101:
25:
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making edge computing a significantly more feasible option than cloud computing. Examples range from IoT to autonomous driving, anything health or human / public safety relevant, or involving human perception such as facial recognition, which typically takes a human between 370-620 ms to perform. Edge computing is more likely to be able to mimic the same perception
90:—these were used to deliver website and video content from servers located near users. In the early 2000s, these systems expanded their scope to hosting other applications, leading to early edge computing services. These services could do things like find dealers, manage shopping carts, gather real-time data, and place ads.
222:
and thus requires special encryption mechanisms independent of the cloud. Edge nodes may also be resource-constrained devices, limiting the choice in terms of security methods. Moreover, a shift from centralized top-down infrastructure to a decentralized trust model is required. On the other hand, by
182:
technology, data centers cannot guarantee acceptable transfer rates and response times, which often is a critical requirement for many applications. Furthermore, devices at the edge constantly consume data coming from the cloud, forcing companies to decentralize data storage and service provisioning,
307:
or micro data centers near mobile users, which offer services typically found in the cloud, provided improvements in execution time when some of the tasks are offloaded to the edge node. On the other hand, offloading every task may result in a slowdown due to transfer times between device and nodes,
268:
Edge computing brings analytical computational resources close to the end users and therefore can increase the responsiveness and throughput of applications. A well-designed edge platform would significantly outperform a traditional cloud-based system. Some applications rely on short response times,
255:
of the entire distributed system, so that detection of errors and recovery become easily applicable. Other factors that may influence this aspect are the connection technologies in use, which may provide different levels of reliability, and the accuracy of the data produced at the edge that could be
285:
Additionally, the usage of edge computing as an intermediate stage between client devices and the wider internet results in efficiency savings that can be demonstrated in the following example: A client device requires computationally intensive processing on video files to be performed on external
250:
is crucial in order to keep a service alive. If a single node goes down and is unreachable, users should still be able to access a service without interruptions. Moreover, edge computing systems must provide actions to recover from a failure and alert the user about the incident. To this aim, each
234:
in a distributed network must face different issues. First, it must take into account the heterogeneity of the devices, having different performance and energy constraints, the highly dynamic condition, and the reliability of the connections compared to more robust infrastructure of cloud data
286:
servers. By using servers located on a local edge network to perform those computations, the video files only need to be transmitted in the local network. Avoiding transmission over the internet results in significant bandwidth savings and therefore increases efficiency. Another example is
281:
Due to the nearness of the analytical resources to the end users, sophisticated analytical tools and
Artificial Intelligence tools can run on the edge of the system. This placement at the edge helps to increase operational efficiency and is responsible for many advantages to the system.
169:
by 2025. According to research firm
Gartner, around 10 percent of enterprise-generated data is created and processed outside a traditional centralized data center or cloud. By 2025, the firm predicts that this figure will reach 75 percent. The increase in
223:
keeping and processing data at the edge, it is possible to increase privacy by minimizing the transmission of sensitive information to the cloud. Furthermore, the ownership of collected data shifts from service providers to end-users.
206:, service delivery, persistent data storage, and IoT management resulting in better response times and transfer rates. At the same time, distributing the logic to different network nodes introduces new issues and challenges.
302:
for real-time applications, such as facial recognition algorithms, showed considerable improvements in response times, as demonstrated in early research. Further research showed that using resource-rich machines called
74:
is a distributed computing model that brings computation and data storage closer to the sources of data. More broadly, it refers to any design that pushes computation physically closer to a user, so as to reduce the
443:
2012:
298:
Edge application services reduce the volumes of data that must be moved, the consequent traffic, and the distance that data must travel. That provides lower latency and reduces transmission costs.
290:. If the recognition is performed locally, it is possible to send the recognized text to the cloud rather than audio recordings, significantly reducing the amount of required bandwidth.
238:
The state-of-the-art scheduling technique can increase the effective utilization of edge resources and scales the edge server by assigning minimum edge resources to each offloaded task.
1082:
Garcia Lopez, Pedro; Montresor, Alberto; Epema, Dick; Datta, Anwitaman; Higashino, Teruo; Iamnitchi, Adriana; Barcellos, Marinho; Felber, Pascal; Riviere, Etienne (30 September 2015).
653:
629:
97:(IoT), where devices are connected to the internet, is often linked with edge computing. However, it's important to understand that edge computing and IoT are not the same thing.
2431:
468:"Globally Distributed Content Delivery, by J. Dilley, B. Maggs, J. Parikh, H. Prokop, R. Sitaraman and B. Weihl, IEEE Internet Computing, Volume 6, Issue 5, November 2002"
273:
as humans, which is useful in applications such as augmented reality where the headset should preferably recognize who a person is at the same time as the wearer does.
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centers. Moreover, security requirements may introduce further latency in the communication between nodes, which may slow down the scaling process.
150:, edge nodes, known as "gamelets," are typically within one or two network hops from the client, ensuring quick response times for real-time games.
117:. Karim Arabi, during an IEEE DAC 2014 keynote and later at an MIT MTL Seminar in 2015, described edge computing as computing that occurs outside
2093:
940:
633:
186:
In a similar way, the aim of edge computing is to move the computation away from data centers towards the edge of the network, exploiting
2462:
654:
MIT MTL Seminar: Trends, Opportunities and
Challenges Driving Architecture and Design of Next Generation Mobile Computing and IoT Devices
139:"The State of the Edge" report explains that edge computing focuses on servers located close to the end-users. Alex Reznik, Chair of the
891:
136:, fog computing serves as a distinct layer between edge computing and cloud computing, with each layer having its own responsibilities.
2457:
1644:
39:
1276:
1220:
1129:
942:
The
Methods and Procedures for Accelerating Operations and Queries in Large Database Systems and Data Warehouse (Big Data Systems)
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2050:
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1364:
842:
730:
311:
IoT-based power grid system enables communication of electricity and data to monitor and control the power grid, which makes
35:
2467:
558:
Davis, A.; Parikh, J.; Weihl, W. (2004). "Edgecomputing: Extending enterprise applications to the edge of the internet".
2086:
968:
Shi, Weisong; Cao, Jie; Zhang, Quan; Li, Youhuizi; Xu, Lanyu (October 2016). "Edge
Computing: Vision and Challenges".
560:
Proceedings of the 13th international World Wide Web conference on
Alternate track papers & posters - WWW Alt. '04
1419:
754:
174:
devices at the edge of the network is producing a massive amount of data — storing and using all that data in cloud
2141:
1967:
1795:
825:
Anand, B.; Edwin, A. J. Hao (January 2014). "Gamelets — Multiplayer mobile games with distributed micro-clouds".
125:, edge computing environments are not always climate-controlled, despite requiring significant processing power.
2212:
1637:
575:
199:
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Chakraborty, T.; Datta, S. K. (November 2017). "Home automation using edge computing and
Internet of Things".
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Minh, Quy Nguyen; Nguyen, Van-Hau; Quy, Vu Khanh; Ngoc, Le Anh; Chehri, Abdellah; Jeon, Gwanggil (2022).
1490:
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unreliable due to particular environment conditions. As an example, an edge computing device, such as a
2002:
1972:
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2390:
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MEC ISG standards committee, defines 'edge' loosely as anything that's not a traditional data center.
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711:"Comparison of edge computing implementations: Fog computing, cloudlet and mobile edge computing"
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347:
121:, at the network's edge, particularly for applications needing immediate data processing. Unlike
51:
260:, may continue to provide service to local users even during cloud service or internet outages.
1800:
813:
What is 'Edge'? The best that I can do is this: it's anything that's not a 'data center cloud'.
299:
218:. In edge computing, data may travel between different distributed nodes connected through the
1347:
Yi, S.; Hao, Z.; Qin, Z.; Li, Q. (November 2015). "Fog
Computing: Platform and Applications".
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1732:
1672:
1144:"ScalEdge: A framework for scalable edge computing in Internet of things–based smart systems"
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Taleb, Tarik; Dutta, Sunny; Ksentini, Adlen; Iqbal, Muddesar; Flinck, Hannu (March 2017).
827:
2014 Seventh
International Conference on Mobile Computing and Ubiquitous Networking (ICMU)
630:"IEEE DAC 2014 Keynote: Mobile Computing Opportunities, Challenges and Technology Drivers"
8:
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The distributed nature of this paradigm introduces a shift in security schemes used in
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in an edge computing environment, on the device or close to where data is collected.
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technology to simplify deploying and managing various applications on edge servers.
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pushes network bandwidth requirements to the limit. Despite the improvements in
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2015 Third IEEE Workshop on Hot Topics in Web
Systems and Technologies (HotWeb)
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Edge computing involves running computer programs that deliver quick responses
1558:
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867:"Edge virtualization manages the data deluge, but can be complex | TechTarget"
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Proceedings of the third ACM workshop on Mobile cloud computing and services
1100:
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500:"The Akamai network: A platform for high-performance internet applications"
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132:, particularly in smaller setups. However, in larger deployments, such as
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Size of the Prize: How Will Edge Computing in Space Drive Value Creation?
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to perform tasks and provide services on behalf of the cloud. By moving
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2017:
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so depending on the workload, an optimal configuration can be defined.
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1504:
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Verbelen, Tim; Simoens, Pieter; De Turck, Filip; Dhoedt, Bart (2012).
1317:
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1193:"Edge Computing for Autonomous Driving: Opportunities and Challenges"
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Merenda, Massimo; Porcaro, Carlo; Iero, Demetrio (29 April 2020).
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1452:"Edge Computing for IoT-Enabled Smart Grid: The Future of Energy"
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2017 IEEE International Symposium on Consumer Electronics (ISCE)
667:"Super Micro Computer introduces new systems for edge computing"
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1005:"Edge Machine Learning for AI-Enabled IoT Devices: A Review"
2222:
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1243:"A Survey on the Edge Computing for the Internet of Things"
140:
1505:"Mobile Edge Computing Potential in Making Cities Smarter"
1191:
Liu, S.; Liu, L.; Tang, B. Wu; Wang, J.; Shi, W. (2019).
1502:
165:
The world's data is expected to grow 61 percent to 175
892:"IDC: Expect 175 zettabytes of data worldwide by 2025"
546:
See Section 6.2: Distributing Applications to the Edge
79:
compared to when an application runs on a centralized
755:"Difference Between Edge Computing and Fog Computing"
1592:
Published by Via Satellite retrieved August 18, 2023
1148:
International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks
1142:
Babar, Mohammad; Sohail Khan, Muhammad (July 2021).
952:(Doctoral thesis) (in Serbian and American English).
86:The term began being used in the 1990s to describe
1381:
1002:
709:Dolui, Koustabh; Datta, Soumya Kanti (June 2017).
1449:
2449:
1548:
1542:
1141:
664:
557:
1493:Published by wired.com retrieved April 10, 2019
202:to the edge, it is possible to provide content
183:leveraging physical proximity to the end user.
1299:
950:National Repository of Dissertations in Serbia
498:Nygren., E.; Sitaraman R. K.; Sun, J. (2010).
2087:
1638:
967:
715:2017 Global Internet of Things Summit (GIoTS)
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818:
601:"2021 Strategic Roadmap for Edge Computing"
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824:
708:
1491:It's Time to Think Beyond Cloud Computing
1467:
1409:
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1088:ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review
1038:
1028:
2101:
1300:Satyanarayanan, Mahadev (January 2017).
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889:
99:
50:by adding descriptive text and removing
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536:from the original on September 13, 2012
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1132:. Aron Brand. Medium.com. Sep 20, 2019
796:
2075:
1626:
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128:Edge computing is often equated with
1652:
433:"Gartner Trend Insights report 2018"
18:
598:
507:ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review
430:
318:Other notable applications include
13:
2463:Distributed computing architecture
1290:
1247:IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 6900-6919
1240:
460:
14:
2499:
2458:Post-cloud computing architecture
1302:"The Emergence of Edge Computing"
685:"What is fog and edge computing?"
491:
104:The edge computing infrastructure
916:"What We Do and How We Got Here"
115:close to where requests are made
23:
1968:Light-weight Linux distribution
1796:Hacking of consumer electronics
1595:
1583:
1484:
1443:
1279:from the original on 2021-05-26
1234:
1223:from the original on 2021-05-26
1184:
1135:
1055:
996:
970:IEEE Internet of Things Journal
932:
908:
883:
859:
790:
772:
747:
702:
611:from the original on 2021-03-30
480:from the original on 2017-08-09
449:from the original on 2020-12-18
293:
2213:Radio-frequency identification
1130:3 Advantages of Edge Computing
677:
658:
647:
622:
592:
551:
424:
342:systems. The nascent field of
241:
226:
16:Distributed computing paradigm
1:
939:Ivkovic, Jovan (2016-07-11).
890:Patrizio, Andy (2018-12-03).
417:
276:
108:
2056:List of open-source hardware
1509:IEEE Communications Magazine
1241:Yu, W.; et al. (2018).
344:edge artificial intelligence
7:
1521:10.1109/MCOM.2017.1600249CM
803:ETSI - ETSI Blog - etsi.org
797:Reznik, Alex (2018-05-14).
353:
10:
2504:
2468:Load balancing (computing)
1973:Real-time operating system
1209:10.1109/JPROC.2019.2915983
723:10.1109/GIOTS.2017.8016213
160:
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2109:
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1993:
1958:Linux on embedded systems
1948:
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1834:
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1559:10.1109/ISCE.2017.8355544
1265:10.1109/JIOT.2021.3072611
1161:10.1177/15501477211035332
982:10.1109/JIOT.2016.2579198
835:10.1109/ICMU.2014.6799051
780:"Data at the Edge Report"
346:(edge AI) implements the
251:device must maintain the
153:Edge computing might use
88:content delivery networks
2167:Wireless sensor networks
1963:Linux for mobile devices
1084:"Edge-centric Computing"
361:Content delivery network
263:
2391:Josef Preishuber-Pflügl
1811:PlayStation 3 Jailbreak
1402:10.1145/2307849.2307858
1396:. ACM. pp. 29–36.
1197:Proceedings of the IEEE
1101:10.1145/2831347.2831354
568:10.1145/1013367.1013397
519:10.1145/1842733.1842736
401:Serverless architecture
386:Heterogeneous computing
348:artificial intelligence
52:less pertinent examples
1801:Homebrew (video games)
1357:10.1109/HotWeb.2015.22
1154:(7): 155014772110353.
665:Kenn Anthony Mendoza.
300:Computation offloading
105:
2325:Internet refrigerator
1995:Programming languages
1733:Single-board computer
1673:Board support package
391:Mobile edge computing
371:Edge data integration
103:
2488:Ambient intelligence
2157:Ubiquitous computing
2103:Ambient intelligence
2061:Open-source robotics
2051:Lightweight browsers
1774:Proprietary firmware
1683:Consumer electronics
411:Ubiquitous computing
210:Privacy and security
2478:Networking hardware
2473:Network performance
2137:Object hyperlinking
1791:Defective by Design
1698:Embedded hypervisor
1021:2020Senso..20.2533M
689:Capgemini Worldwide
48:improve the article
2483:Internet of things
2208:Machine to machine
2132:Internet of things
1859:Software libraries
1603:"What is edge AI?"
1553:. pp. 47–49.
1469:10.3390/en15176140
1351:. pp. 73–78.
829:. pp. 14–20.
784:Seagate Technology
106:
95:Internet of Things
2445:
2444:
2366:Gaetano Borriello
2122:Context awareness
2069:
2068:
2008:Assembly language
1950:Operating systems
1930:Stand-alone shell
1897:Programming tools
1816:Rooting (Android)
1708:Embedded software
1693:Embedded database
1568:978-1-5386-2189-9
1366:978-1-4673-9688-2
1318:10.1109/MC.2017.9
1030:10.3390/s20092533
844:978-1-4799-2231-4
732:978-1-5090-5873-0
396:Personal computer
313:energy management
288:voice recognition
69:
68:
2495:
2396:John Seely Brown
2096:
2089:
2082:
2073:
2072:
1806:iOS jailbreaking
1723:Memory footprint
1654:Embedded systems
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1203:(8): 1697–1716.
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1063:"IoT management"
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717:. pp. 1–6.
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632:. Archived from
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315:more efficient.
253:network topology
196:network gateways
64:
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55:
27:
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19:
2503:
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2498:
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2422:Ambient Devices
2410:
2376:Stefano Marzano
2349:
2315:Home automation
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2105:
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1989:
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1781:Closed platform
1769:Custom firmware
1749:
1728:Microcontroller
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1411:1854/LU-2984272
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799:"What is Edge?"
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605:www.gartner.com
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562:. p. 180.
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336:home automation
324:autonomous cars
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258:voice assistant
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216:cloud computing
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32:This article
30:
21:
20:
2371:Adam Dunkels
2361:Kevin Ashton
2293:Applications
2264:Raspberry Pi
2176:Technologies
2023:Embedded C++
1925:OpenEmbedded
1836:Boot loaders
1757:and controls
1738:Raspberry Pi
1610:. Retrieved
1606:
1597:
1585:
1550:
1544:
1532:. Retrieved
1515:(3): 38–43.
1512:
1508:
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1462:(17): 6140.
1459:
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1445:
1433:. Retrieved
1393:
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1312:(1): 30–39.
1309:
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1281:. Retrieved
1246:
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1225:. Retrieved
1200:
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1137:
1111:11572/114780
1094:(5): 37–42.
1091:
1087:
1077:
1066:. Retrieved
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1008:
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923:. Retrieved
919:
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895:
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874:. Retrieved
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806:. Retrieved
802:
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763:. Retrieved
761:. 2021-11-27
758:
749:
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693:. Retrieved
691:. 2017-03-02
688:
679:
660:
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638:. Retrieved
634:the original
624:
613:. Retrieved
604:
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559:
553:
545:
540:November 19,
538:. Retrieved
510:
506:
493:
482:. Retrieved
462:
451:. Retrieved
439:
426:
406:Smart camera
343:
332:Industry 4.0
328:smart cities
317:
310:
297:
294:Applications
284:
280:
267:
245:
237:
230:
213:
185:
176:data centers
164:
152:
148:cloud gaming
145:
138:
134:smart cities
127:
123:data centers
112:
92:
85:
71:
70:
57:
46:Please help
34:may contain
33:
2406:Mark Weiser
2386:Roel Pieper
2117:Ambient IoT
2038:MicroPython
1978:Windows IoT
1786:Crippleware
1703:Embedded OS
1390:"Cloudlets"
1015:(9): 2533.
513:(3): 2–19.
376:Edge device
242:Reliability
232:Scalability
227:Scalability
81:data centre
2452:Categories
2427:AmbieSense
2381:Don Norman
2335:Smart city
2203:Internet 0
2018:Embedded C
1678:Bootloader
1612:2023-10-25
1283:2021-05-26
1256:2104.01776
1227:2021-05-26
1068:2020-04-08
925:2021-12-21
901:2021-07-09
876:2022-12-13
808:2019-02-19
765:2022-09-11
695:2021-07-06
671:Supermicro
640:2019-03-25
615:2021-07-11
577:1581139128
484:2019-10-25
453:2021-05-26
418:References
381:Fat client
277:Efficiency
167:zettabytes
109:Definition
40:irrelevant
2249:Gadgeteer
2232:Platforms
2218:Smartdust
2142:Profiling
1915:Buildroot
1478:1996-1073
1326:1558-0814
1273:233025108
1217:198311944
1178:236917011
1170:1550-1477
599:Gartner.
527:207181702
431:Gartner.
340:satellite
305:cloudlets
248:failovers
119:the cloud
60:July 2023
36:excessive
2354:Pioneers
2340:Smart TV
2330:Nabaztag
2259:Netduino
2254:ioBridge
2152:Supranet
2110:Concepts
1872:dietlibc
1764:Firmware
1755:Firmware
1577:19156163
1529:11163718
1456:Energies
1334:12563598
1306:Computer
1277:Archived
1221:Archived
1049:32365645
853:10374389
741:11600169
609:Archived
531:Archived
475:Archived
444:Archived
354:See also
220:Internet
200:services
42:examples
2284:NodeMCU
2244:Contiki
2239:Arduino
2183:6LoWPAN
2033:MISRA C
1920:BusyBox
1910:BitBake
1849:Barebox
1430:3249347
1375:6753944
1040:7273223
1017:Bibcode
1009:Sensors
990:4237186
920:Gartner
440:Gartner
204:caching
180:network
161:Concept
77:latency
2320:HomeOS
2279:Xively
2274:Wiring
2269:TinyOS
1983:Win CE
1935:Toybox
1867:uClibc
1844:U-Boot
1575:
1565:
1534:5 July
1527:
1476:
1435:4 July
1428:
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586:578337
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2415:Other
2305:CeNSE
2193:DASH7
2147:Spime
1573:S2CID
1525:S2CID
1426:S2CID
1371:S2CID
1330:S2CID
1269:S2CID
1251:arXiv
1213:S2CID
1174:S2CID
986:S2CID
946:(PDF)
849:S2CID
737:S2CID
582:S2CID
534:(PDF)
523:S2CID
503:(PDF)
478:(PDF)
471:(PDF)
447:(PDF)
436:(PDF)
271:speed
264:Speed
194:, or
2223:XBee
2188:ANT+
2013:CAPL
1887:musl
1882:lwIP
1821:UEFI
1713:FPGA
1668:ASIC
1563:ISBN
1536:2019
1474:ISSN
1437:2019
1416:ISBN
1361:ISBN
1322:ISSN
1166:ISSN
1045:PMID
839:ISBN
727:ISBN
572:ISBN
542:2012
338:and
141:ETSI
93:The
2003:Ada
1745:SoC
1718:IoT
1555:doi
1517:doi
1464:doi
1406:hdl
1398:doi
1353:doi
1314:doi
1261:doi
1205:doi
1201:107
1156:doi
1106:hdl
1096:doi
1035:PMC
1025:doi
978:doi
831:doi
719:doi
564:doi
515:doi
172:IoT
146:In
38:or
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
