67:. The word "fog" refers to its cloud-like properties, but closer to the "ground", i.e. IoT devices. Many of these devices will generate voluminous raw data (e.g., from sensors), and rather than forward all this data to cloud-based servers to be processed, the idea behind fog computing is to do as much processing as possible using computing units co-located with the data-generating devices, so that processed rather than raw data is forwarded, and bandwidth requirements are reduced. An additional benefit is that the processed data is most likely to be needed by the same devices that generated the data, so that by processing locally rather than remotely, the latency between input and response is minimized. This idea is not entirely new: in non-cloud-computing scenarios, special-purpose hardware (e.g., signal-processing chips performing
225:. This paradigm supports vertically-isolated, latency-sensitive applications by providing ubiquitous, scalable, layered, federated, distributed computing, storage, and network connectivity. Thus, fog computing is most distinguished by distance from the edge. In the theoretical model of fog computing, fog computing nodes are physically and functionally operative between edge nodes and centralized cloud. Much of the terminology is undefined, including key architectural terms like "smart", and the distinction between fog computing from edge computing is not generally agreed.
20:
921:
119:, a division of the US Navy, is prototyping and testing a scalable, secure Disruption Tolerant Mesh Network to protect strategic military assets, both stationary and mobile. Machine-control applications, running on the mesh nodes, "take over", when Internet connectivity is lost. Use cases include Internet of Things e.g. smart drone swarms.
86:, fog computing emphasizes proximity to end-users and client objectives (e.g. operational costs, security policies, resource exploitation), dense geographical distribution and context-awareness (for what concerns computational and IoT resources), latency reduction and backbone bandwidth savings to achieve better
62:
In 2011, the need to extend cloud computing with fog computing emerged, in order to cope with huge number of IoT devices and big data volumes for real-time low-latency applications. Fog computing, also called edge computing, is intended for distributed computing where numerous "peripheral" devices
233:
While edge computing is typically referred to the location where services are instantiated, fog computing implies distribution of the communication, computation, storage resources, and services on or close to devices and systems in the control of end-users. Fog computing is a medium weight and
750:
113:. IoT devices are often resource-constrained and have limited computational abilities to perform cryptography computations. A fog node can provide security for IoT devices by performing these cryptographic computations instead.
1032:
F. Bonomi, R. Milito, J. Zhu, and S. Addepalli, "Fog computing and its role in the internet of things," in
Proceedings of the First Edition of the MCC Workshop on Mobile Cloud Computing, ser. MCC'12. ACM, 2012, pp.
122:
The
University of Melbourne is addressing the challenges of collecting and processing data from cameras, ECG devices, laptops, smartphones, and IoT devices with its project FogBus 2, which uses edge/fog and
1787:
582:
Nikoloudakis, Y.; Panagiotakis, S.; Markakis, E.; Pallis, E.; Mastorakis, G.; Mavromoustakis, C. X.; Dobre, C. (November 2016). "A Fog-Based
Emergency System for Smart Enhanced Living Environments".
723:
Arkian, Hamid Reza; Diyanat, Abolfazl; Pourkhalili, Atefe (2017-03-15). "MIST: Fog-based data analytics scheme with cost-efficient resource provisioning for IoT crowdsensing applications".
234:
intermediate level of computing power. Rather than a substitute, fog computing often serves as a complement to cloud computing. Fog computing is more energy-efficient than cloud computing.
785:
204:'Cloud computing' is the practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on the Internet to store, manage, and process data, rather than a local server or a personal computer.
207:
Also known as edge computing or fogging, fog computing facilitates the operation of compute, storage, and networking services between end devices and cloud computing data centers.
2206:
649:
769:
101:(IoT) concept, in which most of the devices used by humans on a daily basis will be connected to each other. Examples include phones, wearable health monitoring devices,
82:. For example, on the data plane, fog computing enables computing services to reside at the edge of the network as opposed to servers in a data-center. Compared to
292:"Connected Vehicles, the Internet of Things, and Fog Computing, The 8th ACM International Workshop on VehiculAr Inter-NETworking (VANET 2011), Las Vegas, NV, USA"
990:
201:
and fog computing provide storage, applications, and data to end-users. However, fog computing is closer to end-users and has wider geographical distribution.
569:
317:"Cloud and Fog Computing: Trade-offs and Applications. EON-2011 Workshop, International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA 2011), San Jose, CA, USA"
90:(QoS) and edge analytics/stream mining, resulting in superior user-experience and redundancy in case of failure while it is also able to be used in
1868:
818:
210:
124:
783:
896:
705:
217:, that defines fog computing as a horizontal, physical or virtual resource paradigm that resides between smart end-devices and traditional
1043:
213:
in March 2018 released a definition of fog computing adopting much of Cisco's commercial terminology as NIST Special
Publication 500-325,
2237:
2232:
1419:
395:
Bonomi, Flavio; Milito, Rodolfo; Zhu, Jiang; Addepalli, Sateesh (2012-08-17). "Fog computing and its role in the internet of things".
1339:
Sarkar, S.; Chatterjee, S.; Misra, S. (2018). "Assessment of the
Suitability of Fog Computing in the Context of Internet of Things".
1222:
145:
tag, can be read, interpreted, verified and made available into the "Fog" and on the "Edge," even when the AIDC tag has moved on.
1442:
116:
657:
1825:
1142:
559:
1073:
316:
2242:
1861:
1186:
Ostberg; et al. (2017). "Reliable
Capacity Provisioning for Distributed Cloud/Edge/Fog Computing Applications".
931:
412:
1221:
Perera, Charith; Qin, Yongrui; Estrella, Julio C.; Reiff-Marganiec, Stephan; Vasilakos, Athanasios V. (2017-10-09).
439:
1290:
949:"Fog Computing: A Comprehensive Analysis of Simulation Tools, Applications and Research Challenges with Use Cases"
678:
1916:
1742:
1570:
189:
became the consortium's first chairman and Intel's Chief IoT Strategist Jeff
Fedders became its first president.
1987:
1412:
1115:
Zhang, Chiang (2016). "Reliable capacity provisioning for distributed cloud/Edge/Fog computing applications".
2257:
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345:
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1405:
948:
1172:
1757:
1737:
882:
804:
1941:
1585:
1383:"IEEE 1934-2018 - IEEE Standard for Adoption of OpenFog Reference Architecture for Fog Computing"
1074:"Theoretical modelling of fog computing: a green computing paradigm to support IoT applications"
703:
291:
1575:
1051:
767:
Cisco-Delivers-Vision-of-Fog-Computing-to-Accelerate-Value-from-Billions-of-Connected-Devices:
68:
27:
was an association of major tech companies aimed at standardizing and promoting fog computing.
2099:
1507:
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1457:
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1497:
1368:
1348:
1305:
1255:
1195:
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1122:
1085:
1044:"cloud computing | Definition of cloud computing in English by Oxford Dictionaries"
963:
848:
732:
591:
542:
522:
486:
400:
185:
to promote interests and development in fog computing. Cisco Sr. Managing-Director
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Proceedings of the first edition of the MCC workshop on Mobile cloud computing
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1972:
1936:
1802:
1714:
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1360:
1352:
1317:
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832:
603:
555:
Cisco RFP-2013-078. Fog
Computing, Ecosystem, Architecture and Applications:
534:
440:"Fog brings the cloud closer to the ground: Cisco innovates in fog computing"
261:
158:
130:
75:
755:
404:
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110:
967:
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595:
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IEEE adopted the fog computing standards proposed by OpenFog
Consortium.
222:
43:
1134:
852:
2201:
2155:
2109:
1977:
1846:
1792:
1618:
1452:
897:"University of Melbourne uses Oracle Cloud to harness the power of IoT"
837:"Fog Computing for the Internet of Things: Security and Privacy Issues"
79:
71:) has long been used to reduce latency and reduce the burden on a CPU.
816:
Fog
Computing Keeps Data Right Where the Internet of Things Needs It:
581:
228:
1992:
1689:
174:
19:
1259:
463:
Forti, Stefano; Ferrari, Gian-Luigi; Brogi, Antonio (January 2020).
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2018:
2013:
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1220:
1188:
Networks and Communications (EuCNC), 2017 European Conference on
2094:
2053:
2043:
1709:
1641:
1118:
2017 European Conference on Networks and Communications (EuCNC)
991:"Is Fog Computing the Next Big Thing in the Internet of Things"
2079:
1967:
1962:
1921:
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154:
133:
provides a method whereby the data of objects identified by
1997:
1661:
1656:
1595:
1387:
166:
142:
508:"QoS-aware Deployment of IoT Applications Through the Fog"
50:), storage, and communication locally and routed over the
830:
679:"New Solutions on the Horizon—"Fog" or "Edge" Computing?"
831:
Alrawais, Arwa; Alhothaily, Abdulrahman; Hu, Chunqiang;
722:
630:
IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News
394:
137:
using Automated Identification Data Carriers (AIDC), a
1223:"Fog Computing for Sustainable Smart Cities: A Survey"
923:
Mobile Cloud Computing: Foundations and Service Models
1338:
956:
Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review
751:
Fog Computing and its Role in the Internet of Things
796:
749:Bonomi, F., Milito, R., Zhu, J., and Addepalli, S.
229:
Differences with edge computing and cloud computing
46:to carry out a substantial amount of computation (
462:
2224:
626:"What Comes After the Cloud? How About the Fog?"
153:The term "fog computing" was first developed by
1298:Business & Information Systems Engineering
775:
211:National Institute of Standards and Technology
1862:
1413:
371:"What Is Fog Computing? Webopedia Definition"
894:
810:
725:Journal of Network and Computer Applications
1071:
465:"Secure Cloud-Edge Deployments, with Trust"
1869:
1855:
1420:
1406:
947:Patel, Sandipkumar; Patel, Ritesh (2022).
946:
781:IoT: Out Of The Cloud & Into The Fog:
567:Also available from the Internet Archive:
505:
1241:
988:
920:Huang, Dijiang; Wu, Huijun (2017-09-08).
695:
490:
480:
1876:
743:
290:Bonomi, Flavio (September 19–23, 2011).
18:
1185:
919:
549:
506:Brogi, Antonio; Forti, Stefano (2017).
2225:
802:Distributed intelligence and IoT fog:
701:Cloud Evolution: Back to the Future?:
314:
289:
1850:
1401:
1114:
650:"Is There a Buzz Over Fog Computing?"
1427:
1375:
1341:IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing
1288:
761:
434:
432:
753:. In Proc of MCC (2012), pp. 13-16.
16:Architecture that uses edge devices
13:
2238:Distributed computing architecture
469:Future Generation Computer Systems
388:
346:"IoT, from Cloud to Fog Computing"
14:
2269:
2233:Post-cloud computing architecture
1121:. Vol. 3. pp. 854–864.
895:Morris-Reade, Ryan (2022-02-16).
429:
315:Bonomi, Flavio (June 4–8, 2011).
308:
283:
1016:"Industrial Internet Consortium"
989:Janakiram, MSV (18 April 2016).
1743:Light-weight Linux distribution
1571:Hacking of consumer electronics
1332:
1282:
1214:
1179:
1108:
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1036:
1026:
1008:
982:
940:
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888:
875:
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716:
671:
642:
618:
575:
515:IEEE Internet of Things Journal
42:, is an architecture that uses
1988:Radio-frequency identification
1289:Matt, Christian (2018-04-19).
1072:Sarkar, S.; Misra, S. (2016).
499:
456:
363:
338:
215:Fog Computing Conceptual Model
127:to process data in real-time.
1:
1048:Oxford Dictionaries | English
277:
192:
74:Fog networking consists of a
1831:List of open-source hardware
492:10.1016/j.future.2019.08.020
237:
157:in 2012. November 19, 2015,
97:Fog networking supports the
7:
245:
125:Oracle Cloud Infrastructure
10:
2274:
2243:Load balancing (computing)
1748:Real-time operating system
1127:10.1109/EuCNC.2017.7980667
737:10.1016/j.jnca.2017.01.012
148:
109:using devices such as the
57:
2189:
2128:
2067:
2006:
1950:
1884:
1821:
1768:
1733:Linux on embedded systems
1723:
1670:
1632:
1609:
1528:
1435:
1310:10.1007/s12599-018-0540-6
1200:10.1109/JIOT.2016.2584538
1090:10.1049/iet-net.2015.0034
527:10.1109/JIOT.2017.2701408
350:blogs@Cisco - Cisco Blogs
1942:Wireless sensor networks
1738:Linux for mobile devices
1353:10.1109/TCC.2015.2485206
2166:Josef Preishuber-Pflügl
1586:PlayStation 3 Jailbreak
901:SecurityBrief Australia
841:IEEE Internet Computing
683:The National Law Review
405:10.1145/2342509.2342513
399:. ACM. pp. 13–16.
69:fast Fourier transforms
1576:Homebrew (video games)
28:
2100:Internet refrigerator
1770:Programming languages
1508:Single-board computer
1448:Board support package
1230:ACM Computing Surveys
1054:on September 27, 2016
968:10.25103/jestr.153.08
267:Mobile edge computing
22:
2258:Ambient intelligence
1932:Ubiquitous computing
1878:Ambient intelligence
1836:Open-source robotics
1826:Lightweight browsers
1549:Proprietary firmware
1458:Consumer electronics
1020:www.iiconsortium.org
596:10.1109/mcc.2016.118
584:IEEE Cloud Computing
179:Princeton University
2248:Networking hardware
1912:Object hyperlinking
1566:Defective by Design
1473:Embedded hypervisor
1252:2017arXiv170307079P
1104:on October 6, 2016.
926:. Morgan Kaufmann.
853:10.1109/MIC.2017.37
2253:Internet of things
1983:Machine to machine
1907:Internet of things
1634:Software libraries
788:2015-12-23 at the
708:2015-10-09 at the
562:2020-01-19 at the
444:newsroom.cisco.com
377:. 18 December 2014
272:OpenFog Consortium
183:OpenFog Consortium
99:Internet of Things
88:quality of service
29:
25:OpenFog Consortium
2220:
2219:
2141:Gaetano Borriello
1897:Context awareness
1844:
1843:
1783:Assembly language
1725:Operating systems
1705:Stand-alone shell
1672:Programming tools
1591:Rooting (Android)
1483:Embedded software
1468:Embedded database
1144:978-1-5386-3873-6
521:(99): 1185–1192.
375:www.webopedia.com
296:www.sigmobile.org
107:augmented reality
103:connected vehicle
52:Internet backbone
2265:
2171:John Seely Brown
1871:
1864:
1857:
1848:
1847:
1581:iOS jailbreaking
1498:Memory footprint
1429:Embedded systems
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1050:. Archived from
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1503:Microcontroller
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1291:"Fog Computing"
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1304:(4): 351–355.
1281:
1213:
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2068:Applications
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1951:Technologies
1798:Embedded C++
1700:OpenEmbedded
1611:Boot loaders
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1513:Raspberry Pi
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2161:Roel Pieper
1892:Ambient IoT
1813:MicroPython
1753:Windows IoT
1561:Crippleware
1478:Embedded OS
731:: 152–165.
475:: 775–788.
223:data center
94:scenarios.
2227:Categories
2202:AmbieSense
2156:Don Norman
2110:Smart city
1978:Internet 0
1793:Embedded C
1453:Bootloader
1243:1703.07079
1058:2017-11-10
906:2022-04-18
688:2017-04-07
664:2017-04-07
635:2017-04-07
482:1901.05347
449:2019-01-24
381:2017-04-07
356:2017-04-07
331:2019-08-07
301:2019-08-07
278:References
193:Definition
80:data plane
2024:Gadgeteer
2007:Platforms
1993:Smartdust
1917:Profiling
1690:Buildroot
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1268:0360-0300
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1161:cite book
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861:1089-7801
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423:207196503
238:Standards
175:Microsoft
2129:Pioneers
2115:Smart TV
2105:Nabaztag
2034:Netduino
2029:ioBridge
1927:Supranet
1885:Concepts
1647:dietlibc
1539:Firmware
1530:Firmware
1326:51874973
1276:12675271
1153:19836815
1000:18 April
869:18074495
786:Archived
706:Archived
612:25475572
560:Archived
246:See also
2059:NodeMCU
2019:Contiki
2014:Arduino
1958:6LoWPAN
1808:MISRA C
1695:BusyBox
1685:BitBake
1624:Barebox
1369:3823420
1248:Bibcode
543:2880664
149:History
141:and/or
139:barcode
58:Concept
40:fogging
2095:HomeOS
2054:Xively
2049:Wiring
2044:TinyOS
1758:Win CE
1710:Toybox
1642:uClibc
1619:U-Boot
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1968:DASH7
1922:Spime
1365:S2CID
1322:S2CID
1294:(PDF)
1272:S2CID
1238:arXiv
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1204:S2CID
1149:S2CID
972:S2CID
952:(PDF)
865:S2CID
608:S2CID
539:S2CID
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477:arXiv
419:S2CID
197:Both
171:Intel
155:Cisco
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1998:XBee
1963:ANT+
1788:CAPL
1662:musl
1657:lwIP
1596:UEFI
1488:FPGA
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1388:IEEE
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1173:help
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1002:2016
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