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Florence Kelley

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no provisions to prevent discrimination in the distribution of funds to black mothers. Unlike her stance on equitable distribution of educational funds, Kelley was not demanding any provisions for equitable distribution, as she knew the bill would never pass if the issue of race was introduced, especially with the opposition already present from southern states. Kelley believed that it was more important to pass the legislation, even in its limited form, so that the funding would be secured and the primary principle of social welfare would be established. Eventually, Kelley, earned the support of the NAACP on the issue with the promise to monitor the bill if it passed and to work tirelessly toward the equity of all, regardless of race.
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proposed a federal sanction of $ 2.98 per capita for teachers of colored children and $ 10.32 per capita children at white schools in 15 schools in the South and Washington, D.C. The NAACP held the position that it would perpetuate the continual discrimination and neglect of the public schools for black people. She and W. E. B. DuBois disagreed on how to attack this bill. She wanted to add the language that guaranteed equitable distribution of funding regardless of race. DuBois believed that there should be a clause added specific to race because it would require the federal government to enforce that the schools for black people to be treated fairly.
439:, after Henry Demarest Lloyd recommended her. The survey uncovered children from three-years-old working in "overcrowded tenement apartments". The survey also revealed women overworked past exhaustion, workers risking pneumonia, and children with burns. Related Congressional hearings led to the growth of reform interest within Illinois, which Kelley joined in organizing. She became a leader in a coalition of labor and civic groups to campaigning on behalf of the reform legislation. She and her allies brought state legislators on tours of sweatshops. 563: 1703: 582:. She used her direction to raise public awareness and pass state legislation to protect workers, primarily for women and children. The Consumers' League established a Code of Standards that served to raise wages, shorten hours, and required a minimum number of sanitary facilities. Kelley used the NCL to address her own policies such as local hours and wages of women via data collection and activism. Kelley also served as a mentor to younger activists, such as 1722: 776:
fundamentally palliative, preserving the current system in place. Philanthropy of the working class, on the other hand, aims to weaken the capitalist system through goals such as shortening the work day and limiting the working of children. These measures result in a lower amount of surplus value produced which is antithetical to the capitalist system.
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married in 1884 and with whom she had three children; the couple divorced in 1891. She wanted a divorce because of his physical abuse and overflowing debt. Unable to divorce her husband for "non-support," she fled to Chicago and received full custody of her children. She kept her maiden name but preferred to be called "Mrs. Kelley."
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Provides a brief history of the beginnings of minimum wage legislation in England and the United States. Kelley cautions the states against drawing up too quickly a hastily and poorly written law such that a court may strike it down thereby setting a precedent for similar laws. Finally, Kelly briefly
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Kelley had two brothers and five sisters; all five sisters died in childhood. Three of her sisters were Josephine Bartram Kelley, Caroline Lincoln Kelley, and Anna Caroline Kelley. Josephine died at the age of ten months, Caroline died at the age of four months, and Anna died at the age of six years.
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Kelly emphasizes the need for a theoretical background prior to engaging in philanthropic work. Without such background, she argues, the type of philanthropic work chosen will most likely reproduce the current capitalist socioeconomic system that leads to the need for philanthropic work in the first
446:. She persuaded the bureau to hire her as a Special Agent to investigate the labor conditions of Chicago's garment industry. In her report, she described research that discovered employees working up to 16 hours a day, seven days a week with some wages that are not high enough to support the family. 424:
Kelley's father had toured her through glass factories at night when she was young. Kelley fought to make it illegal for children under the age of 14 to work and to limit the number of hours for children under 16. She sought to give the children the right of education, and argued that children must
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Kelley disagreed with the NAACP and W.E.B. DuBois on other issues as well. The Sheppard-Towner Act was the most contentious issue of disagreement between them. The act provided aid to mothers and children during pregnancy and infancy. The NAACP and DuBois were opposed to the bill because there were
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under Jane Addams' sponsorship by establishing a Bureau of Women's Labor within Hull House. As an organization, Hull House provided Kelley the opportunity to bypass male organizations in order to pursue social activism for women, who were denied participation in formal politics at the time. She is
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In her work there, she built 64 Consumers Leagues to promote and to pass labor legislation. Kelley often acted as a representative to address state legislators and expanded the NCL network through women's clubs. She worked hard to establish a workday limited to eight hours. In 1907, she threw her
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In 1913, she studied the federal patterns of distribution of funds for education. She noticed a lot of inequitable distributions for white schools as opposed to black schools. That launched her to create the Sterling Discrimination Bill, which was an attack against the Sterling Towner Bill, which
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intended to increase the quality of working and living condition of the lower class in urban areas. The organization helped lead the battle for labor laws, such as the minimum wage and the eight-hour days, at the local, state, and federal levels. After moving to New York City with her husband and
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Kelley used her power in Congress by her personal connections to avoid discrimination from being passed in laws, especially toward expenditure toward school funds. In 1921, she pushed the Board of Directors of the NAACP to oppose bills that discriminate based on race in expenditure toward school
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The coalition campaign and Kelley's research led to new state labor reform legislation in 1893. The Illinois legislature passed the first factory law limiting work for women to eight hours a day and prohibiting the employment of children under the age of fourteen. These protective labor laws are
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Kelley was an early supporter of women's suffrage after her sisters died and worked for numerous political and social reforms, including the NAACP, which Kelley helped found. In Zurich, she met various European socialists, including Polish-Russian medical student Lazare Wischnewetzky, whom she
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Kelley was influenced mainly by her father and said, "I owe him everything that I have ever been able to learn to do." Throughout her early years, he read books to her that involved child labor. Even at 10, she was educated by her father on his activities, and she was able to read her father's
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Kelly argues that it is the responsibility of the consumer to use their buying power to discourage moral ills regarding work conditions, such as child labor. Succinctly put, she argues for the modern phrase, "vote with your dollar." Further, in order to judge labor conditions, she argues that
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She argues for this by distinguishing between two types of philanthropy: bourgeois philanthropy and philanthropy of the working class. Bourgeois philanthropy "aims to give back to the workers a little bit of what our social system robs them of, propping up the system longer," (92) thus it is
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Kelley's great-aunt, Sarah Pugh, was a Quaker and opponent of slavery. Pugh's decision to deny use of cotton and sugar because of the connection to slave labor made an impression on Kelley from an early age. Pugh was an advocate for women and told Kelley about her life as an oppressed woman.
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Kelley believed that if anything was added about race to the bill, it would not pass through Congress. She wanted to get the bill passed and then to change the language. Therefore, when the bill was passed, it called for equal distribution to the schools to be handled by the states based on
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Reform of labor conditions, in line with her socialist commitments, led to Kelley having pioneering roles in factory inspection, in organizing social movement pressure on employers, and in advocating for reform legislation and legal action over the course of her career (see below).
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children, Kelley organized a campaign by the New York Working Women's Society in 1889 and 1890 "to add women as officials in the office for factory inspection". By 1890, the New York legislature passed laws creating eight new positions for women as state factory inspectors.
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from 1891 to 1899. Hull House allowed Kelley to advance in her career by providing her a network to other social organizations and an outlet to pursue the advancement of rights for working women and children. While at Hull House, Kelley bonded with
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In her early years, Kelley was severely sick and highly susceptible to infections and so was unable to go to school for a period of time. On days that she would miss school she would be in her father's library and read many books.
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Kelley's NCL sponsored a "Consumer's 'white label'" on clothing that restricted garment production with child labor and working conditions against state law. She led the National Consumers League until her death, in 1932.
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member. She wrote her thesis about disadvantaged children. The topic of her thesis was influenced by her father's teaching about underprivileged children. She was one of the first women to graduate from Cornell.
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to provide the information organized by lawyer Louis Brandeis in what became known as the Brandeis Brief to demonstrate the harmful effects of overtime on women's health. The action helped support arguments in
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appointed her to the post of Chief Factory Inspector for the state of Illinois, a newly created position and unheard-of for a woman. She chose five women and six men to assist her. Hull House resident
504:. As a member of the board of directors, she belonged to committees on Nomination, The Budget, Federal Aid to Education, Anti-Lynching, and the Inequality Expenditure of School Funds. According to 393: 535:
of the NAACP in 1926 about the many cases of lynching in the United States. To gain support from the media, Kelley also suggested for newspaper editors who opposed lynching to be published.
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from 1891 to 1899, her leadership of the settlement's Bureau of Women's Labor allowed her to take initiative against exploited labor of women and children in home and factory "sweatshops".
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Kelley, Florence (1859–1932). (2009). In J. Sreenivasan, Poverty and the government in America: a historical encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. Retrieved from
501: 405: 356:, who worked together as major labor reformers. All three women were of upper-middle-class background and had politically active fathers. She also became friends with 171: 1569:
Notes of sixty years : the autobiography of Florence Kelley ; with an early essay by the author on the need of theoretical preparation for philathropic work
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In 1917, she again filed briefs in a Supreme Court case for an eight-hour workday, now for workers "in any mill, factory or manufacturing establishment," in the case
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sponsored an exhibit on the causes and consequences of congestion and methods for alleviating it, catalyzing the first National Conference on City Planning in 1909.
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of 1916, which banned the sale of products created from factories that employed children thirteen and under. In addition to this act, she also lobbied for the
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explores how society ultimately bears the cost for not paying a sufficient minimum wage, through caring for the poor and through the maintenance of prisons.
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Later in 1892 Kelley proposed investigating the "sweating system", "the practice of contracting out work to homes of the poor," in Chicago to the Illinois
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Josephine Goldmark, Impatient Crusader: Florence Kelley's Life Story (1953); Dorothy Blumberg, Florence Kelley and the Making of a Social Pioneer (1966).
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into English was published with Engels' approval in 1887, under her married name "Mrs. F. Kelley Wischnewetzky," and is still used today.
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funds. Kelley is famous for creating the tradition of protest against racial discrimination, which occurred in the mid-20th century.
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In 1917, she marched in the New York silent protest parade, opposing the violence of white citizens against black people in the
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After such a theoretical preparation, Kelley concludes that real philanthropic work consists in elevating class consciousness.
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Caroline Bartram Bonsall, Kelley's mother, was not a less prominent figure. Bonsall was related to the famous Quaker botanist,
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Grinspan, Jon. The Age of Acrimony: How Americans Fought to Fix Their Democracy, 1865–1915. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2021.
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Sklar, Kathryn. Notes of Sixty Years: The Autobiography of Florence Kelley, Charles H. Kerr Publishing Company. 1986.
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The breakdown of her marriage led Kelley to flee from New York to Chicago at the end of 1891. While Kelley lived at
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Margolin, C.R. (1978) "Salvation versus Liberation: The Movement for Children's Rights in a Historical Context,"
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place. In essence, one needs theoretical preparation in order to treat the causes rather than the symptoms.
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As part of the implementation of the reforms, Kelley became the first woman to hold statewide office when
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citizens must demand adequate statistics about such conditions from their state and federal governments.
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to conduct a study of Chicago neighborhoods. At Fetter's motion, she was made a member of Cornell's
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Women in Industry: the Eight Hours Day and Rest at Night, upheld by the United States Supreme Court.
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In 1892, Kelley conducted a survey of Chicago's slums at the request of U.S. Commissioner of Labor,
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Garraty, Quarrels That Have Shaped the Constitution, "The Case of the Overworked Laundry Workers"
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population. The issue remained on whether or not the states would distribute the money equally.
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American Labor and Economic Citizenship: New Capitalism from World War I to the Great Depression
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Timming, Andrew R. (2004). "Florence Kelley: A Recognition of Her Contributions to Sociology".
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In 1907 Kelley organized New York’s Committee on Congestion of Population, after which she and
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be nurtured to be intelligent people, beginning with her efforts in Philadelphia and New York.
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In 1912, she formed the US Children's Bureau, a federal agency to oversee children's welfare.
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in 1908, although the U.S. Supreme Court ruled against the women laundry workers in the case.
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Florence Kelley and the Nation's Work: The Rise of Women's Political Culture, 1830–1900.
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The Life and Times of Florence Kelley in Chicago (1891–1899) on Northwestern University
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Sklar, Kathryn Kish (1985). "Hull House in the 1890s: A Community of Women Reformers".
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in 1922. Despite the League's lack of action, Kelley provided a series of letters to
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Twenty Questions about the Federal Amendment Proposed by the National Woman's Party.
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Kish., Sklar, Kathryn; Congress), Paul Avrich Collection Library of (1986-01-01).
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section of Philadelphia on February 17, 1932. She was interred at Philadelphia's
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in 1894. She was then able to start a school for working girls in Pennsylvania.
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From its founding in 1899, Kelley served as the first general secretary of the
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Florence Kelley, A lifelong 'radical' who fought for worker and women's rights
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Athey, Louis L. (1971). "Florence Kelley and the Quest for Negro Equality".
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Athey, Louis L. (1971). "Florence Kelley and the Quest for Negro Equality".
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in 1895 because it restricted women from making contracts for longer hours.
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sometimes identified as the start of the Progressive Era in social reform.
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Kelley contributed to or led a variety of social organizations including
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Modern Industry: in relation to the family, health, education, morality.
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Kelley was known for her firmness and fierce energy. Hull House founder
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https://products.abc-clio.com/abc-cliocorporate/product.aspx?pc=A1679C
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Florence Kelley on Women and Social Movements, subscription required
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Vol. 3, 4th ed., The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1975
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Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and Correction
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The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
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Kelley spent many years with her grandparents Isaac and Kay Pugh.
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Perkins, Frances (1954). "My Recollections of Florence Kelley".
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After college, Kelley assisted with the establishment of the
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American Reformers, 1870–1920: Progressives in Word and Deed
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Women Building Chicago, 1790–1990: A Biographical Dictionary
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Notes of Sixty Years: The Autobiography of Florence Kelley.
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Women and Social Movements in the United States, 1600–2000
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The Autobiography of Florence Kelley, Notes of Sixty Years
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The Need of Theoretical Preparation for Philanthropic Work
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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
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served as one of Kelley's assistant factory inspectors.
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Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law alumni
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A letter from Engels to Florence Kelley Wischnewetzky
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Sklar, Kathryn Kish, and Beverly Wilson Palmer, eds.
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In the course of her Hull House work, she befriended
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New York City: National Child Labor Committee, 1908.
487: 967: 1667:The Selected Letters of Florence Kelley, 1869–1931 1645:New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 1995. 477:as an alumna, when he joined the Cornell Faculty. 410:Women's International League for Peace and Freedom 1785: 1626:Impatient Crusader: Florence Kelley's Life Story 1619:Florence Kelley. The Making of a Social Pioneer. 1544:"The Present Status of Minimum Wage Legislation" 1313:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 155–159. 723:New York City: National Consumers' League, 1913. 989:"Business Training and Opportunities for Women" 986: 721:The Present Status of Minimum Wage Legislation. 586:, who briefly worked for the Consumers League. 1844:Burials at Laurel Hill Cemetery (Philadelphia) 1566: 665:Kelley also helped lobby Congress to pass the 311:The Condition of the Working Class in England 270: 1599:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1288:, University of Illinois Press, 2000, p. 138 558:National Consumers League and eight-hour day 402:National American Woman Suffrage Association 248:Although Kelley desired to study law at the 186:(1814–1890) and Caroline Bartram Bonsall in 1334:Fee, Elizabeth; Brown, Theodore M. (2005). 1306: 751:New York: National Consumers' League, 1922. 743:New York: National Consumers' League, 1916. 621:and thereafter became a friend and ally of 256:for Working Women. Later, she attended the 1733:Florence Kelley (1859–1932) on harvard.edu 1271:Davis, Allen F. "Stevens, Alzina Parsons" 182:On September 12, 1859, Kelley was born to 36: 1359: 987:Anne H. Wharton (January–December 1892). 939:Dreier, Peter (2012). "Florence Kelley". 570:From 1899 through 1926, she lived at the 500:, Kelley became a founding member of the 1333: 641: 561: 274: 1766:Florence Kelley fought for civil rights 1478:"The My Hero Project – Florence Kelley" 1470: 1094: 1008: 795:Kathryn Kish Sklar, "Florence Kelley," 308:. Her 1885 translation of the latter's 296:, an activist for women's suffrage and 170:. In 1909, Kelley helped to create the 1786: 1562: 1560: 1541: 1494: 980: 938: 1884:Political activists from Pennsylvania 1762:(needs a subscription to read it all) 1431: 1228: 1224: 1222: 1220: 1218: 1216: 1214: 1212: 1199: 1197: 1157: 1140: 1138: 1136: 1134: 1090: 1088: 1048: 934: 932: 930: 928: 926: 924: 844: 842: 840: 838: 552:Women's Joint Congressional Committee 548:National Association of Colored Women 394:National Conference of Social Workers 265:Northwestern University School of Law 106:Northwestern University School of Law 1894:Progressive Era in the United States 1497:"The Responsibility of the Consumer" 1044: 1042: 1040: 1004: 1002: 922: 920: 918: 916: 914: 912: 910: 908: 906: 904: 867:Midwest Journal of Political Science 860: 856: 854: 836: 834: 832: 830: 828: 826: 824: 822: 820: 818: 1809:20th-century American women writers 1804:19th-century American women writers 1557: 1148:. Princeton University Press. p. 6. 759:Chicago: C.H. Kerr Pub. Co., 1986. 709:The responsibility of the consumer. 321:branch of Philadelphia, along with 263:Kelley also earned a law degree at 19:For the author and journalist, see 13: 1611: 1209: 1194: 1131: 1085: 617:In 1909, Kelley helped create the 420:Factory inspection and child labor 14: 1905: 1704:Works by or about Florence Kelley 1680: 1660:Reader's Guide to Women's Studies 1340:American Journal of Public Health 1037: 999: 901: 851: 815: 488:NAACP and work on racial equality 414:Intercollegiate Socialist Society 398:American Sociological Association 294:Intercollegiate Socialist Society 240:at age 16. At Cornell, she was a 1849:Child labor in the United States 1720: 1307:Hendrickson, Mark (2013-05-27). 93:, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US 1774:article about William D. Kelley 1738:Kelley Kelly on schoolnet.co.uk 1638:(2006); chapter 9 is on Kelley. 1535: 1488: 1459: 1450: 1436:. Routledge. pp. 409–410. 1425: 1416: 1394: 1385: 1376: 1327: 1300: 1291: 1278: 1265: 1151: 735:New York: Longmans, Green 1914. 702: 695:She was named an Angel hero by 194:. His nickname was "Pig Iron." 1466:Social Welfare History Project 1011:Journal of Classical Sociology 977:. Chicago: Charles Kerr. p. 9. 802: 789: 386:National Child Labor Committee 279:Kelley as sketched in 1910 by 81:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US 1: 1553:. National Consumers' League. 782: 298:African-American civil rights 177: 16:American activist (1859–1932) 1231:The Journal of Negro History 1160:The Journal of Negro History 684:Kelley died, age 72, in the 667:Keating-Owen Child Labor Act 227: 134:and Caroline Bartram Bonsall 7: 1814:Activists from Philadelphia 1719:(public domain audiobooks) 607:Brown v. Board of Education 373:credited with starting the 292:Kelley was a member of the 200:The Resources of California 192:US House of Representatives 10: 1910: 1864:German–English translators 1652: 1513:10.1177/000271620803202214 648:Mary Kingsbury Simkhovitch 444:Bureau of Labor Statistics 271:Socialism and civil rights 250:University of Pennsylvania 163:is widely regarded today. 63:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 18: 1859:Cornell University alumni 1854:Consumer rights activists 1542:Kelley, Florence (1913). 1495:Kelley, Florence (1908). 861:Vose, Clement E. (1957). 469:when he was asked by the 390:National Consumers League 236:In 1882, Kelley attended 168:National Consumers League 127: 119: 111: 97: 86: 70: 44: 35: 28: 1713:Works by Florence Kelley 1695:Works by Florence Kelley 1662:(Fitzroy Dearborn, 1998) 1658:Amico, Eleanor B., ed. 1617:Blumberg, Dorothy Rose. 1434:Encyclopedia of the City 1352:10.2105/AJPH.2004.052977 1286:Jane Addams: A Biography 1023:10.1177/1468795X04046969 679: 525:East St. Louis, Illinois 300:. She was a follower of 115:American social reformer 1889:Pennsylvania socialists 1760:Entry at 'project Muse' 953:10.4179/NLF.211.0000011 812:4. (April), pp. 441-452 572:Henry Street settlement 529:Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill 494:William English Walling 475:Irving Literary Society 375:social justice feminism 286:St. Louis Post-Dispatch 141:Florence Moltrop Kelley 49:Florence Moltrop Kelley 1273:Notable American Women 1144:Woloch, Nancy (2015). 993:Arthur's Home Magazine 612:Illinois Supreme Court 567: 455:Governor Peter Altgeld 289: 1641:Sklar, Kathryn Kish. 1624:Goldmark, Josephine. 1507:(22_suppl): 108–112. 1432:Caves, R. W. (2004). 1097:Social Service Review 642:Other accomplishments 565: 542:With the release of " 471:University of Chicago 323:Gabrielle D. Clements 278: 1839:American translators 1771:Smithsonian Magazine 690:Laurel Hill Cemetery 370:Chicago Women's Club 258:University of Zurich 123:Lazare Wischnewetzky 91:Laurel Hill Cemetery 21:Florence Finch Kelly 1834:American socialists 810:Social Problems. 25 697:The My Hero Project 671:Sheppard-Towner Act 653:Kelley worked with 498:Mary White Ovington 327:Eliza Sproat Turner 157:eight-hour workdays 147:. Her work against 1829:American pacifists 1819:American feminists 1422:Sklar, pp. 465-466 1284:James Weber Linn, 1146:A Class by Herself 655:Josephine Goldmark 568: 550:as members of the 533:Arthur B. Spingarn 340:Kelley joined the 290: 238:Cornell University 102:Cornell University 59:September 12, 1859 1869:Marxist feminists 1824:American Marxists 1748:Biographical note 1699:Project Gutenberg 1675:978-0-252-03404-6 1634:Piott, Steven L. 1443:978-0-415-25225-6 1320:978-1-107-02860-9 973:Kelley, F. 1986. 631:Bunting v. Oregon 590:influence into a 544:Birth of a Nation 467:Frank Alan Fetter 437:Carroll D. Wright 334:New Century Guild 319:New Century Guild 281:Marguerite Martyn 254:New Century Guild 184:William D. Kelley 161:children's rights 145:wage abolitionism 138: 137: 132:William D. Kelley 74:February 17, 1932 1901: 1724: 1723: 1708:Internet Archive 1605: 1604: 1598: 1590: 1564: 1555: 1554: 1548: 1539: 1533: 1532: 1492: 1486: 1485: 1474: 1468: 1463: 1457: 1454: 1448: 1447: 1429: 1423: 1420: 1414: 1413: 1408:. Archived from 1398: 1392: 1389: 1383: 1380: 1374: 1373: 1363: 1331: 1325: 1324: 1304: 1298: 1295: 1289: 1282: 1276: 1269: 1263: 1262: 1226: 1207: 1201: 1192: 1191: 1155: 1149: 1142: 1129: 1128: 1092: 1083: 1082: 1046: 1035: 1034: 1006: 997: 996: 984: 978: 971: 965: 964: 936: 899: 898: 873:(3/4): 267–290. 858: 849: 846: 813: 806: 800: 793: 660:Muller v. Oregon 623:W. E. B. Du Bois 597:Muller v. Oregon 345:settlement house 306:Friedrich Engels 304:and a friend of 77: 58: 56: 40: 26: 25: 1909: 1908: 1904: 1903: 1902: 1900: 1899: 1898: 1874:NAACP activists 1784: 1783: 1721: 1683: 1655: 1614: 1612:Further reading 1609: 1608: 1592: 1591: 1579: 1565: 1558: 1546: 1540: 1536: 1493: 1489: 1476: 1475: 1471: 1464: 1460: 1455: 1451: 1444: 1430: 1426: 1421: 1417: 1400: 1399: 1395: 1390: 1386: 1381: 1377: 1332: 1328: 1321: 1305: 1301: 1296: 1292: 1283: 1279: 1270: 1266: 1243:10.2307/2716966 1227: 1210: 1202: 1195: 1172:10.2307/2716966 1156: 1152: 1143: 1132: 1093: 1086: 1047: 1038: 1007: 1000: 985: 981: 972: 968: 941:New Labor Forum 937: 902: 879:10.2307/2109304 859: 852: 847: 816: 807: 803: 794: 790: 785: 705: 682: 644: 584:Mary van Kleeck 560: 490: 422: 273: 230: 180: 104: 98:Alma mater 82: 79: 75: 66: 60: 54: 52: 51: 50: 31: 30:Florence Kelley 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 1907: 1897: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1782: 1781: 1776: 1768: 1763: 1757: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1710: 1701: 1691: 1690: 1682: 1681:External links 1679: 1678: 1677: 1663: 1654: 1651: 1650: 1649: 1646: 1639: 1632: 1629: 1622: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1606: 1577: 1556: 1534: 1487: 1469: 1458: 1449: 1442: 1424: 1415: 1412:on 2007-11-02. 1406:binghamton.edu 1393: 1384: 1382:Sklar, pp. 465 1375: 1326: 1319: 1299: 1290: 1277: 1264: 1237:(4): 249–261. 1208: 1193: 1166:(4): 249–261. 1150: 1130: 1109:10.1086/639501 1084: 1063:10.1086/494177 1057:(4): 658–677. 1036: 1017:(3): 289–309. 998: 979: 966: 900: 850: 814: 801: 787: 786: 784: 781: 704: 701: 681: 678: 643: 640: 602:Brandeis Brief 580:anti-sweatshop 566:Kelley in 1925 559: 556: 489: 486: 460:Alzina Stevens 421: 418: 366:Alice Hamilton 272: 269: 242:Phi Beta Kappa 229: 226: 179: 176: 136: 135: 129: 125: 124: 121: 117: 116: 113: 109: 108: 99: 95: 94: 88: 84: 83: 80: 78:(aged 72) 72: 68: 67: 61: 48: 46: 42: 41: 33: 32: 29: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1906: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1791: 1789: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1755: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1718: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1696: 1693: 1692: 1688: 1685: 1684: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1661: 1657: 1656: 1647: 1644: 1640: 1637: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1623: 1620: 1616: 1615: 1602: 1596: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1578:0-88286-093-3 1574: 1570: 1563: 1561: 1552: 1545: 1538: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1491: 1483: 1479: 1473: 1467: 1462: 1453: 1445: 1439: 1435: 1428: 1419: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1397: 1391:Sklar, p. 463 1388: 1379: 1371: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1330: 1322: 1316: 1312: 1311: 1303: 1297:Sklar, p. 464 1294: 1287: 1281: 1274: 1268: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1225: 1223: 1221: 1219: 1217: 1215: 1213: 1206: 1200: 1198: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1154: 1147: 1141: 1139: 1137: 1135: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1091: 1089: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1045: 1043: 1041: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1005: 1003: 994: 990: 983: 976: 970: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 935: 933: 931: 929: 927: 925: 923: 921: 919: 917: 915: 913: 911: 909: 907: 905: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 857: 855: 845: 843: 841: 839: 837: 835: 833: 831: 829: 827: 825: 823: 821: 819: 811: 805: 798: 792: 788: 780: 777: 773: 769: 768: 766: 761: 760: 758: 753: 752: 750: 745: 744: 742: 737: 736: 734: 729: 725: 724: 722: 717: 713: 712: 710: 700: 698: 693: 691: 687: 677: 674: 672: 668: 663: 661: 656: 651: 649: 639: 635: 633: 632: 626: 624: 620: 615: 613: 609: 608: 603: 599: 598: 593: 592:Supreme Court 587: 585: 581: 577: 576:New York City 573: 564: 555: 553: 549: 545: 540: 536: 534: 530: 526: 521: 517: 513: 509: 507: 506:W.E.B. 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Index

Florence Finch Kelly

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Laurel Hill Cemetery
Cornell University
Northwestern University School of Law
William D. Kelley
wage abolitionism
sweatshops
minimum wage
eight-hour workdays
children's rights
National Consumers League
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
William D. Kelley
Philadelphia
US House of Representatives
John Bartram
Cornell University
Phi Beta Kappa
University of Pennsylvania
New Century Guild
University of Zurich
Northwestern University School of Law

Marguerite Martyn
St. Louis Post-Dispatch
Intercollegiate Socialist Society
African-American civil rights
Karl Marx

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