386:. Part of that slurry oil is recycled back into the main fractionator above the entry point of the hot reaction product vapors so as to cool and partially condense the reaction product vapors as they enter the main fractionator. The remainder of the slurry oil is pumped through a slurry settler. The bottom oil from the slurry settler contains most of the slurry oil catalyst particles and is recycled back into the catalyst riser by combining it with the FCC feedstock oil. The
605:
1709:
762:
kiln to the separate reactor section. A small semi-commercial demonstration TCC unit was built in Socony-Vacuum's
Paulsboro refinery in 1941 and operated successfully, producing 500 barrels per day (79 m/d). Then a full-scale commercial TCC unit processing 10,000 barrels per day (1,600 m/d) began operation in 1943 at the
20:
866:
Based on the success of the pilot plant, the first commercial fluid catalytic cracking plant (known as the Model I FCC) began processing 13,000 barrels per day (2,100 m/d) of petroleum oil in the Baton Rouge refinery on May 25, 1942, just four years after the CRA consortium was formed and in the
801:, but research on it was abandoned during the economic depression years of 1929 to 1939. In 1938, when the success of Houdry's process had become apparent, Standard Oil of New Jersey resumed the project, hopefully in competition with Houdry, as part of a consortium of that include five oil companies (
369:
Although the schematic flow diagram above depicts the main fractionator as having only one sidecut stripper and one fuel oil product, many FCC main fractionators have two sidecut strippers and produce a light fuel oil and a heavy fuel oil. Likewise, many FCC main fractionators produce a light cracked
258:
Since the cracking reactions produce some carbonaceous material (referred to as catalyst coke) that deposits on the catalyst and very quickly reduces the catalyst activity, the catalyst is regenerated by burning off the deposited coke with air blown into the regenerator. The regenerator operates at a
793:
In the years immediately after World War II, the
Houdriflow process and the air-lift TCC process were developed as improved variations on the moving-bed theme. Just like Houdry's fixed-bed reactors, the moving-bed designs were prime examples of good engineering by developing a method of continuously
282:
are allowed to escape and flow back into the upper part to the regenerator. The flow of regenerated catalyst to the feedstock injection point below the catalyst riser is regulated by a slide valve in the regenerated catalyst line. The hot flue gas exits the regenerator after passing through multiple
148:
There are two different configurations for an FCC unit: the "stacked" type where the reactor and the catalyst regenerator are contained in two separate vessels, with the reactor above the regenerator, with a skirt between these vessels allowing the regenerator off-gas piping to connect to the top of
583:
of 0.80 to 0.96 g/cm and having a particle size distribution ranging from 10 to 150 μm and an average particle size of 60 to 100 μm. The design and operation of an FCC unit is largely dependent upon the chemical and physical properties of the catalyst. The desirable properties of an
221:
where it is vaporised and cracked into smaller molecules of vapour by contact and mixing with the very hot powdered catalyst from the regenerator. All of the cracking reactions take place in the catalyst riser within a period of 2–4 seconds. The hydrocarbon vapours "fluidize" the powdered catalyst
761:
The next major step was to develop a continuous process rather than the semi-batch Houdry process. That step was implemented by advent of the moving-bed process known as the
Thermofor Catalytic Cracking (TCC) process which used a bucket conveyor-elevator to move the catalyst from the regeneration
753:
refinery in
Pennsylvania. The Houdry process at that time used reactors with a fixed bed of catalyst and was a semi-batch operation involving multiple reactors with some of the reactors in operation while other reactors were in various stages of regenerating the catalyst. Motor-driven valves were
216:
The reactor and regenerator are considered to be the heart of the fluid catalytic cracking unit. The schematic flow diagram of a typical modern FCC unit in Figure 1 below is based upon the "side-by-side" configuration. The preheated high-boiling petroleum feedstock (at about 315 to 430 °C)
870:
In the many decades since the Model I FCC unit began operation, the fixed bed Houdry units have all been shut down as have most of the moving bed units (such as the TCC units) while hundreds of FCC units have been built. During those decades, many improved FCC designs have evolved and cracking
745:
in developing the Houdry process. Three years later, in 1936, Socony-Vacuum converted an older thermal cracking unit in their
Paulsboro refinery in New Jersey to a small demonstration unit using the Houdry process to catalytically crack 2,000 barrels per day (320 m/d) of petroleum oil.
494:
286:
The amount of catalyst circulating between the regenerator and the reactor amounts to about 5 kg per kg of feedstock, which is equivalent to about 4.66 kg per litre of feedstock. Thus, an FCC unit processing 75,000 barrels per day (11,900 m/d) will circulate about
144:
There are several different proprietary designs that have been developed for modern FCC units. Each design is available under a license that must be purchased from the design developer by any petroleum refining company desiring to construct and operate an FCC of a given design.
81:
that ranges from about 200 to 600 or higher; heavy gas oil also is known as "heavy vacuum gas oil" (HVGO). In the fluid catalytic cracking process, the HGO feedstock is heated to a high temperature and to a moderate pressure, and then is placed in contact with a hot, powdered
757:
By 1938, when the Houdry process was publicly announced, Socony-Vacuum had eight additional units under construction. Licensing the process to other companies also began and by 1940 there were 14 Houdry units in operation processing 140,000 barrels per day (22,000 m/d).
781:
It is said that the Houdry and TCC units were a major factor in the winning of World War II by supplying the high-octane gasoline needed by the air forces of Great
Britain and the United States for the more efficient higher compression ratio engines of the
699:
coal to gasoline. Supported by the French government, they built a small demonstration plant in 1929 that processed about 60 tons per day of lignite coal. The results indicated that the process was not economically viable and it was subsequently shut down.
738:. In 1933, a small Houdry unit processed 200 barrels per day (32 m/d) of petroleum oil. Because of the economic depression of the early 1930s, Socony-Vacuum was no longer able to support Houdry's work and gave him permission to seek help elsewhere.
508:
Figure 2 is a very simplified schematic diagram that exemplifies how the process breaks high boiling, straight-chain alkane (paraffin) hydrocarbons into smaller straight-chain alkanes as well as branched-chain alkanes, branched alkenes (olefins) and
149:
the regenerator vessel, and the "side-by-side" type where the reactor and catalyst regenerator are in two separate vessels. The stacked configuration occupies less physical space of the refinery area. These are the major FCC designers and licensors:
536:. Those olefinic gases are valuable for use as petrochemical feedstocks. The propylene, butylene and isobutylene are also valuable feedstocks for certain petroleum refining processes that convert them into high-octane gasoline blending components.
754:
used to switch the reactors between online operation and offline regeneration and a cycle timer managed the switching. Almost 50 percent of the cracked product was gasoline as compared with about 25 percent from the thermal cracking processes.
867:
midst of World War II. A little more than a month later, in July 1942, it was processing 17,000 barrels per day (2,700 m/d). In 1963, that first Model I FCC unit was shut down after 21 years of operation and subsequently dismantled.
1517:
465:(referred to as a CO boiler) where the carbon monoxide in the flue gas is burned as fuel to provide steam for use in the refinery as well as to comply with any applicable environmental regulatory limits on carbon monoxide emissions.
484:
in the flue gas processing system (shown in the above diagram) is used to drive the regenerator's combustion air compressor during start-ups of the FCC unit until there is sufficient combustion flue gas to take over that task.
855:, researchers Donald Campbell, Homer Martin, Eger Murphree and Charles Tyson of the Standard Oil of New Jersey (now Exxon-Mobil Company) developed the first fluidized catalytic cracking unit. Their U.S. Patent No. 2,451,804,
381:
The bottom product oil from the main fractionator contains residual catalyst particles which were not completely removed by the cyclones in the top of the reactor. For that reason, the bottom product oil is referred to as a
476:
from the flue gas. Particulate filter systems, known as Fourth Stage
Separators (FSS) are sometimes required to meet particulate emission limits. These can replace the ESP when particulate emissions are the only concern.
636:). The alumina matrix component of an FCC catalyst also contributes to catalytic activity sites. The binder and filler components provide the physical strength and integrity of the catalyst. The binder is usually
558:
In the cracking process carbon is also produced which gets deposited on the catalyst (catalyst coke). The carbon formation tendency or amount of carbon in a crude or FCC feed is measured with methods such as
105:
As of 2006, FCC units were in operation at 400 petroleum refineries worldwide, and about one-third of the crude oil refined in those refineries is processed in an FCC to produce high-octane gasoline and
208:
Each of the proprietary design licensors claims to have unique features and advantages. A complete discussion of the relative advantages of each of the processes is beyond the scope of this article.
711:, could convert oil derived from the lignite to gasoline. He then began to study the catalysis of petroleum oils and had some success in converting vaporized petroleum oil to gasoline. In 1930, the
472:(ESP) to remove residual particulate matter to comply with any applicable environmental regulations regarding particulate emissions. The ESP removes particulates in the size range of 2 to 20
851:(MIT) suggested to the CRA researchers that a low velocity gas flow through a powder might "lift" it enough to cause it to flow in a manner similar to a liquid. Focused on that idea of a
1564:
676:
catalyst known since 1877) to catalytically crack heavy petroleum oils. However, the prohibitive cost of the catalyst prevented the widespread use of McAfee's process at that time.
307:
The reaction product vapors (at 535 °C and a pressure of 1.72 bar) flow from the top of the reactor to the bottom section of the main column (commonly referred to as the
98:
Oil refineries use fluid catalytic cracking to correct the imbalance between the market demand for gasoline and the excess of heavy, high boiling range products resulting from the
62:
gasoline; and produces by-product gases, with more carbon-carbon double bonds (i.e. alkenes), that are of greater economic value than the gases produced by thermal cracking.
267:
and it produces a large amount of heat that is partially absorbed by the regenerated catalyst and provides the heat required for the vaporization of the feedstock and the
833:). The consortium was called Catalytic Research Associates (CRA) and its purpose was to develop a catalytic cracking process which would not impinge on Houdry's patents.
612:. Vertices are occupied by aluminium or silicon, the connecting struts are occupied by oxide (O) or hydroxide (OH) centers. Special modifications of faujesite are strong
295:
1459:
406:
Depending on the choice of FCC design, the combustion in the regenerator of the coke on the spent catalyst may or may not be complete combustion to carbon dioxide CO
579:
FCC units continuously withdraw and replace some of the catalyst in order to maintain a steady level of activity. Modern FCC catalysts are fine powders with a bulk
259:
temperature of about 715 °C and a pressure of about 2.41 bar, hence the regenerator operates at about 0.7 bar higher pressure than the reactor. The
794:
moving the catalyst between the reactor and regeneration sections. The first air-lift TCC unit began operation in
October 1950 at the Beaumont, Texas refinery.
141:
The modern FCC units are all continuous processes which operate 24 hours a day for as long as 3 to 5 years between scheduled shutdowns for routine maintenance.
454:
generator provides the needed additional power. If the flue gas expansion provides more power than needed to drive the air compressor, then the electric motor
1655:
1650:
1385:
158:
1511:
450:
can consume or produce electrical power. If the expansion of the flue gas does not provide enough power to drive the air compressor, the electric motor
688:
520:
As depicted in Figure 2, some of the smaller alkanes are then broken and converted into even smaller alkenes and branched alkenes such as the gases
217:
consisting of long-chain hydrocarbon molecules is combined with recycle slurry oil from the bottom of the distillation column and injected into the
1314:
410:. The combustion air flow is controlled so as to provide the desired ratio of carbon monoxide (CO) to carbon dioxide for each specific FCC design.
1246:
Rahimi, Nazi; Karimzadeh, Ramin (2011). "Catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons over modified ZSM-5 zeolites to produce light olefins: A review".
423:
513:(naphthenes). The breaking of the large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller molecules is more technically referred to by organic chemists as
1571:
637:
391:
114:
processed a total of 5,300,000 barrels (840,000 m) of feedstock per day, and FCC units worldwide processed about twice that amount.
99:
1080:"Potential of spent fluid cracking catalyst (FCC) waste for low-carbon cement production. Effect of treatments to enhance reactivity"
271:
cracking reactions that take place in the catalyst riser. For that reason, FCC units are often referred to as being 'heat balanced'.
69:
to the FCC conversion process usually is heavy gas oil (HGO), which is that portion of the petroleum (crude oil) that has an initial
1467:
1056:
624:, matrix, binder, and filler. Zeolite is the active component and can comprise from about 15% to 50%, by weight, of the catalyst.
1533:
1625:
1491:
1358:
848:
539:
As also depicted in Figure 2, the cycloalkanes (naphthenes) formed by the initial breakup of the large molecules are further
394:
is withdrawn from the top of slurry settler for use elsewhere in the refinery, as a heavy fuel oil blending component, or as
378:
in this context refers to the product boiling ranges, with light products having a lower boiling range than heavy products.
245:
flows downward through a steam stripping section to remove any hydrocarbon vapors before the spent catalyst returns to the
1713:
1275:
859:, describes their milestone invention. Based on their work, M. W. Kellogg Company constructed a large pilot plant in the
871:
catalysts have been greatly improved, but the modern FCC units are essentially the same as that first Model I FCC unit.
1630:
438:
The expansion of flue gas through a turbo-expander provides sufficient power to drive the regenerator's combustion air
1340:
1285:
1230:
1018:
986:
950:
918:
778:
in 1945, the processing capacity of the TCC units in operation was about 300,000 barrels per day (48,000 m/d).
749:
In 1937, Sun Oil began operation of a new Houdry unit processing 12,000 barrels per day (1,900 m/d) at their
1426:
790:. Supplies of American aviation gas also negated the deficit of high-octane gasoline for the Red Army Air Force.
421:) at 715 °C and at a pressure of 2.41 bar is routed through a secondary catalyst separator containing
90:
of the high-boiling-point hydrocarbon liquids into short-chain molecules, which then are collected as a vapor.
1397:
458:
generator converts the excess power into electric power and exports it to the refinery's electrical system.
1734:
1557:
787:
673:
431:
in the flue gas leaving the regenerator. This is required to prevent erosion damage to the blades in the
802:
798:
767:
469:
1665:
1463:
1427:
Amos A. Avidan, Michael
Edwards and Hartley Owen (Mobil Research and Development) (January 8, 1990).
1132:
Gonzalez, M. R.; Pereyra, A. M.; Bosch, P.; Fetter, G.; Lara, V. H.; Basaldella, E. I. (2016-06-01).
750:
568:
298:
Figure 1: A schematic flow diagram of a Fluid
Catalytic Cracking unit as used in petroleum refineries
327:
compounds, the cracked naphtha becomes a high-octane component of the refinery's blended gasolines.
731:
564:
50:
gases, and other petroleum products. The cracking of petroleum hydrocarbons was originally done by
1276:
Jessica Elzea Kogel, Nikhil C. Trivedi, James M. Barber and Stanley T. Krukowsk (Editors) (2006).
806:
201:
311:
where feed splitting takes place) where they are distilled into the FCC end products of cracked
133:. In the US, fluid catalytic cracking is more common because the demand for gasoline is higher.
1596:
1428:
860:
169:
1307:
1040:
1744:
1739:
1660:
822:
716:
645:
555:, which boil in the gasoline boiling range and have much higher octane ratings than alkanes.
616:, which at high temperatures induce the rearrangements of C-C bonds that occur in FCC units.
1675:
1145:
880:
836:
783:
560:
74:
1134:"Structural and morphological evolutions of spent FCC catalyst pellets toward NaA zeolite"
8:
1640:
863:
refinery of the Standard Oil of New Jersey. The pilot plant began operation in May 1940.
443:
238:
1149:
664:
The first commercial use of catalytic cracking occurred in 1915 when Almer M. McAfee of
233:
The reactor is a vessel in which the cracked product vapors are: (a) separated from the
1690:
1635:
1580:
1295:
1169:
1053:
1028:
844:
727:
712:
669:
649:
175:
501:
The fluid catalytic cracking process breaks large hydrocarbons by their conversion to
366:). Some FCC gas recovery units may also separate out some of the ethane and ethylene.
1336:
1281:
1226:
1192:
1173:
1161:
1111:
1014:
982:
946:
914:
818:
810:
704:
312:
1255:
1153:
1101:
1091:
78:
51:
1488:
1355:
797:
This fluid catalytic cracking process had first been investigated in the 1920s by
497:
Figure 2: Diagrammatic example of the catalytic cracking of petroleum hydrocarbons
1645:
1495:
1362:
1259:
1096:
1079:
1060:
840:
763:
742:
708:
413:
In the design shown in Figure 1, the coke has only been partially combusted to CO
439:
432:
1544:
1157:
1008:
1728:
1670:
1196:
1165:
1115:
852:
684:
633:
540:
481:
283:
sets of two-stage cyclones that remove entrained catalyst from the flue gas.
274:
The hot catalyst (at about 715 °C) leaving the regenerator flows into a
222:
and the mixture of hydrocarbon vapors and catalyst flows upward to enter the
130:
111:
70:
59:
1520:
discussion of Lummus FCC and hydrotreating of catalytically cracked naphtha.
1133:
1209:
775:
533:
395:
31:
1054:
U.S. Downstream Processing of Fresh Feed Input by Catalytic Cracking Units
19:
1680:
510:
502:
428:
320:
268:
251:
122:
35:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
715:
invited him to come to the United States and he moved his laboratory to
226:
at a temperature of about 535 °C and a pressure of about 1.72
1685:
1538:
1106:
720:
629:
628:(aka Type Y) is the zeolite used in FCC units. The zeolites are strong
613:
279:
264:
260:
227:
163:
604:
1591:
1549:
1443:
830:
814:
625:
609:
529:
525:
347:
339:
188:
87:
83:
66:
39:
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1620:
1280:(Seventh ed.). Society of Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration.
665:
521:
359:
351:
316:
126:
107:
43:
1489:
Eger Murphree and the Four Horsemen: FCC, Fluid Catalytic Cracking
249:. The flow of spent catalyst to the regenerator is regulated by a
826:
696:
621:
580:
552:
548:
544:
355:
343:
184:
179:
117:
FCC units are less common in Europe, the Middle East and Africa (
1523:
493:
461:
The expanded flue gas is then routed through a steam-generating
23:
A typical fluid catalytic cracking unit in a petroleum refinery.
680:
641:
488:
462:
363:
335:
324:
288:
47:
1278:
Industrial Minerals & Rocks: Commodities, Markets and Uses
1220:
908:
1223:
Gas Cyclones and Swirl Tubes:Principles, Design and Operation
771:
735:
692:
620:
A modern FCC catalyst has four major components: crystalline
1187:
Editorial Staff (November 2002). "Refining Processes 2002".
644:). The predominant suppliers of FCC catalysts worldwide are
473:
653:
118:
1131:
1545:
CFD Simulation of a Full-Scale Commercial FCC Regenerator
1429:"Innovative Improvements Highlight FCC's Past and Future"
1063:(Energy Information Administration, U.S. Dept. of Energy)
857:
A Method of and Apparatus for Contacting Solids and Gases
330:
The main fractionator offgas is sent to what is called a
34:
to convert the high-boiling point, high-molecular weight
1356:
Pioneer of Catalytic Cracking: Almer McAfee at Gulf Oil
1009:
David S.J. Jones and Peter P. Pujado (Editors) (2006).
136:
73:
temperature of 340 °C (644 °F) or higher, at
294:
370:
naphtha and a heavy cracked naphtha. The terminology
1333:
Handbook of Fluidization and Fluid Particle Systems
1529:Recovery of CO from a FCC using the COPure Process
940:
1726:
1541:(University of British Columbia, Quak Foo, Lee )
1245:
976:
1186:
588:Good stability to high temperature and to steam
417:. The combustion flue gas (containing CO and CO
1330:
741:In 1933, Houdry and Socony-Vacuum joined with
695:to develop a catalytic process for converting
1565:
468:The flue gas is finally processed through an
121:) because those regions have high demand for
1073:
1071:
1069:
911:Petroleum Refining: Technology and Economics
489:Mechanism and products of catalytic cracking
1383:
821:), two engineering-construction companies (
427:designed to remove 70 to 90 percent of the
1572:
1558:
1498:(North American Catalysis Society website)
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1365:(North American Catalysis Society website)
435:that the flue gas is next routed through.
323:. After further processing for removal of
211:
1313:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1221:Alex C. Hoffmann; Lewis E. Stein (2002).
1127:
1125:
1105:
1095:
1066:
943:The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum
936:
934:
932:
930:
909:James H. Gary; Glenn E. Handwerk (2001).
1271:
1269:
1077:
603:
492:
293:
30:(FCC) is the conversion process used in
18:
1460:"Houdry Process for Catalytic Cracking"
1368:
1326:
1324:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
505:, which undergo myriad rearrangements.
401:
58:, which yields greater volumes of high
1727:
1579:
1514:Description and diagram of power train
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1122:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
927:
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
237:by flowing through a set of two-stage
176:Stone & Webster Process Technology
1609:
1553:
1386:"The Wizard of Octane: Eugene Houdry"
1266:
849:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
608:Structure of aluminosilicate cage in
1708:
1321:
995:
350:, and lower molecular weight gases (
137:Flow diagram and process description
110:. During 2007, the FCC units in the
1411:
959:
893:
164:ExxonMobil Research and Engineering
13:
1512:Valero Refinery Tour (Houston, TX)
640:and the filler is usually a clay (
14:
1756:
1505:
1078:Lei, Z.; Pavia, S. (2023-12-01).
981:(2nd ed.). Gulf Publishing.
979:Fluid Catalytic Cracking Handbook
829:) and a German chemical company (
1707:
1534:North American Catalysis Society
1011:Handbook of Petroleum Processing
668:developed a batch process using
656:Catalysts (formerly Engelhard).
1482:
1349:
1239:
1214:
517:of the carbon-to-carbon bonds.
278:where any entrained combustion
241:within the reactor and (b) the
1203:
1180:
1047:
687:and a French pharmacist named
302:
129:, which can be satisfied with
86:, which breaks the long-chain
1:
1610:
886:
1260:10.1016/j.apcata.2011.03.009
1248:Applied Catalysis A: General
1138:Journal of Materials Science
1097:10.1016/j.cement.2023.100081
1013:(First ed.). Springer.
707:, a clay mineral containing
597:Good resistance to attrition
574:
255:in the spent catalyst line.
93:
54:, now virtually replaced by
16:Petroleum conversion process
7:
1384:Tim Palucka (Winter 2005).
945:(4th ed.). CRC Press.
913:(4th ed.). CRC Press.
874:
334:where it is separated into
153:Side-by-side configuration:
10:
1761:
1390:Invention & Technology
1225:(1st ed.). Springer.
941:James. G. Speight (2006).
803:Standard Oil of New Jersey
799:Standard Oil of New Jersey
683:mechanical engineer named
659:
470:electrostatic precipitator
77:, and that has an average
1703:
1616:
1605:
1587:
1464:American Chemical Society
1158:10.1007/s10853-016-9809-7
977:Reza Sadeghbeigi (2000).
736:Socony-Vacuum Oil Company
691:set up a laboratory near
569:Ramsbottom carbon residue
100:distillation of crude oil
1626:Atmospheric distillation
1539:Fluid Catalytic Cracking
1210:Fluid Catalytic Cracking
732:Standard Oil of New York
565:Conradson carbon residue
276:catalyst withdrawal well
202:Kellogg Brown & Root
28:Fluid catalytic cracking
1331:Wen-Ching Yang (2003).
807:Standard Oil of Indiana
212:Reactor and regenerator
1597:List of oil refineries
1189:Hydrocarbon Processing
861:Baton Rouge, Louisiana
827:Universal Oil Products
703:Houdry had found that
617:
498:
299:
196:Stacked configuration:
170:Shell Global Solutions
24:
1661:Hydrodesulphurisation
1433:Oil & Gas Journal
823:M. W. Kellogg Limited
734:(Socony) to form the
666:Gulf Refining Company
646:Albemarle Corporation
607:
543:to aromatics such as
496:
297:
291:per day of catalyst.
178:— currently owned by
22:
1676:Solvent deasphalting
881:Cracking (chemistry)
837:Chemical engineering
768:Magnolia Oil Company
561:Micro carbon residue
402:Regenerator flue gas
388:clarified slurry oil
247:catalyst regenerator
75:atmospheric pressure
32:petroleum refineries
1641:Catalytic reforming
1631:Vacuum distillation
1470:on January 12, 2013
1396:(3). Archived from
1150:2016JMatS..51.5061G
685:Eugene Jules Houdry
632:(equivalent to 90%
600:Low coke production
1735:Chemical processes
1691:Amine gas treating
1636:Catalytic cracking
1581:Petroleum refining
1494:2008-04-18 at the
1361:2008-04-18 at the
1306:has generic name (
1059:2008-09-28 at the
1039:has generic name (
853:fluidized catalyst
845:Edwin R. Gilliland
770:, an affiliate of
728:Vacuum Oil Company
713:Vacuum Oil Company
670:aluminium chloride
650:W.R. Grace Company
618:
584:FCC catalyst are:
499:
300:
56:catalytic cracking
42:(crude oils) into
25:
1722:
1721:
1699:
1698:
1144:(11): 5061–5072.
819:Royal Dutch Shell
811:Anglo-Iranian Oil
442:. The electrical
332:gas recovery unit
313:petroleum naphtha
309:main fractionator
159:Lummus Technology
1752:
1711:
1710:
1607:
1606:
1574:
1567:
1560:
1551:
1550:
1499:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1466:. Archived from
1456:
1441:
1440:
1424:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1381:
1366:
1353:
1347:
1346:
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1311:
1305:
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1299:
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1129:
1120:
1119:
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1075:
1064:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1038:
1034:
1032:
1024:
1006:
993:
992:
974:
957:
956:
938:
925:
924:
906:
774:. By the end of
709:aluminosilicates
594:Large pore sizes
79:molecular weight
52:thermal cracking
1760:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1695:
1612:
1601:
1583:
1578:
1524:The FCC Network
1518:CD Tech website
1508:
1503:
1502:
1496:Wayback Machine
1487:
1483:
1473:
1471:
1458:
1457:
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1382:
1369:
1363:Wayback Machine
1354:
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1302:
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1274:
1267:
1244:
1240:
1233:
1219:
1215:
1208:
1204:
1185:
1181:
1130:
1123:
1076:
1067:
1061:Wayback Machine
1052:
1048:
1036:
1035:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1007:
996:
989:
975:
960:
953:
939:
928:
921:
907:
894:
889:
877:
841:Warren K. Lewis
764:Beaumont, Texas
743:Sun Oil Company
689:E. A. Prudhomme
662:
577:
491:
420:
416:
409:
404:
305:
263:of the coke is
214:
139:
96:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1758:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1716:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1656:Polymerisation
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1599:
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1577:
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1506:External links
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958:
951:
926:
919:
891:
890:
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876:
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705:Fuller's earth
674:Friedel–Crafts
661:
658:
602:
601:
598:
595:
592:
589:
576:
573:
490:
487:
433:turbo-expander
418:
414:
407:
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304:
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243:spent catalyst
235:spent catalyst
219:catalyst riser
213:
210:
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1671:Hydrocracking
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1651:Isomerisation
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1400:on 2008-06-02
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1342:0-8247-0259-X
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1335:. CRC Press.
1334:
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1304:|author=
1297:
1289:
1287:0-87335-233-5
1283:
1279:
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1254:(1–2): 1–17.
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1232:3-540-43326-0
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1016:
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920:0-8247-0482-7
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820:
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795:
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779:
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773:
772:Socony-Vacuum
769:
765:
759:
755:
752:
747:
744:
739:
737:
733:
729:
726:In 1931, the
724:
722:
718:
714:
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706:
701:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
677:
675:
671:
667:
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647:
643:
639:
635:
634:sulfuric acid
631:
627:
623:
615:
611:
606:
599:
596:
593:
591:High activity
590:
587:
586:
585:
582:
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570:
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146:
142:
134:
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131:hydrocracking
128:
124:
120:
115:
113:
112:United States
109:
103:
101:
91:
89:
85:
80:
76:
72:
71:boiling-point
68:
63:
61:
60:octane rating
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
38:fractions of
37:
33:
29:
21:
1745:Fluidization
1740:Oil refining
1484:
1472:. Retrieved
1468:the original
1436:
1432:
1402:. Retrieved
1398:the original
1393:
1389:
1351:
1332:
1277:
1251:
1247:
1241:
1222:
1216:
1205:
1188:
1182:
1141:
1137:
1087:
1083:
1049:
1010:
978:
942:
910:
869:
865:
856:
835:
796:
792:
780:
776:World War II
766:refinery of
760:
756:
748:
740:
730:merged with
725:
702:
678:
663:
619:
578:
557:
538:
534:isobutylenes
519:
514:
511:cycloalkanes
507:
503:carbocations
500:
479:
467:
460:
455:
451:
445:
437:
429:particulates
422:
412:
405:
396:carbon black
387:
383:
380:
375:
371:
368:
331:
329:
308:
306:
287:55,900
285:
275:
273:
257:
250:
246:
242:
234:
232:
223:
218:
215:
207:
195:
194:
152:
151:
147:
143:
140:
116:
104:
97:
64:
55:
27:
26:
1681:Visbreaking
1191:: 108–112.
1107:2262/103963
839:professors
831:I.G. Farben
751:Marcus Hook
679:In 1922, a
630:solid acids
614:solid acids
424:swirl tubes
398:feedstock.
303:Main column
269:endothermic
252:slide valve
36:hydrocarbon
1729:Categories
1666:Sweetening
1646:Alkylation
1404:2008-05-10
1090:: 100081.
887:References
721:New Jersey
638:silica sol
440:compressor
392:decant oil
384:slurry oil
280:flue gases
265:exothermic
261:combustion
1621:Desalting
1611:Processes
1592:Petroleum
1474:April 27,
1296:cite book
1197:0887-0284
1174:101591699
1166:1573-4803
1116:2666-5492
1029:cite book
815:Texas Oil
717:Paulsboro
626:Faujasite
610:faujasite
575:Catalysts
541:converted
530:butylenes
526:propylene
448:generator
348:propylene
340:butylenes
189:Honeywell
108:fuel oils
94:Economics
88:molecules
67:feedstock
40:petroleum
1492:Archived
1359:Archived
1057:Archived
875:See also
786:and the
784:Spitfire
522:ethylene
515:scission
360:ethylene
352:hydrogen
317:fuel oil
239:cyclones
174:Axens /
127:kerosene
84:catalyst
44:gasoline
1714:Commons
1146:Bibcode
847:of the
788:Mustang
697:lignite
660:History
622:zeolite
581:density
553:xylenes
549:toluene
545:benzene
356:methane
344:propane
336:butanes
224:reactor
191:Company
185:UOP LLC
180:Technip
1712:
1686:Coking
1339:
1284:
1229:
1195:
1172:
1164:
1114:
1084:CEMENT
1017:
985:
949:
917:
681:French
652:, and
642:kaolin
551:, and
532:, and
463:boiler
364:ethane
325:sulfur
321:offgas
319:, and
289:tonnes
166:(EMRE)
123:diesel
48:alkene
1170:S2CID
693:Paris
567:, or
444:motor
376:heavy
372:light
204:(KBR)
1476:2012
1439:(2).
1337:ISBN
1315:link
1308:help
1282:ISBN
1227:ISBN
1193:ISSN
1162:ISSN
1112:ISSN
1041:help
1015:ISBN
983:ISBN
947:ISBN
915:ISBN
843:and
825:and
817:and
654:BASF
480:The
374:and
362:and
346:and
338:and
187:- A
125:and
119:EMEA
65:The
1256:doi
1252:398
1154:doi
1102:hdl
1092:doi
672:(a
390:or
228:bar
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452:–
446:–
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415:2
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