523:
519:
509:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
486:
484:
480:
479:phase diagram
475:
471:
468:
457:
454:
446:
436:
435:the talk page
432:
426:
424:
419:This article
417:
408:
407:
399:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
356:zone refining
353:
349:
345:
341:
330:
325:
323:
318:
316:
311:
310:
307:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
223:
221:
216:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
182:
180:
175:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
156:
154:
149:
145:
140:
137:
133:
128:
123:
113:
110:
102:
99:November 2010
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
812:. Retrieved
797:
790:
778:. Retrieved
763:
756:
744:. Retrieved
729:
722:
711:
692:
683:
669:Zone melting
630:
617:distillation
607:, made from
598:
559:
556:Desalination
546:concentrates
540:
522:distillation
515:
505:
487:
472:
467:distillation
464:
449:
443:January 2019
440:
429:Please help
420:
396:
384:fractionated
379:
375:
371:
339:
338:
301:Zone melting
260:
151:Fundamentals
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
568:lowers the
550:evaporation
543:fruit juice
251:Flux method
842:Categories
675:References
609:hard cider
562:desalinate
425:to readers
169:Nucleation
69:newspapers
814:3 October
780:3 October
746:3 October
637:biodiesel
633:gel point
621:hangovers
605:applejack
601:fermented
530:azeotrope
494:applejack
398:liquids.
392:fractions
388:separated
348:chemistry
648:See also
613:ice beer
578:polynyas
526:eutectic
502:Ice wine
498:ice beer
352:separate
177:Concepts
127:ice wine
593:Eisbock
518:soluble
474:Ethanol
465:Freeze
421:may be
360:silicon
246:Epitaxy
159:Crystal
83:scholar
805:
771:
737:
699:
611:, and
506:before
364:metals
226:Boules
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
390:into
90:JSTOR
76:books
816:2014
803:ISBN
782:2014
769:ISBN
748:2014
735:ISBN
697:ISBN
496:and
492:are
346:and
62:news
635:of
552:).
394:).
378:or
362:or
358:of
350:to
45:by
844::
500:.
818:.
784:.
750:.
705:.
456:)
450:(
445:)
441:(
437:.
427:.
386:(
328:e
321:t
314:v
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
