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a feature used extensively in the design of churches from then and onwards. In the design of Gothic churches, two arched flyers were applied, one above the other, in which the lower flyer (positioned below the springing point of the vault) resists the lateral-thrust forces of the vault, whilst the upper flyer resists the forces of wind-loading on the roof. The vertical buttresses (piers) at the outer end of the flyers usually were capped with a
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style. After the introduction of the flying buttress this same concept could be seen on the exterior of the cathedrals as well. Open space below the arches of the flying buttress has the same effect as the clerestory within the church allowing the viewer to see through the arches. The buttresses also
275:
of excess weight and thickness, in the way of a smaller area of contact, using flying buttresses enables installing windows in a greater wall surface area. This feature and a desire to let in more light, led to flying buttresses becoming one of the defining factors of medieval Gothic architecture and
175:
The advantage of such lateral-support systems is that the outer walls do not have to be massive and heavy in order to resist the lateral-force thrusts of the vault. Instead, the wall surface could be reduced (allowing for larger windows, often glazed with stained glass) because the vertical mass is
76:
The namesake and defining feature of a flying buttress is that it is not in contact with the wall at ground level, unlike a traditional buttress, and transmits the lateral forces across the span of intervening space between the wall and the pier. To provide lateral support, flying-buttress systems
145:
region employed similar lateral-support systems that featured longer arches of finer design, which run from the outer surface of the clerestory wall, over the roof of the side aisles (hence the visibility from the outside) to meet a heavy, vertical buttress rising above the top of the outer wall.
218:
The architecture of the
Renaissance eschewed the lateral support of the flying buttress in favour of thick-wall construction. Despite its disuse for function and style in construction and architecture, in the early 20th century, the flying-buttress design was revived by Canadian engineer
292:
was cured. The centering was first built on the ground, by the carpenters. Once that was done, they would be hoisted into place and fastened to the piers at the end of one buttress and at the other. These acted as temporary flying buttresses until the actual, stone arch was
263:
Given that most of the weight-load is transmitted from the ceiling through the upper part of the walls, the flying buttress is a two-part composite support that features a semi-arch that extends to a massive pier far from the wall, and provides most of the
354:
style to be developed. The flying buttress was the solution to these massive stone buildings that needed additional support. Although the flying buttress originally served a structural purpose, they are now a staple in the aesthetic style of the
141:, where arches transmit the lateral thrust of the stone vault over the aisles; the arches were hidden under the gallery roof, and transmitted the lateral forces to the massive, outer walls. By the decade of 1160, architects in the
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188:, which is an extant, early example in its original form (ca. 1170). Later architects progressively refined the design of the flying buttress, and narrowed the flyers, some of which were constructed with one thickness of
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467:
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composed of an arch that extends from the upper portion of a wall to a pier of great mass, in order to convey to the ground the lateral forces that push a wall outwards, which are forces that arise from
235:
302:
Another application of the flying-buttress support system is the reinforcement of a leaning wall in danger of collapsing, especially a load-bearing wall; for example, at the village of
153:, constructed in 1180, were among the earliest to be used in a Gothic cathedral. Flying buttresses were also used at about the same time to support the upper walls of the apse at the
363:
and the weight of the high roofs. The height of the cathedrals and amply sized windows among the clerestory creates an open space giving the illusion of no clear boundaries.
280:(either a cone or a pyramid) usually ornamented with crockets, to provide additional vertical-load support with which to resist the lateral thrust conveyed by the flyer.
379:
within the church which creates more upward space, making the exterior space equally as dynamic as the interior space and creating a sense of coherence and continuity.
268:
of a traditional buttress, which is engaged with the wall from top to bottom; thus, the flying buttress is a lighter and more cost-effective architectural structure.
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concentrated onto external buttresses. The design of early flying buttresses tended to be heavier than required for the static loads to be borne, e.g. at
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359:. The flying buttress originally helped bring the idea of open space and light to the cathedrals through stability and structure, by supporting the
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The architecture and construction of a medieval cathedral with flying buttresses figures prominently into the plot of the historical novel
426:
829:
310:, England, the practical application of a flying buttress to a buckled wall was more practical than dismantling and rebuilding the wall.
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The early-Gothic Notre-Dame de Paris (shown here with buttresses as later modified) features flying buttresses with blocky porticoed
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The architectural design of Late Gothic buildings featured flying buttresses, some of which included flyers decorated with
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To build the flying buttress, it was first necessary to construct temporary wooden frames, which are called
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288:. The centering would support the weight of the stones and help maintain the shape of the arch until the
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that bridges the span between the pier and the wall – either a segmental arch or a quadrant arch – the
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in
Thessaloniki. The architectural-element precursors of the medieval flying buttress derive from
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1041:
636:
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130:
122:
244:
169:
701:
Borg, Alan; Mark, Robert (1973). "Chartres
Cathedral: A Reinterpretation of its Structure".
121:(12th–16th c.) of architecture. Ancient examples of the flying buttress can be found on the
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A flying buttress as remedial support for a church wall in the
English village of
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81:, a vertical block of masonry situated away from the building wall, and (ii) an
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The need to build large cathedrals that could house many people along multiple
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James, John (September 1992). "Evidence for flying buttresses before 1180".
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1051:. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 585.
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As a lateral-support system, the flying buttress was developed during
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It also makes the space more dynamic and less static separating the
856:
843:
Mark, R.; Jonash, R. S. (1970). "Wind Loads on Gothic
Structures".
790:
765:
Watkin, David, "A History of
Western Architecture" (1986), page 130
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323:
285:
277:
189:
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208:
445:, in France a flying buttress system is used for lateral-support
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376:
97:
775:
Prache, Anne (1976). "Les Arcs - boutants au XIIe siècle".
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For the functional mechanics of the flying buttresses, see
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82:
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Development + & and character of gothic architecture
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109:, Greece, showing an early example of flying buttresses
845:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
73:ceilings of stone and from wind-loading on roofs.
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259:(note the traditional buttress in the foreground)
211:(hooked decorations) and sculpted figures set in
192:(wedge brick) with a capping stone atop, e.g. at
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382:
370:style from the flatter, more two dimensional,
892:Alex Lee, James Arndt, and Shane Goldmacher,
425:One of the very ornate flying buttresses of
967:. Baltimore: Penguin Books. pp. 54–57.
830:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
842:
685:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
243:flying buttress for the late 19th-century
441:In the basilica built ca. AD 1170 at the
77:are composed of two parts: (i) a massive
38:roof, flying buttresses support the main
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473:Tower of St Peter and St Paul's Church,
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215:(niches) recessed into the buttresses.
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137:, in the design of churches, such as
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314:Aesthetic style of the Gothic period
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878:Curls, James Stevens, ed. (1999).
671:Curls, James Stevens, ed. (1999).
599:Flying buttresses in cross-section
375:reach into the sky similar to the
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1017:A History of Western Architecture
338:. Arrows show structural forces (
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117:and later flourished during the
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457:Saint Rose of Viterbo Church,
350:provided the stimulus for the
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551:Washington National Cathedral
326:, surrounding a tall nave, a
880:A Dictionary of Architecture
673:A Dictionary of Architecture
504:Saint-Petrus-en-Pauluskerk,
383:Gallery of flying buttresses
298:Remedial support application
7:
675:. Oxford. pp. 113–114.
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239:Architectural drawing of a
180:(ca. 1210), and around the
10:
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913:Moore, Charles H. (1979).
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581:Manchester Unity Building
149:The flying buttresses of
826:The Lighthouse Directory
657:
615:The Pillars of the Earth
89:of the flying buttress.
64:) is a specific form of
1048:Encyclopædia Britannica
1042:"Flying buttress"
982:. Bibliotheque McLean.
135:Romanesque architecture
1071:Architectural elements
1019:. Barrie and Jenkins.
1015:Watkin, David (1986).
894:Cathedral Architecture
882:. Oxford. p. 501.
637:Cathedral architecture
343:
295:
260:
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131:Byzantine architecture
125:in Ravenna and on the
123:Basilica of San Vitale
110:
47:
978:Mark, Robert (2014).
963:Frankl, Paul (1962).
919:. Longwood. pp.
733:J. Soc. Archit. Hist.
459:Santiago de Querétaro
321:
282:
266:load-bearing capacity
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170:Villard de Honnecourt
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157:, completed in 1163.
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46:, in LĂĽbeck, Germany.
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1066:Gothic architecture
965:Gothic Architecture
647:Gothic architecture
461:, Querétaro, Mexico
443:Abbey of Saint-Remi
413:Notre Dame of Paris
400:Notre-Dame de Paris
221:William P. Anderson
186:Saint Remi Basilica
164:Flying buttress of
151:Notre Dame de Paris
127:Rotunda of Galerius
103:Rotunda of Galerius
899:2005-08-29 at the
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304:Chaddesley Corbett
273:load-bearing walls
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257:Chaddesley Corbett
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202:Beauvais Cathedral
178:Chartres Cathedral
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48:
536:Cologne Cathedral
490:Lincoln Cathedral
429:, The Netherlands
271:By relieving the
198:Le Mans Cathedral
44:St. Mary's Church
18:Flying buttresses
16:(Redirected from
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34:Arching above a
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851:(3): 222–230.
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642:Flying arch
620:Ken Follett
587:, Australia
336:side aisles
247:, in Vienna
225:lighthouses
57:arc-boutant
1060:Categories
1009:References
930:0893413585
608:In fiction
521:Bath Abbey
372:Romanesque
361:clerestory
334:, and two
328:clerestory
241:Neo-Gothic
36:side aisle
998:869186029
939:632226040
807:193417526
681:cite book
585:Melbourne
538:, Germany
523:, England
508:, Belgium
492:, England
477:, England
332:triforium
330:, a wide
324:pinnacles
293:complete.
223:to build
213:aedicules
897:Archived
632:Buttress
626:See also
622:(1989).
286:centring
278:pinnacle
209:crockets
190:voussoir
66:buttress
377:pillars
340:details
184:of the
93:History
71:vaulted
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865:988611
863:
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799:766749
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753:990687
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506:Ostend
368:Gothic
352:Gothic
348:aisles
290:mortar
200:, and
921:19-20
861:JSTOR
803:S2CID
795:JSTOR
778:Gesta
749:JSTOR
658:Notes
553:, USA
87:flyer
40:vault
1021:ISBN
994:OCLC
984:ISBN
935:OCLC
925:ISBN
687:link
182:apse
133:and
83:arch
79:pier
50:The
853:doi
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