699:), are allocated to colorants. The safety of food colors and other food additives in the EU is evaluated by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Color Directive 94/36/EC, enacted by the European Commission in 1994, outlines permitted natural and artificial colors with their approved applications and limits in different foodstuffs. This is binding on all member countries of the EU; any changes have to be implemented into national laws by a specified deadline. In non-EU member states, food additives are regulated by national authorities, which usually, but not always, try to harmonize with EU regulations. Most other countries have their own regulations and list of food colors which can be used in various applications, including maximum daily intake limits.
205:
480:
33:
338:
495:
122:
350:
417:, red lead, or even bisulphuret of mercury . At dinner with his curry or cayenne he would run the chance of a second dose of lead or mercury; with pickles, bottled fruit and vegetables he would be nearly sure to have copper administrated to him; and while he partook of bon-bons at dessert, there was no telling of the number of poisonous pigments he might consume. Again his tea if mixed or green, he would certainly not escape without the administration of a little
465:
326:
676:
1229:
1115:, which is composed of authorities, food industry associations and consumer groups from all over the world. Within the Codex organization, the Codex Committee for Food Additives and Contaminants is responsible for working out recommendations for the application of food additives: the General Standard for Food Additives. In the light of the World Trade Organizations General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (
907:
1192:
because of study limitations, the results could not be extrapolated to the general population, and further testing was recommended. After continuous review as of 2024, the FSA stated that the above artificial food colors may induce hyperactivity in some children. Food and drink products containing any of the six designated colors must warn consumers on the package labels, stating
189:, the economy in the European countries was based on agriculture, and the peasants were accustomed to producing their own food locally or trading within the village communities. Under feudalism, aesthetic aspects were not considered, at least not by the vast majority of the generally very poor population. This situation changed with urbanization at the beginning of the
519:
today's regulatory guidelines, these first laws followed the principle of a negative listing (substances not allowed for use); they were already driven by the main principles of today's food regulations all over the world, since all of these regulations follow the same goal: the protection of consumers from toxic substances and from fraud. In the United States, the
1207:
for the food colorings; the UK FSA called for voluntary withdrawal of the colorings by food manufacturers. However, in 2009, the
European Food Safety Authority re-evaluated the data at hand and determined that "the available scientific evidence does not substantiate a link between the color additives
554:
In the 20th century, improved chemical analysis and testing led to the replacement of the negative lists by positive listings. Positive lists consist of substances allowed to be used for the production and the improvement of foods. Most prevailing legislations are based on positive listing. Positive
1127:
A 2023 update by the FDA on food colorants required safety assurances by manufacturers and restrictions on the types of foods in which colorants are used, their maximum amounts and labeling, batch certification, and the amount needed to attain the desired food coloring. Scientific consensus regards
1107:
has promoted the development of international standards for food additives, not only by its toxicological assessments, which are continuously published by the World Health
Organization in a "Technical Report Series", but furthermore by elaborating appropriate purity criteria, which are laid down in
1191:
on children. These colorants are found in beverages. The study found "a possible link between the consumption of these artificial colours and a sodium benzoate preservative and increased hyperactivity" in the children; the advisory committee to the FSA that evaluated the study also determined that
2424:
The use of artificial colors to make foods more attractive to the eye may be sharply curtailed by action of the United States Food and Drug
Administration. Three of the most extensively used food colorants are being considered for removal from the Government's list of colors certified as safe for
518:
Concerns over food safety led to numerous regulations throughout the world. German food regulations released in 1882 stipulated the exclusion of dangerous "minerals" such as arsenic, copper, chromium, lead, mercury, and zinc, which were frequently used as ingredients in colorants. In contrast to
2467:
Among the colours that have been "delisted," or disallowed, in the United States are FD&C Orange No. 1; FD&C Red No. 32; FD&C Yellows No. 1, 2, 3, and 4; FD&C Violet No. 1; FD&C Red No. 2; and FD&C Red No. 4. Many countries with similar food colouring controls (including
442:
and by the turn of the century, unmonitored color additives had spread through Europe and the United States in all sorts of popular foods, including ketchup, mustard, jellies, and wine. Originally, these were dubbed 'coal-tar' colors because the starting materials were obtained from
1216:
In 2016, EFSA updated its safety assessment of titanium dioxide (E 171), concluding that it can no longer be considered safe as a food additive. As of 2024, the FDA was evaluating a petition to exclude titanium dioxide from use in foods, beverages or cosmetics in the United States.
603:
Synthetic food colorings are manufactured to provide deeper and more uniform color or hues, and are typically less expensive, but require closer scientific scrutiny for safety and are certified for use in food manufacturing in the United States, United
Kingdom, and European Union.
425:
Many color additives had never been tested for toxicity or other adverse effects. Historical records show that injuries, even deaths, resulted from tainted colorants. In 1851, about 200 people were poisoned in
England, 17 of them fatally, directly as a result of eating adulterated
1955:
EEC: Council
Directive on the approximation of the rules of the Member States concerning the coloring matters authorized for use in foodstuffs intended for human consumption OJ 115, 11.11.1962, p. 2645–2654 (DE, FR, IT, NL) English special edition: Series I Volume 1959–1962 p.
310:
break down cell walls in the fruit and vegetables and allow for maximum extraction of the coloring. Traces of these may still remain in the finished colorant, but they do not need to be declared on the product label. These solvents are known as carry-over ingredients.
1108:
the two volumes of the "Compendium of Food
Additive Specifications" and their supplements. These specifications are not legally binding but very often serve as a guiding principle, especially in countries where no scientific expert committees have been established.
918:
The FDA permitted colors are classified as subject to certification or exempt from certification in Code of
Federal Regulations – Title 21 Part 73 & 74, both of which are subject to rigorous safety standards prior to their approval and listing for use in foods.
1983:
Council
Directive 89/107/EEC of 21 December 1988 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States concerning food additives authorized for use in foodstuffs intended for human consumption OJ L 40, 11.2.1989, p. 27–33 (ES, DA, DE, EL, EN, FR, IT, NL,
583:
Naturally-derived colors, most of which have been used traditionally for centuries, are exempt from certification by a number of regulatory bodies throughout the world, such as the FDA. Included in the exempt category are colors or
555:
listing implies that substances meant for human consumption have been tested for their safety, and that they have to meet specified purity criteria prior to their approval by the corresponding authorities. In 1962, the first
297:
To ensure reproducibility, the colored components of these substances are often provided in highly purified form. For stability and convenience, they can be formulated in suitable carrier materials (solid and liquids).
370:
With the onset of the industrial revolution, people became dependent on foods produced by others. These new urban dwellers demanded food at low cost. Analytical chemistry was still primitive and regulations few. The
1166:
Concerns were expressed again in 2011 that food colorings may cause ADHD-like behavior in children; a 2015 literature review found the evidence inconclusive. The UK Food
Standards Agency examined the effects of
375:
flourished. Heavy metal and other inorganic element-containing compounds turned out to be cheap and suitable to "restore" the color of watered-down milk and other foodstuffs, some more lurid examples being:
1282:
185:
The addition of colorants to foods is thought to have occurred in Egyptian cities as early as 1500 BC, when candy makers added natural extracts and wine to improve the products' appearance. During the
1801:
The use of natural dyes in the UK and the rest of the Western economies has been replaced commercially by synthetic dyes, based mainly on aniline and using petroleum or coal tar as the raw stock.
2757:
2758:
Background Document for the Food Advisory Committee: Certified Color Additives in Food and Possible Association with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children: March 30–31, 2011
741:
The three synthetic colors Orange B, Citrus Red No. 2 and FD&C Green No. 3 are not permitted in the EU, and neither is the natural toasted partially defatted cooked cottonseed flour.
1429:
Although certifiable color additives have been called coal-tar colors because of their traditional origins, today they are synthesized mainly from raw materials obtained from petroleum.
193:, when trade emerged—especially the import of precious spices and colors. One of the first food laws, created in Augsburg, Germany, in 1531, concerned spices or colorants and required
2309:
926:
numbers (which indicate that the FDA has approved the colorant for use in foods, drugs and cosmetics) are given to approved synthetic food dyes that do not exist in nature.
2396:
FDA terminated the provisional listings for FD&C Red No. 3 on January 29, 1990, at the conclusion of its review of the 200 straight colors on the 1960 provisional list.
706:
102–143 which cover the range of artificial colors. The EU maintains a list of currently allowed additives. Some artificial dyes approved for food use in the EU include:
2264:
1163:
and ADHD-like behavior in children. It is possible that certain food colorings may act as a trigger in those who are genetically predisposed, but the evidence is weak.
1966:
1035:
Many dyes have been delisted for a variety of reasons, ranging from poor coloring properties to regulatory restrictions. Some of these delisted food colorants are:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1069:
225:(E162) comprise four main categories of plant pigments grown to color food products. Other colorants or specialized derivatives of these core groups include:
1382:
1815:
575:
was not. The reverse was true in France. This was updated in 1989 with 89/107/EEC, which concerned food additives authorized for use in foodstuffs.
2415:
1738:
Sharma, Vinita; McKone, Harold T.; Markow, Peter G. (2011). "A Global Perspective on the History, Use, and Identification of Synthetic Food Dyes".
1104:
110:
337:
2978:
2625:
2335:
2578:
2292:
1332:
294:, can be treated with amino acids to produce the blue pigment gardenia blue, which is approved for use in Japan, but not the EU or the US.
1644:
691:
are used for all additives, both synthetic and natural, that are approved in food applications. E numbers beginning with 1, such as E100 (
2141:
1597:
1416:
3151:
3040:
2379:
1774:
140:
to wine. Sometimes, the aim is to simulate a color that is perceived by the consumer as natural, such as adding red coloring to
2814:
2561:
1386:
2530:
2659:
2268:
1865:
3049:
1257:
1111:
To further regulate the use of these evaluated additives, in 1962 the WHO and FAO created an international commission, the
923:
1970:
2357:
59:, or substance that imparts color when it is added to food or beverages. Colorants can be supplied as liquids, powders,
2678:
pp. 449–454 in Encyclopedia of Food Safety, Vol 2: Hazards and Diseases. Eds, Motarjemi Y et al. Academic Press, 2013.
2246:
Ian P. Freeman, "Margarines and Shortenings" Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2005, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim
2017:
1994:
1832:
1132:
when consuming foods with color ingredients; some individual studies, however, indicate that certain children may have
564:
3000:
2683:
2515:
1561:
Newsome, A. G.; Culver, C. A.; van Breemen, R. B. (2014). "Nature's palette: the search for natural blue colorants".
1305:
520:
325:
1062:
was one of the first water-soluble dyes to be commercialized, and one of seven original food dyes allowed under the
409:
Sellers at the time offered more than 80 artificial coloring agents, some invented for dyeing textiles, not foods.
159:
Offseting color loss over time due to exposure to light, air, temperature extremes, moisture and storage conditions
563:. This directive did not list which food products the colorants could or could not be used in. At that time, each
349:
2480:
1919:
1390:
479:
405:) was used to recolor used tea leaves for resale. It also caused two deaths when used to color a dessert in 1860.
2812:
Amchova, Petra; Kotolova, Hana; Ruda-Kucerova, Jana (2015). "Health safety issues of synthetic food colorants".
102:
17:
2695:
Kavale KA, Forness SR (1983). "Hyperactivity and Diet Treatment: A Meta-Analysis of the Feingold Hypothesis".
2602:
2108:
929:
Permitted synthetic colorants include the following seven artificial colorings (the most common in bold). The
523:
reduced the permitted list of synthetic colors from 700 down to seven. The seven dyes initially approved were
3144:
3033:
1472:
1119:), the Codex Standard, although not legally binding, influences food color regulations all over the world.
106:
2865:"Statement on the effects of mixtures of certain food colours and a preservative on behaviour in children"
2166:
494:
556:
2468:
Canada and Great Britain) also ban the use of Red No. 40, and Yellow No. 5 is also undergoing testing.
2454:
749:
The Food Safety and Standard Act, 2006 in India generally permits eight artificial colorings in food:
2769:
Millichap JG, Yee MM (February 2012). "The diet factor in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder".
204:
1664:
1352:
3257:
439:
2864:
1155:, artificial colors, and artificial flavors cause hyperactivity in children. However, there is no
1128:
that food color additives are safe under the restrictions for use, and that most children have no
3252:
3247:
3137:
3026:
2853:
Sarah Chapman of Chapman Technologies on behalf of Food Standards Agency in Scotland. March 2011
1204:
1200:
1156:
2585:
2289:
1365:
2944:
2921:
2888:
1677:
1659:
1347:
1063:
2503:
464:
2134:
2112:
1848:
König, J. (2015), "Food colour additives of synthetic origin", in Scotter, Michael J. (ed.),
551:(FD&C Orange No. 1). Even with updated food laws, adulteration continued for many years.
2186:"Comparison of food colour regulations in the EU and the US: a review of current provisions"
3191:
1747:
567:
could designate where certain colors could and could not be used. In Germany, for example,
435:
290:
2066:
8:
2891:"Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of Sunset Yellow FCF (E 110) as a food additive"
2626:"What to Know About California's New Law Banning Food Additives, Including Red Dye No. 3"
2091:
1180:
711:
568:
500:
413:
Thus, with potted meat, fish and sauces taken at breakfast he would consume more or less
208:
The orange color of carrots and many other fruits and vegetables arises from carotenoids.
149:
3018:
2383:
2044:
1785:
1751:
3211:
3201:
3067:
2794:
2728:
1857:
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944:
703:
656:
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253:
1897:
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32:
3097:
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2786:
2720:
2712:
2679:
2655:
2511:
2215:
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1931:
1861:
1828:
1673:
1624:
1578:
1508:
1148:
1003:
644:
544:
271:
98:
2946:
2798:
2732:
2554:
2308:
Barrows, Julie N.; Lipman, Arthur L.; Bailey, Catherine J. Cianci, Sebastian (ed.).
1547:
973:
559:(62/2645/EEC) approved 36 colorants, of which 20 were naturally derived and 16 were
70:
Food colorants are also used in various non-food applications, including cosmetics,
2958:
2902:
2823:
2778:
2704:
2537:
2247:
2197:
1893:
1853:
1820:
1755:
1669:
1612:
1570:
1535:
1357:
1160:
1143:
In the 20th century, widespread public belief that artificial food coloring causes
372:
238:
198:
171:
Allowing products to be identified at sight, like candy flavors or medicine dosages
74:, home craft projects, and medical devices. Colorings may be natural, such as with
2924:"Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of Ponceau 4R (E 124) as a food additive"
2531:
Technical Report Series 960: Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants
2202:
2185:
67:. Food coloring is commonly used in commercial products and in domestic cooking.
2945:
EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (November 2009).
2481:"CFR Title 21 Part 81.10: Termination of provisional listings of color additives"
2449:
2296:
2236:(14th ed.). Delhi: International Law Book Company, India. 2015. p. 483.
2184:
Lehto, Sari; Buchweitz, Maria; Klimm, Alexandra; et al. (January 20, 2017).
1881:
1813:
Hunger, Klaus; Mischke, Peter; Rieper, Wolfgang; et al. (2005). "Azo Dyes".
1703:
444:
398:
144:(which would otherwise be beige), but sometimes it is for effect, like the green
2827:
1415:
Barrows, Julie N.; Lipman, Arthur L.; Bailey, Catherine J. (December 17, 2009).
152:
launched in 2000. Color additives are used in foods for many reasons including:
125:
3160:
3077:
2979:"Titanium dioxide: E171 no longer considered safe when used as a food additive"
2708:
1737:
1539:
1129:
1040:
962:
951:
938:
652:
640:
632:
540:
528:
470:
450:
Synthetic dyes are often less costly and technically superior to natural dyes.
427:
133:
97:
of colorants is under constant scientific review and certification by national
71:
3241:
3171:
3087:
2963:
2907:
2890:
2716:
2251:
2211:
1824:
1512:
1262:
1184:
983:
729:
628:
597:
485:
453:
418:
414:
218:
141:
137:
1136:
to colorants. In October 2023, the state of California banned the colorant,
910:
The addition of food coloring, such as beta-carotene, gives naturally white
136:, and the color of food can influence the perceived flavor in anything from
3176:
3113:
2835:
2790:
2782:
2504:"8.5.3 Toxicological Characteristics of Colorants Subject to Certification"
2219:
1935:
1582:
1242:
1014:
930:
64:
2724:
1309:
314:
3082:
2416:"News of Food; U.S. May Outlaw Dyes Used to Tint Oranges and Other Foods"
1234:
1152:
1137:
969:
680:
636:
532:
186:
121:
94:
79:
2922:
EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (2009).
2889:
EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (2009).
1526:
Rodriguez-Amaya, Delia B (2016). "Natural food pigments and colorants".
617:
Canada has published food and drug regulations covering food colorants.
3092:
3072:
2310:"Color Additives: FDA's Regulatory Process and Historical Perspectives"
1616:
1419:. FDA (Reprinted from Food Safety Magazine October/November 2003 issue)
1417:"Color Additives: FDA's Regulatory Process and Historical Perspectives"
1188:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1047:
993:
723:
717:
663:
648:
572:
536:
524:
259:
190:
87:
75:
1759:
1574:
3196:
911:
248:
83:
1775:"Potential for Colourants from Plant Sources in England & Wales"
933:
of these colorings are also permitted except the lake of Red No. 3.
343:
Anthocyanin, a red to blue dye depending on functional groups and pH
156:
To make food more attractive, appealing, appetizing, and informative
3118:
1880:
Hastings, Robert W. (January–March 1898). Hamilton, John B. (ed.).
1252:
1247:
1151:, a pediatric allergist from California, who proposed in 1973 that
1059:
1053:
1020:
692:
688:
624:
100 ppm of fast green FCF or brilliant blue FCF. or any combination
548:
431:
392:
380:
307:
277:
265:
1719:
Walford, J. (1980). "Historical Development of Food Colouration".
3221:
3216:
3129:
1441:
Meggos, H. (1995). "Food colours: an international perspective".
1133:
1028:
1024:
735:
679:
Due to European Union regulations on food coloring, the color of
675:
589:
585:
303:
285:
244:
233:
229:
222:
194:
145:
56:
1476:
1194:
May have an adverse effect on activity and attention in children
3186:
2234:
Food Safety and Standard Act, 2006,Rules 2011, Regulations 2011
955:
696:
299:
2183:
3226:
3206:
2947:"Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation Tartrazine (E 102)"
2811:
1228:
906:
395:(HgS) were routinely used to color cheese and confectionery.
93:
In the manufacturing of foods, beverages and cosmetics, the
1333:"The impact of perceptual interactions on perceived flavor"
1199:
The European regulatory community, with an emphasis on the
1144:
1116:
593:
1010:
Two dyes are allowed by the FDA for limited applications:
454:
Chemical structures of representative artificial colorants
3048:
2536:(Report). World Health Organization. 2011. Archived from
2097:. Consolidated federal laws of Canada. February 15, 2023.
128:
liqueur gets its trademark blue color from food coloring.
60:
52:
2047:. Food Standards Agency, UK Government. January 26, 2024
1560:
232:(E160b), a reddish-orange dye made from the seed of the
2510:, Food Science and Technology, CRC Press, p. 234,
2290:
Code of Federal Regulations – Title 21 Part 73 & 74
1812:
315:
Chemical structures of representative natural colorants
2316:. No. October/November 2003. Food Safety Magazine
1475:. The Natural Food Colours Association. Archived from
36:
A variety of food colorings, added to beakers of water
2862:
2694:
1645:"Colouring our foods in the last and next millennium"
600:(yellow to orange), and grape skin extract (purple).
2768:
1652:
International Journal of Food Science and Technology
1224:
1017:(orange shade) – allowed only to color orange peels.
683:
are less bright than ones sold in the United States.
2584:(Report). 1995. CODEX STAN 192-1995. Archived from
2560:(Report). Food and Agriculture Organization. 2011.
2109:"Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers"
1414:
1031:
casings (not produced after 1978, but not delisted)
513:
109:(FDA), and by international reviewers, such as the
2069:. European Food Safety Authority. January 18, 2024
1159:to support broad claims that food coloring causes
331:Betanin, a magenta dye, mainly produced from beets
2688:
1595:
1330:
1287:, US Food and Drug Administration, March 22, 1977
3239:
3003:. US Food and Drug Administration. March 4, 2024
2605:. US Food and Drug Administration. July 13, 2023
2267:. The Plate: National Geographic. Archived from
1920:"A Century of Ensuring Safe Foods and Cosmetics"
1598:"Food colorants: their past, present and future"
1284:CFR Title 21 Part 70: Color Additive Regulations
1203:, required labeling and temporarily reduced the
1147:-like hyperactivity in children originated from
1105:Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives
702:Permitted synthetic colorants in the EU include
111:Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives
3001:"Titanium Dioxide as a Color Additive in Foods"
2849:
2847:
2845:
2338:. US Food and Drug Administration. July 6, 2023
2307:
2020:. US Food and Drug Administration. July 6, 2023
1702:Hassel, A.H. (1960). Amos, Arthur James (ed.).
1525:
1306:"Webpage about Curacao Liqueur and Triple secs"
588:from vegetables, minerals, or animals, such as
2649:
1816:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
1642:
620:Food in Canada cannot be sold with more than:
3145:
3034:
2981:. European Food Safety Authority. May 6, 2021
2752:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2742:
1208:and behavioral effects" for any of the dyes.
132:People associate certain colors with certain
86:from insects, or may be synthesized, such as
2938:
2842:
2380:"Red No. 3 and Other Colorful Controversies"
2092:"Food and Drug Regulations (C.R.C., c. 870)"
360:
168:Providing color to colorless and "fun" foods
2595:
1886:Journal of the American Medical Association
1727:. London: Applied Science Publishers: 1–25.
1473:"The Legislation of Food Colours in Europe"
116:
3152:
3138:
3041:
3027:
2915:
2739:
2555:Compendium of Food Additive Specifications
2425:internal and external use and consumption.
2265:"The Butter Wars: When Margarine Was Pink"
1440:
571:was allowed in puddings and desserts, but
355:Beta-carotene, a yellow to orange colorant
2962:
2906:
2501:
2226:
2201:
2086:
2084:
1663:
1410:
1408:
1351:
2882:
2863:Committee of Toxicity (September 2007).
2762:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1879:
1850:Colour Additives for Foods and Beverages
905:
674:
203:
120:
31:
2623:
2328:
2190:Food Additives and Contaminants: Part A
1917:
1772:
1718:
1643:Downham, Alison; Collins, Paul (2000).
1098:
607:
221:(E140, E141), anthocyanins (E163), and
14:
3240:
2993:
2815:Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology
2410:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2262:
2081:
2059:
1806:
1701:
1596:Coultate, T.; Blackburn, R.S. (2018).
1498:
1496:
1494:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1405:
1387:International Food Information Council
1103:Since the beginning of the 1960s, the
1023:(red shade) – allowed only for use in
241:(E150a-d), made from caramelized sugar
162:Correcting natural variations in color
3133:
3022:
2567:from the original on August 10, 2013.
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2032:
2001:
1847:
1140:, in food products starting in 2027.
972:, E127 (pink shade, commonly used in
165:Enhancing colors that occur naturally
27:Substance used to color food or drink
2256:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1470:
1258:Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
1122:
578:
212:
175:
2856:
2579:General Standard for Food Additives
2401:
2358:"US FDA Color Additive Status List"
1708:. London: Butterworths. p. 12.
1705:Pure Food and Pure Food Legislation
1503:Cook, Jim. "Colorants Compliance".
1491:
1449:
1211:
247:(E120), a red dye derived from the
24:
3159:
2433:
2167:"Approved additives and E numbers"
1858:10.1016/B978-1-78242-011-8.00002-7
1841:
1072:was used to color Florida oranges.
1056:was used to color Florida oranges.
284:Blue colors are rare. The pigment
25:
3269:
2674:Tomaska LD and Brooke-Taylor, S.
1898:10.1001/jama.1898.72440600019002e
1631:
670:
2697:Journal of Learning Disabilities
2652:Introduction to clinical allergy
2147:from the original on May 9, 2016
1674:10.1046/j.1365-2621.2000.00373.x
1502:
1227:
901:
514:History: 19th and 20th centuries
493:
478:
463:
348:
336:
324:
217:Carotenoids (E160, E161, E164),
2971:
2805:
2668:
2643:
2617:
2603:"How Safe Are Color Additives?"
2571:
2547:
2523:
2495:
2473:
2372:
2350:
2301:
2283:
2240:
2177:
2159:
2127:
2101:
1987:
1977:
1959:
1949:
1930:(January–February). FDA: 6–13.
1911:
1873:
1766:
1731:
1712:
1695:
1589:
1554:
1528:Current Opinion in Food Science
1471:Arlt, Ulrike (April 29, 2011).
1389:. June 29, 2010. Archived from
1383:"Food Ingredients & Colors"
3212:"Minerals" (Chemical elements)
2624:Osborne M (October 17, 2023).
1519:
1443:The Manufacturing Confectioner
1434:
1375:
1324:
1298:
1275:
521:Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906
103:European Food Safety Authority
13:
1:
2502:Deshpande, S.S., ed. (2002),
2203:10.1080/19440049.2016.1274431
1782:UK Central Science Laboratory
1740:Journal of Chemical Education
1505:The World of Food Ingredients
1362:10.1016/S0950-3293(03)00041-7
1268:
547:(FD&C Yellow No. 1), and
508:
1852:, Elsevier, pp. 35–60,
1721:Developments in Food Colours
914:a yellow, butter-like color.
365:
107:Food and Drug Administration
7:
2828:10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.09.026
2508:Handbook of Food Toxicology
2336:"Types of Food Ingredients"
1340:Food Quality and Preference
1220:
10:
3274:
2870:. UK Food Standards Agency
2709:10.1177/002221948301600604
2263:Rupp R (August 13, 2014).
2135:"Color Directive 94/36/EC"
2018:"Color Additives in Foods"
1918:Meadows, Michelle (2006).
1540:10.1016/j.cofs.2015.08.004
1331:Jeannine Delwiche (2003).
288:, present in the fruit of
180:
3167:
3106:
3060:
2295:October 23, 2008, at the
612:
459:Food colorants, synthetic
361:Artificial food colorants
82:extracted from plants or
2964:10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1331
2908:10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1330
2676:Food Additives – General
2429:(Subscription required.)
2252:10.1002/14356007.a16_145
1825:10.1002/14356007.a03_245
1060:FD&C Orange Number 1
965:, E143 (turquoise shade)
744:
543:(FD&C Green No. 2),
440:Sir William Henry Perkin
117:Purpose of food coloring
3107:For specific foods only
2650:Feingold, B.F. (1973).
2455:Encyclopædia Britannica
1819:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
1205:acceptable daily intake
1201:precautionary principle
961:FD&C Green No. 3 –
687:In the European Union,
539:(FD&C Blue No. 2),
320:Food colorants, natural
3061:Approved for all foods
2783:10.1542/peds.2011-2199
1773:Hancock, Mary (1997).
1134:allergic sensitivities
1064:Pure Food and Drug Act
950:FD&C Blue No. 2 –
922:In the United States,
915:
684:
535:(FD&C Red No. 3),
531:(FD&C Red No. 2),
527:(FD&C Red No. 1),
423:
209:
129:
37:
3192:Essential fatty acids
2654:. Charles C. Thomas.
2382:. FDA. Archived from
2271:on September 23, 2014
2171:Food Standards Agency
2113:Food Standards Agency
1924:FDA Consumer Magazine
1605:Coloration Technology
1371:on February 28, 2013.
1093:FD&C Violet No. 1
1076:FD&C Yellow No. 1
1070:FD&C Orange No. 2
1046:FD&C Red No. 4 –
1039:FD&C Red No. 2 –
1006:, E110 (orange shade)
1000:FD&C Yellow No. 6
996:, E102 (yellow shade)
990:FD&C Yellow No. 5
968:FD&C Red No. 3 –
909:
678:
411:
373:adulteration of foods
207:
197:counterfeiters to be
124:
35:
2630:Smithsonian Magazine
2591:on November 7, 2013.
2483:. Accessdata.fda.gov
2422:. January 19, 1954.
2314:Food Safety Magazine
1507:(Sept 2013): 41–43.
1099:Global harmonization
608:National regulations
291:Gardenia jasminoides
2115:. November 26, 2010
1752:2011JChEd..88...24S
1054:FD&C Red No. 32
980:FD&C Red No. 40
947:, E133 (blue shade)
501:Quinoline Yellow WS
438:, was developed by
99:regulatory agencies
2543:on August 5, 2013.
1973:on March 16, 2014.
1683:on August 11, 2014
1617:10.1111/cote.12334
1113:Codex Alimentarius
986:, E129 (red shade)
945:Brilliant blue FCF
916:
872:Brilliant blue FCF
685:
657:brilliant blue FCF
592:extract (yellow),
254:Dactylopius coccus
210:
130:
38:
3235:
3234:
3127:
3126:
2957:(11): 1331–1382.
2661:978-0-398-02797-1
2386:on August 9, 2007
1892:(1–13): 419–421.
1882:"Human Food Laws"
1867:978-1-78242-011-8
1760:10.1021/ed100545v
1575:10.1021/jf501419q
1569:(28): 6498–6511.
1563:J Agric Food Chem
1445:. pp. 59–65.
1157:clinical evidence
1149:Benjamin Feingold
1123:Safety evaluation
1066:of June 30, 1906.
1004:Sunset yellow FCF
899:
898:
840:Sunset yellow FCF
645:sunset yellow FCF
579:Status as of 2024
545:naphthol yellow 1
213:Natural colorants
176:Natural food dyes
16:(Redirected from
3265:
3154:
3147:
3140:
3131:
3130:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3020:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3008:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2869:
2860:
2854:
2851:
2840:
2839:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2766:
2760:
2754:
2737:
2736:
2692:
2686:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2583:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2559:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2535:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2464:
2462:
2446:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2412:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2391:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2305:
2299:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2260:
2254:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2205:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2146:
2139:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2088:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2045:"Food additives"
2041:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2014:
1999:
1998:
1991:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1969:. Archived from
1963:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1796:
1790:
1784:. Archived from
1779:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1682:
1676:. Archived from
1667:
1649:
1640:
1629:
1628:
1602:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1500:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1479:on April 2, 2015
1468:
1447:
1446:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1424:
1412:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1393:on July 30, 2012
1379:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1364:. Archived from
1355:
1337:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1308:. Archived from
1302:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1279:
1237:
1232:
1231:
1212:Titanium dioxide
1181:quinoline yellow
1161:food intolerance
752:
751:
712:Quinoline yellow
569:quinoline yellow
497:
482:
467:
352:
340:
328:
280:/curcumin (E100)
239:Caramel coloring
21:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3258:Food technology
3238:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3163:
3158:
3128:
3123:
3102:
3056:
3047:
3017:
3016:
3006:
3004:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2984:
2982:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2943:
2939:
2920:
2916:
2887:
2883:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2843:
2810:
2806:
2767:
2763:
2755:
2740:
2693:
2689:
2673:
2669:
2662:
2648:
2644:
2634:
2632:
2622:
2618:
2608:
2606:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2588:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2564:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2540:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2518:
2500:
2496:
2486:
2484:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2460:
2458:
2450:"Food coloring"
2448:
2447:
2434:
2428:
2414:
2413:
2402:
2389:
2387:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2363:
2361:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2341:
2339:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2319:
2317:
2306:
2302:
2297:Wayback Machine
2288:
2284:
2274:
2272:
2261:
2257:
2245:
2241:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2182:
2178:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2118:
2116:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2082:
2072:
2070:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2050:
2048:
2043:
2042:
2033:
2023:
2021:
2016:
2015:
2002:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1978:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1950:
1940:
1938:
1916:
1912:
1902:
1900:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1846:
1842:
1835:
1811:
1807:
1794:
1792:
1791:on May 13, 2013
1788:
1777:
1771:
1767:
1736:
1732:
1717:
1713:
1700:
1696:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1665:10.1.1.466.4598
1647:
1641:
1632:
1600:
1594:
1590:
1559:
1555:
1524:
1520:
1501:
1492:
1482:
1480:
1469:
1450:
1439:
1435:
1422:
1420:
1413:
1406:
1396:
1394:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1368:
1353:10.1.1.103.7087
1335:
1329:
1325:
1315:
1313:
1312:on May 29, 2013
1304:
1303:
1299:
1290:
1288:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1233:
1226:
1223:
1214:
1130:adverse effects
1125:
1101:
904:
895:Triarylmethane
878:Triarylmethane
767:Chemical class
747:
673:
615:
610:
581:
516:
511:
504:
498:
489:
483:
474:
468:
456:
445:bituminous coal
436:synthetic color
404:
399:Copper arsenite
390:
386:
368:
363:
356:
353:
344:
341:
332:
329:
317:
215:
199:burned to death
183:
178:
119:
72:pharmaceuticals
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3271:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3253:Food additives
3250:
3248:Food colorings
3233:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3161:Food chemistry
3157:
3156:
3149:
3142:
3134:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3054:food colorings
3046:
3045:
3038:
3031:
3023:
3015:
3014:
2992:
2970:
2937:
2914:
2881:
2855:
2841:
2822:(3): 914–922.
2804:
2777:(2): 330–337.
2761:
2738:
2703:(6): 324–330.
2687:
2667:
2660:
2642:
2616:
2594:
2570:
2546:
2522:
2516:
2494:
2472:
2432:
2420:New York Times
2400:
2371:
2349:
2327:
2300:
2282:
2255:
2239:
2225:
2196:(3): 335–355.
2176:
2158:
2126:
2100:
2080:
2067:"Food colours"
2058:
2031:
2000:
1986:
1976:
1958:
1948:
1910:
1872:
1866:
1840:
1834:978-3527306732
1833:
1805:
1765:
1730:
1711:
1694:
1630:
1611:(3): 165–186.
1588:
1553:
1518:
1490:
1448:
1433:
1404:
1374:
1346:(2): 137–146.
1323:
1297:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1222:
1219:
1213:
1210:
1124:
1121:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1073:
1067:
1057:
1051:
1044:
1033:
1032:
1018:
1008:
1007:
997:
987:
977:
974:glacé cherries
966:
963:Fast green FCF
959:
948:
903:
900:
897:
896:
893:
890:
889:Fast green FCF
887:
884:
880:
879:
876:
873:
870:
868:
865:
864:
861:
858:
857:Indigo carmine
855:
852:
848:
847:
844:
841:
838:
836:
833:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
816:
815:
812:
809:
806:
804:
801:
800:
797:
794:
791:
789:
786:
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
769:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
746:
743:
739:
738:
732:
726:
720:
714:
672:
671:European Union
669:
668:
667:
660:
653:Fast Green FCF
625:
614:
611:
609:
606:
580:
577:
541:light green SF
515:
512:
510:
507:
506:
505:
499:
492:
490:
484:
477:
475:
471:Indigo carmine
469:
462:
460:
455:
452:
407:
406:
402:
396:
388:
384:
367:
364:
362:
359:
358:
357:
354:
347:
345:
342:
335:
333:
330:
323:
321:
316:
313:
282:
281:
275:
269:
263:
257:
242:
236:
214:
211:
182:
179:
177:
174:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
160:
157:
142:glacé cherries
118:
115:
105:(EFSA) and US
101:, such as the
45:color additive
26:
18:Food colouring
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3270:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3202:Fortification
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3177:Carbohydrates
3175:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3155:
3150:
3148:
3143:
3141:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3044:
3039:
3037:
3032:
3030:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3002:
2996:
2980:
2974:
2965:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2941:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2918:
2909:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2885:
2866:
2859:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2816:
2808:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2765:
2759:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2691:
2685:
2684:9780123786135
2681:
2677:
2671:
2663:
2657:
2653:
2646:
2631:
2627:
2620:
2604:
2598:
2587:
2580:
2574:
2563:
2556:
2550:
2539:
2532:
2526:
2519:
2517:9780824707606
2513:
2509:
2505:
2498:
2482:
2476:
2469:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2426:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2397:
2385:
2381:
2375:
2359:
2353:
2337:
2331:
2315:
2311:
2304:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2286:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2235:
2229:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2180:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2143:
2136:
2130:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2093:
2087:
2085:
2068:
2062:
2046:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2019:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
1996:
1990:
1980:
1972:
1968:
1967:"62/2645/EEC"
1962:
1952:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1899:
1895:
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1301:
1286:
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1263:Food additive
1261:
1259:
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1251:
1249:
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1240:
1236:
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1225:
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783:
780:
777:
774:
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750:
742:
737:
733:
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730:Patent blue V
727:
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646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
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623:
622:
621:
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598:beta-carotene
595:
591:
587:
576:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
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546:
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538:
534:
530:
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486:Allura Red AC
481:
476:
472:
466:
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451:
448:
446:
441:
437:
433:
429:
422:
420:
419:Prussian blue
416:
415:Armenian bole
410:
400:
397:
394:
382:
379:
378:
377:
374:
351:
346:
339:
334:
327:
322:
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256:
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246:
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237:
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228:
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220:
219:chlorophyllin
206:
202:
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196:
192:
188:
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167:
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161:
158:
155:
154:
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147:
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73:
68:
66:
62:
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50:
46:
42:
41:Food coloring
34:
30:
19:
3181:
3114:Citrus Red 2
3053:
3005:. Retrieved
2995:
2983:. Retrieved
2973:
2954:
2951:EFSA Journal
2950:
2940:
2931:
2928:EFSA Journal
2927:
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2895:EFSA Journal
2894:
2884:
2872:. Retrieved
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2597:
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2538:the original
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2475:
2466:
2459:. Retrieved
2453:
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2384:the original
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2362:. Retrieved
2352:
2340:. Retrieved
2330:
2318:. Retrieved
2313:
2303:
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2275:November 10,
2273:. Retrieved
2269:the original
2258:
2242:
2233:
2228:
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2189:
2179:
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2161:
2151:February 22,
2149:. Retrieved
2129:
2119:February 20,
2117:. Retrieved
2103:
2071:. Retrieved
2061:
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2022:. Retrieved
1995:"89/107/EEC"
1989:
1979:
1971:the original
1961:
1951:
1941:February 21,
1939:. Retrieved
1927:
1923:
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1903:February 17,
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1889:
1885:
1875:
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1800:
1793:. Retrieved
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1781:
1768:
1746:(1): 24–28.
1743:
1739:
1733:
1724:
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1704:
1697:
1687:February 18,
1685:. Retrieved
1678:the original
1655:
1651:
1608:
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1566:
1562:
1556:
1531:
1527:
1521:
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1483:February 18,
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1477:the original
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1436:
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1397:February 15,
1395:. Retrieved
1391:the original
1377:
1366:the original
1343:
1339:
1326:
1314:. Retrieved
1310:the original
1300:
1291:February 15,
1289:, retrieved
1283:
1277:
1243:Azo compound
1215:
1198:
1193:
1165:
1142:
1126:
1110:
1102:
1034:
1015:Citrus red 2
1009:
999:
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565:member state
557:EU directive
553:
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449:
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424:
412:
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369:
306:, and other
296:
289:
283:
262:juice (E163)
252:
216:
184:
131:
126:Blue Curaçao
92:
80:anthocyanins
69:
48:
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40:
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29:
2934:(11): 1328.
1795:January 20,
1235:Food portal
1153:salicylates
970:Erythrosine
831:Pyrazolone
808:Erythrosine
761:Common name
662:150 ppm of
637:erythrosine
627:300 ppm of
533:erythrosine
430:. In 1856,
187:Middle Ages
76:carotenoids
3242:Categories
3052:certified
2771:Pediatrics
2461:August 21,
2390:August 26,
1316:January 1,
1269:References
1189:carmoisine
1177:ponceau 4R
1173:allura red
1169:tartrazine
1048:Scarlet GN
994:Tartrazine
952:Indigotine
941:Blue No. 1
825:Tartrazine
793:Carmoisine
724:Ponceau 4R
718:Carmoisine
664:ponceau SX
649:tartrazine
641:indigotine
629:allura red
596:(purple),
573:tartrazine
537:indigotine
525:Ponceau 3R
509:Regulation
393:vermillion
260:Elderberry
191:Modern Age
88:tartrazine
3172:Additives
2717:0022-2194
2360:. Fda.gov
2212:1944-0049
1660:CiteSeerX
1625:103965612
1534:: 20–26.
1513:1566-6611
1348:CiteSeerX
912:margarine
863:Indigoid
814:Xanthene
778:Ponceu 4R
704:E numbers
689:E numbers
681:M&M's
561:synthetic
249:cochineal
84:cochineal
3222:Vitamins
3217:Proteins
3182:Coloring
3119:Orange B
3098:Yellow 6
3093:Yellow 5
3050:FD&C
3007:June 25,
2985:June 24,
2874:June 24,
2836:26404013
2799:14925322
2791:22232312
2733:41744679
2635:June 24,
2609:June 24,
2562:Archived
2487:July 16,
2364:July 16,
2342:June 25,
2320:July 24,
2293:Archived
2220:28004607
2142:Archived
2073:June 25,
2051:June 25,
2024:June 24,
1936:16528821
1658:: 5–22.
1583:24930897
1548:93008250
1423:March 2,
1253:E number
1248:Acid dye
1221:See also
1041:Amaranth
1021:Orange B
954:, E132 (
939:FD&C
924:FD&C
693:turmeric
659:combined
633:amaranth
586:pigments
549:orange 1
529:amaranth
503:, yellow
432:mauveine
428:lozenges
381:Red lead
308:solvents
278:Turmeric
266:Lycopene
251:insect,
90:yellow.
49:colorant
3197:Flavors
3187:Enzymes
3078:Green 3
2725:6886553
1956:279–290
1748:Bibcode
1029:sausage
1025:hot dog
764:INS No.
736:Green S
590:annatto
401:(CuHAsO
366:History
304:acetone
286:genipin
274:(E160c)
272:Paprika
268:(E160d)
245:Carmine
234:achiote
230:Annatto
223:betanin
195:saffron
181:History
146:ketchup
134:flavors
57:pigment
51:is any
3207:Lipids
3088:Red 40
3073:Blue 2
3068:Blue 1
2834:
2797:
2789:
2731:
2723:
2715:
2682:
2658:
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1043:, E123
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956:indigo
822:Yellow
755:SL No.
734:E142:
728:E131:
722:E124:
716:E122:
710:E104:
697:lutein
613:Canada
473:, blue
391:) and
300:Hexane
95:safety
65:pastes
3227:Water
3083:Red 3
2868:(PDF)
2795:S2CID
2756:FDA.
2729:S2CID
2589:(PDF)
2582:(PDF)
2565:(PDF)
2558:(PDF)
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2534:(PDF)
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1621:S2CID
1601:(PDF)
1544:S2CID
1369:(PDF)
1336:(PDF)
1138:Red 3
931:lakes
886:Green
758:Color
745:India
594:beets
488:, red
150:Heinz
148:that
138:candy
63:, or
3009:2024
2987:2024
2876:2024
2832:PMID
2787:PMID
2721:PMID
2713:ISSN
2680:ISBN
2656:ISBN
2637:2024
2611:2024
2512:ISBN
2489:2018
2463:2007
2392:2007
2366:2018
2344:2024
2322:2016
2277:2020
2216:PMID
2208:ISSN
2153:2014
2121:2012
2075:2024
2053:2024
2026:2024
1943:2014
1932:PMID
1905:2014
1862:ISBN
1829:ISBN
1797:2013
1689:2014
1579:PMID
1509:ISSN
1485:2014
1425:2012
1399:2012
1318:2012
1293:2012
1187:and
1145:ADHD
1117:GATT
1027:and
854:Blue
846:Azo
799:Azo
784:Azo
666:dye.
651:and
78:and
61:gels
2959:doi
2903:doi
2824:doi
2779:doi
2775:129
2705:doi
2248:doi
2198:doi
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1894:doi
1854:doi
1821:doi
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1358:doi
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875:133
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