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billion) of gold not declared was exported from Africa, and the UAE accounted for 93% of the undeclared exports. Following the
Emirates, next two prime importers were Switzerland and India. Majority of the artisanal gold extracted in the 18 African countries ends up in the Emirates. As per Swiss regulations, gold’s place of origin is usually where it is last refined, because of which smuggled gold linked to conflicts and human rights violations legally enters Switzerland.
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The definitions and methodological concepts applied for the various statistical collections on international trade often differ in terms of definition (e.g. special trade vs. general trade) and coverage (reporting thresholds, inclusion of trade in services, estimates for smuggled goods and cross-border provision of illegal services). Metadata providing information on definitions and methods are often published along with the data.
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2355:. Regional differences may cause specific regions to be more suitable for a specific production, thereby increasing the advantages of specific trade over specific local production. Forms of local products that are highly localized may not be able to meet the efficiency of more large-scale, highly consolidated production in terms of efficiency, including environmental impact.
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acquired Zambia’s Mopani copper-cobalt complex in exchange of a commitment to put in over $ 1 billion into the mine. It was also aggressively looking for mining deals, particularly in Africa, to turn into a key player in metals. There were already concerns that the UAE was a main recipient of majority of the smuggled gold from DRC.
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Data on the value of exports and imports and their quantities often broken down by detailed lists of products are available in statistical collections on international trade published by the statistical services of intergovernmental and supranational organisations and national statistical institutes.
2512:
In May 2024, a report released by
Swissaid revealed that the prime recipient of tens of billions of dollars of smuggled African gold each year had been the UAE. Between the 2012 and 2022, 2596 tonnes of gold undeclared was exported out of Africa to the UAE. In 2022 alone, 435 tonnes (worth about $ 31
2508:
and its trade with Dubai, UAE. The third largest gold exporter in Africa, Mali imposed taxes only on first 50kg gold exports per month, which allowed several small-scale miners to enjoy tax exemptions and smuggle gold worth millions. In 2014, Mali's gold production was of 45.8 tonnes, while the UAE's
2273:
production and distant food production are controversial with limited studies comparing environmental impact and scientists cautioning that regionally specific environmental impacts should be considered. A 2020 study indicated that local food crop production alone cannot meet the demand for most food
1120:
However, in practical terms, carrying out trade at an international level is typically a more complex process than domestic trade. The main difference is that international trade is typically more costly than domestic trade. This is due to the fact that cross-border trade typically incurs additional
3616:
Higher wages
Advanced economies have higher wages because total factor productivity is higher. These higher wages induce firms in advanced economies to use robots more intensively, to begin with, especially when robots easily substitute for workers. Then, when robot productivity rises, the advanced
2516:
A United
Nations report revealed that the chief global strategist of International Resources Holding (IRH), Sibtein Alibhai, from the UAE approached a number of gold traffickers in Democratic Republic of Congo. The firm is a unit of IHC, which is controlled by Sheikh Tahnoun bin Zayed. In 2023, IRH
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Local production has been reported to increase local employment in many cases. A 2018 study claimed that international trade can increase local employment. A 2016 study found that local employment and total labor income in both manufacturing and nonmanufacturing were negatively affected by rising
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are a relatively minor factor of carbon emissions, albeit increased food localization may also enable additional, more significant, environmental benefits such as recycling of energy, water, and nutrients. For specific foods regional differences in harvest seasons may make it more environmentally
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are often more mobile within a country than across countries. Thus, international trade is mostly restricted to trade in goods and services, and only to a lesser extent to trade in capital, labour, or other factors of production. Trade in goods and services can serve as a substitute for trade in
1145:. Instead of importing Chinese labor, the United States imports goods that were produced with Chinese labor. One report in 2010, suggested that international trade was increased when a country hosted a network of immigrants, but the trade effect was weakened when the
1141:
factors of production. Instead of importing a factor of production, a country can import goods that make intensive use of that factor of production and thus embody it. An example of this is the import of labor-intensive goods by the United States from
2464:
In July 2020, a report by
Swissaid highlighted that the Dubai-based precious metal refining firms, including Kaloti Jewellery International Group and Trust One Financial Services (T1FS), received most of their gold from poor African states like
2457:. Sometimes the procedure involved criminal operations and even human and environmental cost. Investigative reports based on Africa's export data revealed that gold in large quantities is smuggled out of the country through the
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Qualitative differences between substitutive products of different production regions may exist due to different legal requirements and quality standards or different levels of controllability by local production- and
974:. These organizations work towards the facilitation and growth of international trade. Statistical services of intergovernmental and supranational organizations and governmental statistical agencies publish
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in 189 countries that links total and sectorial consumption to sources showed that countries and sectors are highly exposed to over-exploited, insecure, and degraded such resources with
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To ease and justify the process of trade between countries of different economic standing in the modern era, some international economic organizations were formed, such as the
2250:
proclaimed May 21 through May 27, 2017, World Trade Week, 2017. World Trade Week is the third week of May. Every year the
President declares that week to be World Trade Week.
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2461:, without any taxes being paid to the producing states. Analysis also reflected discrepancies in the amount exported from Africa and the total gold imported into the UAE.
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The McGill
Faculty of Law runs a Regional Trade Agreements Database that contains the text of almost all preferential and regional trade agreements in the world.
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Kusum Mundra (October 18, 2010). "Immigrant
Networks and U.S. Bilateral Trade: The Role of Immigrant Income". Department of Economics, Rutgers University.
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Kinnunen, Pekka; Guillaume, Joseph H. A.; Taka, Maija; D’Odorico, Paolo; Siebert, Stefan; Puma, Michael J.; Jalava, Mika; Kummu, Matti (April 2020).
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as the motivation and the behavior of parties involved in a trade do not change fundamentally regardless of whether trade is across a border or not.
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Another report in March 2022 revealed the contradiction between the lucrative gold trade of West
African countries and the illicit dealings. Like
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There are several models that seek to explain the factors behind international trade, the welfare consequences of trade and the pattern of trade.
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which could allow for automated workers' time to be reallocated by society and its economic mechanisms or be converted into leisure-like time.
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have held observances to promote big and small companies to be more involved with the export and import of goods and services. President
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sources – and that diversifying trading partners is unlikely to help countries and sectors to reduce these or to improve their resource
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Local production in high-income countries, rather than distant regions may require higher wages for workers. Higher wages incentivize
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1017:, for example: food, clothes, spare parts, oil, jewellery, wine, stocks, currencies, and water. Services are also traded, such as in
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such as time costs (due to border delays), language and cultural differences, product safety, the legal system, and so on.
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to the country receiving that product. Imports and exports are accounted for in a country's current account in the
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friendly to import from distant regions than more local production and storage or local production in greenhouses.
723:
3372:"Improving attributional life cycle assessment for decision support: The case of local food in sustainable design"
4088:
Samuelson, Paul (2001). "A Ricardo-Sraffa
Paradigm Comparing the Gains from Trade in Inputs and Finished Goods".
3227:"Environmental performance of local food: trade-offs and implications for climate resilience in a developed city"
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economy will benefit more in the long run. This divergence grows larger, the more robots substitute for workers.
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3538:"The Impact of Chinese Import Competition on the Local Structure of Employment and Wages: Evidence from France"
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3423:"Does eating local food reduce the environmental impact of food production and enhance consumer health?"
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A video explaining findings of the study "Water, energy and land insecurity in global supply chains"
4362:
3835:"GOLDEN DETOUR: The hidden face of the gold trade between the United Arab Emirates and Switzerland"
3472:"Re-examining the Effects of Trading with China on Local Labor Markets: A Supply Chain Perspective"
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2703: – Possibility that a debtor country might gain by making payments to its creditor countries
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2625: – Trade of goods, services, technology, capital's and/or knowledge at a transnational scale
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856:
309:
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149:
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2637: – In economics, process of increasing involvement of enterprises in international markets
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crops with "current production and consumption patterns" and the locations of food production
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for 72–89% of the global population and 100–km radiuses as of early 2020. Studies found that
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that is transferred or sold from a party in one country to a party in another country is an
952:), its economic, social, and political importance has been on the rise in recent centuries.
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proclaimed May 15 through May 21, 2016, World Trade Week, 2016. On May 19, 2017, President
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2655: – Imperfect competition of differentiated products that are not perfect substitutes
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2441:. While millions were making a livelihood through the small-scale mining, governments of
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3339:"Local food crop production can fulfil demand for less than one-third of the population"
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observed World Trade Week on May 18, 2001, and May 17, 2002. On May 13, 2016, President
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3136:"President Donald J. Trump Proclaims May 21 through May 27, 2017, as World Trade Week"
3096:"President Donald J. Trump Proclaims May 21 through May 27, 2017, as World Trade Week"
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Rothwell, Alison; Ridoutt, Brad; Page, Girija; Bellotti, William (15 February 2016).
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Carrying out trade at an international level is a complex process when compared to
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McKenzie, Lionel W. (1954). "Specialization and Efficiency in World Production".
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2404:. The 2020 study finds that most countries exhibit greater exposure to resource
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The following table is a list of the 25 largest trading states according to the
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3933:. The Financial Times. 30 May 2024. Archived from the original on 4 August 2024
3596:"How Artificial Intelligence Could Widen the Gap Between Rich and Poor Nations"
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from Africa is imported in large quantities by the world's largest refinery in
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chronicles notable events that have affected trading among various economies.
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936:(GDP). While international trade has existed throughout history (for example
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580:
575:
489:
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384:
344:
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Jones, Ronald W. (1961). "Comparative Advantage and the Theory of Tariffs".
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3661:"Is globalisation compatible with sustainable and resilient supply chains?"
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or territories because there is a need or want of goods or services. (see:
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3691:"Globalized economy making water, energy and land insecurity worse: study"
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2477:. The Swissaid report also highlighted that the illicit gold coming into
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A systematic, and possibly first large-scale, cross-sectoral analysis of
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Taherzadeh, Oliver; Bithell, Mike; Richards, Keith (28 October 2020).
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and other states, differences were recorded in the gold production in
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4141:
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Wang, Zhi; Wei, Shang-Jin; Yu, Xinding; Zhu, Kunfu (13 August 2018).
2469:. The gold mines in Sudan were seldom under the militias involved in
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1976:
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681:
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3901:"Mali to Dubai: artery for West Africa's booming illegal gold trade"
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Another difference between domestic and international trade is that
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105:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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Trade Map, trade statistics for international business development
3308:"Relying on 'local food' is a distant dream for most of the world"
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4185:
3981:"IRH Mining Dealmaker Has Met With Congo Gold Smugglers, UN Says"
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2005:
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3931:"Bulk of gold smuggled from Africa exported to UAE, says report"
2592: – Absence of government restriction on international trade
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play an important role in facilitating international trade. The
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and products. Almost every kind of product can be found in the
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Specialization, production efficiency and regional differences
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The Problem with Trade Measurement in International Relations
3278:"Majority of the world's population depends on imported food"
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complaint about the increase in illegal production and gold
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and may not be able to compete in efficiency initially with
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3871:"Mali: West Africa's hub for illegal gold trade with Dubai"
3722:"Water, energy and land insecurity in global supply chains"
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2586: – Legislation regulating the export of harmful items
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Largest countries or regions by total international trade
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International trade is, in principle, not different from
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Linsi, Lukas; Burgoon, Brian; MĂĽgge, Daniel K (2023). "
2600:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
963:, factors like currency, government policies, economy,
3052:"Presidential Proclamation -- World Trade Week, 2016"
3998:
Oceans of Grain: How American Wheat Remade the World
2920:"List of exporters for the selected product in 2022"
2524:
4590:
Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf
2059:
List of top exporting countries by product category
1009:and countries the opportunity to be exposed to new
163:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2707:United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
2183:Optical, photo, technical, medical, etc. apparatus
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981:
4611:Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa
4843:
4559:Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia
4543:South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
4158:European Union International Trade in Goods Data
3951:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2795:"International Trade and Finance by ICC Academy"
2316:. The process of transforming supply as well as
3805:"Dubai's dubious gold is prized in Switzerland"
3370:Yang, Yi; Campbell, J. Elliott (1 March 2017).
3144:. United States: World News Inc. May 20, 2017.
2653:Monopolistic competition in international trade
2643: – Measure of the degree of monopoly power
2574: – Leveraging the rules in trade agreement
3300:
2673: – Artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt
2433:, including children, were using informal or "
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1071:have major impacts on the international trade
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3420:
2667: – Shipping route across Central America
2408:via international trade – mainly from remote
959:. When trade takes place between two or more
883:
3775:"Gold worth billions smuggled out of Africa"
3630:"Global trade linked to resource insecurity"
3469:
3369:
2847:
2722:List of countries by current account balance
2691: – Intergovernmental open trading group
2679: – Goods and services import/export tax
2287:Qualitative differences and economic aspects
2155:Pearls, precious stones, metals, coins, etc.
2064:
1227:
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4538:Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
4197:Historical documents on international trade
2649: – Economic policy emphasizing exports
2254:International trade versus local production
2085:Mineral fuels, oils, distillation products,
1149:became assimilated into their new country.
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
4225:
4211:
4186:The MIT Observatory of Economic Complexity
3535:
2619: – Interdisciplinary study of systems
2113:Machinery, nuclear reactors, boilers, etc.
1040:The ancient Silk Road trade routes across
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4127:Statistics from intergovernmental sources
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3438:
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2631: – Rules for trade between countries
2053:Top traded commodities by value (exports)
241:Learn how and when to remove this message
223:Learn how and when to remove this message
121:Learn how and when to remove this message
4621:West African Economic and Monetary Union
4058:
3474:. National Bureau of Economic Research.
2886:
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2766:"Trade – Define Trade at Dictionary.com"
2737:List of countries by merchandise exports
2661: – Sea route north of North America
2613: – Good brought into a jurisdiction
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1200:
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4137:United Nations Commodity Trade Database
3016:Federal Government of the United States
2962:Federal Government of the United States
14:
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4533:Association of Southeast Asian Nations
4353:UN Conference on Trade and Development
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3275:
2697: – Strategies to facilitate trade
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4298:Import substitution industrialization
4206:
4029:
3496:from the original on 22 December 2020
3148:from the original on October 20, 2017
2841:
2424:
1228:
994:from the originating country, and an
967:, laws, and markets influence trade.
27:Exchange across international borders
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4552:Europe, Central Asia, and North Asia
3701:from the original on 4 December 2020
3671:from the original on 2 December 2020
3659:Dunphy, Siobhán (20 November 2020).
3640:from the original on 3 December 2020
3606:from the original on 3 December 2020
3576:from the original on 21 January 2022
3427:Proceedings of the Nutrition Society
3402:from the original on 8 November 2021
2874:from the original on 9 November 2022
2742:List of countries by service exports
2685: – US internal economic program
2580: – International trade strategy
2358:
161:adding citations to reliable sources
132:
70:
29:
4512:Central American Integration System
3911:from the original on 2 January 2020
3881:from the original on 2 January 2020
3785:from the original on 2 January 2020
3068:from the original on April 11, 2017
2296:-systems which may have aspects of
1205:Volume of world merchandise exports
24:
4199:available on FRASER (St Louis Fed)
3990:
3318:from the original on 29 April 2020
3257:from the original on 13 March 2023
2900:from the original on 15 April 2023
2747:List of international trade topics
2607: – Bilateral trade flow model
2509:gold import were at 59.9 tonnes.
932:represents a significant share of
274:
25:
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4375:International Chamber of Commerce
4278:Export-oriented industrialization
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3851:from the original on 18 July 2020
3815:from the original on 17 July 2020
3276:Dunphy, Siobhán (28 April 2020).
543:International Chamber of Commerce
45:This article has multiple issues.
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4163:Food and Agricultural Trade Data
2598: – Regional trade agreement
2555:
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2099:Electrical, electronic equipment
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1969:
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1911:
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1125:as well as explicit or implicit
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4012:International Studies Quarterly
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3738:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102158
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3363:
3330:
3288:from the original on 4 May 2020
3269:
3218:
3207:from the original on 2005-02-19
3189:
3178:from the original on 2017-10-28
3160:
3128:
3084:
3044:
2830:from the original on 2017-05-12
2801:from the original on 2022-03-12
2776:from the original on 2010-07-27
1159:Timeline of international trade
1091:Port of New York and New Jersey
1078:Differences from domestic trade
982:Characteristics of global trade
148:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
4616:Southern African Customs Union
4090:Journal of Economic Literature
4061:The Review of Economic Studies
4032:The Review of Economic Studies
3967:"On the trail of African gold"
3421:Edwards-Jones, Gareth (2010).
2990:
2936:
2912:
2812:
2787:
2758:
2229:
1165:history of international trade
13:
1:
3388:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.01.020
3376:Journal of Cleaner Production
3243:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.04.096
3231:Journal of Cleaner Production
3092:Office of the Press Secretary
2998:Office of the Press Secretary
2944:Office of the Press Secretary
2752:
2535:Business and economics portal
2400:having decreased security of
2339:Local production may require
2169:Plastics and articles thereof
4773:Telecommunications equipment
4578:Middle East and North Africa
4569:European Union Customs Union
3536:Malgouyres, Clément (2017).
2896:. World Trade Organization.
2870:. World Trade Organization.
2732:List of countries by exports
2727:List of countries by imports
2498:Democratic Republic of Congo
2216:
2207:
2202:
2193:
2188:
2179:
2174:
2165:
2160:
2151:
2146:
2137:
2132:
2127:Vehicles (excluding railway)
2123:
2118:
2109:
2104:
2095:
2090:
2081:
1215:List of countries by imports
1211:List of countries by exports
619:Intellectual property rights
7:
4502:Andean Community of Nations
4380:Bilateral investment treaty
4348:International Monetary Fund
3726:Global Environmental Change
3542:Journal of Regional Science
3197:"World Trade Week New York"
2820:"Balance Of Payments (BOP)"
2683:Trade Adjustment Assistance
2520:
2213:
2199:
2185:
2171:
2157:
2143:
2129:
2115:
2101:
2087:
1185:Most traded export products
601:Economic and monetary union
523:International Monetary Fund
460:Voluntary export restraints
101:the claims made and adding
10:
4873:
4368:International Trade Centre
4119:
4022:
2300:beyond resource security,
2262:
2225:International Trade Centre
2056:
2024:
1995:
1966:
1937:
1908:
1879:
1850:
1821:
1792:
1761:
1732:
1703:
1674:
1645:
1616:
1587:
1558:
1529:
1500:
1471:
1442:
1413:
1384:
1355:
1326:
1295:
1208:
1177:International trade theory
1174:
1156:
1152:
1097:at the convergence of the
1069:multinational corporations
1005:Trading globally may give
596:Customs and monetary union
538:World Customs Organization
528:International Trade Centre
4811:
4643:Aircraft & Spacecraft
4633:
4598:
4577:
4551:
4525:
4494:
4485:
4428:
4336:
4288:Foreign exchange reserves
4240:
3440:10.1017/S0029665110002004
3356:10.1038/s43016-020-0060-7
3201:World Trade Week New York
2641:Market segmentation index
1257:Total international trade
561:Preferential trading area
4363:World Trade Organization
3996:Nelson, Scott Reynolds.
3002:"World Trade Week, 2002"
2948:"World Trade Week, 2001"
2302:environmental protection
2276:at the time of the study
2072:Value in US$ (millions)
1221:World Trade Organization
978:on international trade.
972:World Trade Organization
928:In most countries, such
842:Balassa–Samuelson effect
837:Ricardian trade theories
724:Largest consumer markets
533:World Trade Organization
4564:Eurasian Economic Union
4452:Repeal of the Corn Laws
4115:
2629:International trade law
2269:The trade-offs between
2234:In the US, the various
2141:Pharmaceutical products
1121:costs such as explicit
1093:grew from the original
857:Lerner symmetry theorem
4606:East African Community
4487:Regional organizations
3517:Cite journal requires
2623:International business
2605:Gravity model of trade
2429:A number of people in
2398:economic globalization
2377:
1248:services (billions of
1246:International trade of
1235:International trade of
1206:
1193:
1110:
1044:
934:gross domestic product
832:Gravity model of trade
729:Leading trade partners
634:Government procurement
435:Exchange rate controls
279:
4447:The Wealth of Nations
4405:Special economic zone
4268:Comparative advantage
4147:WTO Statistics Portal
4102:10.1257/jel.39.4.1204
2437:" methods to produce
2375:
2324:exposure to imports.
1259:of goods and services
1204:
1192:
1134:factors of production
1085:
1039:
919:international borders
812:Heckscher–Ohlin model
807:Competitive advantage
802:Comparative advantage
689:Trade and development
450:Countervailing duties
278:
172:"International trade"
4467:Economic nationalism
4385:Economic integration
4180:Other external links
3168:"Import Export Data"
2968:on November 24, 2016
2635:Internationalization
2459:United Arab Emirates
2402:global supply chains
2320:may differ as well.
1773:United Arab Emirates
1136:such as capital and
1015:international market
827:Intra-industry trade
555:Economic integration
505:Economic integration
500:Economic nationalism
157:improve this article
4857:Official statistics
4852:International trade
4723:Integrated circuits
4507:Caribbean Community
4303:Net capital outflow
4253:Balance of payments
4234:International trade
3636:. 26 October 2020.
2572:Aggressive legalism
2475:human rights abuses
2345:technology transfer
1237:goods (billions of
1171:Theories and models
1127:non-tariff barriers
1000:balance of payments
976:official statistics
905:is the exchange of
903:International trade
455:Anti-dumping duties
395:Non-tariff barriers
340:Import substitution
4635:Exports by product
4585:Arab Customs Union
4248:Absolute advantage
4168:2010-07-10 at the
4152:Statistical Portal
3665:European Scientist
3554:10.1111/jors.12303
3282:European Scientist
3172:Import Export data
3141:World News Network
3038:2017-10-20 at the
2984:2017-10-20 at the
2425:Illegal gold trade
2378:
2341:knowledge transfer
1223:in 2021 and 2022.
1207:
1194:
1111:
1107:Upper New York Bay
1045:
822:Economic geography
629:Competition policy
425:Technical barriers
405:Tariff-rate quotas
350:Trade facilitation
335:Export orientation
280:
86:possibly contains
4839:
4838:
4629:
4628:
4599:Subsaharan Africa
4430:Political economy
3907:. 3 August 2022.
3877:. 11 March 2022.
3078:National Archives
3022:on March 13, 2017
2659:Northwest Passage
2373:
2359:Resource security
2221:
2220:
2211:Organic chemicals
2050:
2049:
1061:industrialization
900:
899:
847:Linder hypothesis
659:Emissions trading
251:
250:
243:
233:
232:
225:
207:
131:
130:
123:
88:original research
68:
16:(Redirected from
4864:
4829:
4828:
4819:
4818:
4492:
4491:
4358:World Bank Group
4258:Balance of trade
4227:
4220:
4213:
4204:
4203:
4105:
4096:(4): 1204–1214.
4084:
4055:
3985:
3984:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3963:
3957:
3956:
3950:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3850:
3839:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3811:. 16 July 2020.
3801:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3687:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3613:
3611:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3520:
3515:
3513:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3483:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3442:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3112:. Archived from
3106:Washington, D.C.
3094:(May 19, 2017).
3088:
3082:
3081:
3075:
3073:
3062:Washington, D.C.
3048:
3042:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3018:. Archived from
3012:Washington, D.C.
3007:Federal Register
3000:(May 22, 2002).
2994:
2988:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2964:. Archived from
2958:Washington, D.C.
2953:Federal Register
2946:(May 22, 2001).
2940:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2762:
2701:Transfer problem
2601:
2578:Concertina model
2565:
2560:
2559:
2551:
2546:
2545:
2537:
2532:
2531:
2414:self-sufficiency
2374:
2063:
2062:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1775:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1226:
1225:
892:
885:
878:
852:Leontief paradox
817:New trade theory
420:Export subsidies
305:Balance of trade
253:
252:
246:
239:
228:
221:
217:
214:
208:
206:
165:
141:
133:
126:
119:
115:
112:
106:
103:inline citations
79:
78:
71:
60:
38:
37:
30:
21:
4872:
4871:
4867:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4862:
4861:
4842:
4841:
4840:
4835:
4807:
4753:Pharmaceuticals
4625:
4594:
4573:
4547:
4521:
4481:
4477:Dedollarisation
4424:
4410:Trade agreement
4400:Free-trade zone
4341:
4339:
4332:
4273:Current account
4263:Capital account
4236:
4231:
4182:
4170:Wayback Machine
4129:
4124:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4073:10.2307/2295770
4044:10.2307/2295945
4025:
3993:
3991:Further reading
3988:
3979:
3978:
3974:
3965:
3964:
3960:
3944:
3943:
3936:
3934:
3929:
3928:
3924:
3914:
3912:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3884:
3882:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3854:
3852:
3848:
3837:
3833:
3832:
3828:
3818:
3816:
3803:
3802:
3798:
3788:
3786:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3758:
3756:
3718:
3714:
3704:
3702:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3674:
3672:
3657:
3653:
3643:
3641:
3634:Cosmos Magazine
3628:
3627:
3623:
3609:
3607:
3594:
3593:
3589:
3579:
3577:
3534:
3530:
3518:
3516:
3507:
3506:
3499:
3497:
3468:
3464:
3419:
3415:
3405:
3403:
3368:
3364:
3335:
3331:
3321:
3319:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3291:
3289:
3274:
3270:
3260:
3258:
3223:
3219:
3210:
3208:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3181:
3179:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3151:
3149:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3119:
3117:
3116:on May 20, 2017
3089:
3085:
3071:
3069:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3040:Wayback Machine
3025:
3023:
2995:
2991:
2986:Wayback Machine
2971:
2969:
2941:
2937:
2928:
2926:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2903:
2901:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2877:
2875:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2846:
2842:
2833:
2831:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2804:
2802:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2779:
2777:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2717:
2712:
2617:Interdependence
2599:
2596:Free-trade area
2561:
2554:
2549:Politics portal
2547:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2523:
2427:
2422:
2363:
2361:
2337:
2306:product quality
2289:
2267:
2261:
2256:
2236:U.S. Presidents
2232:
2076:
2061:
2055:
2028:
2026:
1999:
1997:
1970:
1968:
1941:
1939:
1912:
1910:
1883:
1881:
1854:
1852:
1825:
1823:
1796:
1794:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1736:
1734:
1707:
1705:
1678:
1676:
1649:
1647:
1620:
1618:
1591:
1589:
1562:
1560:
1533:
1531:
1504:
1502:
1475:
1473:
1446:
1444:
1417:
1415:
1388:
1386:
1359:
1357:
1330:
1328:
1300:
1298:
1260:
1258:
1253:
1247:
1242:
1236:
1217:
1209:Main articles:
1199:
1187:
1179:
1173:
1161:
1155:
1080:
984:
965:judicial system
896:
867:
866:
797:
789:
788:
744:
734:
733:
704:
694:
693:
664:Trade sanctions
614:
606:
605:
566:Free-trade area
556:
548:
547:
518:
510:
509:
475:
465:
464:
410:Import licenses
380:
370:
369:
330:Trade diversion
290:
247:
236:
235:
234:
229:
218:
212:
209:
166:
164:
154:
142:
127:
116:
110:
107:
92:
80:
76:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4870:
4860:
4859:
4854:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4833:
4823:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4648:Aircraft parts
4645:
4639:
4637:
4631:
4630:
4627:
4626:
4624:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4602:
4600:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4587:
4581:
4579:
4575:
4574:
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4561:
4555:
4553:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4529:
4527:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4498:
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4479:
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4460:
4455:
4434:
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4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4344:
4342:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4328:Trading nation
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4244:
4242:
4238:
4237:
4230:
4229:
4222:
4215:
4207:
4201:
4200:
4194:
4192:ptas.mcgill.ca
4188:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4176:
4160:
4155:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4128:
4125:
4120:Main article:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4111:External links
4109:
4107:
4106:
4085:
4067:(3): 165–180.
4056:
4038:(3): 161–175.
4026:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4004:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3972:
3958:
3922:
3892:
3862:
3826:
3796:
3766:
3712:
3682:
3651:
3621:
3587:
3548:(3): 411–441.
3528:
3519:|journal=
3481:10.3386/w24886
3462:
3433:(4): 582–591.
3413:
3362:
3349:(4): 229–237.
3329:
3299:
3268:
3217:
3188:
3159:
3127:
3101:whitehouse.gov
3083:
3064:May 13, 2016.
3057:whitehouse.gov
3043:
2989:
2935:
2911:
2885:
2859:
2840:
2826:. 2003-11-25.
2811:
2786:
2770:Dictionary.com
2756:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2711:
2710:
2704:
2698:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2674:
2668:
2662:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2638:
2632:
2626:
2620:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2593:
2587:
2584:Export control
2581:
2575:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2552:
2538:
2522:
2519:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2360:
2357:
2336:
2333:
2310:product design
2288:
2285:
2263:Main article:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2240:George W. Bush
2231:
2228:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2197:Iron and steel
2195:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1849:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1820:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:United Kingdom
1470:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1307:European Union
1294:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1255:
1244:
1233:
1230:
1198:
1195:
1186:
1183:
1175:Main article:
1172:
1169:
1157:Main article:
1154:
1151:
1115:domestic trade
1079:
1076:
1053:transportation
1031:transportation
983:
980:
957:domestic trade
898:
897:
895:
894:
887:
880:
872:
869:
868:
865:
864:
862:Terms of trade
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
798:
795:
794:
791:
790:
787:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
754:Trading nation
751:
745:
740:
739:
736:
735:
732:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
705:
700:
699:
696:
695:
692:
691:
686:
685:
684:
679:
674:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
615:
612:
611:
608:
607:
604:
603:
598:
593:
588:
586:Economic union
583:
578:
573:
571:Currency union
568:
563:
557:
554:
553:
550:
549:
546:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
519:
516:
515:
512:
511:
508:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
476:
471:
470:
467:
466:
463:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
415:Customs duties
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
385:Trade barriers
381:
376:
375:
372:
371:
368:
367:
362:
360:Domestic trade
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
325:Trade creation
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
291:
286:
285:
282:
281:
271:
270:
264:
263:
249:
248:
231:
230:
145:
143:
136:
129:
128:
83:
81:
74:
69:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4869:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4832:
4824:
4822:
4814:
4813:
4810:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4758:Photovoltaics
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4632:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4601:
4597:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4576:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4550:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4524:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4484:
4478:
4475:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4463:Protectionism
4461:
4459:
4456:
4453:
4449:
4448:
4443:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4431:
4427:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4415:Trade barrier
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4338:Organizations
4335:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4318:Trade justice
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4293:Globalization
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4228:
4223:
4221:
4216:
4214:
4209:
4208:
4205:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4133:
4123:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4028:
4027:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3994:
3982:
3976:
3968:
3962:
3954:
3948:
3932:
3926:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3896:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3866:
3847:
3843:
3836:
3830:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3800:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3770:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3716:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3686:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3655:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3625:
3618:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3591:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3532:
3524:
3511:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3473:
3466:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3417:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3366:
3357:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3333:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3272:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3221:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3192:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3163:
3147:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3131:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3079:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3047:
3041:
3037:
3034:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3003:
2999:
2993:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2945:
2939:
2925:
2921:
2915:
2899:
2895:
2889:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2855:
2851:
2844:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2815:
2800:
2796:
2790:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2757:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2695:Trade finance
2693:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2558:
2553:
2550:
2544:
2539:
2536:
2530:
2525:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2420:Illicit trade
2417:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2332:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2266:
2265:Food security
2259:Food security
2251:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2227:
2226:
2210:
2206:
2196:
2192:
2182:
2178:
2168:
2164:
2154:
2150:
2140:
2136:
2126:
2122:
2112:
2108:
2098:
2094:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2060:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2007:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1715:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1425:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1366:United States
1352:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1261:(billions of
1256:
1251:
1245:
1240:
1234:
1231:
1224:
1222:
1216:
1212:
1203:
1191:
1182:
1178:
1168:
1166:
1160:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1118:
1116:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1057:globalization
1054:
1050:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1003:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
979:
977:
973:
968:
966:
962:
958:
953:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
926:
924:
923:World economy
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
893:
888:
886:
881:
879:
874:
873:
871:
870:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
799:
793:
792:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
759:United States
757:
755:
752:
750:
749:Trade mission
747:
746:
743:
738:
737:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
706:
703:
698:
697:
690:
687:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
669:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
654:Trade justice
652:
650:
647:
645:
644:Globalization
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
616:
610:
609:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
581:Single market
579:
577:
576:Customs union
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
558:
552:
551:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
520:
517:Organizations
514:
513:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
490:Laissez-faire
488:
486:
485:Protectionism
483:
481:
478:
477:
474:
469:
468:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
400:Import quotas
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
382:
379:
374:
373:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
345:Trade finance
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
292:
289:
284:
283:
277:
273:
272:
269:
266:
265:
262:
260:
255:
254:
245:
242:
227:
224:
216:
205:
202:
198:
195:
191:
188:
184:
181:
177:
174: –
173:
169:
168:Find sources:
162:
158:
152:
151:
146:This article
144:
140:
135:
134:
125:
122:
114:
104:
100:
96:
90:
89:
84:This article
82:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
18:Foreign trade
4733:Live animals
4713:Gas turbines
4526:Asia-Pacific
4458:Mercantilism
4445:
4340:and policies
4233:
4130:
4093:
4089:
4064:
4060:
4035:
4031:
4015:
4011:
3997:
3975:
3961:
3935:. Retrieved
3925:
3913:. Retrieved
3904:
3895:
3883:. Retrieved
3875:Enact Africa
3874:
3865:
3853:. Retrieved
3841:
3829:
3817:. Retrieved
3808:
3799:
3787:. Retrieved
3778:
3769:
3757:. Retrieved
3729:
3725:
3715:
3703:. Retrieved
3694:
3685:
3673:. Retrieved
3664:
3654:
3642:. Retrieved
3633:
3624:
3615:
3608:. Retrieved
3599:
3590:
3578:. Retrieved
3545:
3541:
3531:
3510:cite journal
3498:. Retrieved
3465:
3430:
3426:
3416:
3404:. Retrieved
3379:
3375:
3365:
3346:
3342:
3332:
3320:. Retrieved
3311:
3302:
3290:. Retrieved
3281:
3271:
3259:. Retrieved
3234:
3230:
3220:
3209:. Retrieved
3200:
3191:
3180:. Retrieved
3171:
3162:
3150:. Retrieved
3139:
3130:
3118:. Retrieved
3114:the original
3099:
3086:
3076:– via
3070:. Retrieved
3055:
3046:
3024:. Retrieved
3020:the original
3005:
2992:
2970:. Retrieved
2966:the original
2951:
2938:
2927:. Retrieved
2923:
2914:
2902:. Retrieved
2888:
2876:. Retrieved
2862:
2843:
2832:. Retrieved
2824:Investopedia
2823:
2814:
2803:. Retrieved
2789:
2778:. Retrieved
2769:
2760:
2714:
2713:
2665:Panama Canal
2647:Mercantilism
2563:World portal
2515:
2511:
2491:
2463:
2428:
2379:
2338:
2326:
2322:
2318:labor rights
2290:
2275:
2268:
2248:Donald Trump
2244:Barack Obama
2233:
2222:
2077:information
2025:
1996:
1967:
1938:
1909:
1880:
1858:
1851:
1822:
1793:
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1675:
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1112:
1099:Hudson River
1046:
1004:
985:
969:
954:
927:
902:
901:
672:Currency war
591:Fiscal union
480:Mercantilism
378:Restrictions
267:
256:
237:
219:
210:
200:
193:
186:
179:
167:
155:Please help
150:verification
147:
117:
108:
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
4738:Natural gas
4703:Electronics
4698:Electricity
4308:Outsourcing
4241:Terminology
3382:: 361–366.
3343:Nature Food
3237:: 420–430.
3110:White House
2894:"WTO Stats"
2868:"WTO Stats"
2483:Switzerland
2353:eco-tariffs
2349:specialized
2230:Observances
2130:$ 1,621,658
2116:$ 2,573,572
2102:$ 3,493,553
2088:$ 3,988,389
1861:Switzerland
1540:South Korea
1424:Netherlands
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1051:(including
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677:Trade costs
639:Outsourcing
355:Trade route
268:World trade
213:August 2023
111:August 2023
4846:Categories
4778:Telephones
4442:Adam Smith
4438:Free trade
4420:Trade bloc
4395:ATA Carnet
4283:Fair trade
4122:Trade data
3905:ISS Africa
3759:3 December
3732:: 102158.
3705:3 December
3675:3 December
3644:3 December
3610:4 December
3580:4 December
3500:4 December
3406:4 December
3261:4 December
3211:2017-10-06
3182:2017-10-06
2929:2022-08-22
2834:2017-05-07
2805:2020-04-05
2780:2007-11-07
2753:References
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2590:Free trade
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2410:production
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1103:East River
1049:technology
1027:consulting
950:salt roads
946:Amber Road
742:By country
649:Fair trade
495:Free trade
445:Safeguards
320:Trade bloc
315:Trade pact
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50:improve it
4673:Computers
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4653:Aluminium
4390:Incoterms
4323:Trade war
3754:228952251
3746:0959-3780
3562:1467-9787
3490:158243880
3449:1475-2719
3396:0959-6526
3251:0959-6526
3072:April 11,
3026:March 12,
2972:March 13,
2455:smuggling
2435:artisanal
2214:$ 537,854
2200:$ 564,547
2186:$ 669,128
2172:$ 815,554
2158:$ 866,839
2144:$ 875,345
2069:Commodity
1977:Australia
1685:Hong Kong
1656:Singapore
1047:Advanced
1007:consumers
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682:Trade war
624:Smuggling
310:Trade law
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4783:Textiles
4728:Iron ore
4693:Diamonds
4517:Mercosur
4495:Americas
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3915:3 August
3909:Archived
3885:11 March
3879:Archived
3846:Archived
3842:Swissaid
3813:Archived
3809:Le Temps
3789:24 April
3783:Archived
3699:Archived
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3669:Archived
3638:Archived
3604:Archived
3600:IMF Blog
3574:Archived
3570:56047849
3494:Archived
3457:20696093
3400:Archived
3316:Archived
3312:phys.org
3286:Archived
3255:Archived
3205:Archived
3176:Archived
3146:Archived
3066:Archived
3036:Archived
2982:Archived
2904:15 April
2898:Archived
2878:15 April
2872:Archived
2828:Archived
2799:Archived
2774:Archived
2709:(UNCTAD)
2521:See also
2487:Valcambi
2447:Tanzania
2394:security
2298:security
2223:Source:
2075:Date of
1101:and the
915:services
769:Pakistan
259:a series
257:Part of
4831:Commons
4708:Engines
4471:Autarky
4081:2295770
4052:2295945
4023:Sources
4002:excerpt
4000:(2022)
3855:16 July
3819:16 July
3779:Reuters
3152:May 20,
3120:May 20,
3033:Alt URL
2979:Alt URL
2854:1693334
2500:(DRC),
2006:Vietnam
1832:Ireland
1627:Belgium
1395:Germany
1288:62,059
1254:in 2021
1243:in 2022
1153:History
1123:tariffs
1105:at the
1073:systems
1042:Eurasia
1023:banking
1019:tourism
1011:markets
988:product
917:across
907:capital
779:Vietnam
774:Romania
719:Tariffs
714:Exports
709:Imports
473:History
440:Embargo
430:Bribery
390:Tariffs
197:scholar
93:Please
4788:Trucks
4748:Petrol
4688:Cotton
4678:Copper
4668:Coffee
4313:Tariff
4154:: OECD
4079:
4050:
3937:5 June
3752:
3744:
3568:
3560:
3488:
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3322:17 May
3292:17 May
3249:
2852:
2677:Tariff
2611:Import
2451:Zambia
2431:Africa
2386:energy
2314:health
2035:Brazil
2032:
2003:
1974:
1948:Poland
1945:
1919:Russia
1916:
1901:1,005
1890:Taiwan
1887:
1872:1,033
1843:1,039
1829:
1814:1,103
1800:
1785:1,199
1770:
1754:1,270
1743:Mexico
1740:
1725:1,385
1714:Canada
1711:
1696:1,416
1682:
1667:1,444
1653:
1638:1,522
1624:
1609:1,559
1595:
1580:1,612
1566:
1551:1,663
1537:
1522:1,996
1511:France
1508:
1493:2,007
1479:
1464:2,013
1450:
1435:2,346
1421:
1406:3,978
1392:
1377:6,786
1363:
1348:7,138
1334:
1319:8,171
1304:
1285:11,533
1282:50,526
1095:harbor
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996:import
992:export
961:states
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796:Theory
613:Issues
300:Export
295:Import
288:Policy
199:
192:
185:
178:
170:
4798:Wheat
4768:Steel
4763:Ships
4077:JSTOR
4048:JSTOR
3849:(PDF)
3838:(PDF)
3750:S2CID
3566:S2CID
3486:S2CID
2715:Lists
2502:Ghana
2494:Sudan
2479:Dubai
2467:Sudan
2443:Ghana
2406:risks
2382:water
2217:2022
2203:2022
2189:2022
2175:2022
2161:2022
2147:2022
2133:2022
2119:2022
2105:2022
2091:2022
1803:Spain
1779:1,023
1748:1,205
1719:1,179
1690:1,277
1632:1,253
1603:1,346
1598:Italy
1574:1,177
1569:India
1545:1,415
1516:1,436
1487:1,353
1458:1,644
1453:Japan
1429:1,864
1400:3,227
1374:1,345
1371:5,441
1342:6,310
1337:China
1316:2,313
1313:5,858
1276:World
1232:State
1143:China
1138:labor
1087:Ports
930:trade
911:goods
784:India
702:Lists
204:JSTOR
190:books
4803:Wine
4718:Gold
4683:Corn
4663:Coal
4116:Data
4018:(2).
3953:link
3939:2024
3917:2022
3887:2022
3857:2020
3821:2020
3791:2019
3761:2020
3742:ISSN
3707:2020
3677:2020
3646:2020
3612:2020
3582:2020
3558:ISSN
3523:help
3502:2020
3453:PMID
3445:ISSN
3408:2020
3392:ISSN
3324:2020
3294:2020
3263:2020
3247:ISSN
3154:2017
3122:2017
3074:2017
3028:2017
2974:2017
2906:2023
2880:2023
2850:SSRN
2506:Mali
2473:and
2449:and
2439:gold
2390:land
2388:and
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2308:and
2066:Rank
2046:708
2017:753
1988:804
1959:872
1930:903
1229:Rank
1213:and
1163:The
1067:and
668:War
176:news
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4098:doi
4069:doi
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2011:731
1982:721
1956:130
1953:742
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