Foodborne illness - Knowledge

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designation of Focal Points in each of the respective national authorities with a stake in food safety, and a single Emergency Contact Point in the national authority with the responsibility for coordinating national food safety emergencies; countries choosing to be members of INFOSAN are committed to sharing information between their respective food safety authorities and other INFOSAN members. The operational definition of a food safety authority includes those authorities involved in: food policy; risk assessment; food control and management; food inspection services; foodborne disease surveillance and response; laboratory services for monitoring and surveillance of foods and foodborne diseases; and food safety information, education and communication across the

907:, preventing cross-contamination, proper storage, and maintaining cooking temperatures. In general, freezing or refrigerating prevents virtually all bacteria from growing, and heating food sufficiently kills parasites, viruses, and most bacteria. Bacteria grow most rapidly at the range of temperatures between 40 and 140 °F (4 and 60 °C), called the "danger zone". Storing food below or above the "danger zone" can effectively limit the production of toxins. For storing leftovers, the food must be put in shallow containers for quick cooling and must be refrigerated within two hours. When food is reheated, it must reach an internal temperature of 165 °F (74 °C) or until hot or steaming to kill bacteria. 2581:: 13%–42%) of the 15.9 million episodes of gastroenteritis that occur in Australia were estimated to be transmitted by contaminated food. This equates to an average of approximately one episode of foodborne gastroenteritis every five years per person. Data on the number of hospitalisations and deaths represent the occurrence of serious foodborne illness. Including gastroenteritis, non-gastroenteritis and sequelae, there were an estimated annual 31,920 (90% CrI: 29,500–35,500) hospitalisations due to foodborne illness and 86 (90% CrI: 70–105) deaths due to foodborne illness circa 2010. This study concludes that these rates are similar to recent estimates in the US and Canada. 2585:

the total number of gastroenteritis episodes each year, and the proportion considered foodborne. In circa 2010, it was estimated that 25% of all episodes of gastroenteritis were foodborne. By applying this proportion of episodes due to food to the incidence of gastroenteritis circa 2000, there were an estimated 4.3 million (90% CrI: 2.2–7.3 million) episodes of foodborne gastroenteritis circa 2000, although credible intervals overlap with 2010. Taking into account changes in population size, applying these equivalent methods suggests a 17% decrease in the rate of foodborne gastroenteritis between 2000 and 2010, with considerable overlap of the 90% credible intervals.

9137: 831: 9148: 9168: 389: 478: 44: 9178: 9158: 9127: 3004: 1341: 940:(ALA).. In Kenya, mycotoxins led to the death of 125 people in 2004, after consumption of contaminated grains. In animals, mycotoxicosis targets organ systems such as liver and digestive system. Other effects can include reduced productivity and suppression of the immune system, thus pre-disposing the animals to other secondary infections. The common foodborne 858:: the origin of the ingredients (farm of origin, identification of the crop or animal) and where and when it has been processed must be known in the final product; in this way, the origin of the disease can be traced and resolved (and possibly penalized), and the final products can be removed from sale if a problem is detected; 713:) are the most commonly reported enterotoxins although cases of poisoning are likely underestimated. It occurs mainly in cooked and processed foods due to competition with other biota in raw foods, and humans are the main cause of contamination as a substantial percentage of humans are persistent carriers of 2832:

The International Food Safety Authorities Network (INFOSAN) is a joint program of the WHO and FAO. INFOSAN has been connecting national authorities from around the globe since 2004, with the goal of preventing the international spread of contaminated food and foodborne disease and strengthening food

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Department of Food Safety and Zoonoses (FOS) provides scientific advice for organizations and the public on issues concerning the safety of food. Its mission is to lower the burden of foodborne disease, thereby strengthening the health security and sustainable development of Member States. Foodborne

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Globally, infants are a group that is especially vulnerable to foodborne disease. The World Health Organization has issued recommendations for the preparation, use and storage of prepared formulas. Breastfeeding remains the best preventive measure for protection from foodborne infections in infants.

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Governments have the primary mandate of ensuring safe food for all, however all actors in the food chain are responsible to ensure only safe food reaches the consumer, thus preventing foodborne illnesses. This is achieved through the implementation of strict hygiene rules and a public veterinary and

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and no active surveillance was being done for this particular agent. Toxins from bacterial infections are delayed because the bacteria need time to multiply. As a result, symptoms associated with intoxication are usually not seen until 12–72 hours or more after eating contaminated food. However, in

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practices before, during, and after food preparation can reduce the chances of contracting an illness. There is a consensus in the public health community that regular hand-washing is one of the most effective defenses against the spread of foodborne illness. The action of monitoring food to ensure

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million people annually, most of whom are children. WHO works closely with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) to address food safety issues along the entire food production chain—from production to consumption—using new methods of risk analysis. These methods provide

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A main aim of this study was to compare if foodborne illness incidence had increased over time. In this study, similar methods of assessment were applied to data from circa 2000, which showed that the rate of foodborne gastroenteritis had not changed significantly over time. Two key estimates were

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Membership to INFOSAN is voluntary, but is restricted to representatives from national and regional government authorities and requires an official letter of designation. INFOSAN seeks to reflect the multidisciplinary nature of food safety and promote intersectoral collaboration by requesting the

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was used to cool the cans. One of the cans had a defect and the meat inside was contaminated. That meat was then sliced using a meat slicer in a shop in Aberdeen, and a lack of machinery-cleaning led to the spreading of the contamination to other meats cut in the slicer. Those meats were eaten by

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through food consumption. The term mycotoxin is usually reserved for the toxic chemical compounds naturally produced by fungi that readily colonize crops under given temperature and moisture conditions. Mycotoxins can have important effects on human and animal health. For example, an outbreak

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staff when there are unexpected increases in laboratory results for certain strains of bacteria. Outbreak detection and investigation in the United States is primarily handled by local health jurisdictions and is inconsistent from district to district. It is estimated that 1–2% of outbreaks are

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Dubois E, Hennechart C, Deboosère N, Merle G, Legeay O, Burger C, et al. (April 2006). "Intra-laboratory validation of a concentration method adapted for the enumeration of infectious F-specific RNA coliphage, enterovirus, and hepatitis A virus from inoculated leaves of salad vegetables".

1556:, many of which are not produced by bacteria. Plants in particular may be toxic; animals which are naturally poisonous to eat are rare. In evolutionary terms, animals can escape being eaten by fleeing; plants can use only passive defenses such as poisons and distasteful substances, for example 2626:

The vast majority of reported cases of foodborne illness occur as individual or sporadic cases. The origin of most sporadic cases is undetermined. In the United States, where people eat outside the home frequently, 58% of cases originate from commercial food facilities (2004 FoodNet data). An

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A study by the Australian National University published in 2022 for Food Standards Australia New Zealand estimated there are 4.67 million cases of food poisoning in Australia each year that result in 47,900 hospitalisations, 38 deaths and a cost to the economy of $ 2.1 billion.

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In May 2015, for the second year running, England's Food Standards Agency devoted its annual Food Safety Week to "The Chicken Challenge". The focus was on the handling of raw chicken in the home and in catering facilities in a drive to reduce the high levels of food poisoning from the

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A CDC report for the period 2017–2019 found that 41% of outbreaks at restaurants were caused by a sick employee. Contributory factors identified included lack of written policy compliance with FDA recommendations for identifying red-flag symptoms, glove use, and hand washing; lack of

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A previous study using different methodology and published in November 2014, found in 2010 that there were an estimated 4.1 million cases of foodborne gastroenteritis acquired in Australia on average each year, along with 5,140 cases of non-gastrointestinal illness.

963:. They are frequently found in tree nuts, peanuts, maize, sorghum and other oilseeds, including corn and cottonseeds. The pronounced forms of aflatoxins are those of B1, B2, G1, and G2, amongst which Aflatoxin B1 predominantly targets the liver, which will result in 8757: 370:, symptoms may not manifest for hours to days, depending on the cause and on the quantity of consumption. Longer incubation periods tend to cause those affected to not associate the symptoms with the item consumed, so they may misattribute the symptoms to 4209: 3285: 1882:

is the amount of agent that must be consumed to give rise to symptoms of foodborne illness, and varies according to the agent and the consumer's age and overall health. Pathogens vary in minimum infectious dose; for example,

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targeting the intestines). Enterotoxins can produce illness even when the microbes that produced them have been killed. Symptom onset varies with the toxin but may be rapid in onset, as in the case of enterotoxins of

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at the majority of establishments; and social pressure to come to work even while sick. The remaining outbreaks had a variety of causes, including inadequate cooking, improper temperature, and cross-contamination.

1836:), depending on the agent, and on how much was consumed. If symptoms occur within one to six hours after eating the food, it suggests that it is caused by a bacterial toxin or a chemical rather than live bacteria. 899:

practices. Many forms of bacterial poisoning can be prevented by cooking food sufficiently, and either eating it quickly or refrigerating it effectively. Many toxins, however, are not destroyed by heat treatment.

5604: 1031:, wheat and tomatoes. Some research has shown that the toxins can be easily cross-contaminated between grain commodities, suggesting that manufacturing and storage of grain commodities is a critical practice. 4899:

Kinney JS, Hurwitz ES, Fishbein DB, Woolf PD, Pinsky PF, Lawrence DN, et al. (January 1988). "Community outbreak of thyrotoxicosis: epidemiology, immunogenetic characteristics, and long-term outcome".

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Ptomaine poisoning was a myth that persisted in the public consciousness, in newspaper headlines, and legal cases as an official diagnosis, decades after it had been scientifically disproven in the 1910s.

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stated, "The chemical ferments produced in the system, the... ptomaines which may exercise so disastrous an influence." It is now known that the "disastrous... influence" is due to the direct action of

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issued a document for the content limits of DON in food and animal feed at an advisory level. In 2003, US published a patent that is very promising for farmers to produce a trichothecene-resistant crop.

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Joffe AZ, Yagen B (February 1977). "Comparative study of the yield of T-2 toxic produced by Fusarium poae, F. sporotrichioides and F. sporotrichioides var. tricinctum strains from different sources".

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The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and The World Health Organization have published a global ranking of foodborne parasites using a multicriteria ranking tool concluding that

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Hedberg CW, Fishbein DB, Janssen RS, Meyers B, McMillen JM, MacDonald KL, et al. (April 1987). "An outbreak of thyrotoxicosis caused by the consumption of bovine thyroid gland in ground beef".

3666: 3025: 2806:. According to statistics, food poisoning was the second most common cause of infectious disease outbreak in India in 2017. The numbers of outbreaks have increased from 50 in 2008 to 242 in 2017. 2714:

bacterium. Anne Hardy argues that widespread public education of food hygiene can be useful, particularly through media (TV cookery programmes) and advertisement. She points to the examples set by

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have limited it to under 50 μg/kg for fruit juice and fruit nectar, while limits of 25 μg/kg for solid-contained fruit products and 10 μg/kg for baby foods were specified by the EC.

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According to the C.D.C., an estimated 87 million Americans are sickened each year by contaminated food, 371,000 are hospitalized with food-related illness and 5,700 die from food-related disease

1323:, or yellowing of the skin, but rarely leads to chronic liver dysfunction. The virus has been found to cause infection due to the consumption of fresh-cut produce which has fecal contamination. 8752: 5831: 5647: 2770:

A report issued in June 2018 by NBC's Minneapolis station using research by both the CDC and the Minnesota Department of Health concluded that foodborne illness is on the rise in the U.S.

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One in every six Americans becomes ill from eating contaminated food each year, Dr. Margaret A. Hamburg, F.D.A. commissioner, estimated. About 130,000 are hospitalized and 3,000 die.

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Food may be contaminated during all stages of food production and retailing. In order to prevent viral contamination, regulatory authorities in Europe have enacted several measures:

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in England and Wales over a 7-year period indicates distribution of clonal toxigenic strains in multiple outbreaks and extensive involvement of enterotoxin-encoding (CPE) plasmids"

3366: 4299:"Genotoxicity assessment of five tremorgenic mycotoxins (fumitremorgen B, paxilline, penitrem A, verruculogen, and verrucosidin) produced by molds isolated from fermented meats" 1257:(DON) have been most commonly encountered by humans and animals. The consequences of oral intake of, or dermal exposure to, the toxins will result in alimentary toxic aleukia, 2285:

In France, for 735,590 to 769,615 cases of infection identified as being with the 23 specific pathogens, 238,836 to 269,085 were estimated to have been contracted from food:

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This data pertains to reported medical cases of 23 specific pathogens in the 1990s, as opposed to total population estimates of all foodborne illness for the United States.

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Motta SD, Valente Soares LM (July 2001). "Survey of Brazilian tomato products for alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, tenuazonic acid and cyclopiazonic acid".

8920: 6335: 4833:"Exogenous thyrotoxicosis in dogs attributable to consumption of all-meat commercial dog food or treats containing excessive thyroid hormone: 14 cases (2008-2013)" 6035: 5494: 3105: 991:'s website. The European union has more stringent standards, set at 10 μg/kg in cereals and cereal products. These references are also adopted in other countries. 1084: 5175:

Foodborne Illness Outbreaks at Retail Food Establishments — National Environmental Assessment Reporting System, 25 State and Local Health Departments, 2017–2019

3759: 351:. Bouts of vomiting can be repeated with an extended delay in between. This is because even if infected food was eliminated from the stomach in the first bout, 2684: 7219: 5389:

One in six Americans becomes ill from eating contaminated food each year, the government estimates; of those, roughly 130,000 are hospitalized and 3,000 die.

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is distinguished from other viral causes by its prolonged (2–6 week) incubation period and its ability to spread beyond the stomach and intestines into the

3131: 2909:(CEN): Standard method for the detection of norovirus and hepatitis A virus in food products (shellfish, fruits and vegetables, surfaces and bottled water) 3619: 8885: 1121: 3897: 1576:. Most animal poisons are not synthesised by the animal, but acquired by eating poisonous plants to which the animal is immune, or by bacterial action. 1111: 75: 1796:, during a single week in 1932, drawing national attention to the dangers of so-called "ptomaine poisoning" in the pages of the American news weekly, 8915: 8371: 4544:"Guidance for Industry and FDA – Letter to State Agricultural Directors, State Feed Control Officials, and Food, Feed, and Grain Trade Organizations" 1190: 2630:

Often, a combination of events contributes to an outbreak, for example, food might be left at room temperature for many hours, allowing bacteria to

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Astridge K, McPherson M, Knope K, Gregory J, Kardamanidis K, Bell E, et al. (2011). "Foodborne disease outbreaks in Australia 2001-2009".

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CODEX Committee on Food Hygiene (CCFH): Guideline for the application of general principles of food hygiene for the control of viruses in food

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restricts the content of OTA to 5 μg/kg in cereal commodities, 3 μg/kg in processed products and 10 μg/kg in dried vine fruits.

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are the most common foodborne illness, causing 57% of outbreaks in 2004. Foodborne viral infection are usually of intermediate (1–3 days)

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infections make up perhaps one third of cases of food poisoning in developed countries. In the US, more than 50% of cases are viral and

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which involves spraying meat with viruses that infect bacteria, and thus preventing infection. This has raised concerns because without

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some cases, such as Staphylococcal food poisoning, the onset of illness can be as soon as 30 minutes after ingesting contaminated food.

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In 1944, another newspaper article reported that over 150 people in Chicago were hospitalized with ptomaine poisoning, apparently from

5338: 5020: 1303:, causing illnesses which are self-limited in otherwise healthy individuals; they are similar to the bacterial forms described above. 8836: 3367:"An outbreak of Salmonella typhimurium phage type 135 infection linked to the consumption of raw shell eggs in an aged care facility" 2733: 1241:. The toxins are usually found in molded maize, wheat, corn, peanuts and rice, or animal feed of hay and straw. Four trichothecenes, 8880: 8742: 565: 533:

infection is caused by consumption of eggs or poultry that are not adequately cooked or by other interactive human-animal pathogens

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None of the US Department of Health and Human Services targets regarding incidence of foodborne infections were reached in 2007.

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Wartique L, Pothen L, Pirson N, Hermans MP, Lambert M, Yildiz H (December 2017). "An unusual cause of epidemic thyrotoxicosis".

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outbreak is defined as occurring when two or more people experience similar illness after consuming food from a common source.

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between 12,995 and 22,030 people were hospitalized (10,188 to 17,771 estimated to have contracted their infections from food);

5732:"Epidemiological investigation of the central Scotland outbreak of Escherichia coli O157 infection, November to December 1996" 8841: 8789: 8694: 7264: 6234: 6213: 6164: 6140: 6129: 5971: 5441: 4414:

Froquet R, Sibiril Y, Parent-Massin D (February 2001). "Trichothecene toxicity on human megakaryocyte progenitors (CFU-MK)".

3784: 2621: 1716: 261: 6606: 5300: 5185: 9181: 9044: 8855: 8784: 8709: 8528: 7781: 7239: 3840: 3030: 2970: 5903: 5873:"Preliminary FoodNet data on the incidence of infection with pathogens transmitted commonly through food--10 states, 2007" 5406: 9032: 8910: 6918: 4543: 3646: 2588:

This study replaces a previous estimate of 5.4 million cases of foodborne illness in Australia every year, causing:

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level (low acidity) greatly reduces the number of bacteria required to cause symptoms by a factor of between 10 and 100.

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Tremorgenic mycotoxins – Five of them have been reported to be associated with molds found in fermented meats. These are

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before processing cattle carcasses for human consumption, a measure designed to lessen the risk of infection by variant

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which is compounded by inadequate cooking which results in a failure to kill the dangerously elevated bacterial levels.

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efficient, science-based tools to improve food safety, thereby benefiting both public health and economic development.

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lining the intestinal walls, and begin to multiply there. Some types of microbes stay in the intestine, some produce a

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Some plants contain substances which are toxic in large doses, but have therapeutic properties in appropriate dosages.

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Adejumo TO, Hettwer U, Karlovsky P (May 2007). "Occurrence of Fusarium species and trichothecenes in Nigerian maize".

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is unaccustomed to organisms endemic to the visited region. This effect of microbiologic naïveté is compounded by any

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In the past, bacterial infections were thought to be more prevalent because few places had the capability to test for

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Humphrey T, O'Brien S, Madsen M (July 2007). "Campylobacters as zoonotic pathogens: a food production perspective".

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The long incubation period of many foodborne illnesses tends to cause those affected to attribute their symptoms to

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and only slightly due to the alkaloids. Thus, the use of the phrase "ptomaine poisoning" is now largely obsolete.

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Most foodborne disease outbreaks in Australia have been linked to raw or minimally cooked eggs or poultry. The

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have recently increased to an annual basis, connected to the non-canonical contamination of pre-washed salad.

504: 8798: 8188: 8038: 7796: 6494: 2745: 1870:, and some can directly invade the deeper body tissues. The symptoms produced depend on the type of microbe. 1712: 1640: 4627:

Improving the microbiological quality and safety of fresh-cut tomatoes by low dose electron beam irradiation

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Outbreaks are usually identified when those affected know each other. Outbreaks can also be identified by

9081: 8779: 8737: 8091: 7865: 7736: 7672: 7640: 7588: 6885: 6867: 2667:. The corned beef was placed in cans and because the cooling plant had failed, cold river water from the 2266:, there were around a million cases of foodborne illness per year (1,580 cases for 100,000 inhabitants). 629: 63: 3050: 9076: 7421: 6834: 6574: 5174: 3912: 2879:. The same method was used regionally to rank the most important foodborne parasites in Europe ranking 9212: 9106: 8826: 7925: 7915: 7610: 7546: 7269: 7234: 7037: 7014: 6800: 6613: 2815: 2761: 2292:

between 306 and 797 people died (228 to 691 estimated to have contracted their infections from food).

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law. The outbreaks included the deaths of 19 patients in the Stanley Royd Hospital outbreak and the

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In addition to disease caused by direct bacterial infection, some foodborne illnesses are caused by

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Hendriks LE, Looij BJ (March 2010). "Hyperthyroidism caused by excessive consumption of sausages".

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such as Aflatoxin M1. In the US, the acceptable level of total aflatoxins in foods is less than 20

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spp., although the causes of approximately 80% of illnesses were unknown. Approximately 25% (90%

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Scallan E, Hoekstra RM, Angulo FJ, Tauxe RV, Widdowson MA, Roy SL, et al. (January 2011).

2980: 1933: 1634: 572: 81: 6203: 5431: 3713:"Outbreak of Aflatoxin Poisoning --- Eastern and Central Provinces, Kenya, January--July 2004" 3145: 9038: 8988: 8983: 8727: 8475: 7838: 7470: 7339: 6847: 6754: 6673: 4187: 3687: 3408: 2692: 2263: 2027:

In the United States, using FoodNet data from 2000 to 2007, the CDC estimated there were 47.8

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which occurred in the UK during 1960 caused the death of 100,000 turkeys which had consumed

892:, consumers would not know that meat and poultry products have been treated with the spray. 9202: 9151: 8465: 8294: 8149: 7920: 7813: 7759: 7687: 7677: 7369: 7224: 7097: 6704: 6313: 5028: 4423: 3206: 1785: 1457: 1435: 1075: 801: 449: 247: 5832:"Meat Produced by Advanced Meat/Bone Separation Machinery and Meat Recovery (AMR) Systems" 5678:

Food Poisoning, Policy and Politics : Corned Beef and Typhoid in Britain in the 1960s

1828:. This ranges from hours to days (and rarely months or even years, such as in the case of 8: 9111: 8870: 8568: 8007: 7997: 7963: 7568: 7006: 6842: 6653: 5987:

Bouwknegt M, Devleesschauwer B, Graham H, Robertson LJ, van der Giessen JW (March 2018).

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Techniques that help prevent food borne illness in the kitchen are hand washing, rinsing

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Lee RM, Lessler J, Lee RA, Rudolph KE, Reich NG, Perl TM, Cummings DA (September 2013).

4427: 3210: 2683:(BSE, mad cow disease) outbreak identified in the 1980s. The deaths of 21 people in the 1750:

found in decaying animal and vegetable matter, especially (as reflected in their names)

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Li FQ, Yoshizawa T (July 2000). "Alternaria mycotoxins in weathered wheat from China".

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Karlsson PA, Tano E, Jernberg C, Hickman RA, Guy L, Järhult JD, Wang H (May 13, 2021).

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The delay between the consumption of contaminated food and the appearance of the first

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Carmody CD, Mueller RC, Grodner BM, Chlumsky O, Wilking JN, McCalla SG (March 2022).

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Kiu R, Caim S, Painset A, Pickard D, Swift C, Dougan G, et al. (October 2019).

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million foodborne illnesses per year (16,000 cases for 100,000 inhabitants) with 9.4

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billion organisms is necessary to produce symptoms in healthy human volunteers, as

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toxins in weather-damaged wheat and sorghum in the 1995–1996 Australian harvest".

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Serious outbreaks of foodborne illness since the 1970s prompted key changes in UK

1148:(OTA) analyses in 20th Australian Total Diet Survey was 1 μg/kg, whereas the 491:

transfer, and that specific washing conditions can decrease the risk of transfer.

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Marasas WF (1995). "Fumonisins: their implications for human and animal health".

2960: 2020: 1986: 1980: 1885: 1879: 1840: 1798: 1789: 1733: 1511: 1388: 1367: 1262: 1014: 736: 601: 553: 371: 317: 213: 156: 9171: 6628: 6293: 4768: 3882: 3866:"Aflatoxins (Sum of B1, B2, G1, G2) in cereals and cereal-derived food products" 3865: 2706:

Cm 3830, "would be powerful, open and dedicated to the interests of consumers".

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A 2022 study concluded that washing uncooked chicken could increase the risk of

9086: 8250: 8215: 8111: 7910: 7843: 7786: 7558: 7447: 7439: 7364: 7317: 7312: 7259: 6983: 6764: 6759: 6719: 6668: 6633: 6471: 6407: 6087: 5716: 5698: 5527:"The Annual Cost of Foodborne Illness in Australia Final Report September 2022" 4435: 4064: 4047: 2975: 2631: 1937: 1859: 1442: 1254: 1054: 851:, from farming to delivery in shops and restaurants. This regulation includes: 444: 412:

Furthermore, foodborne illness can be caused by a number of chemicals, such as

107: 5747: 5143: 4574: 4551: 3586: 1762:

stated, "We name such products of bacterial origin ptomaines; and the special

9196: 9091: 8611: 8419: 8280: 8260: 8171: 8136: 7791: 7748: 7707: 7600: 7583: 7541: 7254: 6805: 6774: 6395: 5940: 5068: 4991: 4831:

Broome MR, Peterson ME, Kemppainen RJ, Parker VJ, Richter KP (January 2015).

4698: 4275: 2950: 2852: 2786: 2638: 2513: 2349: 2136: 1964: 1601: 1395: 1212: 1163:– Currently, this toxin has been advisably regulated on fruit products. The 1039: 1028: 885: 835: 788: 594: 508: 499: 275: 6641: 5870: 4849: 4832: 1738: 9141: 9101: 8616: 8437: 8429: 8399: 8270: 8255: 8101: 8002: 7940: 7702: 7682: 7630: 7578: 7529: 7329: 7279: 6890: 6461: 6174: 6022: 5888: 5765: 5590: 5572: 5286: 5268: 5232: 5214: 5160:(Meeting report). Microbiological risk assessment series 10. Archived from 5087: 4885: 4858: 4817: 4733: 4683: 4674: 4657: 4610: 4529: 4443: 4400: 4391: 4374: 4359: 4324: 4268:"Patulin in Apple Juice, Apple Juice Concentrates and Apple Juice Products" 4073: 4024: 4016: 3989: 3605: 3538: 3457: 3382: 3351: 3271: 3236: 2940: 2930: 1976: 1804: 1793: 1669: 1654: 1590: 1561: 1479: 1231: 1206: 1202: 1145: 1126: 1106: 1080: 1049: 933: 873: 855: 830: 780: 717:. The CDC has estimated about 240,000 cases per year in the United States. 429: 397: 4921: 4776: 4108: 4100: 3519: 3448: 3431: 3332: 2827: 9131: 8717: 8674: 8606: 8586: 8563: 8538: 8342: 8337: 8315: 8308: 8265: 8235: 8205: 8061: 7895: 7697: 7620: 7595: 7344: 7324: 7229: 7189: 7113: 6484: 6479: 6400: 6383: 4486: 3815:"Sec. 683.100 Action Levels for Aflatoxins in Animal Feeds (CPG 7126.33)" 2945: 2741: 2715: 2700: 2676: 2660: 2530: 2409: 1941: 1829: 1644: 1628: 1326: 1312: 1307: 1276: 1258: 1237: 1058: 998: 896: 769: 683: 406: 396:

Foodborne illness usually arises from improper handling, preparation, or

234: 186: 181: 163: 35: 5197:

Scallan E, Griffin PM, Angulo FJ, Tauxe RV, Hoekstra RM (January 2011).

4157: 2846:

Helping countries strengthen their capacity to manage food safety risks.

8932: 8684: 8649: 8578: 8365: 8240: 8200: 8069: 8030: 7833: 7808: 7776: 7553: 7534: 7524: 7512: 7359: 6971: 6943: 6769: 6729: 5986: 4635: 4478: 3432:"Reducing the carriage of foodborne pathogens in livestock and poultry" 2840:

Sharing information on important food safety issues of global interest;

2792: 2696: 2612:

estimates that one third of cases of food poisoning occur in the home.

2501: 2455: 2371: 2331: 2198: 2180: 2100: 1968: 1904: 1772: 1755: 1751: 1538: 1281: 1198: 1141: 1116: 1065: 1023: 976: 941: 866: 848: 522: 455: 149: 5963:

Multicriteria-based ranking for risk management of foodborne parasites

4957:(First ed.). London: Oxford University Press. 1933. p. 1557. 3981: 3744: 3727: 3218: 2837:

Promoting the rapid exchange of information during food safety events;

8978: 8689: 8621: 8596: 8558: 8523: 8515: 8497: 8482: 8470: 8414: 8391: 8359: 8354: 8144: 7905: 7384: 6417: 6412: 6345: 5199:"Foodborne illness acquired in the United States--unspecified agents" 3195:"Chickensplash! Exploring the health concerns of washing raw chicken" 3169:"Chickensplash! Exploring the health concerns of washing raw chicken" 2903:

European Commission Regulation (EC) No 2073/2005 of November 15, 2005

2803: 2780: 2664: 2234: 2082: 1855: 1673: 1648: 1557: 1336: 1331: 1242: 1194: 1174: 1136: 1070: 1061: 1018: 983:μg/kg, except for Aflatoxin M1 in milk, which should be less than 0.5 972: 968: 948: 925: 920: 470: 421: 413: 363:

and begin to multiply. Some types of microbes stay in the intestine.

360: 325: 196: 191: 5838:. U.S. National Archive and Records Administration. January 12, 2004 1103:

have regulated the content levels of toxins in food and animal feed.

8953: 8543: 8492: 8348: 8288: 8116: 8086: 7888: 7803: 7379: 7354: 7307: 6852: 6422: 6365: 4296: 3954: 2990: 2490: 2473: 2392: 2366: 2216: 1972: 1927: 1778: 1763: 1747: 1684: 1659: 1580: 1472: 1450: 1427: 1420: 1413: 1409: 1360: 1356: 1320: 1221: 1034: 964: 847:

phytosanitary service that monitors animal products throughout the

744: 698: 687: 677: 641: 579: 488: 440: 417: 388: 383: 348: 340: 309: 301: 142: 5253:"Foodborne illness acquired in the United States--major pathogens" 5158:"Enterobacter sakazakii and Salmonella in powdered infant formula" 5052:"Incubation periods of viral gastroenteritis: a systematic review" 1643:, diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, 1516: 697:

in which symptoms appear in one to six hours. This causes intense

477: 333: 8409: 8126: 8096: 7692: 7563: 6816: 5676:

Smith, David F.; Diack, H. Lesley and Pennington, T. Hugh (2005)

2656: 1851: 1847: 1821: 1160: 904: 758: 656: 401: 356: 352: 293: 274:

For the disease most commonly referred to as food poisoning, see

227: 97: 6288: 6069: 5966:. Microbiological Risk Assessment Series No. 23. FAO/WHO. 2014. 5857: 5186:

Food poisoning often caused by sick restaurant workers, CDC says

3937:

Webley DJ, Jackson KL, Mullins JD, Hocking AD, Pitt JI (1997). "

2655:

In Aberdeen, in 1964, a large-scale (>400 cases) outbreak of

2039:

127,839 were hospitalized (43 per 100,000 inhabitants per year).

43: 8553: 8511: 8081: 7900: 7465: 7118: 6714: 4297:

Sabater-Vilar M, Nijmeijer S, Fink-Gremmels J (November 2003).

4243:"Worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in food and feed in 2003" 3552:

Staphylococcus aureus: A Problem When Food Is Left Out Too Long

3049:. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from 2427: 2303: 1767: 1723: 1695: 1663: 1569: 1565: 1553: 1484: 775: 313: 4830: 4587: 2843:

Promoting partnership and collaboration between countries; and

8507: 8159: 7129: 5627: 5605:"Foodborne illness in Australia. Annual incidence circa 2000" 4572:

Hohn, Thomas M. "Trichothecene-resistant transgenic plants".

3192: 2270:

20,000 people were hospitalised (32 per 100,000 inhabitants);

2043: 1867: 1863: 1708: 1594: 1573: 1316: 1292: 862: 787:

of some living animal species rather than being a product of

344: 321: 305: 9126: 6343: 4754: 1340: 447:

reported the individual bacteria involved as the following:

6582: 6308: 6223:

Smith JL (2005). Fratamico PM, Bhunia AK, Smith JL (eds.).

5871:

Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) (April 2008).

4711: 4413: 4180:"More contaminated maize meal products withdrawn from sale" 3936: 3728:"Mycotoxins—Prevention, Detection, Impact on Animal Health" 3563: 929: 839: 526: 5457: 5455: 5453: 5374:"F.D.A. Offers Sweeping Rules to Fight Food Contamination" 5250: 4898: 2035:

million of these caused by 31 known identified pathogens.

910: 8404: 6277: 6254: 5786:. Food Standards Agency, United Kingdom. January 14, 1998 5557:"Foodborne Illness, Australia, Circa 2000 and Circa 2010" 5196: 3364: 3249: 339:

Symptoms vary depending on the cause. They often include

5989:"Prioritisation of food-borne parasites in Europe, 2016" 5717:"BBC News - Health - Sheriff criticises E. coli butcher" 4508:

Hay RJ (April 2007). "Fusarium infections of the skin".

4122:

Soriano JM (2004). "Occurrence of fumonisins in foods".

2858: 2819:

and waterborne diarrhoeal diseases kill an estimated 2.2

1770:

is variously named Cadaverine, Putrescine, etc.", while

6226:

Foodborne Pathogens: Microbiology And Molecular Biology

6117: 5729: 5567:(11). Emerging Infectious Diseases v 20:11: 1857–1864. 5450: 4337: 3789:

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

3503:"Food poisoning and Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins" 2828:

International Food Safety Authorities Network (INFOSAN)

1921: 1144:– In Australia, The Limit of Reporting (LOR) level for 757:

grows in improperly canned low-acid foods and produces

102: 4837:

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association

2784:

is the most common cause of food illness, followed by

1920:

are very sensitive to acid. An unusually high stomach

825: 443:

are a common cause of foodborne illness. In 2000, the

355:, like bacteria (if applicable), can pass through the 4658:"Zoonotic foodborne parasites and their surveillance" 4375:"Spectrum of noninfectious health effects from molds" 3500: 3312:"Phylogenomic analysis of gastroenteritis-associated 3309: 405:

that it will not cause foodborne illness is known as

5730:

Cowden JM, Ahmed S, Donaghy M, Riley A (June 2001).

5049: 3725: 1073:– Crop corn can be easily contaminated by the fungi 8886:

2024 United Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak

5495:"Summary of Report of the French sanitary agencies" 5429: 4045: 4002: 3566:"Molecular Characterization of Multidrug-Resistant 3371:

Communicable Diseases Intelligence Quarterly Report

1027:spp. Some of the toxins can be present in sorghum, 336:that have not been boiled for at least 10 minutes. 3401:"Salmonella Infection (salmonellosis) and Animals" 705:), and staphylococcal enterotoxins (most commonly 701:including or not including diarrhea (resulting in 76:Hazard analysis and risk-based preventive controls 6118:Hocking AD, Pitt JI, Samson RA, Thrane U (2005). 5333: 5156:FAO/WHO (2006). World Health Organization (ed.). 3785:"GASGA Technical Leaflet – 3 Mycotoxins in Grain" 3726:Kępińska-Pacelik, Jagoda; Biel, Wioletta (2021). 3365:Tribe IG, Cowell D, Cameron P, Cameron S (2002). 3148:. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2691:O157 was a precursor to the establishment of the 1095:in humans. For human and animal health, both the 9194: 5301:"Obama Proposes Single Overseer for Food Safety" 3647:"Good Question: Does Washing Fruit Do Anything?" 3501:Argudín MÁ, Mendoza MC, Rodicio MR (July 2010). 3286:"Foodborne Illness: What Consumers Need to Know" 3130:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 3047:"Foodborne Illness - Frequently Asked Questions" 1928:Gut microbiota unaccustomed to endemic organisms 548:Other common bacterial foodborne pathogens are: 6151:. Vol. 7. Edward Arnold. pp. 167–70. 5780:"The Food Standards Agency: A Force for Change" 5699:"Food poison deaths probe may reveal NHS flaws" 5368: 3554:. Ohio State University Extension HYG-5564-11]. 3071:For foodborne illness caused by chemicals, see 2595:120 deaths (0.5 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants) 794: 494:Most common bacterial foodborne pathogens are: 6038:, European Commission, Retrieved April 7, 2015 5407:"Annual Report of the Chief Scientist 2012/13" 5339:"F.D.A. Says Importers Must Audit Food Safety" 3764:Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition 3167:Chemistry, University of; Prague, Technology. 2966:List of foodborne illness outbreaks by country 779:, and some other bacteria, produce the lethal 8046: 6695: 6329: 6201: 5106:US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 4871: 4046:Li FQ, Toyazaki N, Yoshizawa T (April 2001). 3429: 1956:may help spread these diseases, particularly 1889:has a low estimated minimum dose of < 500 255: 9061:Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition 8876:2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak 8775:1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal 5246: 5244: 5242: 4865: 4824: 4789: 4783: 4210:"20th Australian Total Diet Survey – Part B" 3086:"Chemicals, Metals & Pesticides in Food" 2986:United States Disease Control and Prevention 987:μg/kg The official document can be found at 895:At home, prevention mainly consists of good 8999:United Kingdom food information regulations 6305:hosted at the University of Guelph, Canada. 5877:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 5190: 4892: 4748: 3967: 3943:Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 3166: 2565:The main causes were norovirus, pathogenic 2154:Causes of death by foodborne illness in US 872:power of control and of law enforcement of 70:Hazard analysis and critical control points 8053: 8039: 6336: 6322: 6056:International Journal of Food Microbiology 5696: 5144:Salmonella Infection in Emergency Medicine 4696: 4591:International Journal of Food Microbiology 4464: 4340:International Journal of Food Microbiology 3970:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 3405:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3252:International Journal of Food Microbiology 3013:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2925:American Public Health Association v. Butz 2833:safety systems globally. This is done by: 2610:Australian Food Safety Information Council 1736:, of Bologna, introduced the generic name 1702: 861:enforcement of hygiene procedures such as 262: 248: 8837:2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak 6012: 5904:"Why are we seeing so many food recalls?" 5755: 5580: 5276: 5239: 5222: 5077: 5067: 4848: 4807: 4673: 4390: 4314: 4063: 3881: 3807: 3743: 3620:"FDA Says Viruses Safe for Treating Meat" 3595: 3585: 3528: 3518: 3447: 3341: 3331: 3226: 2734:Center for Science in the Public Interest 1732:In the 19th century, the Italian chemist 842:help in the prevention of food poisoning. 541:enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) which can cause 8881:2018 Australian strawberry contamination 8743:Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident 8060: 6280:, Fact sheet N°237, revised January 2002 6257:, Fact sheet N°124, revised January 2002 6036:"Codex Committee on Food Hygiene (CCFH)" 5901: 5463:"Report of the French sanitary agencies" 5436:. Oxford University Press. p. 290. 5364: 5362: 4372: 4237: 4235: 3841:"Mycotoxins in Feeds: CVM's Perspective" 3496: 3494: 2672:people in Aberdeen who then became ill. 2426:Causes of death by foodborne illness in 2273:500 died (0.80 per 100,000 inhabitants). 1515: 1339: 1091:(PES) in pigs, liver cancer in rats and 829: 743:The rare but potentially deadly disease 476: 387: 8851:2011 United States listeriosis outbreak 7410:Ear-Nose-Throat/Upper respiratory tract 6583:Access to water, sanitation and hygiene 6005:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.9.17-00161 5610:. OzFoodNet. p. 10. Archived from 5500:(in French). INVS/Afssa. Archived from 5468:(in French). INVS/Afssa. Archived from 5155: 5126:"Infective Doses and Pathogen Carriage" 4655: 4630:(MS thesis). Texas A&M University. 4623: 4121: 4086: 3644: 3358: 3110:0157 – controlling cross-contamination" 2738:United States Department of Agriculture 2046:(1.0 per 100,000 inhabitants per year). 911:Mycotoxins and alimentary mycotoxicoses 420:, and natural toxic substances such as 14: 9195: 8866:2015 Mozambique funeral beer poisoning 8443:Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) 7993:Infectious disease (medical specialty) 7885:Antimicrobial resistance surveillance 6205:FoodBorne Infections and Intoxications 5430:Liebling A, Maruna S, McAra L (2017). 5329: 5327: 4790:Parmar MS, Sturge C (September 2003). 4510:Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 4260: 4080: 3832: 2907:European Committee for Standardization 2645: 2604:300,000 prescriptions for antibiotics. 466:1.4%, and all others less than 0.56%. 8034: 6317: 6222: 6146: 5923: 5921: 5804: 5425: 5423: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5359: 5119: 5117: 5115: 4997:(Massillon, OH), July 22, 1932, pg. 6 4934: 4617: 4581: 4536: 4458: 4290: 4232: 4202: 4172: 4039: 3961: 3930: 3777: 3752: 3491: 3393: 3041: 3039: 2859:Prioritisation of foodborne pathogens 2622:Deadliest foodborne illness incidents 1269:and/or skin irritation. In 1993, the 975:. Other forms of aflatoxins exist as 919:refers to the effect of poisoning by 9157: 9045:Institute for Food Safety and Health 8785:Australian meat substitution scandal 8753:Moroccan oil poisoning disaster 1959 8529:Arsenic contamination of groundwater 7240:Compartmental models in epidemiology 5980: 5954: 5554: 5534:Food Standards Australia New Zealand 4792:"Recurrent hamburger thyrotoxicosis" 4566: 4407: 4366: 4331: 4214:Food Standards Australia New Zealand 4142: 3996: 3900:Basic Food Safety for Health Workers 3686:. vetmed.ucdavis.edu. Archived from 3423: 3278: 2971:List of food contamination incidents 2748:. The petition was supported by the 2296: 2262:According to a 2012 report from the 2050: 1815: 1746:, "fall, fallen body, corpse") for 1552:Several foods can naturally contain 392:Poorly stored food in a refrigerator 9177: 9033:Food Information and Control Agency 6261:Foodborne illness information pages 5324: 4947: 4874:The Netherlands Journal of Medicine 4757:The New England Journal of Medicine 4507: 4501: 4416:Human & Experimental Toxicology 4115: 3890: 3672: 3570:From Foodborne Outbreaks in Sweden" 3470: 3430:Doyle MP, Erickson MC (June 2006). 3243: 2894: 2867:was the most relevant, followed by 2650: 1724:"Ptomaine poisoning" misconception 1604:of slaughtered animals (especially 826:Preventing bacterial food poisoning 24: 6157:10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a073825 6044: 5918: 5807:"Food Poisoning: An On-going Saga" 5433:The Oxford Handbook of Criminology 5420: 5394: 5112: 3036: 3011:from websites or documents of the 2883:of highest relevance, followed by 2750:American Public Health Association 2740:to require meat packers to remove 2721: 2056:Causes of foodborne illness in US 1944:lapses in the food's preparation. 1932:Foodborne illness often occurs as 1873: 928:-contaminated peanut meal. In the 880:In August 2006, the United States 25: 9224: 9050:International Food Safety Network 8974:International Food Safety Network 8695:Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease 8645:Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein 8372:Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic 6274:Food safety and foodborne illness 6244: 5123: 4603:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.11.007 4373:Mazur LJ, Kim J (December 2006). 4352:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.02.009 3838: 3678: 3264:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.01.006 2758:Government Accountability Project 2659:occurred, caused by contaminated 2257: 1547: 9176: 9166: 9156: 9147: 9146: 9135: 9125: 9055:Ministry of Food and Drug Safety 8891:Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal 8822:2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak 8817:ICA meat repackaging controversy 7989:Economics of Infectious Diseases 6029: 5697:Brian Deer (February 24, 1985). 5536:. Australian National University 5142:Owens, Michael D (January 2014) 4902:The American Journal of Medicine 3898:"Chapter 2 Foodborne Hazards in 3669:. U.D. Department of Agriculture 3007: This article incorporates 3002: 2809: 2764:, and Safe Tables Our Priority. 2728:Food safety in the United States 2681:bovine spongiform encephalopathy 2601:1.2 million doctor consultations 2013: 1908:a relatively large inoculum of 1 1899:has a relatively high estimate. 1834:bovine spongiform encephalopathy 1631:poisoning; destroyed by boiling) 42: 27:Illness from eating spoiled food 8994:Quality Assurance International 8901:Food safety incidents in Taiwan 8871:2017 Brazil Operation Weak Meat 8765:1971 Iraq poison grain disaster 8680:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon 6149:Food Poisoning and Food Hygiene 6070:Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 5895: 5864: 5858:"Healthy People 2010 Home Page" 5850: 5824: 5798: 5772: 5723: 5709: 5690: 5670: 5640: 5621: 5597: 5548: 5519: 5487: 5293: 5179: 5168: 5149: 5136: 5094: 5043: 5021:"Poisoning Hits 150 in Chicago" 5013: 5000: 4985: 4976: 4961: 4928: 4705: 4690: 4662:Revue Scientifique et Technique 4649: 4578:. Priority date March 31, 1999. 4247:FAO FOOD AND NUTRITION PAPER 81 4005:Food Additives and Contaminants 3858: 3719: 3705: 3660: 3638: 3612: 3557: 3545: 3479: 3473:"Foodborne Germs and Illnesses" 3464: 3303: 3146:"Staphylococcal Food Poisoning" 2302:Causes of foodborne illness in 1947: 671: 9023:European Food Safety Authority 8896:Food safety incidents in China 8733:1858 Bradford sweets poisoning 8700:Water fluoridation controversy 7998:Infectious disease informatics 7829:Transmission-based precautions 6202:Riemann HP, Cliver DO (2006). 6049: 5027:. May 27, 1944. Archived from 3645:DeRusha J (November 9, 2010). 3186: 3160: 3138: 3098: 3078: 3065: 3019: 2754:Consumer Federation of America 2598:2.1 million lost days off work 1846:During the incubation period, 1807:served by a restaurant chain. 761:, a powerful paralytic toxin. 636:Less common bacterial agents: 366:For contaminants requiring an 13: 1: 7415:Chest/Lower respiratory tract 7190:Ocular (Eye) mucosal membrane 6551:Behavioral/lifestyle factors 4973:, William Henry Porter, 1892. 4937:"The Ptomaine-Poisoning Myth" 4935:Brend, W. A. (May 25, 1934). 4726:10.1080/17843286.2017.1309336 4136:10.1016/j.foodres.2004.06.009 2997: 2663:which had been imported from 1641:paralytic shellfish poisoning 765:Pseudoalteromonas tetraodonis 347:, and aches, and may include 9028:Food and Drug Administration 8710:Food contamination incidents 6977:Aerosol-generating procedure 6755:Silent/Subclinical infection 6455:Multidrug-resistant bacteria 6309:Food Standard Agency website 6251:Foodborne diseases, emerging 6229:. Horizon Scientific Press. 5929:"Symptoms of food poisoning" 5902:Severson G (June 15, 2018). 5805:Hardy A (January 13, 2016). 5561:Emerging Infectious Diseases 5257:Emerging Infectious Diseases 5203:Emerging Infectious Diseases 4982:Lancet, 3 Oct 1891, page 752 4914:10.1016/0002-9343(88)90002-2 4548:Food and Drug Administration 4522:10.1097/QCO.0b013e328014392d 4316:10.4315/0362-028X-66.11.2123 4272:Food and Drug Administration 4154:Food and Drug Administration 4095:(4): 193–8, discussion 221. 3870:EFSA Supporting Publications 3819:Food and Drug Administration 3667:How Temperatures Affect Food 3091:Food and Drug Administration 3031:Dorland's Medical Dictionary 2615: 2552: 2537: 2521: 2497: 2481: 2463: 2416: 2400: 2380: 2357: 2339: 2242: 2224: 2206: 2188: 2144: 2126: 2108: 2090: 1810: 1350: 882:Food and Drug Administration 795:Emerging foodborne pathogens 711:staphylococcal enterotoxin B 707:staphylococcal enterotoxin A 503:which can lead to secondary 7: 9082:Food and drink prohibitions 8856:Bihar school meal poisoning 8780:United Kingdom BSE outbreak 8738:1900 English beer poisoning 8092:Antibiotic use in livestock 7641:Vaccine-preventable disease 7589:Monoclonal antibody therapy 6284:UK Health protection Agency 4769:10.1056/NEJM198704163161605 4124:Food Research International 3883:10.2903/sp.efsa.2013.EN-406 2916: 2881:Echinococcus multilocularis 2873:Echinococcus multilocularis 1645:amnesic shellfish poisoning 1639:Shellfish toxin, including 936:, 5,000 people died due to 630:Yersinia pseudotuberculosis 435: 64:Good manufacturing practice 10: 9229: 9077:Curing (food preservation) 8150:Monosodium glutamate (MSG) 7782:Respiratory source control 6266:December 30, 2019, at the 5736:Epidemiology and Infection 5006:"Medicine: Potato Salad," 4656:Murrell KD (August 2013). 4436:10.1191/096032701677428611 4303:Journal of Food Protection 4065:10.4315/0362-028X-64.4.567 4052:Journal of Food Protection 2725: 2619: 2002: 1998: 1866:that is absorbed into the 1287: 816:Scandinavian outbreaks of 783:, which is present in the 675: 381: 273: 9120: 9107:Genetically modified food 9069: 9007: 8959:Food labeling regulations 8931: 8827:2008 Chinese milk scandal 8708: 8630: 8577: 8506: 8456: 8428: 8390: 8279: 8187: 8135: 8068: 7972: 7926:Global Health Initiatives 7916:Evolutionary epidemiology 7864: 7656: 7611:Post-exposure prophylaxis 7547:Antimicrobial stewardship 7505: 7492: 7397: 7288: 7270:Multiplicity of infection 7235:Basic reproduction number 7210: 7182: 7168: 7154: 7138: 7106: 7068: 7011:Percutaneous inoculation 6997: 6959: 6952: 6934: 6866: 6833: 6826: 6790: 6783: 6686: 6573: 6495:Host–pathogen interaction 6470: 6364: 6357: 6121:Advances in Food Mycology 5748:10.1017/S0950268801005520 4955:Oxford English Dictionary 3909:World Health Organization 3587:10.3389/fmicb.2021.664665 3574:Frontiers in Microbiology 2816:World Health Organization 2762:National Consumers League 2746:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease 2445:(per 100,000 inhabitants) 2321:(per 100,000 inhabitants) 2277: 2170:(per 100,000 inhabitants) 2072:(per 100,000 inhabitants) 1824:of illness is called the 1713:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease 1614:alimentary thyrotoxicosis 605:, including O1 and non-O1 543:hemolytic-uremic syndrome 377: 332:, and various species of 8969:Food safety in Australia 8165:High-fructose corn syrup 7744:Protective sequestration 7606:Pre-exposure prophylaxis 6897:Generational difference 6450:Horizontal gene transfer 6440:Antimicrobial resistance 6111: 5069:10.1186/1471-2334-13-446 3106:"Reducing the risk from 2773: 1788:political convention in 1610:hamburger thyrotoxicosis 1089:pulmonary edema syndrome 1021:(RAD), originating from 1003:alternariol methyl ether 938:alimentary toxic aleukia 917:alimentary mycotoxicosis 703:staphylococcal enteritis 665:Plesiomonas shigelloides 650:Corynebacterium ulcerans 538:Escherichia coli O157:H7 8949:Acceptable daily intake 8861:2013 horse meat scandal 8302:Clostridium perfringens 7931:Microbial phylogenetics 7849:Wastewater surveillance 7370:Geographic distribution 7245:Critical community size 7043:Surgical site infection 6891:Iatrogenic/Medical care 6810:Microbial translocation 6806:Endogenous reactivation 6801:Normal flora overgrowth 6750:Opportunistic infection 6522:Opportunistic infection 5102:"Food-Related Diseases" 5056:BMC Infectious Diseases 4850:10.2460/javma.246.1.105 3568:Yersinia enterocolitica 3314:Clostridium perfringens 2869:Echinococcus granulosus 2592:18,000 hospitalizations 2573:spp. and non-typhoidal 2315:Annual hospitalizations 2119:Clostridium perfringens 1715:(CJD) and its variant ( 1703:Other pathogenic agents 1635:Pyrrolizidine alkaloids 1498:Cyclospora cayetanensis 954:Aspergillus parasiticus 819:Yersinia enterocolitica 730:Clostridium perfringens 624:Yersinia enterocolitica 610:Vibrio parahaemolyticus 515:Clostridium perfringens 505:Guillain–Barré syndrome 9017:Centre for Food Safety 8832:2008 Irish pork crisis 8534:Benzene in soft drinks 8003:Microbial bioterrorism 7626:efficacy/effectiveness 7034:Surgical intervention 6926:Breakthrough infection 6548:Genetic predisposition 6532:Susceptible individual 6379:Germ theory of disease 6082:Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 5573:10.3201/eid2011.131315 5269:10.3201/eid1701.P11101 5215:10.3201/eid1701.P21101 4675:10.20506/rst.32.2.2239 4392:10.1542/peds.2006-2829 4017:10.1080/02652030117707 3681:"Fungi and Mycotoxins" 3486:Food poisoning: Causes 3471:CDC (March 18, 2020). 3009:public domain material 2981:STOP Foodborne Illness 1698:) has medicinal uses. 1533:Sarcocystis suihominis 1523: 1483:and other free-living 1345: 1319:. It often results in 843: 573:Listeria monocytogenes 518:, the "cafeteria germ" 484: 393: 82:Critical control point 9039:Food Standards Agency 8989:Organic certification 8984:Nutrition facts label 8728:Esing Bakery incident 8516:environment pollution 7839:Universal precautions 6797:Endogenous overgrowth 6649:Poultry and livestock 5555:Kirk, Martyn (2014). 5414:Food Standards Agency 4575:U.S. patent 6,646,184 4278:on September 12, 2007 4184:Food Standards Agency 4101:10.1002/nt.2620030405 3918:on September 27, 2007 3693:on September 27, 2007 3520:10.3390/toxins2071751 3389:on February 17, 2014. 3333:10.1099/mgen.0.000297 2693:Food Standards Agency 2264:Food Standards Agency 1959:Staphylococcus aureus 1954:subclinical infection 1896:Staphylococcus aureus 1519: 1505:Entamoeba histolytica 1343: 1132:3-Nitropropionic acid 1085:leukoencephalomalacia 833: 767:, certain species of 754:Clostridium botulinum 723:Clostridium botulinum 694:Staphylococcus aureus 588:Staphylococcus aureus 480: 391: 298:contamination of food 221:Entamoeba histolytica 129:Clostridium botulinum 8808:2006 North American 8466:Acesulfame potassium 8295:Campylobacter jejuni 8189:Intestinal parasites 8062:Consumer food safety 7941:Genomic reassortment 7921:Genetic epidemiology 7760:Health communication 7688:Flattening the curve 7678:Disease surveillance 7461:Systemic/Generalized 7225:Animal disease model 6705:Asymptomatic carrier 6270:, NSW Food Authority 5658:on December 11, 2015 5617:on January 25, 2014. 5025:Kenosha Evening News 4714:Acta Clinica Belgica 4220:on September 2, 2007 4150:"CVM and Fumonisins" 2889:Trichinella spiralis 2695:which, according to 2685:1996 Wishaw outbreak 1891:colony-forming units 1458:Trichinella spiralis 1436:Ascaris lumbricoides 1076:Fusarium moniliforme 802:Aeromonas hydrophila 566:virulence properties 500:Campylobacter jejuni 450:Campylobacter jejuni 9208:Foodborne illnesses 9112:Conspiracy theories 8665:Heterocyclic amines 8569:Shellfish poisoning 8008:Pandemic prevention 7964:Viral phylodynamics 7945:Re-emerging disease 7834:Travel restrictions 7038:Postoperative wound 7007:Blood-borne disease 6989:Respiratory droplet 6901:Vertical/Congenital 6886:Nosocomial/Hospital 6843:Spillover infection 6303:Food Safety Network 5372:(January 4, 2013). 5309:. February 20, 2015 4995:Evening Independent 4992:"Report Next Week," 4697:Britannica (2021). 4624:Schmidt HM (2004). 4428:2001HETox..20...84F 3795:on January 12, 2017 3449:10.1093/ps/85.6.960 3211:2022PhFl...34c1910C 2956:Food testing strips 2646:Society and culture 2430: 2306: 2155: 2057: 1934:travelers' diarrhea 1694:Poisonous hemlock ( 1625:Phytohaemagglutinin 1586:Ciguatera poisoning 1528:Sarcocystis hominis 1465:Trichuris trichiura 951:– originating from 834:Proper storage and 709:but also including 531:S. typhimurium 426:poisonous mushrooms 330:poisonous mushrooms 296:resulting from the 205:Parasitic pathogens 120:Bacterial pathogens 8770:Toxic oil syndrome 8723:Swill milk scandal 8549:Diethylstilbestrol 8221:Diphyllobothriasis 7954:Selection pressure 7250:Force of infection 6878:Contagious disease 6813:Endogenous seeding 6710:Chain of infection 6634:Injection drug use 6545:Vaccination status 6428:Case fatality rate 6346:infectious disease 6208:. Academic Press. 5933:The Times of India 5811:History and Policy 5378:The New York Times 5343:The New York Times 5306:The New York Times 4479:10.1007/bf00490378 4385:(6): e1909–e1926. 4190:on August 13, 2007 4160:on August 12, 2007 3626:on August 25, 2006 3320:Microbial Genomics 2991:Zoonotic pathogens 2704:A Force for Change 2425: 2301: 2153: 2055: 2005:Infant food safety 1689:cardiac glycosides 1600:Hormones from the 1524: 1346: 1251:diacetoxyscirpenol 1122:Lolitrem alkaloids 1045:Cyclopiazonic acid 960:Aspergillus flavus 890:mandatory labeling 844: 485: 394: 18:Food-borne disease 9190: 9189: 9097:Food preservation 8906:Foodborne illness 8458:Sugar substitutes 8211:Cryptosporidiosis 8193:parasitic disease 8107:HGH controversies 8074:food contaminants 8028: 8027: 8018:Tropical medicine 7959:Synthetic biology 7860: 7859: 7819:Social distancing 7772:Outbreak response 7393: 7392: 7220:Agent-based model 7206: 7205: 7202: 7201: 7198: 7197: 6745:Natural reservoir 6735:Infectious period 6725:Incubation period 6682: 6681: 6638:Natural disaster 6607:Tropical diseases 6590:Biodiversity loss 6527:Risk of infection 6517:Microbiome health 6510:Immunosuppression 6298:NHS Direct Online 6236:978-1-904455-00-4 6215:978-0-12-588365-8 6166:978-0-340-53740-4 6147:Hobbs BC (1993). 6141:978-0-387-28391-3 6131:978-0-387-28385-2 6107:(paper), Springer 5993:Euro Surveillance 5973:978-92-5-108199-0 5680:. Boydell Press. 5443:978-0-19-871944-1 5337:(July 26, 2013). 5335:Sabrina Tavernise 5164:on April 2, 2015. 5108:. March 29, 2018. 5031:on April 27, 2021 4309:(11): 2123–2129. 3982:10.1021/jf0000171 3745:10.3390/pr9112035 3219:10.1063/5.0083979 3199:Physics of Fluids 3073:Food contaminants 2936:Food microbiology 2885:Toxoplasma gondii 2877:Toxoplasma gondii 2549: 2548: 2542: 2541: 2446: 2421: 2420: 2322: 2254: 2253: 2247: 2246: 2171: 2149: 2148: 2073: 1936:in persons whose 1850:pass through the 1826:incubation period 1816:Incubation period 1491:Cryptosporidiosis 1403:Fasciola hepatica 1301:incubation period 1093:esophageal cancer 1087:(LEM) in horses, 657:Coxiella burnetii 617:Vibrio vulnificus 368:incubation period 286:foodborne disease 282:Foodborne illness 272: 271: 108:Water activity (a 59:Foodborne illness 16:(Redirected from 9220: 9213:Health disasters 9180: 9179: 9170: 9160: 9159: 9150: 9149: 9142:Drink portal 9140: 9139: 9138: 9130: 9129: 9041:(United Kingdom) 8790:Jack in the Box 8761: 8748:Minamata disease 8660:Food irradiation 8640:4-Hydroxynonenal 8488:Sodium cyclamate 8331:Escherichia coli 8323:Escherichia coli 8055: 8048: 8041: 8032: 8031: 8013:Tropical disease 7949:Reverse zoonosis 7936:One Health Model 7765:Health education 7754:Community health 7673:Cordon sanitaire 7646:Ring vaccination 7616:Repurposed drugs 7503: 7502: 7422:Gastrointestinal 7265:Machine learning 7069:Gastrointestinal 7020:Intravenous line 6957: 6956: 6871:/Cross-infection 6858:Reverse zoonosis 6831: 6830: 6788: 6787: 6693: 6692: 6674:War and conflict 6542:Nutrition status 6505:Immunodeficiency 6362: 6361: 6338: 6331: 6324: 6315: 6314: 6240: 6219: 6198: 6192: 6188: 6186: 6178: 6135: 6039: 6033: 6027: 6026: 6016: 5984: 5978: 5977: 5958: 5952: 5951: 5949: 5947: 5925: 5916: 5915: 5913: 5911: 5899: 5893: 5892: 5868: 5862: 5861: 5854: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5836:Federal Register 5828: 5822: 5821: 5819: 5817: 5802: 5796: 5795: 5793: 5791: 5776: 5770: 5769: 5759: 5727: 5721: 5720: 5713: 5707: 5706: 5703:The Sunday Times 5694: 5688: 5674: 5668: 5667: 5665: 5663: 5654:. Archived from 5644: 5638: 5637: 5625: 5619: 5618: 5616: 5609: 5601: 5595: 5594: 5584: 5552: 5546: 5545: 5543: 5541: 5531: 5523: 5517: 5516: 5514: 5512: 5507:on March 3, 2016 5506: 5499: 5491: 5485: 5484: 5482: 5480: 5475:on March 3, 2016 5474: 5467: 5459: 5448: 5447: 5427: 5418: 5417: 5416:. England. 2013. 5411: 5403: 5392: 5391: 5386: 5384: 5366: 5357: 5356: 5351: 5349: 5331: 5322: 5321: 5316: 5314: 5297: 5291: 5290: 5280: 5248: 5237: 5236: 5226: 5194: 5188: 5183: 5177: 5172: 5166: 5165: 5153: 5147: 5140: 5134: 5133: 5121: 5110: 5109: 5098: 5092: 5091: 5081: 5071: 5047: 5041: 5040: 5038: 5036: 5017: 5011: 5004: 4998: 4989: 4983: 4980: 4974: 4969:Merck's Bulletin 4965: 4959: 4958: 4951: 4945: 4944: 4932: 4926: 4925: 4896: 4890: 4889: 4869: 4863: 4862: 4852: 4828: 4822: 4821: 4811: 4787: 4781: 4780: 4752: 4746: 4745: 4709: 4703: 4702: 4694: 4688: 4687: 4677: 4653: 4647: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4621: 4615: 4614: 4585: 4579: 4577: 4570: 4564: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4550:. Archived from 4540: 4534: 4533: 4505: 4499: 4498: 4462: 4456: 4455: 4411: 4405: 4404: 4394: 4370: 4364: 4363: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4318: 4294: 4288: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4274:. Archived from 4264: 4258: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4239: 4230: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4216:. Archived from 4206: 4200: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4186:. Archived from 4176: 4170: 4169: 4167: 4165: 4156:. Archived from 4146: 4140: 4139: 4130:(10): 985–1000. 4119: 4113: 4112: 4084: 4078: 4077: 4067: 4043: 4037: 4036: 4000: 3994: 3993: 3976:(7): 2920–2924. 3965: 3959: 3958: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3917: 3911:. Archived from 3906: 3894: 3888: 3887: 3885: 3862: 3856: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3836: 3830: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3811: 3805: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3791:. Archived from 3781: 3775: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3756: 3750: 3749: 3747: 3723: 3717: 3716: 3709: 3703: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3692: 3685: 3676: 3670: 3664: 3658: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3642: 3636: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3622:. Archived from 3616: 3610: 3609: 3599: 3589: 3561: 3555: 3549: 3543: 3542: 3532: 3522: 3513:(7): 1751–1773. 3498: 3489: 3483: 3477: 3476: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3451: 3427: 3421: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3407:. Archived from 3397: 3391: 3390: 3385:. Archived from 3362: 3356: 3355: 3345: 3335: 3307: 3301: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3282: 3276: 3275: 3247: 3241: 3240: 3230: 3190: 3184: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3164: 3158: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3142: 3136: 3135: 3129: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3102: 3096: 3095: 3082: 3076: 3069: 3063: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3053:on March 3, 2011 3043: 3034: 3026:"food poisoning" 3023: 3006: 3005: 2895:Regulatory steps 2567:Escherichia coli 2444: 2431: 2424: 2320: 2307: 2300: 2297: 2169: 2156: 2152: 2071: 2058: 2054: 2051: 1858:, attach to the 1766:produced by the 1760:Merck's Bulletin 1606:triiodothyronine 1375:Diphyllobothrium 1267:thrombocytopenia 1185:Sterigmatocystin 1112:Fusarochromanone 811:Aeromonas sobria 807:Aeromonas caviae 747:occurs when the 561:Escherichia coli 462:Escherichia coli 264: 257: 250: 136:Escherichia coli 90:Critical factors 46: 32: 31: 21: 9228: 9227: 9223: 9222: 9221: 9219: 9218: 9217: 9193: 9192: 9191: 9186: 9136: 9134: 9132:Food portal 9124: 9116: 9065: 9003: 8964:Food libel laws 8927: 8755: 8704: 8670:Modified starch 8632:Food processing 8626: 8573: 8502: 8452: 8448:Sodium benzoate 8424: 8386: 8381:Vibrio cholerae 8275: 8246:Gnathostomiasis 8231:Fasciolopsiasis 8183: 8131: 8122:Mercury in fish 8064: 8059: 8029: 8024: 7968: 7881:Antigenic shift 7876:Antigenic drift 7867: 7856: 7720:Barrier nursing 7668:Contact tracing 7659: 7652: 7497: 7495: 7488: 7399: 7389: 7290: 7284: 7275:Serial interval 7194: 7178: 7169:Cervico-vaginal 7164: 7155:Trans-placental 7150: 7134: 7102: 7064: 7000:Vascular system 6999: 6993: 6948: 6936: 6930: 6870: 6862: 6822: 6779: 6697: 6678: 6569: 6500:Immune response 6466: 6445:Drug resistance 6389:Infectious dose 6353: 6342: 6268:Wayback Machine 6247: 6237: 6216: 6190: 6189: 6180: 6179: 6167: 6132: 6114: 6052: 6047: 6045:Further reading 6042: 6034: 6030: 5985: 5981: 5974: 5960: 5959: 5955: 5945: 5943: 5927: 5926: 5919: 5909: 5907: 5900: 5896: 5883:(14): 366–370. 5869: 5865: 5856: 5855: 5851: 5841: 5839: 5830: 5829: 5825: 5815: 5813: 5803: 5799: 5789: 5787: 5778: 5777: 5773: 5728: 5724: 5715: 5714: 5710: 5695: 5691: 5675: 5671: 5661: 5659: 5646: 5645: 5641: 5626: 5622: 5614: 5607: 5603: 5602: 5598: 5553: 5549: 5539: 5537: 5529: 5525: 5524: 5520: 5510: 5508: 5504: 5497: 5493: 5492: 5488: 5478: 5476: 5472: 5465: 5461: 5460: 5451: 5444: 5428: 5421: 5409: 5405: 5404: 5395: 5382: 5380: 5370:Stephanie Strom 5367: 5360: 5347: 5345: 5332: 5325: 5312: 5310: 5299: 5298: 5294: 5249: 5240: 5195: 5191: 5184: 5180: 5173: 5169: 5154: 5150: 5146:. emedicine.com 5141: 5137: 5122: 5113: 5100: 5099: 5095: 5048: 5044: 5034: 5032: 5019: 5018: 5014: 5010:August 1, 1932. 5005: 5001: 4990: 4986: 4981: 4977: 4966: 4962: 4953: 4952: 4948: 4933: 4929: 4897: 4893: 4870: 4866: 4829: 4825: 4788: 4784: 4763:(16): 993–998. 4753: 4749: 4710: 4706: 4695: 4691: 4654: 4650: 4640: 4638: 4622: 4618: 4586: 4582: 4573: 4571: 4567: 4557: 4555: 4554:on June 9, 2007 4542: 4541: 4537: 4506: 4502: 4463: 4459: 4412: 4408: 4371: 4367: 4336: 4332: 4295: 4291: 4281: 4279: 4266: 4265: 4261: 4251: 4249: 4241: 4240: 4233: 4223: 4221: 4208: 4207: 4203: 4193: 4191: 4178: 4177: 4173: 4163: 4161: 4148: 4147: 4143: 4120: 4116: 4085: 4081: 4044: 4040: 4001: 3997: 3966: 3962: 3935: 3931: 3921: 3919: 3915: 3904: 3896: 3895: 3891: 3864: 3863: 3859: 3849: 3847: 3837: 3833: 3823: 3821: 3813: 3812: 3808: 3798: 3796: 3783: 3782: 3778: 3768: 3766: 3758: 3757: 3753: 3724: 3720: 3711: 3710: 3706: 3696: 3694: 3690: 3683: 3677: 3673: 3665: 3661: 3651: 3649: 3643: 3639: 3629: 3627: 3618: 3617: 3613: 3562: 3558: 3550: 3546: 3499: 3492: 3484: 3480: 3469: 3465: 3436:Poultry Science 3428: 3424: 3414: 3412: 3411:on July 4, 2007 3399: 3398: 3394: 3363: 3359: 3326:(10): e000297. 3308: 3304: 3294: 3292: 3284: 3283: 3279: 3248: 3244: 3191: 3187: 3177: 3175: 3165: 3161: 3151: 3149: 3144: 3143: 3139: 3123: 3122: 3115: 3113: 3104: 3103: 3099: 3084: 3083: 3079: 3070: 3066: 3056: 3054: 3045: 3044: 3037: 3024: 3020: 3003: 3000: 2995: 2961:Gastroenteritis 2919: 2897: 2861: 2830: 2812: 2776: 2736:petitioned the 2730: 2724: 2653: 2648: 2624: 2618: 2555: 2550: 2499: 2443: 2382: 2377: 2369: 2319: 2280: 2260: 2255: 2168: 2106:1,027,561 cases 2088:5,461,731 cases 2070: 2021:paid sick leave 2016: 2007: 2001: 1981:Vibrio cholerae 1950: 1930: 1902:In the case of 1886:Shigella sonnei 1880:infectious dose 1876: 1874:Infectious dose 1841:gastroenteritis 1818: 1813: 1790:Massillon, Ohio 1734:Francesco Selmi 1726: 1711:, resulting in 1705: 1620:Mushroom toxins 1550: 1521:Giardia lamblia 1512:Giardia lamblia 1389:Taenia saginata 1368:Platyhelminthes 1355:Most foodborne 1353: 1290: 1263:aplastic anemia 1215:– sourced from 1191:fumitremorgen B 1055:Ergot alkaloids 1015:tenuazonic acid 997:– are those of 913: 828: 797: 737:Bacillus cereus 680: 674: 602:Vibrio cholerae 554:Bacillus cereus 438: 386: 380: 374:, for example. 372:gastroenteritis 318:mad cow disease 316:(the agents of 284:(also known as 279: 268: 214:Cryptosporidium 174:Viral pathogens 157:Vibrio cholerae 111: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9226: 9216: 9215: 9210: 9205: 9188: 9187: 9185: 9184: 9174: 9164: 9154: 9144: 9121: 9118: 9117: 9115: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9087:Food marketing 9084: 9079: 9073: 9071: 9070:Related topics 9067: 9066: 9064: 9063: 9058: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9036: 9030: 9025: 9020: 9013: 9011: 9005: 9004: 9002: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8945: 8943: 8929: 8928: 8926: 8925: 8924: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8839: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8805: 8796: 8787: 8782: 8777: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8725: 8720: 8714: 8712: 8706: 8705: 8703: 8702: 8697: 8692: 8687: 8682: 8677: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8657: 8655:Food additives 8652: 8647: 8642: 8636: 8634: 8628: 8627: 8625: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8583: 8581: 8575: 8574: 8572: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8551: 8546: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8526: 8520: 8518: 8504: 8503: 8501: 8500: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8479: 8478: 8468: 8462: 8460: 8454: 8453: 8451: 8450: 8445: 8440: 8434: 8432: 8426: 8425: 8423: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8396: 8394: 8388: 8387: 8385: 8384: 8377: 8369: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8327: 8319: 8312: 8305: 8298: 8291: 8285: 8283: 8281:Microorganisms 8277: 8276: 8274: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8251:Paragonimiasis 8248: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8216:Cyclosporiasis 8213: 8208: 8203: 8197: 8195: 8185: 8184: 8182: 8181: 8180: 8179: 8169: 8168: 8167: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8141: 8139: 8137:Food additives 8133: 8132: 8130: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8112:Lead poisoning 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8078: 8076: 8066: 8065: 8058: 8057: 8050: 8043: 8035: 8026: 8025: 8023: 8022: 8021: 8020: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7987: 7982: 7976: 7974: 7970: 7969: 7967: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7911:Emergent virus 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7892: 7891: 7883: 7878: 7872: 7870: 7862: 7861: 7858: 7857: 7855: 7854: 7851: 7846: 7844:Vector control 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7800: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7787:N95 respirator 7779: 7774: 7769: 7768: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7746: 7741: 7740: 7739: 7729: 7724: 7723: 7722: 7712: 7711: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7664: 7662: 7660:pharmaceutical 7654: 7653: 7651: 7650: 7649: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7592: 7591: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7551: 7550: 7549: 7539: 7538: 7537: 7527: 7522: 7521: 7520: 7509: 7507: 7506:Pharmaceutical 7500: 7490: 7489: 7487: 7486: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7457:Cardiovascular 7455: 7450: 7445: 7442: 7437: 7436:Nervous system 7434: 7431: 7430: 7429: 7419: 7418: 7417: 7412: 7403: 7401: 7395: 7394: 7391: 7390: 7388: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7321: 7320: 7315: 7305: 7300: 7294: 7292: 7286: 7285: 7283: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7260:Infection rate 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7216: 7214: 7208: 7207: 7204: 7203: 7200: 7199: 7196: 7195: 7193: 7192: 7186: 7184: 7180: 7179: 7177: 7176: 7172: 7170: 7166: 7165: 7163: 7162: 7158: 7156: 7152: 7151: 7149: 7148: 7142: 7140: 7136: 7135: 7133: 7132: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7110: 7108: 7104: 7103: 7101: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7084: 7083: 7072: 7070: 7066: 7065: 7063: 7062: 7061: 7060: 7055: 7047: 7046: 7045: 7040: 7032: 7031: 7030: 7025: 7022: 7017: 7015:Injection site 7009: 7003: 7001: 6995: 6994: 6992: 6991: 6986: 6984:Dental aerosol 6981: 6980: 6979: 6969: 6963: 6961: 6954: 6950: 6949: 6947: 6946: 6940: 6938: 6932: 6931: 6929: 6928: 6923: 6922: 6921: 6916: 6915: 6914: 6909: 6906: 6895: 6894: 6893: 6888: 6880: 6874: 6872: 6868:Human-to-human 6864: 6863: 6861: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6839: 6837: 6828: 6824: 6823: 6821: 6820: 6814: 6811: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6794: 6792: 6785: 6781: 6780: 6778: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6765:Super-spreader 6762: 6760:Superinfection 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6701: 6699: 6690: 6684: 6683: 6680: 6679: 6677: 6676: 6671: 6669:Vector control 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6645: 6644: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6610: 6609: 6604: 6598:Climate zones 6596: 6594:Climate change 6591: 6588: 6585: 6579: 6577: 6571: 6570: 6568: 6567: 6566: 6565: 6562: 6559: 6558: 6557: 6549: 6546: 6543: 6540: 6537: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6513: 6512: 6507: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6476: 6474: 6468: 6467: 6465: 6464: 6459: 6458: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6437: 6436: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6410: 6408:Quorum sensing 6405: 6404: 6403: 6393: 6392: 6391: 6381: 6376: 6370: 6368: 6359: 6355: 6354: 6341: 6340: 6333: 6326: 6318: 6312: 6311: 6306: 6300: 6294:Food poisoning 6291: 6286: 6281: 6271: 6258: 6246: 6245:External links 6243: 6242: 6241: 6235: 6220: 6214: 6199: 6191:|journal= 6165: 6144: 6130: 6113: 6110: 6109: 6108: 6099:(electronic), 6088:Mycopathologia 6084: 6067: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6040: 6028: 5979: 5972: 5953: 5917: 5894: 5863: 5849: 5823: 5797: 5771: 5742:(3): 335–341. 5722: 5708: 5689: 5669: 5648:"Food Hygiene" 5639: 5630:Food Australia 5620: 5596: 5547: 5518: 5486: 5449: 5442: 5419: 5393: 5358: 5323: 5292: 5238: 5189: 5178: 5167: 5148: 5135: 5111: 5093: 5042: 5012: 4999: 4984: 4975: 4960: 4946: 4927: 4891: 4880:(3): 135–137. 4864: 4843:(1): 105–111. 4823: 4802:(5): 415–417. 4782: 4747: 4720:(6): 451–453. 4704: 4689: 4668:(2): 559–569. 4648: 4616: 4597:(2): 164–171. 4580: 4565: 4535: 4516:(2): 115–117. 4500: 4467:Mycopathologia 4457: 4406: 4365: 4346:(3): 350–357. 4330: 4289: 4259: 4231: 4201: 4171: 4141: 4114: 4089:Natural Toxins 4079: 4058:(4): 567–571. 4038: 4011:(7): 630–634. 3995: 3960: 3955:10.1071/A97005 3949:(8): 1249–56. 3929: 3889: 3857: 3831: 3806: 3776: 3751: 3718: 3704: 3671: 3659: 3637: 3611: 3556: 3544: 3490: 3488:. Mayo Clinic. 3478: 3463: 3442:(6): 960–973. 3422: 3392: 3357: 3302: 3277: 3258:(3): 237–257. 3242: 3185: 3159: 3137: 3097: 3077: 3064: 3035: 3017: 2999: 2996: 2994: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2976:Mycotoxicology 2973: 2968: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2948: 2943: 2938: 2933: 2928: 2920: 2918: 2915: 2914: 2913: 2910: 2904: 2896: 2893: 2860: 2857: 2848: 2847: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2829: 2826: 2811: 2808: 2802:bacteria, and 2775: 2772: 2726:Main article: 2723: 2720: 2652: 2651:United Kingdom 2649: 2647: 2644: 2620:Main article: 2617: 2614: 2606: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2554: 2551: 2547: 2546: 2540: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2528: 2524: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2510: 2506: 2505: 2496: 2493: 2488: 2484: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2470: 2466: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2452: 2448: 2447: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2422: 2419: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2407: 2403: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2389: 2385: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2364: 2360: 2359: 2356: 2353: 2346: 2342: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2328: 2324: 2323: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2295: 2294: 2293: 2290: 2279: 2276: 2275: 2274: 2271: 2259: 2258:United Kingdom 2256: 2252: 2251: 2245: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2231: 2227: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2213: 2209: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2195: 2191: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2177: 2173: 2172: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2150: 2147: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2133: 2129: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2115: 2111: 2110: 2107: 2104: 2097: 2093: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2079: 2075: 2074: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2049: 2048: 2047: 2040: 2015: 2012: 2003:Main article: 2000: 1997: 1949: 1946: 1938:gut microbiota 1929: 1926: 1875: 1872: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1768:comma bacillus 1725: 1722: 1721: 1720: 1704: 1701: 1700: 1699: 1692: 1678: 1677: 1667: 1657: 1652: 1651:fish poisoning 1637: 1632: 1622: 1617: 1602:thyroid glands 1598: 1588: 1583: 1549: 1548:Natural toxins 1546: 1545: 1544: 1543: 1542: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1508: 1501: 1494: 1487: 1470: 1469: 1468: 1461: 1454: 1447: 1443:Eustrongylides 1439: 1432: 1418: 1417: 1416: 1406: 1399: 1392: 1385: 1379: 1352: 1349: 1348: 1347: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1310: 1289: 1286: 1285: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1255:deoxynivalenol 1217:Cephalosporium 1213:Trichothecenes 1210: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1158: 1153: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1068: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1032: 992: 912: 909: 878: 877: 870: 859: 827: 824: 814: 813: 796: 793: 741: 740: 733: 726: 715:S. aureus 673: 670: 669: 668: 661: 653: 646: 634: 633: 620: 613: 606: 598: 591: 584: 576: 569: 557: 546: 545: 534: 519: 511: 445:United Kingdom 437: 434: 379: 376: 300:by pathogenic 290:food poisoning 270: 269: 267: 266: 259: 252: 244: 241: 240: 239: 238: 231: 224: 217: 207: 206: 202: 201: 200: 199: 194: 189: 184: 176: 175: 171: 170: 169: 168: 160: 153: 146: 139: 132: 122: 121: 117: 116: 115: 114: 109: 105: 100: 92: 91: 87: 86: 85: 84: 79: 73: 67: 61: 53: 52: 48: 47: 39: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9225: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9206: 9204: 9201: 9200: 9198: 9183: 9175: 9173: 9169: 9165: 9163: 9155: 9153: 9145: 9143: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9122: 9119: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9092:Food politics 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9074: 9072: 9068: 9062: 9059: 9057:(South Korea) 9056: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9040: 9037: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9018: 9015: 9014: 9012: 9010: 9006: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8946: 8944: 8942: 8938: 8934: 8930: 8922: 8921:United States 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8908: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8845: 8842:2011 Germany 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8811: 8806: 8804: 8802: 8799:1996 Odwalla 8797: 8795: 8793: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8759: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8715: 8713: 8711: 8707: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8637: 8635: 8633: 8629: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8584: 8582: 8580: 8576: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8521: 8519: 8517: 8513: 8509: 8505: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8477: 8474: 8473: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8463: 8461: 8459: 8455: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8435: 8433: 8431: 8430:Preservatives 8427: 8421: 8420:Methamidophos 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8397: 8395: 8393: 8389: 8383: 8382: 8378: 8376: 8375: 8370: 8368: 8367: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8350: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8332: 8328: 8326: 8324: 8320: 8318: 8317: 8313: 8311: 8310: 8306: 8304: 8303: 8299: 8297: 8296: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8286: 8284: 8282: 8278: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8261:Toxoplasmosis 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8198: 8196: 8194: 8190: 8186: 8178: 8175: 8174: 8173: 8172:Vegetable oil 8170: 8166: 8163: 8162: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8142: 8140: 8138: 8134: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8079: 8077: 8075: 8071: 8067: 8063: 8056: 8051: 8049: 8044: 8042: 8037: 8036: 8033: 8019: 8016: 8015: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7977: 7975: 7971: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7890: 7887: 7886: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7873: 7871: 7869: 7863: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7824:Sterilization 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7792:Surgical mask 7790: 7788: 7785: 7784: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7755: 7752: 7751: 7750: 7749:Public health 7747: 7745: 7742: 7738: 7735: 7734: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7721: 7718: 7717: 7716: 7713: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7695: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7665: 7663: 7661: 7655: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7623: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7601:Phage therapy 7599: 7597: 7594: 7590: 7587: 7586: 7585: 7584:Immunotherapy 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7548: 7545: 7544: 7543: 7542:Antimicrobial 7540: 7536: 7533: 7532: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7519: 7516: 7515: 7514: 7511: 7510: 7508: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7491: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7435: 7433:Genitourinary 7432: 7428: 7425: 7424: 7423: 7420: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7407: 7405: 7404: 7402: 7396: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7310: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7295: 7293: 7291:in population 7287: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7255:Herd immunity 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7217: 7215: 7213: 7209: 7191: 7188: 7187: 7185: 7181: 7174: 7173: 7171: 7167: 7160: 7159: 7157: 7153: 7147: 7144: 7143: 7141: 7139:Genitourinary 7137: 7131: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7111: 7109: 7105: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7082: 7081:Contamination 7079: 7078: 7077: 7074: 7073: 7071: 7067: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7050: 7049:Vector-borne 7048: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7035: 7033: 7029: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7012: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7004: 7002: 6996: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6978: 6975: 6974: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6964: 6962: 6958: 6955: 6951: 6945: 6942: 6941: 6939: 6933: 6927: 6924: 6920: 6917: 6913: 6910: 6907: 6904: 6903: 6902: 6899: 6898: 6896: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6883: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6875: 6873: 6869: 6865: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6840: 6838: 6836: 6835:Cross-species 6832: 6829: 6825: 6818: 6815: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6796: 6795: 6793: 6789: 6786: 6782: 6776: 6775:Window period 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6740:Latent period 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6702: 6700: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6685: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6643: 6640: 6639: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6619:Deforestation 6617: 6615: 6612: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6599: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6580: 6578: 6576: 6572: 6564:Stress levels 6563: 6560: 6556: 6553: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6544: 6541: 6538: 6535: 6534: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6502: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6477: 6475: 6473: 6469: 6463: 6460: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6442: 6441: 6438: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6415: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6402: 6399: 6398: 6397: 6396:Pathogenicity 6394: 6390: 6387: 6386: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6371: 6369: 6367: 6363: 6360: 6356: 6351: 6347: 6339: 6334: 6332: 6327: 6325: 6320: 6319: 6316: 6310: 6307: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6279: 6275: 6272: 6269: 6265: 6262: 6259: 6256: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6238: 6232: 6228: 6227: 6221: 6217: 6211: 6207: 6206: 6200: 6196: 6184: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6145: 6143:(electronic). 6142: 6138: 6133: 6127: 6123: 6122: 6116: 6115: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6089: 6085: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6068: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6054: 6053: 6037: 6032: 6024: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5983: 5975: 5969: 5965: 5964: 5957: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5924: 5922: 5905: 5898: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5867: 5859: 5853: 5837: 5833: 5827: 5812: 5808: 5801: 5785: 5781: 5775: 5767: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5726: 5718: 5712: 5704: 5700: 5693: 5687: 5686:1-84383-138-4 5683: 5679: 5673: 5662:September 13, 5657: 5653: 5649: 5643: 5635: 5631: 5624: 5613: 5606: 5600: 5592: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5551: 5535: 5528: 5522: 5503: 5496: 5490: 5471: 5464: 5458: 5456: 5454: 5445: 5439: 5435: 5434: 5426: 5424: 5415: 5408: 5402: 5400: 5398: 5390: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5365: 5363: 5355: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5330: 5328: 5320: 5308: 5307: 5302: 5296: 5288: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5247: 5245: 5243: 5234: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5193: 5187: 5182: 5176: 5171: 5163: 5159: 5152: 5145: 5139: 5131: 5127: 5120: 5118: 5116: 5107: 5103: 5097: 5089: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5046: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5016: 5009: 5003: 4996: 4993: 4988: 4979: 4972: 4970: 4964: 4956: 4950: 4942: 4941:The Spectator 4938: 4931: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4895: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4868: 4860: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4827: 4819: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4786: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4751: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4708: 4700: 4693: 4685: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4652: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4628: 4620: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4584: 4576: 4569: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4539: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4504: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4461: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4410: 4402: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4369: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4334: 4326: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4293: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4263: 4248: 4244: 4238: 4236: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4205: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4175: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4145: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4118: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4083: 4075: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4042: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 3999: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3964: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3933: 3914: 3910: 3903: 3901: 3893: 3884: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3861: 3846: 3842: 3835: 3820: 3816: 3810: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3780: 3765: 3761: 3755: 3746: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3722: 3714: 3708: 3689: 3682: 3675: 3668: 3663: 3652:September 18, 3648: 3641: 3625: 3621: 3615: 3607: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3569: 3560: 3553: 3548: 3540: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3497: 3495: 3487: 3482: 3474: 3467: 3459: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3426: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3396: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3361: 3353: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3315: 3306: 3291: 3287: 3281: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3246: 3238: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3205:(3): 031910. 3204: 3200: 3196: 3189: 3174: 3170: 3163: 3147: 3141: 3133: 3127: 3111: 3109: 3101: 3093: 3092: 3087: 3081: 3074: 3068: 3052: 3048: 3042: 3040: 3033: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3010: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2951:Food spoilage 2949: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2939: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2927: 2926: 2922: 2921: 2911: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2901: 2900: 2892: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2865:Taenia solium 2856: 2854: 2853:farm-to-table 2845: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2835: 2834: 2825: 2822: 2817: 2810:Organizations 2807: 2805: 2801: 2800: 2795: 2794: 2789: 2788: 2787:Campylobacter 2783: 2782: 2771: 2768: 2765: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2732:In 2001, the 2729: 2722:United States 2719: 2717: 2713: 2712:campylobacter 2707: 2705: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2673: 2670: 2669:Plate estuary 2666: 2662: 2658: 2643: 2640: 2639:public health 2635: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2613: 2611: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2590: 2589: 2586: 2582: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2571:Campylobacter 2568: 2563: 2559: 2545: 2534: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2518: 2516: 2515: 2514:Campylobacter 2511: 2508: 2507: 2503: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2486: 2485: 2478: 2476: 2475: 2471: 2468: 2467: 2460: 2458: 2457: 2453: 2450: 2449: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2432: 2429: 2423: 2413: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2404: 2397: 2395: 2394: 2390: 2387: 2386: 2375: 2373: 2368: 2365: 2362: 2361: 2354: 2352: 2351: 2350:Campylobacter 2347: 2344: 2343: 2336: 2334: 2333: 2329: 2326: 2325: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2308: 2305: 2299: 2298: 2291: 2288: 2287: 2286: 2283: 2272: 2269: 2268: 2267: 2265: 2250: 2239: 2237: 2236: 2232: 2229: 2228: 2221: 2219: 2218: 2214: 2211: 2210: 2203: 2201: 2200: 2196: 2193: 2192: 2185: 2183: 2182: 2178: 2175: 2174: 2166: 2164:Annual deaths 2163: 2160: 2158: 2157: 2151: 2142:845,024 cases 2141: 2139: 2138: 2137:Campylobacter 2134: 2131: 2130: 2124:965,958 cases 2123: 2121: 2120: 2116: 2113: 2112: 2105: 2103: 2102: 2098: 2095: 2094: 2087: 2085: 2084: 2080: 2077: 2076: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2059: 2053: 2052: 2045: 2042:3,037 people 2041: 2038: 2037: 2036: 2034: 2030: 2025: 2022: 2014:United States 2011: 2006: 1996: 1994: 1990: 1989: 1984: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1965:Campylobacter 1961: 1960: 1955: 1952:Asymptomatic 1945: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1925: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1906: 1900: 1898: 1897: 1892: 1888: 1887: 1881: 1871: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1844: 1842: 1837: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1808: 1806: 1802: 1800: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1782: 1780: 1775: 1774: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1707: 1706: 1697: 1693: 1690: 1686: 1683: 1682: 1681: 1675: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1597:intoxication) 1596: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1578: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1568:compounds in 1567: 1563: 1562:chili peppers 1559: 1555: 1541: 1540: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1513: 1509: 1507: 1506: 1502: 1500: 1499: 1495: 1493: 1492: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1481: 1477: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1467: 1466: 1462: 1460: 1459: 1455: 1453: 1452: 1448: 1445: 1444: 1440: 1438: 1437: 1433: 1430: 1429: 1425: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1405: 1404: 1400: 1398: 1397: 1396:Taenia solium 1393: 1391: 1390: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1376: 1372: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1365: 1364: 1362: 1358: 1342: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1305: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1239: 1234: 1233: 1228: 1224: 1223: 1218: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1180:Sporidesmin A 1178: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1077: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1060: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1050:Cytochalasins 1048: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1040:Citreoviridin 1038: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1026: 1025: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 993: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 961: 956: 955: 950: 947: 946: 945: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 922: 918: 908: 906: 901: 898: 893: 891: 887: 886:phage therapy 883: 875: 874:veterinarians 871: 868: 864: 860: 857: 854: 853: 852: 850: 841: 837: 836:refrigeration 832: 823: 821: 820: 812: 808: 804: 803: 799: 798: 792: 790: 789:decomposition 786: 782: 778: 777: 772: 771: 766: 762: 760: 756: 755: 750: 746: 739: 738: 734: 732: 731: 727: 725: 724: 720: 719: 718: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 695: 689: 685: 679: 667: 666: 662: 659: 658: 654: 652: 651: 647: 644: 643: 639: 638: 637: 632: 631: 626: 625: 621: 619: 618: 614: 612: 611: 607: 604: 603: 599: 597: 596: 595:Streptococcus 592: 590: 589: 585: 582: 581: 577: 575: 574: 570: 567: 563: 562: 558: 556: 555: 551: 550: 549: 544: 540: 539: 535: 532: 528: 525: 524: 520: 517: 516: 512: 510: 509:periodontitis 506: 502: 501: 497: 496: 495: 492: 490: 483: 479: 475: 472: 467: 465: 463: 458: 457: 452: 451: 446: 442: 433: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 410: 408: 403: 399: 390: 385: 375: 373: 369: 364: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 337: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 312:, as well as 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 277: 276:Salmonellosis 265: 260: 258: 253: 251: 246: 245: 243: 242: 237: 236: 232: 230: 229: 225: 223: 222: 218: 216: 215: 211: 210: 209: 208: 204: 203: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 179: 178: 177: 173: 172: 167: 165: 161: 159: 158: 154: 152: 151: 147: 145: 144: 140: 138: 137: 133: 131: 130: 126: 125: 124: 123: 119: 118: 113: 106: 104: 101: 99: 96: 95: 94: 93: 89: 88: 83: 80: 77: 74: 71: 68: 65: 62: 60: 57: 56: 55: 54: 50: 49: 45: 41: 40: 37: 34: 33: 30: 19: 9102:Food quality 9009:Institutions 8905: 8843: 8809: 8800: 8791: 8675:Nitrosamines 8438:Benzoic acid 8400:Chlorpyrifos 8379: 8373: 8364: 8347: 8330: 8322: 8314: 8307: 8300: 8293: 8271:Trichuriasis 8256:Toxocariasis 8226:Enterobiasis 8102:Formaldehyde 7732:Notification 7703:Hand washing 7698:Food hygiene 7683:Disinfection 7579:Immunization 7530:Anthelmintic 7518:prophylactic 7406:Respiratory 7330:Hyperendemic 7280:WAIFW matrix 7075: 6935:Environment- 6688:Transmission 6664:Urbanization 6462:Host tropism 6358:Determinants 6344:Concepts in 6225: 6204: 6148: 6124:. Springer. 6120: 6086: 6031: 5996: 5992: 5982: 5962: 5956: 5944:. Retrieved 5932: 5908:. Retrieved 5897: 5880: 5876: 5866: 5852: 5840:. Retrieved 5835: 5826: 5814:. Retrieved 5810: 5800: 5788:. Retrieved 5783: 5774: 5739: 5735: 5725: 5711: 5702: 5692: 5677: 5672: 5660:. Retrieved 5656:the original 5651: 5642: 5636:(12): 44–50. 5633: 5629: 5623: 5612:the original 5599: 5564: 5560: 5550: 5538:. Retrieved 5533: 5521: 5509:. Retrieved 5502:the original 5489: 5477:. Retrieved 5470:the original 5432: 5413: 5388: 5381:. Retrieved 5377: 5353: 5346:. Retrieved 5342: 5318: 5313:February 22, 5311:. Retrieved 5304: 5295: 5260: 5256: 5209:(1): 16–22. 5206: 5202: 5192: 5181: 5170: 5162:the original 5151: 5138: 5130:ResearchGate 5129: 5105: 5096: 5059: 5055: 5045: 5033:. Retrieved 5029:the original 5024: 5015: 5007: 5002: 4994: 4987: 4978: 4968: 4963: 4954: 4949: 4940: 4930: 4908:(1): 10–18. 4905: 4901: 4894: 4877: 4873: 4867: 4840: 4836: 4826: 4799: 4795: 4785: 4760: 4756: 4750: 4717: 4713: 4707: 4692: 4665: 4661: 4651: 4641:December 14, 4639:. Retrieved 4626: 4619: 4594: 4590: 4583: 4568: 4556:. Retrieved 4552:the original 4547: 4538: 4513: 4509: 4503: 4473:(2): 93–97. 4470: 4466: 4460: 4422:(2): 84–89. 4419: 4415: 4409: 4382: 4378: 4368: 4343: 4339: 4333: 4306: 4302: 4292: 4280:. Retrieved 4276:the original 4271: 4262: 4250:. Retrieved 4246: 4222:. Retrieved 4218:the original 4213: 4204: 4192:. Retrieved 4188:the original 4183: 4174: 4162:. Retrieved 4158:the original 4153: 4144: 4127: 4123: 4117: 4092: 4088: 4082: 4055: 4051: 4041: 4008: 4004: 3998: 3973: 3969: 3963: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3932: 3920:. Retrieved 3913:the original 3908: 3899: 3892: 3873: 3869: 3860: 3848:. Retrieved 3844: 3834: 3822:. Retrieved 3818: 3809: 3797:. Retrieved 3793:the original 3788: 3779: 3767:. Retrieved 3763: 3760:"Aflatoxins" 3754: 3738:(11): 2035. 3735: 3731: 3721: 3707: 3695:. Retrieved 3688:the original 3674: 3662: 3650:. Retrieved 3640: 3630:September 2, 3628:. Retrieved 3624:the original 3614: 3577: 3573: 3567: 3559: 3547: 3510: 3506: 3481: 3466: 3439: 3435: 3425: 3413:. Retrieved 3409:the original 3404: 3395: 3387:the original 3377:(1): 38–39. 3374: 3370: 3360: 3323: 3319: 3313: 3305: 3293:. Retrieved 3289: 3280: 3255: 3251: 3245: 3202: 3198: 3188: 3176:. Retrieved 3172: 3162: 3150:. Retrieved 3140: 3114:. Retrieved 3107: 3100: 3089: 3080: 3067: 3055:. Retrieved 3051:the original 3029: 3021: 3001: 2941:Food quality 2931:Food allergy 2923: 2898: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2862: 2849: 2831: 2820: 2813: 2799:E. coli 2798: 2791: 2785: 2779: 2777: 2769: 2766: 2742:spinal cords 2731: 2716:Scandinavian 2711: 2708: 2703: 2699:in the 1998 2689:E. coli 2688: 2674: 2654: 2636: 2629: 2625: 2607: 2587: 2583: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2543: 2512: 2500:(95% due to 2472: 2454: 2391: 2355:~3,000 cases 2348: 2337:~8,000 cases 2330: 2284: 2281: 2261: 2248: 2233: 2215: 2197: 2179: 2135: 2117: 2099: 2081: 2066:Annual cases 2032: 2028: 2026: 2017: 2008: 1992: 1987: 1977:Enterobacter 1963: 1957: 1951: 1948:Epidemiology 1931: 1917: 1913: 1912:million to 1 1909: 1903: 1901: 1894: 1893:(CFU) while 1884: 1877: 1845: 1838: 1819: 1805:rice pudding 1797: 1794:potato salad 1783: 1771: 1759: 1758:. The 1892 1743: 1742:(from Greek 1737: 1731: 1727: 1679: 1670:Tetrodotoxin 1655:Scombrotoxin 1613: 1609: 1608:in cases of 1591:Grayanotoxin 1564:and pungent 1551: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1520: 1510: 1503: 1496: 1489: 1480:Acanthamoeba 1478: 1463: 1456: 1449: 1441: 1434: 1426: 1401: 1394: 1387: 1381: 1373: 1354: 1291: 1236: 1232:Stachybotrys 1230: 1226: 1220: 1216: 1207:verruculogen 1203:verrucosidin 1146:ochratoxin A 1127:Moniliformin 1107:Fusaric acid 1081:fumonisin B1 1074: 1022: 1011:altertoxin-1 984: 980: 958: 952: 934:World War II 914: 902: 894: 879: 856:traceability 845: 817: 815: 810: 806: 800: 781:tetrodotoxin 774: 768: 764: 763: 752: 742: 735: 728: 721: 714: 692: 684:enterotoxins 681: 672:Enterotoxins 663: 655: 648: 640: 635: 628: 622: 615: 608: 600: 593: 586: 578: 571: 559: 552: 547: 536: 530: 521: 513: 498: 493: 486: 481: 468: 461: 454: 448: 439: 411: 398:food storage 395: 365: 338: 328:in peanuts, 289: 285: 281: 280: 233: 226: 219: 212: 162: 155: 148: 141: 134: 127: 58: 29: 9203:Food safety 9182:WikiProject 9019:(Hong Kong) 8756: [ 8718:Devon colic 8592:Breast milk 8564:Nonylphenol 8539:Bisphenol A 8476:controversy 8343:Hepatitis E 8338:Hepatitis A 8316:Enterovirus 8309:Cronobacter 8266:Trichinosis 8236:Fasciolosis 8206:Anisakiasis 8177:controversy 8070:Adulterants 7985:Eradication 7896:Biosecurity 7621:Vaccination 7596:Inoculation 7574:Drug safety 7569:Combination 7496:and Control 7444:Soft tissue 7398:Anatomical 7365:Seasonality 7345:Mesoendemic 7325:Holoendemic 7318:Farr's laws 7230:Attack rate 7028:Animal bite 7024:Insect bite 6960:Respiratory 6587:Air quality 6575:Environment 6485:Comorbidity 6401:Attack rate 6384:Infectivity 6289:US PulseNet 6050:Periodicals 5263:(1): 7–15. 4636:1969.1/2767 3876:(3). 2013. 2946:Food safety 2855:continuum. 2718:societies. 2701:white paper 2677:food safety 2661:corned beef 2531:Hepatitis A 2410:Hepatitis A 1942:food safety 1918:Salmonellae 1868:bloodstream 1830:listeriosis 1629:kidney bean 1382:Nanophyetus 1327:Hepatitis E 1313:Hepatitis A 1308:Enterovirus 1297:noroviruses 1282:Zearalenols 1277:Zearalenone 1259:neutropenia 1253:(DAS), and 1238:Trichoderma 1227:Myrothecium 1142:Ochratoxins 1083:will cause 1059:ergopeptine 1017:(TeA), and 999:alternariol 995:Altertoxins 977:metabolites 897:food safety 770:Pseudomonas 407:food safety 235:Trichinella 187:Hepatitis A 182:Enterovirus 164:Cronobacter 36:Food safety 9197:Categories 8933:Regulation 8916:death toll 8685:Shortening 8650:Acrylamide 8579:Food fraud 8559:Mycotoxins 8392:Pesticides 8366:Salmonella 8241:Giardiasis 8201:Amoebiasis 8145:Flavorings 7868:infections 7809:Sanitation 7777:Quarantine 7636:resistance 7554:Antiseptic 7535:Ascaricide 7525:Antifungal 7513:Antibiotic 7494:Prevention 7427:Intestinal 7360:Prevalence 7340:Inequality 7289:Occurrence 7088:Breastmilk 6972:Bioaerosol 6944:Sapronosis 6919:Horizontal 6791:Endogenous 6770:Viral load 6730:Index case 6066:, Elsevier 5790:August 14, 5511:October 6, 5479:October 6, 5383:January 5, 5124:Greig JD. 4971:, Volume 5 4699:"Nematode" 4558:August 13, 4379:Pediatrics 4282:August 16, 4252:August 13, 4224:August 13, 4194:August 12, 4164:August 13, 3939:Alternaria 3922:August 12, 3850:January 1, 3839:Henry MH. 3824:August 13, 3799:August 12, 3769:August 12, 3697:August 11, 3580:: 664665. 3415:August 12, 3295:August 14, 3178:October 3, 2998:References 2796:bacteria, 2793:Salmonella 2790:bacteria, 2778:In India, 2697:Tony Blair 2642:detected. 2575:Salmonella 2502:toxoplasma 2461:~300 cases 2456:Salmonella 2398:~300 cases 2378:~400 cases 2376:~500 cases 2372:Toxoplasma 2332:Salmonella 2199:Toxoplasma 2181:Salmonella 2101:Salmonella 1993:Salmonella 1969:Salmonella 1905:Salmonella 1773:The Lancet 1756:cadaverine 1752:putrescine 1676:poisoning) 1666:poisoning) 1539:Toxoplasma 1408:See also: 1247:HT-2 toxin 1199:penitrem A 1175:Phomopsins 1156:Oosporeine 1117:Kojic acid 1079:, and its 1071:Fumonisins 1066:ergotamine 1024:Alternaria 949:Aflatoxins 942:Mycotoxins 921:mycotoxins 867:cold chain 849:food chain 751:bacterium 676:See also: 660:or Q fever 523:Salmonella 482:Salmonella 456:Salmonella 414:pesticides 382:See also: 326:aflatoxins 150:Salmonella 8979:ISO 22000 8941:watchdogs 8937:standards 8911:outbreaks 8812:outbreaks 8690:Trans fat 8602:Olive oil 8524:Aflatoxin 8498:Sucralose 8483:Saccharin 8471:Aspartame 8415:Malathion 8360:Rotavirus 8355:Norovirus 7980:Discovery 7906:Disease X 7866:Emerging 7814:Screening 7715:Isolation 7559:Antiviral 7385:Twindemic 7335:Incidence 7212:Modelling 7175:Perinatal 7107:Cutaneous 6998:Linked to 6908:Perinatal 6827:Exogenous 6819:formation 6561:Pregnancy 6418:Endotoxin 6413:Virulence 6193:ignored ( 6183:cite book 6105:0301-486X 6097:1573-0832 6078:1535-3141 6064:0168-1605 5941:0971-8257 5906:. 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