Dietary supplement

95: 929: 684:(RDA) for adults is based on 0.8 grams protein per kilogram body weight. The recommendation is for sedentary and lightly active people. Scientific reviews can conclude that a high protein diet, when combined with exercise, will increase muscle mass and strength, or conclude the opposite. The International Olympic Committee recommends protein intake targets for both strength and endurance athletes at about 1.2–1.8 g/kg body mass per day. One review proposed a maximum daily protein intake of approximately 25% of energy requirements, i.e., approximately 2.0 to 2.5 g/kg. 1815:, which would include both drugs and supplements, reported that nearly half of completed trials were sponsored wholly or partially by industry. This does not automatically imply bias, but there is evidence that because of selective non-reporting, results in support of a potential drug or supplement ingredient are more likely to be published than results that do not demonstrate a statistically significant benefit. One review reported that fewer than half of the registered clinical trials resulted in publication in peer-reviewed journals. 71: 707:. Nine of these proteinogenic amino acids are considered essential for humans because they cannot be produced from other compounds by the human body and so must be taken in as food. Recommended intakes, expressed as milligrams per kilogram of body weight per day, have been established. Other amino acids may be conditionally essential for certain ages or medical conditions. Amino acids, individually and in combinations, are sold as dietary supplements. The claim for supplementing with the 1579:. ANH, however, interpreted the ban as applying only to synthetically produced supplements, and not to vitamins and minerals normally found in or consumed as part of the diet. Nevertheless, the European judges acknowledged the Advocate General's concerns, stating that there must be clear procedures to allow substances to be added to the permitted list based on scientific evidence. They also said that any refusal to add the product to the list must be open to challenge in the courts. 333: 9221: 83: 9251: 59: 1718:(NHANES) has investigated habits of using dietary supplements in context of total nutrient intakes from the diet in adults and children. Over the period of 1999 to 2012, use of multivitamins decreased, and there was wide variability in the use of individual supplements among subgroups by age, sex, race/ethnicity, and educational status. Particular attention has been given to use of folate supplements by young women to reduce the risk of 9241: 606:. QHCs are supported by scientific evidence, but do not meet the more rigorous "significant scientific agreement" standard required for an authorized health claim. If dietary supplement companies choose to make such a claim then the FDA stipulates the exact wording of the QHC to be used on labels and in marketing materials. The wording can be onerous: "One study suggests that selenium intake may reduce the risk of 47: 9231: 1851: 1468:, vitamins, or minerals, do not help and some have been found to be harmful in some cases. In general, as of 2016, robust clinical data is lacking, that shows that any kind of dietary supplementation does more good than harm for people who are healthy and eating a reasonable diet but there is clear data showing that dietary pattern and lifestyle choices are associated with health outcomes. 1280:(NY-AG) identified four major retailers with dietary supplement products that contained fraudulent and potentially dangerous ingredients, requiring the companies to remove the products from retail stores. According to the NY-AG, only about 20% of the herbal supplements tested contained the plants claimed. The methodology used by the NY-AG was disputed. The test involves looking for 1525:, added substances (man-made substances which are not intentionally introduced into food, but nevertheless end up in it), and dietary supplements. The specific standards which the FDA exercises differ from one category to the next. Furthermore, the FDA has been granted a variety of means by which it can address violations of the standards for a given category of substances. 234:, or combination of any of the aforementioned ingredients. Furthermore, a dietary supplement must be labeled as a dietary supplement and be intended for ingestion and must not be represented for use as conventional food or as a sole item of a meal or of the diet. In addition, a dietary supplement cannot be approved or authorized for investigation as a new 1666:

where a license is issued when a supplement product has been proven by the manufacturer and government to be safe, effective and of sufficient quality for its recommended use, an eight-digit Natural Product Number is assigned and recorded in a Licensed Natural Health Products Database. The European Food Safety Authority maintains a

1545:'s (EU) Food Supplements Directive of 2002 requires that supplements be demonstrated to be safe, both in dosages and in purity. Only those supplements that have been proven to be safe may be sold in the EU without prescription. As a category of food, food supplements cannot be labeled with drug claims but can bear 1556:(UK), one of the 28 countries in the bloc, strongly opposed the Directive. In addition, a large number of consumers throughout Europe, including over one million in the UK, and various doctors and scientists, had signed petitions by 2005 against what are viewed by the petitioners as unjustified restrictions of 309:). All products with these ingredients are required to be labeled as dietary supplements. Like foods and unlike drugs, no government approval is required to make or sell dietary supplements; the manufacturer confirms the safety of dietary supplements but the government does not; and rather than requiring 583:

was later amended to include calcium supplements with or without vitamin D, effective January 1, 2010. Examples of allowed wording are shown below. In order to qualify for the calcium health claim, a dietary supplement must contain at least 20% of the Reference Dietary Intake, which for calcium means

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To assure supplements have sufficient quality, standardization, and safety for public consumption, research efforts have focused on development of reference materials for supplement manufacturing and monitoring. High-dose products have received research attention, especially for emergency situations

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to dozens of companies advertising scam products, which were purported "to be drugs, medical devices or vaccines. Products that claim to cure, mitigate, treat, diagnose or prevent disease, but are not proven safe and effective for those purposes, defraud consumers of money and can place consumers at

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products, but those are regulated and labeled differently from supplements. In the United States, "meal replacement" products are foods and are labeled as such. These typically contain protein, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals. There may be content claims such as "good source of protein",

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In the same year, the European Food Safety Authority also approved a dietary supplement health claim for calcium and vitamin D and the reduction of the risk of osteoporotic fractures by reducing bone loss. The U.S. FDA also approved Qualified Health Claims (QHCs) for various health conditions for

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As continual research on the properties of supplements accumulates, databases or fact sheets for various supplements are updated regularly, including the Dietary Supplement Label Database, Dietary Supplement Ingredient Database, and Dietary Supplement Facts Sheets of the United States. In Canada

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fragments from the plants named as the dietary supplement ingredients in the products. One scientist said that it was possible that the extraction process used to create the supplements removed or destroyed all DNA. This, however, would not explain the presence of DNA from plants such as rice or

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Although as a general rule, dietary supplement labeling and marketing are not allowed to make disease prevention or treatment claims, the U.S. FDA has for some foods and dietary supplements reviewed the science, concluded that there is significant scientific agreement, and published specifically

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Work done by scientists in the early 20th century on identifying individual nutrients in food and developing ways to manufacture them raised hopes that optimal health could be achieved and diseases prevented by adding them to food and providing people with dietary supplements; while there were

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of folate through the diet daily if planning a pregnancy. A 2013 review found folic acid supplementation during pregnancy did not affect the mother's health other than a risk reduction on low pre-delivery serum folate and megaloblastic anemia. There is little evidence to suggest that vitamin D

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supplements are not supported by sufficient clinical evidence. Meta-analysis studies have reported a modest reduction of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and acute diarrhea in children taking probiotics. There is limited evidence in support of adults using mono-strain and multi-strain containing

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if not in compliance with GMPs, stop production, and if there is a health risk, require that the company conduct a recall. Only after a dietary supplement product is marketed, may the FDA's Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN) review the products for safety and effectiveness.

1363:, which litigates against deceptive advertising in marketed products, established a consumer center to assist reports of false health claims in product advertising for dietary supplements. In 2017, the FTC successfully sued nine manufacturers for deceptive advertising of dietary supplements. 226:) intended to supplement the diet that bears or contains one or more of the following dietary ingredients: a vitamin, a mineral, an herb or other botanical, an amino acid, a dietary substance for use by man to supplement the diet by increasing the total dietary intake, or a concentrate, 472:– are essential for life but are so ubiquitous in food and drink that these are not considered nutrients and there are no recommended intakes for these as minerals. The need for nitrogen is addressed by requirements set for protein, which is composed of nitrogen-containing amino acids. 1275:

In some botanical products, undeclared ingredients were used to increase the bulk of the product and reduce its cost of manufacturing, while potentially violating certain religious and/or cultural limitations on consuming animal ingredients, such as cow, buffalo or deer. In 2015, the

1114:. Although prenatal vitamins are not meant to substitute for dietary nutrition, prenatal supplementation may be beneficial for pregnant women at risk of nutrient deficiencies because of diet limitations or restrictions. The most common components in prenatal vitamins include vitamins 1331:

In the United States and Canada, dietary supplements are considered a subset of foods, and are regulated accordingly. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) monitors supplement products for accuracy in advertising and labeling. Dietary supplements are regulated by the FDA as

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and various forms of traditional medicine, concerns exist about their actual efficacy, safety and consistency of quality. Canada has published a manufacturer and consumer guide describing quality, licensing, standards, identities, and common contaminants of natural products.

435:(ULs) for some of the vitamins. This does not prevent dietary supplement companies from selling products with content per serving higher than the ULs. For example, the UL for vitamin D is 100 μg (4,000 IU), but products are available without prescription at 10,000 IU. 1072:

reported improvements in total sperm count, concentration, motility, and morphology. A review concluded that omega-3 taken through supplements and diet might improve semen quality in infertile men. A 2021 review also supported selenium, zinc, omega-3 fatty acids, coenzyme

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In the United States, manufacturers of dietary supplements are required to demonstrate safety of their products before approval is granted for commerce. Despite this caution, numerous adverse effects have been reported, including muscle cramps, hair loss, joint pain,

424:. Vitamin intake below recommended amounts can result in signs and symptoms associated with vitamin deficiency. There is little evidence of benefit when vitamins are consumed as a dietary supplement by those who are healthy and have a nutritionally adequate diet. 6585: 1199:

are sometimes diagnosed as having attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), raising the possibility that a subtype of ADHD has a cause that can be understood mechanistically and treated in a novel way. The sensory overload is treatable with oral

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were due to "combination products" that contain multiple ingredients, whereas dietary supplements containing a single vitamin, mineral, lipid product, and herbal product were less likely to cause adverse effects related to excess supplementation.

6618:"Assessment of clinical safety and efficacy in the preparation of Community herbal monographs for well-established and of Community herbal monographs/entries to the Community list for traditional herbal medicinal products/substances/preparations" 1401:

from herbal and dietary supplements is about 16–20% of all supplement products causing injury, with the occurrence growing globally over the early 21st century. The most common liver injuries from weight loss and bodybuilding supplements involve

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Among general reasons for the possible harmful effects of dietary supplements are: a) absorption in a short time, b) manufacturing quality and contamination, and c) enhancing both positive and negative effects at the same time. The incidence of

758:. Bodybuilding supplements may contain ingredients that are advertised to increase a person's muscle, body weight, athletic performance, and decrease a person's percent body fat for desired muscle definition. Among the most widely used are 177:

Creating an industry estimated to have a value of $ 151.9 billion in 2021, there are more than 50,000 dietary supplement products marketed in the United States, where about 50% of the American adult population consumes dietary supplements.

2327:"Scientific Opinion in relation to the authorisation procedure for health claims on calcium and vitamin D and the reduction of the risk of osteoporotic fractures by reducing bone loss pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006" 2134: 870:(EFSA) identifies 250 mg/day for a combined total of EPA and DHA as Adequate Intake, with a recommendation that women pregnant or lactating consume an additional 100 to 200 mg/day of DHA. In the United States and Canada are 696:"low fat" or "lactose free". Medical foods, also nutritionally complete, are designed to be used while a person is under the care of a physician or other licensed healthcare professional. Liquid medical food products – for example, 376:, either from the sun or an artificial source, as they synthesize vitamin D in skin. Humans require thirteen vitamins in their diet, most of which are actually groups of related molecules, "vitamers", (e.g. vitamin E includes 6592: 6522: 1501: 1380:, with 29% of the adverse effects resulting in hospitalization, and 20% in serious injuries or illnesses. The potential for adverse effects also occurs when individuals consume more than the necessary daily amount of 3163:

Dong JY, Qin LQ, Zhang Z, Zhao Y, Wang J, Arigoni F, Zhang W (December 2011). "Effect of oral L-arginine supplementation on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials".

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Committee on the Framework for Evaluating the Safety of Dietary Supplements, Food and Nutrition Board, Board on Life Sciences, Institute of Medicine and National Research Council of the National Academies (2004).

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on supplement properties, perform research on quality, safety, and population trends of supplement use, and evaluate the potential clinical efficacy of supplements for maintaining health or lowering disease risk.

242:, or biologic, unless it was marketed as a food or a dietary supplement before such approval or authorization. Under DSHEA, dietary supplements are deemed to be food, except for purposes of the drug definition." 1463:

For example, while increased consumption of fruits and vegetables are related to decreases in mortality, cardiovascular diseases and cancers, supplementation with key factors found in fruits and vegetable, like

1292:, many of which could interact with other medications and lead to hospitalization. 86% of the adulterated supplements were marketed for weight loss and sexual performance, with many containing prescription 205:

can legally make such a claim. The FDA enforces these regulations and also prohibits the sale of supplements and supplement ingredients that are dangerous, or supplements not made according to standardized

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magnesium supplementation – in reducing all-cause and cancer mortality, as well as improving glucose parameters in people with diabetes and insulin-sensitivity parameters in those at high risk of diabetes.

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or carnitines, but warned that "excessive use of antioxidants may be detrimental to the spermatic function and many of the over-the-counter supplements are not scientifically proven to improve fertility."

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Finger D, Goltz FR, Umpierre D, Meyer E, Rosa LH, Schneider CD (February 2015). "Effects of protein supplementation in older adults undergoing resistance training: a systematic review and meta-analysis".

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in women. However, one smaller study showed no reduction in risk. Based on these studies, FDA concludes that it is highly uncertain that selenium supplements reduce the risk of bladder cancer in women."

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The potential benefit of using essential nutrient dietary supplements to lower the risk of diseases has been refuted by findings of no effect or weak evidence in numerous clinical reviews, such as for

1176:. Evidence does not support the routine use of vitamin E supplementation during pregnancy to prevent adverse events, such as preterm birth, fetal or neonatal death, or maternal hypertensive disorders. 6617: 7171:"Oral Magnesium Supplementation for Treating Glucose Metabolism Parameters in People with or at Risk of Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trials" 1575:

and food supplements should be scrapped, he was eventually overruled by the European Court, which decided that the measures in question were necessary and appropriate for the purpose of protecting

7114:"Total, Dietary, and Supplemental Magnesium Intakes and Risk of All-Cause, Cardiovascular, and Cancer Mortality: A Systematic Review and Dose–Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies" 877:

Supplementation with EPA and/or DHA does not appear to affect the risk of death, cancer or heart disease. Furthermore, studies of fish oil supplements have failed to support claims of preventing

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staff, the GAO also found that supplement retailers intentionally engaged in "unequivocal deception" to sell products advertised with baseless health claims, particularly to elderly consumers.

3847: 661:. A meta-analysis found a moderate degree of evidence in favor of whey protein supplements use as a safe and effective adjunct to an athlete's training and recovery, including benefits for 1356:. Examples between 2016 and 2018 of CGMP and advertising violations by dietary supplement manufacturers included several with illegal compositions or advertising of vitamins and minerals. 1244:) from use of dietary supplements containing a combination of ingredients in manufactured vitamins, minerals or other supplement products, with 92% of tested herbal supplements containing 802:

products. Supplements are sold either as single ingredient preparations or in the form of "stacks" – proprietary blends of various supplements marketed as offering synergistic advantages.

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leucine, valine and isoleucine is for stimulating muscle protein synthesis. A review of the literature concluded this claim was unwarranted. In elderly people, supplementation with just

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Protein-containing supplements, either ready-to-drink or as powders to be mixed into water, are marketed as aids to people recovering from illness or injury, those hoping to thwart the

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Improving public information about use of dietary supplements involves investments in professional training programs, further studies of population and nutrient needs, expanding the

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of old age, to athletes who believe that strenuous physical activity increases protein requirements, to people hoping to lose weight while minimizing muscle loss, i.e., conducting a

2894:"A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of the effect of protein supplementation on resistance training-induced gains in muscle mass and strength in healthy adults" 2492: 2247:"Vitamin and mineral supplements in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: An updated systematic evidence review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force" 1272:(CBC) reported that protein spiking, i.e., the addition of amino acids to manipulate protein content analysis, was common. Many of the companies involved challenged CBC's claim. 900:(AA) into their formula milk for newborns, however, a 2017 review found that supplementation with DHA and AA does not appear to be harmful or beneficial to formula-fed infants. 7601: 6926:"Pre-conception Folic Acid and Multivitamin Supplementation for the Primary and Secondary Prevention of Neural Tube Defects and Other Folic Acid-Sensitive Congenital Anomalies" 839:. Only two fatty acids, both polyunsaturated, are considered essential to be obtained from the diet, as the others are synthesized in the body. The "essential" fatty acids are 1224:

is largely attributed to recent technological advancements in product manufacturing, increased demand for products advertised as healthy, increased product availability, and

3869: 3562:"Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (Fish Oil) Supplementation and the Prevention of Clinical Cardiovascular Disease: A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association" 2573:"Effects of Whey Protein Alone or as Part of a Multi-ingredient Formulation on Strength, Fat-Free Mass, or Lean Body Mass in Resistance-Trained Individuals: A Meta-analysis" 126:

either extracted from food sources, or that are synthetic (in order to increase the quantity of their consumption). The classes of nutrient compounds in supplements include

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to prove that the product can be sold like a drug, such assessment is only used by the FDA to decide that a dietary supplement is unsafe and should be removed from market.

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in sufficient quantities by an organism and must be obtained from the diet. The term is conditional both on the circumstances and on the particular organism. For example,

1430:. Some dietary supplements may also have adverse interactions with prescription medications that may enhance side effects or decrease therapeutic effects of medications. 862:

Plant oils, particularly seed and nut oils, contain ALA. Food sources of EPA and DHA are oceanic fish, whereas dietary supplement sources include fish oil, krill oil and

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Ingles, David Perez; Cruz Rodriguez, Jose B.; Garcia, Hernando (2020-02-14). "Supplemental Vitamins and Minerals for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Treatment".

6084:"Directive 2002/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 June 2002 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to food supplements" 2396:"Effects of protein supplementation combined with resistance exercise on body composition and physical function in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 723:, a popular dietary supplement ingredient with claims made for sports performance, is technically not an amino acid. It is synthesized in the body from the amino acid 5467:"Dannon Agrees to Drop Exaggerated Health Claims for Activia Yogurt and DanActive Dairy Drink FTC Charges that Evidence Supporting Benefits of Probiotics Falls Short" 3916: 1328:

has published harmonized rules on supplement products to assure consumers have minimal health risks from using dietary supplements and are not misled by advertising.

885:. In 2017, the American Heart Association issued a science advisory stating that it could not recommend use of omega-3 fish oil supplements for primary prevention of 476:

is essential, but for humans, not identified as having a recommended intake per se. Instead, recommended intakes are identified for the sulfur-containing amino acids

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MacLean CH, Newberry SJ, Mojica WA, Khanna P, Issa AM, Suttorp MJ, et al. (January 2006). "Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on cancer risk: a systematic review".

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Tarnopolsky MA, Atkinson SA, MacDougall JD, Chesley A, Phillips S, Schwarcz HP (November 1992). "Evaluation of protein requirements for trained strength athletes".

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Miller PE, Alexander DD, Perez V (2014). "Effects of whey protein and resistance exercise on body composition: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials".

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Dietary supplement manufacture is required to comply with the good manufacturing practices established in 2007. The FDA can visit manufacturing facilities, send

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that these products prevent or treat any disease. Companies are allowed to use what is referred to as "Structure/Function" wording if there is substantiation of

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provides this description: "The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA) defines the term "dietary supplement" to mean a product (other than

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information, enhancing collaborations between governments and universities, and translating dietary supplement research into useful information for consumers,

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for a supplement providing a potential health effect. An example would be "_____ helps maintain healthy joints", but the label must bear a disclaimer that the

7065:"Dietary Supplements and Risk of Cause-Specific Death, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Primary Prevention Trials" 2522:"Dairy Intake Enhances Body Weight and Composition Changes during Energy Restriction in 18–50-Year-Old Adults-A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials" 1514:

and accompanying legislation, the FDA has authority to oversee the quality of substances sold as food in the United States, and to monitor claims made in the

201:(FDA) "has not evaluated the claim" and that the dietary supplement product is not intended to "diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease", because only a 6621: 719:, consumed in sufficient amounts, is thought to act as a donor for the synthesis of nitric oxide, a vasodilator. A review confirmed blood pressure lowering. 7578: 6352: 1685:

provided criteria for evaluating and grading the quality of clinical research in preparing monographs about herbal supplements. In the United States, the

1884: 219: 5514: 8742: 269:, as a lotion applied to the skin, do not qualify. FDA-approved drugs cannot be ingredients in dietary supplements. Supplement products are or contain 5350: 4956: 4829: 1939: 1689:

of the National Institutes of Health provides fact sheets evaluating the safety, potential effectiveness and side effects of many botanical products.

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In 2019, sales of herbal supplements just in the United States alone were $ 9.6 billion, with the market growing at approximately 8.6% per year, with

575:. Essential and purportedly essential minerals are marketed as dietary supplements, individually and in combination with vitamins and other minerals. 94: 5466: 1636:

Examples of ongoing government research organizations to better understand the potential health properties and safety of dietary supplements are the

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in the United States for 2016 estimated at $ 122 billion, including employment wages and taxes. A 2020 analysis projected that the global market for

3116:"Effects of leucine-rich protein supplements on anthropometric parameter and muscle strength in the elderly: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 2161: 1715: 1460:, no targeted supplementation or fortification strategies to prevent major diseases like cancer or cardiovascular diseases have proved successful. 4215:"The Effect of Nutrients and Dietary Supplements on Sperm Quality Parameters: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials" 5884:

Guallar E, Stranges S, Mulrow C, Appel LJ, Miller ER (December 2013). "Enough is enough: Stop wasting money on vitamin and mineral supplements".

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states that supplements "may be of value" for those who are nutrient deficient from their diet and receive approval from their medical provider.

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List of resources that provides an overview of herbal and dietary supplements, including use, regulation, research, and cautionary information.

6481:. Office of Dietary Supplements, US National Institutes of Health and US Department of Agriculture, National Nutrient Database. 14 August 2017 5172: 3051: 2572: 2286: 597:"Adequate calcium and vitamin D as part of a healthful diet, along with physical activity, may reduce the risk of osteoporosis in later life." 9257: 6967:"Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data" 5799: 2115: 1506:

The regulation of food and dietary supplements by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is governed by various statutes enacted by the

7688: 3798:"Deep sequencing of plant and animal DNA contained within traditional Chinese medicines reveals legality issues and health safety concerns" 2076:. Office of Dietary Supplement Programs, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 14 December 2017. 1183:

for pregnant women. In 2020, the World Health Organization updated recommendations for adequate calcium levels during pregnancy to prevent

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De-Regil LM, Peña-Rosas JP, Fernández-Gaxiola AC, Rayco-Solon P, et al. (Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group) (December 2015).

7644: 4405:"DHEA use to improve likelihood of IVF/ICSI success in patients with diminished ovarian reserve: A systematic review and meta-analysis" 4007:"'Snake-oil,' 'quack medicine,' and 'industrially cultured organisms:' biovalue and the commercialization of human microbiome research" 3383:"Overview on Dietary Reference Values for the EU population as derived by the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies" 2490: 1836: 7016:"Iron status of North American pregnant women: an update on longitudinal data and gaps in knowledge from the United States and Canada" 3729: 3706: 7609: 1110:

are dietary supplements commonly given to pregnant women to supply nutrients that may reduce health complications for the mother and

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As a result of the lack of good data for supplementation and the strong data for dietary pattern, public health recommendations for

821:. Fatty acids are strings of carbon atoms, having a range of lengths. If links are all single (C−C), then the fatty acid is called 6665: 5937:

Rautiainen S, Manson JE, Lichtenstein AH, Sesso HD (July 2016). "Dietary supplements and disease prevention – a global overview".

3938: 3026: 2943:"Protein supplementation augments the adaptive response of skeletal muscle to resistance-type exercise training: a meta-analysis" 2088: 1571:

Although the European Court of Justice's Advocate General subsequently said that the bloc's plan to tighten rules on the sale of

567:). There are other minerals which are essential for some plants and animals, but may or may not be essential for humans, such as 305:, are live bacteria. Dietary supplement ingredients may also be synthetic copies of naturally occurring substances (for example: 5202:"Unapproved Pharmaceutical Ingredients Included in Dietary Supplements Associated With US Food and Drug Administration Warnings" 2666:"Efficacy and Safety of Whey Protein Supplements on Vital Sign and Physical Performance Among Athletes: A Network Meta-Analysis" 591:"Adequate calcium as part of a healthful diet, along with physical activity, may reduce the risk of osteoporosis in later life." 9171: 6065: 245:

Per DSHEA, dietary supplements are consumed orally, and are mainly defined by what they are not: conventional foods (including

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using rigorously qualified products and compliance with established guidelines for reporting of clinical trial results (e.g.,

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Rizos EC, Elisaf MS (June 2017). "Does Supplementation with Omega-3 PUFAs Add to the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease?".

3366: 2738: 2145: 1340:(CGMP) and labeling with science-based ingredient descriptions and advertising. When finding CGMP or advertising violations, 6742:"Review of the safety and efficacy of vitamin A supplementation in the treatment of children with severe acute malnutrition" 4858:

Peña-Rosas JP, De-Regil LM, Garcia-Casal MN, Dowswell T, et al. (Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group) (July 2015).

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Obeid R, Koletzko B, Pietrzik K (April 2014). "Critical evaluation of lowering the recommended dietary intake of folate".

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Showell MG, Mackenzie-Proctor R, Jordan V, Hart RJ, et al. (Cochrane Gynaecology and Fertility Group) (August 2020).

146:. Dietary supplements can also contain substances that have not been confirmed as being essential to life, and so are not 5492: 2440:"Effects of whey protein supplement in the elderly submitted to resistance training: systematic review and meta-analysis" 1733:

Limited human research has been conducted on the potential for dietary supplementation to affect disease risk. Examples:

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Matthews A, Haas DM, O'Mathúna DP, Dowswell T, et al. (Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group) (September 2015).

3260: 1831:, scientists, and policymakers. Future demonstration of efficacy from use of dietary supplements requires high-quality 594:"Adequate calcium and vitamin D throughout life, as part of a well-balanced diet, may reduce the risk of osteoporosis." 4907:

Hofmeyr GJ, Manyame S, Medley N, Williams MJ, et al. (Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group) (September 2019).

3382: 7222:"Folic Acid Supplementation and the Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials" 4909:"Calcium supplementation commencing before or early in pregnancy, for preventing hypertensive disorders of pregnancy" 4604:"Maternal Folic Acid Supplementation during Pregnancy and Childhood Allergic Disease Outcomes: A Question of Timing?" 2491:

Nutrition Working Group of the Medical and Scientific Commission of the International Olympic Committee (June 2016).

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There is low quality and insufficient evidence for the use of oral antioxidant supplements as a viable treatment for

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in limited amounts. An organic chemical compound (or related set of compounds) is called a vitamin when it cannot be

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for example. These are also sold individually and in combination, and may be combined with nutrient ingredients. The

7681: 1674: 1649: 1237: 1167:. In 2006, the World Health Organization endorsed the recommendation for women of child-bearing age to consume 400 6307: 1388:

that are needed to maintain normal body processes and functions. The incidence of adverse effects reported to the

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Diet Cults: The Surprising Fallacy at the Core of Nutrition Fads and a Guide to Healthy Eating for the Rest of US

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Dietary Supplements: FDA May Have Opportunities to Expand Its Use of Reported Health Problems to Oversee Products

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Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein and Amino Acids

1985: 17: 7589: 5827:"Antioxidant supplements for prevention of mortality in healthy participants and patients with various diseases" 8135: 7063:

Schwingshackl L, Boeing H, Stelmach-Mardas M, Gottschald M, Dietrich S, Hoffmann G, Chaimani A (January 2017).

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has also established harmonized rules to help insure that food supplements are safe and appropriately labeled.

63: 6646:. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health. 21 November 2016 372:, but not for other mammals. Vitamin D is not an essential nutrient for people who get sufficient exposure to 8616: 1641: 681: 634: 183: 6160: 5444: 4702:

Palacios C, Trak-Fellermeier MA, Martinez RX, Lopez-Perez L, Lips P, Salisi JA, et al. (October 2019).

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worded allowed health claims. An initial ruling allowing a health claim for calcium dietary supplements and

30:"Food supplement" redirects here. For food additions that alter the flavor, color or longevity of food, see 9278: 7995: 4964: 1943: 1592: 1389: 923: 751: 432: 428: 198: 8140: 5372: 4837: 4213:

Salas-Huetos A, Rosique-Esteban N, Becerra-Tomás N, Vizmanos B, Bulló M, Salas-Salvadó J (November 2018).

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Zhang J, Wider B, Shang H, Li X, Ernst E (2012). "Quality of herbal medicines: challenges and solutions".

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published the results of a review of herbal supplements to determine if any were suitable for coverage by

9181: 9161: 8293: 7674: 2439: 2013: 1741: 1561: 1337: 874:

for ALA and LA over various stages of life, but there are no intake levels specified for EPA and/or DHA.

588:"Adequate calcium throughout life, as part of a well-balanced diet, may reduce the risk of osteoporosis." 207: 5395: 5066: 4056:

Guo Q, Goldenberg JZ, Humphrey C, El Dib R, Johnston BC, et al. (Cochrane IBD Group) (April 2019).

3335: 9191: 8676: 8646: 6105: 1759:

multiple supplements – no evidence of benefit to lower risk of death, cardiovascular diseases or cancer

767: 6106:"European Commission website: Food Safety – Labelling & Nutrition – Health & Nutrition Claims" 5306: 5115: 3560:

Siscovick DS, Barringer TA, Fretts AM, Wu JH, Lichtenstein AH, Costello RB, et al. (April 2017).

1702:

deficiency in malnutrition of children, and for women taking folate supplements to reduce the risk of

972:. Products bearing promotional claims of health benefits are sold without requiring a prescription in 6965:

Martineau AR, Jolliffe DA, Hooper RL, Greenberg L, Aloia JF, Bergman P, et al. (February 2017).

6138: 5756:, Russell RM (July 2005). "Essential nutrients: food or supplements? Where should the emphasis be?". 1682: 1565: 1277: 708: 373: 6793:"Higher dietary folate intake reduces the breast cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 5898: 5447:. Inspections, Compliance, Enforcement, and Criminal Investigations, US Food and Drug Administration 5424:. Inspections, Compliance, Enforcement, and Criminal Investigations, US Food and Drug Administration 5398:. Inspections, Compliance, Enforcement, and Criminal Investigations, US Food and Drug Administration 5140: 3225:"Beta-Hydroxy-Beta-Methyl Butyrate (HMB): From Experimental Data to Clinical Evidence in Sarcopenia" 3065:

Charles EJ, Johnston LE, Herbert MA, Mehaffey JH, Yount KW, Likosky DS, et al. (October 2017).

1521:

Substances which the FDA regulates as food are subdivided into various categories, including foods,

9166: 8110: 2892:

Morton RW, Murphy KT, McKellar SR, Schoenfeld BJ, Henselmans M, Helms E, et al. (March 2018).

2292: 1776: 1596: 1360: 1213: 1032: 677: 603: 496: 5803: 2313:"Food Labeling: Health Claims; Calcium and Osteoporosis, and Calcium, Vitamin D, and Osteoporosis" 9206: 8537: 8509: 7711: 7112:

Bagheri, Amir; Naghshi, Sina; Sadeghi, Omid; Larijani, Bagher; Esmaillzadeh, Ahmad (2021-03-03).

6050: 5328: 4506:"Effects and safety of periconceptional oral folate supplementation for preventing birth defects" 1864: 1288:

A study of dietary supplements sold between 2007 and 2016 identified 776 that contained unlisted

743: 737: 5661:

Bersani FS, Coviello M, Imperatori C, Francesconi M, Hough CM, Valeriani G, et al. (2015).

3733: 3357:

Whitney E, Rolfes SR (2008). "Chapter 5: The Lipids: Triglyerides, Phospholipids, and Sterols".

9176: 8606: 8418: 8115: 6437:. Natural and Non-prescription Health Products Directorate, Government of Canada. 14 March 2013 6256: 5893: 1942:. Office of Dietary Supplements, US National Institutes of Health. 24 June 2011. Archived from 1750: 1515: 1507: 1180: 890: 886: 310: 6586:"Review of the Australian Government Rebate on Natural Therapies for Private Health Insurance" 6329: 4759: 2312: 1968: 1681:. Establishing guidelines to assess safety and efficacy of botanical supplement products, the 37:

This article is about supplemental nutrients and similar substances. For herbal medicine, see

9234: 9084: 8692: 8636: 8568: 8397: 7741: 7636: 6553:] substances of possible concern for human health when used in food and food supplements" 5998: 5981: 5907: 5753: 2263: 2246: 1212:

In 2020, the American market for dietary supplements was valued at $ 140.3 billion, with the

928: 878: 852: 812: 779: 715:

resulted in a modest (0.99 kg) increase in lean body mass. The non-essential amino acid

489: 6525:. Natural and Non-prescription Health Products Directorate, Government of Canada. 4 May 2015 5536: 2073: 992:

organizations, and the internet. While most of these products have a long history of use in

336:

Pharmacies and supermarkets in the U.S. sell a large variety of vitamin dietary supplements.

9114: 9089: 8722: 8621: 8428: 8364: 8130: 7726: 7552: 6924:

Wilson RD, Wilson RD, Audibert F, Brock JA, Carroll J, Cartier L, et al. (June 2015).

5575: 4305:"Dietary Antioxidants in the Treatment of Male Infertility: Counteracting Oxidative Stress" 4264:"The influence of omega-3 fatty acids on semen quality markers: a systematic PRISMA review" 3609:

Jasani B, Simmer K, Patole SK, Rao SC, et al. (Cochrane Neonatal Group) (March 2017).

2291:, Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies, 2004, archived from 1894: 1484: 1480: 1445: 1293: 1249: 1173: 1049:

A meta-analysis provided preliminary evidence that men treated with supplements containing

856: 840: 282: 258: 51: 2520:

Stonehouse W, Wycherley T, Luscombe-Marsh N, Taylor P, Brinkworth G, Riley M (July 2016).

2438:

Colonetti T, Grande AJ, Milton K, Foster C, Alexandre MC, Uggioni ML, Rosa MI (May 2017).

495:

The essential nutrient minerals for humans, listed in order by weight needed to be at the

8: 9119: 8586: 8237: 8010: 1874: 1828: 1652:

of Australia. Together with public and private research groups, these agencies construct

1449: 1325: 1289: 1220:

and dietary supplement products would reach $ 196.6 billion by 2028, where the growth in

1201: 1050: 835: 829: 194: 182:

are the most commonly used product among types of dietary supplements. The United States

171: 9240: 4679: 4655:"Folic acid supplementation during pregnancy for maternal health and pregnancy outcomes" 4654: 3796:

Coghlan ML, Haile J, Houston J, Murray DC, White NE, Moolhuijzen P, et al. (2012).

3658: 1410:, and the most common supplement ingredients attributed to these injuries are green tea 1316:. Despite these findings, fewer than half of the adulterated supplements were recalled. 189:

In the United States, it is against federal regulations for supplement manufacturers to

9054: 8760: 8501: 8433: 8369: 8181: 8095: 8070: 8040: 8035: 7897: 7781: 7761: 7736: 7652: 7529: 7504: 7395: 7370: 7346: 7321: 7302: 7246: 7221: 7197: 7170: 7169:

Veronese N, Dominguez LJ, Pizzol D, Demurtas J, Smith L, Barbagallo M (November 2021).

7146: 7113: 7089: 7064: 7040: 7015: 6991: 6966: 6866: 6841: 6817: 6792: 6768: 6741: 6717: 6692: 6411: 6384: 6023: 5962: 5919: 5861: 5826: 5781: 5689: 5662: 5638: 5613: 5584: 5559: 5283: 5258: 5234: 5201: 4933: 4908: 4884: 4859: 4806: 4781: 4728: 4703: 4630: 4603: 4579: 4554: 4530: 4505: 4478: 4453: 4429: 4404: 4403:

Schwarze JE, Canales J, Crosby J, Ortega-Hrepich C, Villa S, Pommer R (November 2018).

4380: 4355: 4331: 4304: 4239: 4214: 4190: 4165: 4141: 4106: 4082: 4057: 4033: 4006: 3942: 3824: 3797: 3635: 3610: 3586: 3561: 3456: 3307: 3282: 3145: 3091: 3066: 3008: 2918: 2893: 2874: 2831: 2788: 2692: 2665: 2646: 2603: 2548: 2521: 2470: 2222: 2197: 2155: 1812: 1746: 1722: 1624: 1529: 1453: 1345: 1341: 1221: 1164: 1093:

fertilization series may increase pregnancy rates and decrease miscarriage likelihood.

1058: 953: 848: 818: 759: 670: 620: 444: 274: 266: 115: 6942: 6925: 6691:

Dwyer JT, Wiemer KL, Dary O, Keen CL, King JC, Miller KB, et al. (January 2015).

5217: 3240: 3030: 2664:

Lam FC, Bukhsh A, Rehman H, Waqas MK, Shahid N, Khaliel AM, et al. (April 2019).

2095: 687:

The same protein ingredients marketed as dietary supplements can be incorporated into

9250: 9124: 9079: 8973: 8085: 7819: 7534: 7485: 7444: 7400: 7351: 7306: 7294: 7286: 7251: 7202: 7151: 7133: 7094: 7045: 6996: 6947: 6906: 6871: 6822: 6773: 6722: 6416: 6030: 6003: 5954: 5911: 5866: 5773: 5728: 5694: 5643: 5589: 5288: 5239: 5221: 4938: 4889: 4811: 4733: 4684: 4635: 4584: 4535: 4483: 4434: 4385: 4336: 4303:

Torres-Arce E, Vizmanos B, Babio N, Márquez-Sandoval F, Salas-Huetos A (March 2021).

4285: 4244: 4195: 4146: 4128: 4087: 4038: 3987: 3964:

Rijkers GT, de Vos WM, Brummer RJ, Morelli L, Corthier G, Marteau P (November 2011).

3870:"US Sales of Herbal Supplements Increase by 8.6% in 2019 –American Botanical Council" 3829: 3775: 3640: 3591: 3542: 3537: 3520: 3501: 3448: 3362: 3312: 3252: 3244: 3181: 3137: 3096: 3082: 3000: 2964: 2923: 2866: 2823: 2780: 2734: 2697: 2638: 2595: 2553: 2474: 2462: 2417: 2268: 2227: 2179: 2141: 1832: 1784: 1588: 1265: 1225: 1107: 1102: 119: 38: 9244: 8222: 3460: 3149: 3012: 2878: 2835: 2792: 2650: 2607: 1779:

of liver injury from use of herbal and dietary supplements, particularly those with

1240:(GAO) of the United States received 6,307 reports of health problems (identified as 9074: 8981: 8765: 8697: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8611: 8601: 8547: 8542: 8423: 8413: 8384: 8348: 8273: 8020: 7828: 7524: 7516: 7480: 7475: 7463: 7434: 7390: 7386: 7382: 7341: 7337: 7333: 7278: 7241: 7233: 7192: 7182: 7141: 7125: 7084: 7076: 7035: 7027: 6986: 6978: 6937: 6898: 6861: 6853: 6812: 6804: 6763: 6753: 6712: 6704: 6564: 6406: 6396: 6133: 5993: 5966: 5946: 5923: 5903: 5856: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5785: 5765: 5720: 5684: 5674: 5633: 5625: 5612:

Navarro VJ, Khan I, Björnsson E, Seeff LB, Serrano J, Hoofnagle JH (January 2017).

5579: 5571: 5351:"Dietary Supplement Labeling Guide: Chapter I. General Dietary Supplement Labeling" 5278: 5270: 5229: 5213: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4723: 4715: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4625: 4615: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4473: 4465: 4424: 4416: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4326: 4316: 4275: 4234: 4226: 4185: 4177: 4136: 4118: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4028: 4018: 3977: 3819: 3809: 3767: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3581: 3573: 3532: 3491: 3483: 3440: 3302: 3294: 3281:

Navarro VJ, Khan I, Björnsson E, Seeff LB, Serrano J, Hoofnagle JH (January 2017).

3236: 3173: 3127: 3086: 3078: 2992: 2954: 2913: 2905: 2858: 2815: 2770: 2726: 2687: 2677: 2630: 2587: 2543: 2533: 2454: 2407: 2394:

Liao CD, Tsauo JY, Wu YT, Cheng CP, Chen HC, Huang YC, et al. (October 2017).

2338: 2258: 2217: 2209: 1678: 1620: 1502:

Regulation of food and dietary supplements by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration

1476: 1415: 1301: 1253: 1160: 897: 896:

Manufacturers have begun to include long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids DHA and

889:

or stroke, although it reaffirmed supplementation for people who have a history of

795: 688: 453: 341: 246: 6643: 6478: 3338:. US National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. 2 November 2016 2458: 2379:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 19 June 2009. FDA-2008-Q-0323. Archived from 8817: 8785: 8702: 8631: 8626: 8481: 8448: 8392: 8253: 8080: 7755: 7731: 6456: 3966:"Health benefits and health claims of probiotics: bridging science and marketing" 3814: 3577: 2909: 2849:

Lemon, PW (June 1995). "Do athletes need more dietary protein and amino acids?".

2819: 2719: 2634: 1913: 1557: 1304:

that can lead to health complications affecting the kidney, the heart, and cause

1145: 909: 871: 637:, and to people who want to increase muscle size for performance and appearance. 500: 150:

per se, but are marketed as having a beneficial biological effect, such as plant

131: 111: 7555:. Office of Dietary Supplements, US National Institutes of Health. December 2017 6230: 6204: 6178: 4212: 4005:

Slashinski MJ, McCurdy SA, Achenbaum LS, Whitney SN, McGuire AL (October 2012).

9224: 9186: 8909: 8770: 8519: 8514: 8230: 8165: 8120: 7864: 7505:"The proposed rule for U.S. clinical trial registration and results submission" 7129: 7105: 6902: 4420: 3771: 3611:"Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infants born at term" 2213: 1553: 1542: 1472: 1423: 1398: 1353: 1309: 1009: 1005: 989: 755: 607: 102:, one of the first dietary supplement products manufactured in the 18th century 70: 7282: 6500: 5712: 4957:"Calcium supplementation during pregnancy to reduce the risk of pre-eclampsia" 4719: 4503: 4230: 3982: 3965: 3444: 3199: 3177: 3132: 3115: 2996: 2591: 1564:(ANH) had a legal challenge to the Food Supplements Directive referred to the 9272: 8899: 8859: 8849: 8795: 8712: 8596: 8476: 8471: 8458: 8374: 8201: 8030: 8015: 7750: 7617: 7290: 7137: 6758: 6569: 6548: 5724: 5274: 5225: 4132: 3248: 2682: 2343: 2326: 1879: 1703: 1612: 1576: 1522: 1373: 1313: 1241: 941: 915: 844: 823: 357: 135: 110:

is a manufactured product intended to supplement a person's diet by taking a

99: 87: 31: 7237: 7062: 7031: 6857: 6063: 5084: 4469: 4321: 4023: 3224: 2959: 2942: 2775: 2758: 2412: 2395: 1344:

are used to notify manufacturers of impending enforcement action, including

817:

Fish oil is a commonly used fatty acid supplement because it is a source of

8641: 8591: 8486: 8257: 8206: 7716: 7538: 7489: 7448: 7404: 7355: 7298: 7255: 7206: 7155: 7098: 7049: 7000: 6951: 6910: 6875: 6826: 6777: 6726: 6420: 6007: 5958: 5950: 5915: 5870: 5777: 5769: 5698: 5647: 5593: 5292: 5243: 5008:"Vitamins and Supplements Market Size & Industry Report [2028]" 4942: 4893: 4815: 4737: 4701: 4688: 4639: 4588: 4539: 4487: 4438: 4389: 4340: 4289: 4248: 4199: 4150: 4091: 4058:"Probiotics for the prevention of pediatric antibiotic-associated diarrhea" 4042: 3991: 3833: 3779: 3644: 3595: 3546: 3505: 3487: 3452: 3316: 3256: 3185: 3141: 3100: 3004: 2968: 2927: 2784: 2701: 2642: 2599: 2557: 2466: 2421: 2272: 2231: 1889: 1800: 1546: 1465: 1333: 1305: 1297: 1062: 863: 791: 747: 692: 658: 654: 638: 580: 353: 254: 250: 190: 179: 7520: 7371:"Nutritional supplements for people being treated for active tuberculosis" 7080: 6708: 6549:"Compendium of botanicals reported to contain naturally occuring [ 5679: 5537:"New Dietary Ingredients in Dietary Supplements - Background for Industry" 5040: 2870: 2862: 2827: 940:

from plants, animals, algae, fungi or lichens, including such examples as

9254: 9013: 8737: 8727: 8563: 8318: 8125: 8105: 8100: 8060: 6808: 5663:"Adverse Psychiatric Effects Associated with Herbal Weight-Loss Products" 4181: 4107:"Probiotics in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: An Up-to-Date Systematic Review" 1856: 1608: 1172:

supplementation improves prenatal outcomes in hypertensive disorders and

1126: 1001: 985: 977: 965: 961: 799: 763: 666: 650: 646: 381: 332: 262: 7423:"Should comparative effectiveness research ignore industry-funded data?" 5851: 5825:

Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Gluud LL, Simonetti RG, Gluud C (March 2012).

4302: 2016:. Office of Dietary Supplements, US National Institutes of Health. 2017. 1008:

countries were leading consumers of botanical supplements in 2016, with

851:. ALA can be elongated in the body to create other omega-3 fatty acids: 9109: 9099: 8989: 8965: 8924: 8894: 8879: 8844: 8826: 8732: 8666: 8196: 8150: 7952: 7947: 7837: 7810: 7796: 7721: 7187: 6503:. Office of Dietary Supplements, US National Institutes of Health. 2018 6401: 5491:. Federal Trade Commission, US Government. 25 July 2017. Archived from 4280: 4263: 4123: 3496: 2941:

Cermak NM, Res PT, de Groot LC, Saris WH, van Loon LJ (December 2012).

2519: 2245:

Fortmann SP, Burda BU, Senger CA, Lin JS, Whitlock EP (December 2013).

2116:"Guidance for Industry: Frequently Asked Questions About Medical Foods" 1670:

of botanical ingredients used in manufacturing of dietary supplements.

1667: 1604: 1457: 1427: 1403: 1349: 1115: 1082: 981: 704: 630: 624: 552: 520: 477: 377: 365: 278: 239: 227: 202: 155: 143: 139: 75: 7666: 7439: 7422: 6982: 6672:. US National Institute of Standards and Technology. 21 September 2016 6051:"Current Good Manufacturing Practices (CGMPs) for Dietary Supplements" 5629: 5038: 4857: 4620: 3298: 2538: 82: 9201: 9094: 9036: 9031: 9026: 9021: 8952: 8919: 8874: 8864: 8803: 8780: 8775: 8717: 8707: 8671: 8308: 8288: 8211: 8160: 8090: 8065: 8005: 7957: 7942: 7937: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7791: 7746: 3336:"Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Health: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals" 3067:"Impact of Medicaid Expansion on Cardiac Surgery Volume and Outcomes" 2288:

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Recommended Intakes for Individuals

1737: 1699: 1168: 1163:. Folate is also an essential nutrient for pregnant women to prevent 1141: 1137: 1133: 1069: 1044: 1027: 1021: 993: 949: 919: 771: 662: 536: 524: 504: 450: 306: 302: 58: 5660: 4780:

Rumbold A, Ota E, Hori H, Miyazaki C, Crowther CA (September 2015).

2805: 9129: 9064: 9059: 8957: 8929: 8854: 8839: 8752: 8463: 8343: 8045: 8025: 7962: 7922: 7907: 7801: 6385:"Dietary Supplements: Regulatory Challenges and Research Resources" 5144: 5119: 5067:"Herbal Supplement Sellers Dispense Dangerous Advice, False Claims" 4402: 3027:"Regulatory Issues: Meal Replacements – Convenience or Compromise?" 2730: 1869: 1824: 1653: 1616: 1582: 1572: 1411: 1407: 1159:

can lower the risk of early pregnancy loss and relieve symptoms of

973: 969: 945: 783: 775: 724: 716: 556: 548: 508: 481: 469: 461: 349: 345: 298: 270: 159: 123: 7320:

Visser ME, Durao S, Sinclair D, Irlam JH, Siegfried N (May 2017).

6840:

Kantor ED, Rehm CD, Du M, White E, Giovannucci EL (October 2016).

6353:"FTC to marketers: Stop making unsupported COVID treatment claims" 5200:

Tucker J, Fischer T, Upjohn L, Mazzera D, Kumar M (October 2018).

5173:"New York Attorney General Targets Supplements at Major Retailers" 4704:"Regimens of vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy" 4353: 2140:. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. pp. ES-1–ES-3. 2059:. Office of Dietary Supplements, US National Institutes of Health. 158:. Animals can also be a source of supplement ingredients, such as 9196: 9156: 9046: 8944: 8904: 8884: 8869: 8834: 8438: 8328: 8313: 8283: 8278: 8191: 8145: 8075: 8055: 7902: 7776: 7766: 7576: 6842:"Trends in Dietary Supplement Use Among US Adults From 1999-2012" 5936: 5515:"Three Dietary Supplement Marketers Settle FTC, Maine AG Charges" 4552: 4105:

Dale, HF; Rasmussen, SH; Asiller, ÖÖ; Lied, GA (September 2019).

4004: 1780: 1419: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1261: 1257: 1217: 1149: 957: 937: 720: 712: 572: 516: 485: 327: 231: 223: 163: 151: 127: 7602:"Questions to Ask Before Taking Vitamin and Mineral Supplements" 7262: 6964: 5824: 2763:

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

1986:"Dietary Supplements Market Size & Trends Report, 2021–2028" 936:

Dietary supplements can be manufactured using intact sources or

9104: 9069: 9005: 8997: 8934: 8914: 8889: 8298: 8186: 8050: 7972: 7967: 7927: 7917: 7912: 7855: 7846: 7368: 7168: 6459:. Therapeutic Goods Administration, Australian Government. 2018 6064:

Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (16 August 2019).

4986:"Supplement Industry Contributes $ 122 Billion To U.S. Economy" 3894:"Herbal Supplements Post Strongest Sales Growth in Two Decades" 3274: 3052:"Medical Foods Guidance Documents & Regulatory Information" 2121:(Second ed.). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. May 2016. 1769: 1765: 1122: 1004:

and mushroom product sales as the highest. Italy, Germany, and

882: 697: 642: 560: 544: 540: 512: 473: 465: 457: 294: 290: 46: 7220:

Li Y, Huang T, Zheng Y, Muka T, Troup J, Hu FB (August 2016).

6666:"Measurements and Standards for Botanical Dietary Supplements" 6591:. Australian Government – Department of Health. Archived from 6546: 3941:. Food Safety Authority of Ireland. 5 May 2017. Archived from 3064: 2891: 2094:. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Archived from 1231: 833:; if there are two or more double bonds (C=C=C), it is called 7111: 3361:(11th ed.). California: Thomson Wadsworth. p. 154. 1754: 1719: 1600: 1518:

about both the composition and the health benefits of foods.

1111: 568: 484:. There are dietary supplements that provide sulfur, such as 361: 286: 7369:

Grobler L, Nagpal S, Sudarsanam TD, Sinclair D (June 2016).

7322:"Micronutrient supplementation in adults with HIV infection" 4906: 4602:

McStay CL, Prescott SL, Bower C, Palmer DJ (February 2017).

2359:"Qualified Health Claims: Letters of Enforcement Discretion" 1971:. European Food Safety Authority, European Commission. 2009. 1850: 9134: 8491: 8443: 8303: 8155: 7977: 7932: 5560:"Adverse Effects of Nutraceuticals and Dietary Supplements" 5469:. Federal Trade Commission, US Government. 15 December 2010 4055: 3963: 3473: 3413:. Institute of Medicine, National Academies. Archived from 2437: 2086: 1623:, among others. By August 2020, the FDA and FTC had issued 1483:, salt and sugar and to get exercise daily, and to abandon 1245: 1054: 1031:

probiotics for the alleviation of symptoms associated with

746:

are dietary supplements commonly used by those involved in

641:

is a popular ingredient, but products may also incorporate

532: 528: 235: 167: 7268: 5883: 5199: 4555:"Interventions for nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy" 3917:"Dietary Supplements in Europe Poised for Profound Growth" 3559: 3113: 1560:. In 2004, along with two British trade associations, the 932:

St. John's wort petals used in natural product supplements

6923: 6286:"Fraudulent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) products" 5611: 5517:. Federal Trade Commission, US Government. 23 August 2017 5043:(Report). Government Accountability Office, US Government 4601: 3795: 3521:"Clinical trial evidence and use of fish oil supplements" 3280: 1796: 1640:, the Office of Dietary Supplements of the United States 1281: 369: 7659:

National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health

7319: 6693:"Fortification and health: challenges and opportunities" 6066:"Information for Consumers on Using Dietary Supplements" 5039:

U. S. Government Accountability Office (18 March 2013).

4104: 2981: 2759:"A review of issues of dietary protein intake in humans" 1687:

National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health

1646:

Natural and Non-prescription Health Products Directorate

1035:. Probiotic supplements are generally regarded as safe. 5713:"Herbal and Dietary Supplement Interactions with Drugs" 4653:

Lassi ZS, Salam RA, Haider BA, Bhutta ZA (March 2013).

2725:. Institute of Medicine. National Academy Press. 2005. 2315:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 29 September 2008. 7579:"Dietary Supplements: General Resources for Consumers" 6791:

Chen P, Li C, Li X, Li J, Chu R, Wang H (April 2014).

6161:"Food supplements – Food Safety – European Commission" 4779: 4652: 2940: 2570: 2377:"Selenium and a Reduced Risk of Site-specific Cancers" 2244: 1248:

and 80% containing other chemical contaminants. Using

700:– are available in regular and high protein versions. 8252: 6888: 5116:"Marketplace: Some protein powders fail fitness test" 3608: 3054:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 6 December 2017. 2138:

Dietary supplements a framework for evaluating safety

6739: 4261: 3405: 2663: 2620: 2447:

International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition

1846: 1012:

market growth forecast to be $ 8.7 billion by 2020.

6740:Iannotti LL, Trehan I, Manary MJ (September 2013). 6690: 5752: 5489:"Dietary supplement concerns? Tell the FTC and FDA" 5331:. US Food and Drug Administration. 12 December 2017 4262:Falsig AL, Gleerup CS, Knudsen UB (November 2019). 3114:Komar B, Schwingshackl L, Hoffmann G (April 2015). 2361:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Archived from 2130: 2128: 1885:

Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994

220:

Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994

7277:(4). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 22. 6022: 5802:. dietary-supplements.info.nih.gov. Archived from 5614:"Liver injury from herbal and dietary supplements" 5375:. US Food and Drug Administration. 29 January 2019 5093:"Are protein shakes the weight-loss magic bullet?" 4860:"Daily oral iron supplementation during pregnancy" 3283:"Liver injury from herbal and dietary supplements" 2718: 360:(vitamin C) is a vitamin for anthropoid primates, 7461: 6839: 6620:. European Medicines Agency. 2017. Archived from 5557: 4454:"Safety and efficacy of supplements in pregnancy" 3757: 2713: 2711: 9270: 7219: 6382: 5353:. US Food and Drug Administration. 21 March 2018 5259:"Prohibited Contaminants in Dietary Supplements" 3375: 3162: 2433: 2431: 2393: 2125: 1716:National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1583:Fraudulent products during the COVID-19 outbreak 1426:. Weight loss supplements have also had adverse 1308:. Multiple bodybuilding products also contained 392:). The list: vitamins A, C, D, E, K, Thiamine (B 7502: 7124:(4). Oxford University Press (OUP): 1196–1210. 6355:. NutraIngredients.com – USA, William Reed, Inc 6310:. US Federal Trade Commission. 10 February 2020 6288:. US Food and Drug Administration. 7 April 2020 5113: 2756: 2198:"The genetics of vitamin C loss in vertebrates" 2195: 2110: 2108: 754:for the purpose of facilitating an increase in 7881:Ergocalciferol and Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D) 6383:Dwyer JT, Coates PM, Smith MJ (January 2018). 6330:"FTC coronavirus warning letters to companies" 5558:Ronis MJ, Pedersen KB, Watt J (January 2018). 5539:. US Food and Drug Administration. August 2016 5365: 3707:"Natural and Non-prescription Health Products" 3685:"U.S. Herbal Supplement Sales Up 7.7% in 2016" 2708: 2080: 1085:woman. A review provided evidence that taking 122:, powder, or liquid. A supplement can provide 8238: 7682: 7464:"The potential impact of unpublished results" 7427:Journal of Comparative Effectiveness Research 7013: 6542: 6540: 6280: 6278: 5195: 5193: 3356: 2571:Naclerio F, Larumbe-Zabala E (January 2016). 2428: 1940:"Dietary Supplements: Background Information" 1603:of fraudulent supplement products, including 7416: 7414: 6930:Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada 6308:"Coronavirus: Scammers follow the headlines" 5800:"Vitamin E – Health Professional Fact Sheet" 5564:Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 5387: 5170: 4752:"Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy" 4695: 4163: 3840: 3222: 3120:The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging 2623:Journal of the American College of Nutrition 2160:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2105: 1980: 1978: 1675:Australian Government's Department of Health 1285:wheat, that were not listed as ingredients. 7503:Zarin DA, Tse T, Sheehan J (January 2015). 7375:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 7326:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 6547:European Food Safety Authority (May 2012). 6523:"Licensed Natural Health Products Database" 6332:. US Federal Trade Commission. 29 July 2020 6129:"Controversial EU vitamins ban to go ahead" 5831:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5818: 5607: 5605: 5603: 5445:"Warning letter: Independent Nutrition Inc" 5422:"Warning letter: Maine Natural Health, Inc" 4913:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4864:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4786:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4708:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4659:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4559:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4510:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4451: 4360:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4062:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3615:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3518: 3512: 3430: 2799: 1232:Adulteration, contamination and mislabeling 1179:Iron supplementation can lower the risk of 827:; with one double bond (C=C), it is called 730: 614: 285:and non-nutrient substances extracted from 8245: 8231: 7689: 7675: 7645:United States National Library of Medicine 7545: 7420: 7020:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 6790: 6537: 6493: 6300: 6275: 6053:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2007. 6020: 5982:"Can we say what diet is best for health?" 5979: 5190: 5166: 5164: 5162: 4499: 4497: 4445: 3848:"Quality of Natural Health Products Guide" 3791: 3789: 3721: 2947:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2885: 2614: 2400:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2196:Drouin G, Godin JR, Pagé B (August 2011). 1811:A review of clinical trials registered at 1775:A 2017 academic review indicated a rising 7528: 7479: 7462:Knottnerus JA, Tugwell P (October 2013). 7438: 7411: 7394: 7345: 7245: 7226:Journal of the American Heart Association 7196: 7186: 7145: 7088: 7039: 6990: 6941: 6865: 6816: 6767: 6757: 6716: 6568: 6410: 6400: 6378: 6376: 6374: 6372: 6370: 6350: 6322: 5997: 5897: 5860: 5850: 5688: 5678: 5637: 5583: 5436: 5321: 5282: 5233: 5060: 5058: 4932: 4883: 4805: 4727: 4678: 4629: 4619: 4578: 4529: 4477: 4428: 4379: 4330: 4320: 4279: 4238: 4189: 4140: 4122: 4081: 4032: 4022: 3981: 3896:. Nutraceuticals World. 23 September 2019 3823: 3813: 3678: 3676: 3634: 3585: 3536: 3495: 3306: 3131: 3090: 2958: 2917: 2774: 2752: 2750: 2691: 2681: 2547: 2537: 2411: 2342: 2262: 2221: 2168: 2089:"Dietary Supplement Labels: Key Elements" 2051: 2049: 2008: 2006: 1975: 750:, weightlifting, mixed martial arts, and 6583: 6479:"Dietary Supplement Ingredient Database" 5999:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032013-182351 5908:10.7326/0003-4819-159-12-201312170-00011 5600: 5459: 5343: 4830:"Vitamin E supplementation in pregnancy" 4782:"Vitamin E supplementation in pregnancy" 3753: 3751: 3399: 2851:International Journal of Sport Nutrition 2657: 2264:10.7326/0003-4819-159-12-201312170-00729 2238: 1709: 1552:The dietary supplements industry in the 1319: 1268:in several protein powder products. The 927: 806: 456:indispensable for life. Four minerals – 331: 93: 81: 69: 57: 45: 7696: 7577:Food and Nutrition Information Center. 7056: 6257:"EU court backs health supplements ban" 5877: 5442: 5256: 5159: 5114:Griffith-Greene M (November 13, 2015). 4494: 3786: 3727: 3467: 2351: 14: 9271: 6636: 6577: 6367: 6126: 6120: 5576:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010617-052844 5415: 5413: 5393: 5299: 5090: 5064: 5055: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5028: 4356:"Antioxidants for female subfertility" 3914: 3908: 3699: 3682: 3673: 3661:. European Food Safety Authority. 2018 3651: 3330: 3328: 3326: 2747: 2486: 2484: 2046: 2003: 1963: 1961: 1932: 1433: 27:Product providing additional nutrients 8226: 7670: 6471: 6014: 5973: 5792: 5719:, CRC Press, pp. 273–308, 2003, 3748: 3395:from the original on August 28, 2017. 3229:Current Protein & Peptide Science 2848: 2842: 2068: 2066: 1790: 1692: 563:(the last as a component of vitamin B 9230: 5529: 5419: 4988:. Nutraceuticals World. 10 June 2016 2757:Bilsborough S, Mann N (April 2006). 2174:Lieberman, S and Bruning, N (1990). 2087:Office of Inspector General (2003). 1512:Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act 9172:Fruits & Veggies – More Matters 7509:The New England Journal of Medicine 6231:"Vitamin controls backed by Europe" 6205:"EU health foods crackdown 'wrong'" 5410: 5107: 5025: 3760:Complementary Therapies in Medicine 3323: 2481: 2279: 2176:The Real Vitamin & Mineral Book 2029:"Half of Americans use supplements" 2014:"Dietary Supplement Label Database" 1958: 1728: 1490: 1336:subject to compliance with current 1300:supplements were contaminated with 1197:hypokalemic sensory overstimulation 903: 24: 7653:"Using Dietary Supplements Wisely" 7570: 7014:O'Brien KO, Ru Y (December 2017). 5717:Handbook of Food-Drug Interactions 4452:Brown B, Wright C (October 2020). 3886: 3850:. Government of Canada. 1 May 2015 3408:"Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)" 2898:British Journal of Sports Medicine 2063: 1366: 1236:Over the period 2008 to 2011, the 1190: 843:(ALA), an omega-3 fatty acid, and 25: 9290: 7629: 7622:NIH Office of Dietary Supplements 6179:"Court victory for vitamin firms" 5218:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.3337 5141:"Supplements: Company statements" 3241:10.2174/1389203718666170529105026 3223:Cruz-Jentoft, Alfonso J. (2018). 3029:. Food Processing. Archived from 1906: 1806: 1536: 1448:, and preventing conditions like 1270:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 768:branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) 261:. Products intended for use as a 9249: 9239: 9229: 9220: 9219: 7618:"Dietary Supplement Fact Sheets" 7496: 7468:Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 7455: 7362: 7313: 7213: 7162: 7007: 6958: 6917: 6882: 6833: 6784: 6733: 6684: 6658: 6610: 6515: 6501:"Dietary Supplement Fact Sheets" 6449: 6427: 6344: 6249: 6223: 6197: 6171: 6153: 6098: 6076: 6057: 6043: 5930: 5746: 5705: 5654: 5551: 5507: 5481: 4164:Doron S, Snydman DR (May 2015). 3970:The British Journal of Nutrition 3538:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.12765 3519:Grey A, Bolland M (March 2014). 3083:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2017.03.079 2026: 1849: 1650:Therapeutic Goods Administration 1495: 1438: 1238:Government Accountability Office 736:This section is an excerpt from 275:nutritionally essential minerals 7421:Dunn AG, Coiera E (July 2014). 6435:"About Natural Health Products" 5250: 5133: 5012:www.fortunebusinessinsights.com 5000: 4978: 4949: 4900: 4851: 4822: 4773: 4744: 4646: 4595: 4546: 4396: 4347: 4296: 4255: 4206: 4166:"Risk and safety of probiotics" 4157: 4098: 4049: 3998: 3957: 3931: 3862: 3602: 3553: 3424: 3350: 3263:from the original on 2021-07-29 3216: 3192: 3156: 3107: 3058: 3044: 3019: 2975: 2934: 2564: 2513: 2500:International Olympic Committee 2387: 2369: 2319: 2305: 2189: 1256:also reported unsafe levels of 7553:"ODS Strategic Plan 2017-2021" 7481:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2013.08.001 7387:10.1002/14651858.CD006086.pub4 7338:10.1002/14651858.CD003650.pub4 6351:Masterson D (17 August 2020). 5986:Annual Review of Public Health 5843:10.1002/14651858.CD007176.pub2 5396:"Warning letter: Vitalife Inc" 5171:O'Connor A (3 February 2015). 5095:. The Globe and Mail (Toronto) 4925:10.1002/14651858.CD011192.pub3 4876:10.1002/14651858.CD004736.pub5 4798:10.1002/14651858.CD004069.pub3 4671:10.1002/14651858.cd006896.pub2 4571:10.1002/14651858.CD007575.pub4 4522:10.1002/14651858.CD007950.pub3 4372:10.1002/14651858.CD007807.pub4 4074:10.1002/14651858.CD004827.pub5 3728:Barrett S (23 November 2013). 3683:Prince J (13 September 2017). 3627:10.1002/14651858.CD000376.pub4 3200:"the definition of amino acid" 3071:The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 2020: 1638:European Food Safety Authority 1155:Sufficient intake of vitamin B 868:European Food Safety Authority 584:at least 260 mg/serving. 384:, vitamin K includes vitamin K 13: 1: 7586:National Agricultural Library 6943:10.1016/S1701-2163(15)30230-9 5939:Nature Reviews. Endocrinology 5667:BioMed Research International 5443:Burbach MR (31 August 2018). 2808:Journal of Applied Physiology 2459:10.1080/09637486.2016.1232702 2057:"FAQs on Dietary Supplements" 1900: 1642:National Institutes of Health 1599:(FTC) warned consumers about 1568:by the High Court in London. 1015: 980:, specialist shops, military 682:Recommended Dietary Allowance 676:According to US and Canadian 635:protein-sparing modified fast 497:Recommended Dietary Allowance 433:tolerable upper intake levels 213: 184:National Institutes of Health 6584:Baggoley C (November 2015). 5420:Pace RM (18 December 2017). 4170:Clinical Infectious Diseases 3815:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002657 3732:. Quackwatch. Archived from 3709:. Government of Canada. 2018 3578:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000482 2910:10.1136/bjsports-2017-097608 2820:10.1152/jappl.1992.73.5.1986 2635:10.1080/07315724.2013.875365 1742:respiratory tract infections 1660: 1338:Good Manufacturing Practices 1038: 924:Traditional Chinese medicine 208:good manufacturing practices 199:Food and Drug Administration 7: 9182:Latin American Diet Pyramid 9162:Dairy Council of California 8617:Gluten-free and casein-free 5886:Annals of Internal Medicine 5373:"FDA Warning Letters, 2018" 5309:. European Commission. 2019 2251:Annals of Internal Medicine 2074:"Structure/Function Claims" 1842: 1787:, or multiple ingredients. 1768:alone or with B vitamins – 1753:and adverse effects on the 1631: 1562:Alliance for Natural Health 1487:and a sedentary lifestyle. 1479:of whole foods, minimizing 1207: 1096: 438: 321: 10: 9295: 9192:Mediterranean Diet Pyramid 8647:Low-fiber/low-residue diet 8001:β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate 7891:Naphthoquinone (Vitamin K) 7271:Current Cardiology Reports 6903:10.1016/j.clnu.2013.12.013 6127:Knight, S (12 July 2005). 5980:Katz DL, Meller S (2014). 5394:Porter SE (20 June 2016). 5091:McGinn D (26 March 2017). 4421:10.5935/1518-0557.20180046 4409:JBRA Assisted Reproduction 3919:. Natural Products Insider 3772:10.1016/j.ctim.2011.09.004 3433:Current Cardiology Reports 3406:Food and Nutrition Board. 2214:10.2174/138920211796429736 1714:In the United States, the 1591:in the United States, the 1499: 1100: 1042: 1026:Claimed benefits of using 1019: 913: 907: 810: 735: 709:branched-chain amino acids 618: 442: 429:U.S. Institute of Medicine 325: 218:In the United States, the 36: 29: 9258:Health and fitness portal 9215: 9147: 9045: 8943: 8825: 8816: 8794: 8751: 8685: 8577: 8556: 8528: 8500: 8457: 8406: 8383: 8357: 8336: 8327: 8264: 8174: 7986: 7876:Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) 7775: 7704: 7283:10.1007/s11886-020-1270-1 6797:British Journal of Cancer 6457:"Complementary medicines" 5065:Harmon, K (28 May 2010). 4720:10.1002/14651858.CD013446 3983:10.1017/S000711451100287X 3939:"Probiotic Health Claims" 3915:Becker M (8 March 2016). 3445:10.1007/s11886-017-0856-8 3178:10.1016/j.ahj.2011.09.012 3133:10.1007/s12603-014-0559-4 2997:10.1007/s40279-014-0269-4 2670:Frontiers in Pharmacology 2592:10.1007/s40279-015-0403-y 1818: 1683:European Medicines Agency 1566:European Court of Justice 1278:New York Attorney General 8538:Bodybuilding supplements 7130:10.1093/advances/nmab001 6759:10.1186/1475-2891-12-125 6570:10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2663 5725:10.1201/9780203490242-17 5275:10.1177/1941738117727736 2683:10.3389/fphar.2019.00317 2493:"Nutrition for Athletes" 2344:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1609 1597:Federal Trade Commission 1444:successes in preventing 1361:Federal Trade Commission 1033:irritable bowel syndrome 744:Bodybuilding supplements 731:Bodybuilding supplements 680:guidelines, the protein 678:Dietary Reference Intake 669:, and reduced perceived 615:Proteins and amino acids 316: 301:, or in the instance of 9207:Vegetarian Diet Pyramid 8510:Ovo-lacto vegetarianism 7712:Bodybuilding supplement 7637:"Herbs and Supplements" 7238:10.1161/JAHA.116.003768 7032:10.3945/ajcn.117.155986 6858:10.1001/jama.2016.14403 4322:10.3390/biology10030241 4231:10.1093/advances/nmy057 4024:10.1186/1472-6939-13-28 3359:Understanding Nutrition 2960:10.3945/ajcn.112.037556 2776:10.1123/ijsnem.16.2.129 2413:10.3945/ajcn.116.143594 1918:Encyclopædia Britannica 1865:Bodybuilding supplement 1628:risk for serious harm" 1452:by supplementation and 738:Bodybuilding supplement 703:Proteins are chains of 9177:Healthy eating pyramid 8723:Time Restricted Eating 8607:Fluid restriction diet 7886:Tocopherol (Vitamin E) 7026:(Suppl 6): 1647S–54S. 5951:10.1038/nrendo.2016.54 5770:10.1001/jama.294.3.351 3730:"The herbal minefield" 3525:JAMA Internal Medicine 3488:10.1001/jama.295.4.403 3166:American Heart Journal 2178:. NY: Avery Group, 3, 1751:iron deficiency anemia 1549:and nutrition claims. 1508:United States Congress 1406:damage with resulting 1185:hypertensive disorders 1181:iron deficiency anemia 1087:dehydroepiandrosterone 933: 891:coronary heart disease 887:cardiovascular disease 602:calcium, selenium and 404:), Pantothenic Acid (B 337: 103: 91: 86:As a softgel capsule ( 79: 67: 55: 8677:Specific carbohydrate 8569:Very-low-calorie diet 7521:10.1056/NEJMsr1414226 7118:Advances in Nutrition 7081:10.3945/an.116.013516 7069:Advances in Nutrition 6709:10.3945/an.114.007443 6697:Advances in Nutrition 6021:Fitzgerald M (2014). 5329:"Dietary Supplements" 4470:10.1093/nutrit/nuz101 4219:Advances in Nutrition 3687:. Nutritional Outlook 2863:10.1123/ijsn.5.s1.s39 1710:Population monitoring 1485:Western pattern diets 1475:urge people to eat a 1320:Regulatory compliance 931: 853:eicosapentaenoic acid 813:Essential fatty acids 807:Essential fatty acids 780:essential fatty acids 490:methylsulfonylmethane 335: 311:risk–benefit analysis 283:essential fatty acids 97: 85: 73: 61: 49: 8622:Intermittent fasting 8086:Japanese honeysuckle 6809:10.1038/bjc.2014.155 4176:(Suppl 2): S129–34. 2365:on 26 November 2013. 2101:on 18 November 2004. 1895:Alternative medicine 1829:health professionals 1609:cannabidiol products 1605:homeopathic remedies 1481:ultra-processed food 1446:vitamin deficiencies 1294:erectile dysfunction 1290:pharmaceutical drugs 1174:gestational diabetes 857:docosahexaenoic acid 841:alpha-linolenic acid 259:pharmaceutical drugs 9279:Dietary supplements 8587:Calorie restriction 8011:Chondroitin sulfate 7829:Pantothenic acid (B 7792:Retinol (Vitamin A) 7762:Protein supplements 7698:Dietary supplements 6644:"Herbs at a Glance" 6624:on 26 February 2017 6086:. Eur-lex.europa.eu 5680:10.1155/2015/120679 5257:Mathews NM (2018). 5147:. November 13, 2015 5071:Scientific American 2295:on January 18, 2017 1992:. San Francisco, CA 1990:Grand View Research 1875:Megavitamin therapy 1723:neural tube defects 1648:of Canada, and the 1450:neural tube defects 1434:Society and culture 1428:psychiatric effects 1354:financial penalties 1342:FDA warning letters 1326:European Commission 1202:potassium gluconate 1165:neural tube defects 1089:before starting an 1059:omega-3 fatty acids 819:omega-3 fatty acids 760:high protein drinks 604:chromium picolinate 195:scientific evidence 172:European Commission 8502:Semi-vegetarianism 8182:Codex Alimentarius 8071:Grape seed extract 7732:Herbal supplements 7188:10.3390/nu13114074 6891:Clinical Nutrition 6402:10.3390/nu10010041 5495:on 23 January 2018 5307:"Food supplements" 5177:The New York Times 4967:on January 2, 2015 4281:10.1111/andr.12649 4182:10.1093/cid/civ085 4124:10.3390/nu11092048 4011:BMC Medical Ethics 3874:www.herbalgram.org 1969:"Food Supplements" 1837:CONSORT guidelines 1813:clinicaltrials.gov 1791:Absence of benefit 1693:Quality and safety 1510:. Pursuant to the 1454:food fortification 1378:allergic reactions 1346:search and seizure 934: 849:omega-6 fatty acid 671:exercise intensity 621:Protein (nutrient) 445:Mineral (nutrient) 338: 108:dietary supplement 104: 92: 80: 68: 56: 9266: 9265: 9143: 9142: 8812: 8811: 8385:Sustainable diets 8220: 8219: 7865:Cyanocobalamin (B 7782:chemical elements 7440:10.2217/cer.14.31 6983:10.1136/bmj.i6583 6746:Nutrition Journal 6185:. 30 January 2004 6036:978-1-60598-560-2 6029:. Pegasus Books. 5806:on 13 August 2009 5734:978-0-429-20832-4 5630:10.1002/hep.28813 5206:JAMA Network Open 4762:on March 30, 2014 4621:10.3390/nu9020123 4458:Nutrition Reviews 3736:on 18 August 2018 3572:(15): e867–e884. 3368:978-0-495-11669-1 3299:10.1002/hep.28813 2857:(Suppl): S39–61. 2740:978-0-309-08525-0 2539:10.3390/nu8070394 2337:(5): 1609. 2010. 2147:978-0-309-09206-7 1946:on 14 August 2020 1833:clinical research 1785:green tea extract 1589:COVID-19 pandemic 1418:, and the herbal 1416:anabolic steroids 1302:anabolic steroids 1195:Individuals with 1108:Prenatal vitamins 1103:Prenatal vitamins 665:, average power, 454:chemical elements 449:Minerals are the 374:ultraviolet light 247:meal replacements 39:Herbal supplement 16:(Redirected from 9286: 9253: 9243: 9233: 9232: 9223: 9222: 8823: 8822: 8657:Monotrophic diet 8637:Low-carbohydrate 8602:Elimination diet 8548:Therapeutic food 8543:Meal replacement 8530:Supplement diets 8398:Planetary health 8334: 8333: 8270: 8247: 8240: 8233: 8224: 8223: 8175:Related articles 8081:Iron supplements 8021:Copper gluconate 7691: 7684: 7677: 7668: 7667: 7663: 7648: 7625: 7613: 7608:. 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Archived from 6134:The Times Online 6124: 6118: 6117: 6115: 6113: 6102: 6096: 6095: 6093: 6091: 6080: 6074: 6073: 6061: 6055: 6054: 6047: 6041: 6040: 6028: 6018: 6012: 6011: 6001: 5977: 5971: 5970: 5934: 5928: 5927: 5901: 5881: 5875: 5874: 5864: 5854: 5822: 5816: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5796: 5790: 5789: 5750: 5744: 5743: 5742: 5741: 5709: 5703: 5702: 5692: 5682: 5658: 5652: 5651: 5641: 5609: 5598: 5597: 5587: 5555: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5533: 5527: 5526: 5524: 5522: 5511: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5485: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5474: 5463: 5457: 5456: 5454: 5452: 5440: 5434: 5433: 5431: 5429: 5417: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5391: 5385: 5384: 5382: 5380: 5369: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5358: 5347: 5341: 5340: 5338: 5336: 5325: 5319: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5303: 5297: 5296: 5286: 5254: 5248: 5247: 5237: 5197: 5188: 5187: 5185: 5183: 5168: 5157: 5156: 5154: 5152: 5137: 5131: 5130: 5128: 5126: 5111: 5105: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5088: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5062: 5053: 5052: 5050: 5048: 5036: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5019: 5004: 4998: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4982: 4976: 4975: 4973: 4972: 4963:. Archived from 4953: 4947: 4946: 4936: 4904: 4898: 4897: 4887: 4855: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4845: 4840:on July 30, 2021 4836:. Archived from 4826: 4820: 4819: 4809: 4777: 4771: 4770: 4768: 4767: 4758:. Archived from 4748: 4742: 4741: 4731: 4714:(10): CD013446. 4699: 4693: 4692: 4682: 4650: 4644: 4643: 4633: 4623: 4599: 4593: 4592: 4582: 4550: 4544: 4543: 4533: 4516:(12): CD007950. 4501: 4492: 4491: 4481: 4449: 4443: 4442: 4432: 4400: 4394: 4393: 4383: 4366:(11): CD007807. 4351: 4345: 4344: 4334: 4324: 4300: 4294: 4293: 4283: 4259: 4253: 4252: 4242: 4210: 4204: 4203: 4193: 4161: 4155: 4154: 4144: 4126: 4102: 4096: 4095: 4085: 4053: 4047: 4046: 4036: 4026: 4002: 3996: 3995: 3985: 3961: 3955: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3935: 3929: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3912: 3906: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3890: 3884: 3883: 3881: 3880: 3866: 3860: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3844: 3838: 3837: 3827: 3817: 3793: 3784: 3783: 3755: 3746: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3725: 3719: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3703: 3697: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3680: 3671: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3655: 3649: 3648: 3638: 3606: 3600: 3599: 3589: 3557: 3551: 3550: 3540: 3516: 3510: 3509: 3499: 3471: 3465: 3464: 3428: 3422: 3421: 3419: 3412: 3403: 3397: 3396: 3394: 3387: 3379: 3373: 3372: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3332: 3321: 3320: 3310: 3278: 3272: 3271: 3269: 3268: 3220: 3214: 3213: 3211: 3210: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3160: 3154: 3153: 3135: 3111: 3105: 3104: 3094: 3062: 3056: 3055: 3048: 3042: 3041: 3039: 3038: 3023: 3017: 3016: 2979: 2973: 2972: 2962: 2938: 2932: 2931: 2921: 2889: 2883: 2882: 2846: 2840: 2839: 2803: 2797: 2796: 2778: 2754: 2745: 2744: 2724: 2715: 2706: 2705: 2695: 2685: 2661: 2655: 2654: 2618: 2612: 2611: 2577: 2568: 2562: 2561: 2551: 2541: 2517: 2511: 2510: 2508: 2502:. Archived from 2497: 2488: 2479: 2478: 2444: 2435: 2426: 2425: 2415: 2391: 2385: 2384: 2373: 2367: 2366: 2355: 2349: 2348: 2346: 2323: 2317: 2316: 2309: 2303: 2302: 2301: 2300: 2283: 2277: 2276: 2266: 2242: 2236: 2235: 2225: 2202:Current Genomics 2193: 2187: 2172: 2166: 2165: 2159: 2151: 2132: 2123: 2122: 2120: 2112: 2103: 2102: 2100: 2093: 2084: 2078: 2077: 2070: 2061: 2060: 2053: 2044: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2024: 2018: 2017: 2010: 2001: 2000: 1998: 1997: 1982: 1973: 1972: 1965: 1956: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1936: 1930: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1910: 1859: 1854: 1853: 1729:Clinical studies 1679:health insurance 1621:colloidal silver 1491:Legal regulation 1477:plant-based diet 1254:Consumer Reports 1226:population aging 1161:morning sickness 1006:Eastern European 904:Natural products 898:arachidonic acid 872:Adequate Intakes 689:meal replacement 396:), Riboflavin (B 342:organic compound 340:A vitamin is an 21: 9294: 9293: 9289: 9288: 9287: 9285: 9284: 9283: 9269: 9268: 9267: 9262: 9211: 9149: 9139: 9041: 9017: 9009: 9001: 8993: 8985: 8977: 8969: 8961: 8939: 8808: 8790: 8747: 8681: 8579: 8573: 8557:Non-solid diets 8552: 8524: 8496: 8482:Milk substitute 8461: 8453: 8407:Religious diets 8402: 8379: 8353: 8323: 8268: 8260: 8254:Human nutrition 8251: 8221: 8216: 8170: 7988: 7982: 7868: 7859: 7850: 7841: 7832: 7823: 7814: 7805: 7783: 7780: 7771: 7756:Bifidobacterium 7700: 7695: 7651: 7635: 7632: 7616: 7600: 7592: 7581: 7573: 7571:Further reading 7568: 7558: 7556: 7551: 7550: 7546: 7501: 7497: 7474:(10): 1061–63. 7460: 7456: 7419: 7412: 7381:(6): CD006086. 7367: 7363: 7332:(5): CD003650. 7318: 7314: 7267: 7263: 7218: 7214: 7167: 7163: 7110: 7106: 7061: 7057: 7012: 7008: 6963: 6959: 6922: 6918: 6887: 6883: 6852:(14): 1464–74. 6838: 6834: 6789: 6785: 6738: 6734: 6689: 6685: 6675: 6673: 6664: 6663: 6659: 6649: 6647: 6642: 6641: 6637: 6627: 6625: 6616: 6615: 6611: 6601: 6599: 6598:on 26 June 2016 6595: 6588: 6582: 6578: 6545: 6538: 6528: 6526: 6521: 6520: 6516: 6506: 6504: 6499: 6498: 6494: 6484: 6482: 6477: 6476: 6472: 6462: 6460: 6455: 6454: 6450: 6440: 6438: 6433: 6432: 6428: 6381: 6368: 6358: 6356: 6349: 6345: 6335: 6333: 6328: 6327: 6323: 6313: 6311: 6306: 6305: 6301: 6291: 6289: 6284: 6283: 6276: 6266: 6264: 6255: 6254: 6250: 6240: 6238: 6229: 6228: 6224: 6214: 6212: 6203: 6202: 6198: 6188: 6186: 6177: 6176: 6172: 6159: 6158: 6154: 6144: 6142: 6125: 6121: 6111: 6109: 6104: 6103: 6099: 6089: 6087: 6082: 6081: 6077: 6062: 6058: 6049: 6048: 6044: 6037: 6019: 6015: 5978: 5974: 5935: 5931: 5899:10.1.1.668.4335 5882: 5878: 5837:(3): CD007176. 5823: 5819: 5809: 5807: 5798: 5797: 5793: 5754:Lichtenstein AH 5751: 5747: 5739: 5737: 5735: 5711: 5710: 5706: 5659: 5655: 5610: 5601: 5556: 5552: 5542: 5540: 5535: 5534: 5530: 5520: 5518: 5513: 5512: 5508: 5498: 5496: 5487: 5486: 5482: 5472: 5470: 5465: 5464: 5460: 5450: 5448: 5441: 5437: 5427: 5425: 5418: 5411: 5401: 5399: 5392: 5388: 5378: 5376: 5371: 5370: 5366: 5356: 5354: 5349: 5348: 5344: 5334: 5332: 5327: 5326: 5322: 5312: 5310: 5305: 5304: 5300: 5255: 5251: 5198: 5191: 5181: 5179: 5169: 5160: 5150: 5148: 5139: 5138: 5134: 5124: 5122: 5112: 5108: 5098: 5096: 5089: 5085: 5075: 5073: 5063: 5056: 5046: 5044: 5037: 5026: 5017: 5015: 5006: 5005: 5001: 4991: 4989: 4984: 4983: 4979: 4970: 4968: 4955: 4954: 4950: 4919:(9): CD011192. 4905: 4901: 4870:(7): CD004736. 4856: 4852: 4843: 4841: 4828: 4827: 4823: 4792:(9): CD004069. 4778: 4774: 4765: 4763: 4750: 4749: 4745: 4700: 4696: 4665:(3): CD006896. 4651: 4647: 4600: 4596: 4565:(9): CD007575. 4551: 4547: 4502: 4495: 4450: 4446: 4401: 4397: 4352: 4348: 4301: 4297: 4260: 4256: 4211: 4207: 4162: 4158: 4103: 4099: 4068:(4): CD004827. 4054: 4050: 4003: 3999: 3962: 3958: 3948: 3946: 3945:on 10 July 2017 3937: 3936: 3932: 3922: 3920: 3913: 3909: 3899: 3897: 3892: 3891: 3887: 3878: 3876: 3868: 3867: 3863: 3853: 3851: 3846: 3845: 3841: 3808:(4): e1002657. 3794: 3787: 3766:(1–2): 100–06. 3756: 3749: 3739: 3737: 3726: 3722: 3712: 3710: 3705: 3704: 3700: 3690: 3688: 3681: 3674: 3664: 3662: 3657: 3656: 3652: 3621:(3): CD000376. 3607: 3603: 3558: 3554: 3517: 3513: 3472: 3468: 3429: 3425: 3417: 3410: 3404: 3400: 3392: 3385: 3381: 3380: 3376: 3369: 3355: 3351: 3341: 3339: 3334: 3333: 3324: 3279: 3275: 3266: 3264: 3221: 3217: 3208: 3206: 3198: 3197: 3193: 3161: 3157: 3112: 3108: 3063: 3059: 3050: 3049: 3045: 3036: 3034: 3025: 3024: 3020: 2985:Sports Medicine 2980: 2976: 2939: 2935: 2890: 2886: 2847: 2843: 2804: 2800: 2755: 2748: 2741: 2717: 2716: 2709: 2662: 2658: 2619: 2615: 2580:Sports Medicine 2575: 2569: 2565: 2518: 2514: 2506: 2495: 2489: 2482: 2442: 2436: 2429: 2392: 2388: 2375: 2374: 2370: 2357: 2356: 2352: 2325: 2324: 2320: 2311: 2310: 2306: 2298: 2296: 2285: 2284: 2280: 2243: 2239: 2194: 2190: 2173: 2169: 2153: 2152: 2148: 2133: 2126: 2118: 2114: 2113: 2106: 2098: 2091: 2085: 2081: 2072: 2071: 2064: 2055: 2054: 2047: 2037: 2035: 2025: 2021: 2012: 2011: 2004: 1995: 1993: 1984: 1983: 1976: 1967: 1966: 1959: 1949: 1947: 1938: 1937: 1933: 1923: 1921: 1914:"Cod liver oil" 1912: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1855: 1848: 1845: 1821: 1809: 1793: 1731: 1712: 1695: 1663: 1634: 1625:warning letters 1601:marketing scams 1585: 1558:consumer choice 1539: 1530:Warning Letters 1504: 1498: 1493: 1441: 1436: 1369: 1367:Adverse effects 1322: 1310:antidepressants 1298:Muscle building 1234: 1214:economic impact 1210: 1193: 1191:Pharmacotherapy 1158: 1130: 1119: 1105: 1099: 1076: 1066: 1047: 1041: 1024: 1018: 954:St. John's wort 926: 912: 910:Natural product 906: 836:polyunsaturated 830:monounsaturated 815: 809: 804: 803: 741: 733: 627: 619:Main articles: 617: 566: 501:Adequate Intake 447: 441: 423: 420:) and Vitamin B 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 344:required by an 330: 324: 319: 230:, constituent, 216: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Food supplement 15: 12: 11: 5: 9292: 9282: 9281: 9264: 9263: 9261: 9260: 9247: 9237: 9227: 9216: 9213: 9212: 9210: 9209: 9204: 9199: 9194: 9189: 9187:French paradox 9184: 9179: 9174: 9169: 9164: 9159: 9153: 9151: 9145: 9144: 9141: 9140: 9138: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9077: 9072: 9067: 9062: 9057: 9051: 9049: 9043: 9042: 9040: 9039: 9034: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9015: 9011: 9007: 9003: 8999: 8995: 8991: 8987: 8983: 8979: 8975: 8971: 8967: 8963: 8959: 8955: 8949: 8947: 8941: 8940: 8938: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8910:Selenocysteine 8907: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8831: 8829: 8820: 8814: 8813: 8810: 8809: 8807: 8806: 8800: 8798: 8792: 8791: 8789: 8788: 8783: 8778: 8773: 8771:Master Cleanse 8768: 8763: 8757: 8755: 8749: 8748: 8746: 8745: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8725: 8720: 8715: 8710: 8705: 8700: 8695: 8689: 8687: 8683: 8682: 8680: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8583: 8581: 8575: 8574: 8572: 8571: 8566: 8560: 8558: 8554: 8553: 8551: 8550: 8545: 8540: 8534: 8532: 8526: 8525: 8523: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8506: 8504: 8498: 8497: 8495: 8494: 8489: 8484: 8479: 8474: 8468: 8466: 8455: 8454: 8452: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8410: 8408: 8404: 8403: 8401: 8400: 8395: 8389: 8387: 8381: 8380: 8378: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8361: 8359: 8358:Regional diets 8355: 8354: 8352: 8351: 8346: 8340: 8338: 8331: 8325: 8324: 8322: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8265: 8262: 8261: 8250: 8249: 8242: 8235: 8227: 8218: 8217: 8215: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8178: 8176: 8172: 8171: 8169: 8168: 8166:Zinc gluconate 8163: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8141:St John's wort 8138: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8121:Red yeast rice 8118: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7992: 7990: 7984: 7983: 7981: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7894: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7872: 7871: 7866: 7862: 7857: 7853: 7848: 7844: 7839: 7835: 7830: 7826: 7821: 7817: 7812: 7808: 7803: 7794: 7788: 7786: 7773: 7772: 7770: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7753: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7708: 7706: 7702: 7701: 7694: 7693: 7686: 7679: 7671: 7665: 7664: 7649: 7631: 7630:External links 7628: 7627: 7626: 7614: 7612:on 2017-06-22. 7598: 7595:on 2008-12-16. 7572: 7569: 7567: 7566: 7544: 7495: 7454: 7410: 7361: 7312: 7261: 7232:(8): e003768. 7212: 7161: 7104: 7055: 7006: 6957: 6916: 6881: 6832: 6803:(9): 2327–38. 6783: 6732: 6683: 6657: 6635: 6609: 6576: 6536: 6514: 6492: 6470: 6448: 6426: 6366: 6343: 6321: 6299: 6274: 6263:. 12 July 2005 6248: 6237:. 12 July 2005 6222: 6211:. 5 April 2005 6196: 6170: 6152: 6119: 6108:. Ec.europa.eu 6097: 6075: 6056: 6042: 6035: 6013: 5972: 5929: 5892:(12): 850–51. 5876: 5817: 5791: 5745: 5733: 5704: 5653: 5624:(1): 363–373. 5599: 5570:(1): 583–601. 5550: 5528: 5506: 5480: 5458: 5435: 5409: 5386: 5364: 5342: 5320: 5298: 5249: 5212:(6): e183337. 5189: 5158: 5132: 5106: 5083: 5054: 5024: 4999: 4977: 4948: 4899: 4850: 4821: 4772: 4743: 4694: 4645: 4594: 4545: 4493: 4464:(10): 813–26. 4444: 4395: 4346: 4295: 4274:(6): 794–803. 4254: 4205: 4156: 4097: 4048: 3997: 3976:(9): 1291–96. 3956: 3930: 3907: 3885: 3861: 3839: 3785: 3747: 3720: 3698: 3672: 3650: 3601: 3552: 3511: 3466: 3423: 3420:on 2018-09-11. 3398: 3374: 3367: 3349: 3322: 3293:(1): 363–373. 3273: 3235:(7): 668–672. 3215: 3204:Dictionary.com 3191: 3155: 3106: 3077:(4): 1251–58. 3057: 3043: 3018: 2974: 2953:(6): 1454–64. 2933: 2884: 2841: 2814:(5): 1986–95. 2798: 2746: 2739: 2731:10.17226/10490 2707: 2656: 2613: 2563: 2512: 2509:on 2018-01-22. 2480: 2427: 2406:(4): 1078–91. 2386: 2383:on 2017-11-14. 2368: 2350: 2318: 2304: 2278: 2257:(12): 824–34. 2237: 2188: 2167: 2146: 2124: 2104: 2079: 2062: 2045: 2019: 2002: 1974: 1957: 1931: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1898: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1867: 1861: 1860: 1844: 1841: 1820: 1817: 1808: 1807:Reporting bias 1805: 1792: 1789: 1773: 1772: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1744: 1730: 1727: 1711: 1708: 1694: 1691: 1662: 1659: 1633: 1630: 1613:essential oils 1584: 1581: 1554:United Kingdom 1543:European Union 1538: 1537:European Union 1535: 1523:food additives 1500:Main article: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1473:healthy eating 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1404:hepatocellular 1368: 1365: 1321: 1318: 1314:antihistamines 1242:adverse events 1233: 1230: 1209: 1206: 1192: 1189: 1156: 1128: 1117: 1101:Main article: 1098: 1095: 1074: 1064: 1043:Main article: 1040: 1037: 1020:Main article: 1017: 1014: 1010:European Union 990:direct selling 908:Main article: 905: 902: 866:extracts. The 811:Main article: 808: 805: 756:lean body mass 742: 734: 732: 729: 616: 613: 608:bladder cancer 599: 598: 595: 592: 589: 564: 443:Main article: 440: 437: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 326:Main article: 323: 320: 318: 315: 215: 212: 98:Production of 62:As a capsule ( 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9291: 9280: 9277: 9276: 9274: 9259: 9256: 9252: 9248: 9246: 9242: 9238: 9236: 9228: 9226: 9218: 9217: 9214: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9154: 9152: 9146: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9053: 9052: 9050: 9048: 9044: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9012: 9010: 9004: 9002: 8996: 8994: 8988: 8986: 8980: 8978: 8972: 8970: 8964: 8962: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8950: 8948: 8946: 8942: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8900:Phenylalanine 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8860:Glutamic acid 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8850:Aspartic acid 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8832: 8830: 8828: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8815: 8805: 8802: 8801: 8799: 8797: 8796:List of diets 8793: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8758: 8756: 8754: 8750: 8744: 8743:U.S. military 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8690: 8688: 8684: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8597:Diabetic diet 8595: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8584: 8582: 8576: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8561: 8559: 8555: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8535: 8533: 8531: 8527: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8507: 8505: 8503: 8499: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8477:Meat analogue 8475: 8473: 8472:Fruitarianism 8470: 8469: 8467: 8465: 8460: 8459:Vegetarianism 8456: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8411: 8409: 8405: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8390: 8388: 8386: 8382: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8370:Mediterranean 8368: 8366: 8363: 8362: 8360: 8356: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8341: 8339: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8326: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8269:Main articles 8267: 8266: 8263: 8259: 8258:healthy diets 8255: 8248: 8243: 8241: 8236: 8234: 8229: 8228: 8225: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8202:Nutraceutical 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8179: 8177: 8173: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8031:Dietary fiber 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8016:Cod liver oil 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7993: 7991: 7987:Other common 7985: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7895: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7870: 7863: 7861: 7856:Folic acid (B 7854: 7852: 7845: 7843: 7838:Pyridoxine (B 7836: 7834: 7827: 7825: 7818: 7816: 7811:Riboflavin (B 7809: 7807: 7800: 7799: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7789: 7787: 7785: 7778: 7774: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7751:Lactobacillus 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7709: 7707: 7703: 7699: 7692: 7687: 7685: 7680: 7678: 7673: 7672: 7669: 7661: 7660: 7654: 7650: 7646: 7642: 7638: 7634: 7633: 7623: 7619: 7615: 7611: 7607: 7606:nutrition.gov 7603: 7599: 7591: 7587: 7580: 7575: 7574: 7554: 7548: 7540: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7522: 7518: 7515:(2): 174–80. 7514: 7510: 7506: 7499: 7491: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7473: 7469: 7465: 7458: 7450: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7433:(4): 317–20. 7432: 7428: 7424: 7417: 7415: 7406: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7388: 7384: 7380: 7376: 7372: 7365: 7357: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7339: 7335: 7331: 7327: 7323: 7316: 7308: 7304: 7300: 7296: 7292: 7288: 7284: 7280: 7276: 7272: 7265: 7257: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7239: 7235: 7231: 7227: 7223: 7216: 7208: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7172: 7165: 7157: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7108: 7100: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7082: 7078: 7074: 7070: 7066: 7059: 7051: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7025: 7021: 7017: 7010: 7002: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6984: 6980: 6976: 6972: 6968: 6961: 6953: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6936:(6): 534–52. 6935: 6931: 6927: 6920: 6912: 6908: 6904: 6900: 6897:(2): 252–59. 6896: 6892: 6885: 6877: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6859: 6855: 6851: 6847: 6843: 6836: 6828: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6787: 6779: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6743: 6736: 6728: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6703:(1): 124–31. 6702: 6698: 6694: 6687: 6671: 6667: 6661: 6645: 6639: 6623: 6619: 6613: 6594: 6587: 6580: 6571: 6566: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6552: 6543: 6541: 6524: 6518: 6502: 6496: 6480: 6474: 6458: 6452: 6436: 6430: 6422: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6379: 6377: 6375: 6373: 6371: 6354: 6347: 6331: 6325: 6309: 6303: 6287: 6281: 6279: 6262: 6258: 6252: 6236: 6232: 6226: 6210: 6206: 6200: 6184: 6180: 6174: 6167:. 2016-10-17. 6166: 6162: 6156: 6141:on 2015-05-10 6140: 6136: 6135: 6130: 6123: 6107: 6101: 6085: 6079: 6071: 6067: 6060: 6052: 6046: 6038: 6032: 6027: 6026: 6017: 6009: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5976: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5945:(7): 407–20. 5944: 5940: 5933: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5891: 5888:(Editorial). 5887: 5880: 5872: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5821: 5805: 5801: 5795: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5764:(3): 351–58. 5763: 5759: 5755: 5749: 5736: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5708: 5700: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5657: 5649: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5608: 5606: 5604: 5595: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5554: 5538: 5532: 5516: 5510: 5494: 5490: 5484: 5468: 5462: 5446: 5439: 5423: 5416: 5414: 5397: 5390: 5374: 5368: 5352: 5346: 5330: 5324: 5308: 5302: 5294: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5263:Sports Health 5260: 5253: 5245: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5196: 5194: 5178: 5174: 5167: 5165: 5163: 5146: 5142: 5136: 5121: 5117: 5110: 5094: 5087: 5072: 5068: 5061: 5059: 5042: 5035: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5013: 5009: 5003: 4987: 4981: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4952: 4944: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4903: 4895: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4854: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4825: 4817: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4776: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4747: 4739: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4698: 4690: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4649: 4641: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4598: 4590: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4549: 4541: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4500: 4498: 4489: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4448: 4440: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4415:(4): 369–74. 4414: 4410: 4406: 4399: 4391: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4350: 4342: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4299: 4291: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4258: 4250: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4225:(6): 833–48. 4224: 4220: 4216: 4209: 4201: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4160: 4152: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4101: 4093: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4052: 4044: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4001: 3993: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3960: 3944: 3940: 3934: 3918: 3911: 3895: 3889: 3875: 3871: 3865: 3849: 3843: 3835: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3802:PLOS Genetics 3799: 3792: 3790: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3754: 3752: 3735: 3731: 3724: 3708: 3702: 3686: 3679: 3677: 3660: 3654: 3646: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3605: 3597: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3556: 3548: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3531:(3): 460–52. 3530: 3526: 3522: 3515: 3507: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3482:(4): 403–15. 3481: 3477: 3470: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3427: 3416: 3409: 3402: 3391: 3384: 3378: 3370: 3364: 3360: 3353: 3337: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3318: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3277: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3219: 3205: 3201: 3195: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3172:(6): 959–65. 3171: 3167: 3159: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3126:(4): 437–46. 3125: 3121: 3117: 3110: 3102: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3061: 3053: 3047: 3033:on 2013-08-15 3032: 3028: 3022: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2991:(2): 245–55. 2990: 2986: 2978: 2970: 2966: 2961: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2937: 2929: 2925: 2920: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2904:(6): 376–84. 2903: 2899: 2895: 2888: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2845: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2802: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2777: 2772: 2769:(2): 129–52. 2768: 2764: 2760: 2753: 2751: 2742: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2723: 2722: 2714: 2712: 2703: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2684: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2660: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2629:(2): 163–75. 2628: 2624: 2617: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2586:(1): 125–37. 2585: 2581: 2574: 2567: 2559: 2555: 2550: 2545: 2540: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2516: 2505: 2501: 2494: 2487: 2485: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2453:(3): 257–64. 2452: 2448: 2441: 2434: 2432: 2423: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2390: 2382: 2378: 2372: 2364: 2360: 2354: 2345: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2322: 2314: 2308: 2294: 2290: 2289: 2282: 2274: 2270: 2265: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2241: 2233: 2229: 2224: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2208:(5): 371–78. 2207: 2203: 2199: 2192: 2185: 2184:0-89529-769-8 2181: 2177: 2171: 2163: 2157: 2149: 2143: 2139: 2131: 2129: 2117: 2111: 2109: 2097: 2090: 2083: 2075: 2069: 2067: 2058: 2052: 2050: 2034: 2030: 2023: 2015: 2009: 2007: 1991: 1987: 1981: 1979: 1970: 1964: 1962: 1945: 1941: 1935: 1919: 1915: 1909: 1905: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1880:Nutraceutical 1878: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1862: 1858: 1852: 1847: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1816: 1814: 1804: 1802: 1798: 1788: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1771: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1739: 1736: 1735: 1734: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1717: 1707: 1705: 1704:breast cancer 1701: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1673:In 2015, the 1671: 1669: 1658: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1629: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1580: 1578: 1577:public health 1574: 1569: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1550: 1548: 1547:health claims 1544: 1534: 1531: 1526: 1524: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1503: 1496:United States 1488: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1469: 1467: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1439:Public health 1431: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1400: 1394: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1374:liver disease 1364: 1362: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1334:food products 1329: 1327: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1286: 1283: 1279: 1273: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1205: 1203: 1198: 1188: 1186: 1182: 1177: 1175: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1124: 1120: 1113: 1109: 1104: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1079: 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256: 255:preservatives 252: 251:medical foods 248: 243: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 211: 209: 204: 200: 196: 192: 187: 185: 181: 180:Multivitamins 175: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 101: 100:cod liver oil 96: 89: 88:cod liver oil 84: 77: 74:As a tablet ( 72: 65: 60: 53: 48: 44: 40: 33: 32:Food additive 19: 9255:Food portal, 9167:Food pyramid 9148:Nutritional 8592:Cardiac diet 8580:restrictions 8564:Liquid diets 8529: 8207:Multivitamin 8131:Saw palmetto 8111:Milk thistle 7784:("minerals") 7717:Energy drink 7697: 7656: 7640: 7621: 7610:the original 7605: 7590:the original 7557:. 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Retrieved 1917: 1908: 1890:Multivitamin 1822: 1810: 1801:tuberculosis 1794: 1774: 1732: 1713: 1696: 1672: 1664: 1635: 1586: 1570: 1551: 1540: 1527: 1520: 1505: 1470: 1466:antioxidants 1462: 1442: 1399:liver injury 1395: 1370: 1358: 1330: 1323: 1306:gynecomastia 1296:medication. 1287: 1274: 1235: 1211: 1194: 1178: 1154: 1106: 1090: 1080: 1048: 1025: 999: 986:buyers clubs 982:commissaries 978:supermarkets 935: 895: 876: 864:marine algae 861: 834: 828: 822: 816: 792:whey protein 748:bodybuilding 702: 693:medical food 686: 675: 659:rice protein 639:Whey protein 628: 600: 581:osteoporosis 577: 494: 448: 426: 416:), Folate (B 408:), Vitamin B 400:), Niacin (B 382:tocotrienols 339: 244: 217: 188: 176: 147: 107: 105: 43: 8827:Amino acids 8766:Macrobiotic 8738:Raw foodism 8728:Liquid diet 8698:Cotton ball 8693:Entomophagy 8686:Other diets 8652:Low-protein 8612:Gluten-free 8520:Pollotarian 8515:Pescetarian 8349:Plant-based 8337:Basic types 8319:Staple food 8126:Royal jelly 8106:Lipoic acid 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