139:. The symmetry of the arrangement, in which one bank of three cylinders is mirrored by the other bank, means that there is no net force from any given mirrored cylinder pair along the axis of movement of the pistons. So not only is there no net primary or secondary reciprocating effect, there is no net turning force - moment - that would try to rotate the engine back and forth about its engine mountings. (The moment is not quite zero in practice because each cylinder pair is offset slightly from the other, or else they would clash at the crankshaft.) In this regard, the six cylinder boxer engine is the same as a flat-four boxer engine, which also does not experience any rocking couple.
377:
469:
271:
159:
257:
395:
38:
418:, which used an engine based on a flat-four engine with two cylinders added. The Wilson-Pilcher was a front-engined car with the crankshaft in-line with the chassis and the cylinders between the chassis rails. Reports on this car quote it as being "remarkably silent and smooth running" and "almost total absence of vibration".
605:
As the years passed, Bernard
Pietenpol taught himself how to repair televisions and radios. By 1960, Chevrolet introduced the six cylinder air-cooled Chevrolet Corvair. This would be the last engine Bernard would experiment with in powering his Air Camper. In 1966 Bernard completed his first Corvair
647:
Note: A low-revving engine is eminently suitable to drive a propeller, which is typically most effective at about 2,000 rpm. If a valve in a side-valve engine should stick open, it cannot hit the piston and cause engine failure; the engine will continue with just that cylinder inoperative. This is
97:
sports car, which has used flat-six engines continuously since 1963. Several other car manufacturers, including Subaru, have produced flat-six engines at times. Flat-six engines have also occasionally been used in motorcycles, and commonly in general aviation aircraft, along with the
128:. As in other six-cylinder engines, the overlapping of the power strokes of the different cylinders (with a firing interval of 120 degrees in a four-stroke engine) reduces the pulsating of the power delivery relative to that of similar engines with fewer cylinders.
306:
193:
Flat engines largely replaced the historically more popular radial engines in small aircraft after World War II because they were less expensive to manufacture. The smaller frontal area compared with a radial engine also results in less drag.
429:(air-cooled). Both are rear-engined cars with rear-wheel drive. Chevrolet produced over 1.8 million Corvairs of various types and utilized a turbocharger on some models; one of the first uses of a turbocharger on a mass-produced automobile.
307:
71:
engine, where each pair of opposed cylinders moves inwards and outwards at the same time. An alternative configuration for flat engines is a 180-degree V engine, where both cylinders move to the right then the left at the same time.
484:
touring motorcycle has used a water-cooled flat-six engine since 1988. Initially, the engine had a displacement of 1.5 L (92 cu in), until it was enlarged to 1.8 L (110 cu in) in 2001.
289:
79:) and being well suited to air-cooling. The disadvantages are a large width (which can limit the maximum steering angle when used in a front-engined car), a large intake manifold being required when a central
305:
460:
engine was introduced in 2007 and was produced until 2019. All engines were used in front-engine cars with all-wheel drive, plus the XT and
Alcyone SVX were also available with front-wheel drive.
584:
287:
717:
288:
209:
compact car. Compared with the engines used in cars, flat-six engines used by helicopters have large displacements and are low revving, producing more torque and less power.
233:, the massively over-square (1.295:1) D-Motor is a very simple, low-revving, compact, reliable lightweight aero-engine (without the heavy (and bulky) complication of
658:
866:
308:
739:
618:
229:. Although the side-valve format has long been abandoned for most automotive applications because its combustion chamber is a bar to high engine
592:
75:
The advantages of the flat-six layout are good engine balance (for reduced vibration), a low center of gravity, short length (compared with an
298:
859:
725:
559:
432:
Japanese manufacturer Subaru produced water-cooled flat-6 engines from 1988–1996 and 2000–2019. Their first flat-6 engine, the
1406:
852:
536:
492:
F6C (1997–2003) was a cruiser based on the GL1500 Gold Wing. The limited edition 2004 Valkyrie Rune was based on the GL1800.
60:
201:
engine, produced from 1985 to 1991, was based on the engine used in the
Porsche 911 sports car. Several examples of the
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833:
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448:, the replacement for the Subaru XT. Following a hiatus of flat-6 engine production for four years, the
332:, a rear-engined sports car which has used flat-six engines exclusively since 1963. The engines were
1147:
987:
17:
182:
in their model codes for flat-layout engines as a designation for “opposed” cylinder layouts. The
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659:"Flat Sixy: The Evolution of Porsche 911 Engine Size, Technology, and Output in the U.S."
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83:
is used, and duplication of the inlet and outlet connections for water-cooled engines.
826:
Honda
Motorcycles: Everything You Need to Know About Every Honda Motorcycle Ever Built
707:"The Wilson-Pilcher Petrol Cars", The Automotor Journal, April 16th, 1904, pp. 463-468
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Two
American manufacturers briefly produced cars with flat-six engines—the 1948
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powered Air Camper, then another in 1970 which was dubbed "the Last
Original".
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Some aircraft have used flat-six engines originally designed for cars. The
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117:
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These characteristics result in low vibration for flat-six engines (as in
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Most motorcycles use engines with four or fewer cylinders, however the
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homebuilt monoplane aircraft have used the air-cooled engine from the
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which began production in 1942. Several manufacturers use the letter
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146:), especially when compared with the imbalances that are present in
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Other
Porsche models that use flat-six engines are the 1970–1972
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425:(water-cooled, based on the Franklin O-335) and the 1960–1969
874:
411:
The first car to use a flat-six engine was the 1904–1907
585:"Pietenpol Official Pietenpol Air Camper Family Website"
212:
A notable recent flat-six aero-engine is the 4-litre
93:
car. The most notable use of flat-six engines is the
86:
The first production flat-six engine was in the 1904
770:"Subaru history in the USA: the models, the changes"
740:"Flat-6 Club: 1993 Subaru Impreza w/ Legacy 6-Cyl"
684:"7 Flat-Six-Powered Vehicles That Aren't Porsches"
328:The flat-six engine is often associated with the
135:configuration, a flat-six engine does not have a
67:. The most common type of flat-six engine is the
30:"Flat-six" redirects here. For the interval, see
1398:
63:with three cylinders on each side of a central
860:
648:an important safety feature for aero-engines.
619:"The Lycoming O-540 Engine and Why We Use It"
560:"The Physics of: Engine Cylinder-Bank Angles"
27:Horizontally opposed 6-cylinder piston engine
591:. Pietenpol Aircraft Company. Archived from
867:
853:
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817:
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467:
255:
174:which began production in 1940, and the
157:
120:flat-six engine is able to have perfect
36:
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812:
336:until 1999, when Porsche started using
14:
1399:
524:
436:, was added to the model range of the
366:
848:
531:. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 13.
463:
240:
222:, a modular variant of the 2.7-litre
170:Early flat-six engines include the
24:
625:. 18 November 2015. Archived from
528:Light and Heavy Vehicle Technology
452:engine was introduced in the 2000
319:Problems playing these files? See
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150:with a 90-degree bank angle.
1407:Piston engine configurations
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166:air-cooled aircraft engine
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44:air-cooled aircraft engine
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623:www.hieldsaviation.co.uk
589:community.pressenter.net
54:horizontally opposed-six
828:. Krause Publications.
444:engine was used in the
252:Porsche flat-six engine
1008:Single-acting cylinder
941:Double-acting cylinder
824:Mitchel, Doug (2005).
477:
361:Porsche Boxster/Cayman
274:
264:
167:
45:
876:Engine configurations
471:
454:Subaru Legacy/Outback
359:), and the 1996–2021
299:2006 Porsche Cayman S
273:
259:
250:Further information:
161:
110:Further information:
42:Continental O-470-13A
40:
978:Oscillating cylinder
750:on 21 September 2019
744:www.dailyturismo.com
662:www.caranddriver.com
629:on 19 September 2019
564:www.caranddriver.com
525:Nunney, M J (2007).
440:coupe. In 1991, the
338:water-cooled engines
203:Pietenpol Air Camper
144:straight-six engines
1071:Two-and four-stroke
973:Intake over exhaust
688:www.carthrottle.com
367:Other manufacturers
190:light helicopter.
664:. 13 December 2013
478:
464:Use in motorcycles
446:Subaru Alcyone SVX
275:
265:
241:Use in automobiles
168:
52:, also known as a
46:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1090:Inline / straight
988:Overhead camshaft
718:"Corvair History"
595:on April 23, 2017
538:978-0-7506-8037-0
502:Inline-six engine
427:Chevrolet Corvair
351:), the 1986–1993
309:
290:
281:1967 Porsche 911R
207:Chevrolet Corvair
126:secondary balance
77:inline-six engine
16:(Redirected from
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1081:Cylinder layouts
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746:. Archived from
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728:on 22 June 2014.
724:. Archived from
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186:was used in the
100:flat-four engine
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474:Honda Valkyrie
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414:Wilson-Pilcher
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384:Wilson-Pilcher
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363:(mid-engine).
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184:Franklin O-335
176:Lycoming O-435
172:Franklin O-265
164:Franklin O-335
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137:rocking couple
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106:Engine balance
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89:Wilson-Pilcher
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237:valve-gear).
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1412:Flat engines
1372:Split-single
1175:
1158:Flat / boxer
1018:Swing-piston
825:
804:23 September
802:. Retrieved
798:
789:
779:23 September
777:. Retrieved
773:
764:
754:21 September
752:. Retrieved
748:the original
743:
734:
726:the original
721:
712:
703:
693:21 September
691:. Retrieved
687:
678:
668:21 September
666:. Retrieved
661:
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633:10 September
631:. Retrieved
627:the original
622:
613:
604:
597:. Retrieved
593:the original
588:
579:
567:. Retrieved
563:
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544:24 September
542:. Retrieved
527:
520:
487:
479:
431:
420:
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342:
327:
318:
227:D-Motor LF26
220:D-Motor LF39
211:
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87:
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68:
58:six-cylinder
53:
49:
47:
1061:Five-stroke
1056:Four-stroke
1013:Split cycle
951:Free-piston
894:Atmospheric
569:9 September
458:Subaru EZ36
450:Subaru EZ30
442:Subaru EG33
434:Subaru ER27
402:Subaru EZ36
357:rear-engine
353:Porsche 959
330:Porsche 911
262:Porsche 911
118:boxer-style
112:Flat engine
95:Porsche 911
32:Minor sixth
1401:Categories
1066:Six-stroke
1051:Two-stroke
968:Heron head
926:Cam engine
513:References
472:1997–2004
400:2007–2019
349:mid-engine
334:air-cooled
321:media help
214:side-valve
162:1945–1975
148:V6 engines
81:carburetor
65:crankshaft
795:"Touring"
507:V6 engine
438:Subaru XT
423:Tucker 48
224:flat-four
69:boxer-six
998:Pentroof
946:Flathead
936:Compound
914:Rotative
496:See also
416:18/24 HP
91:18/24 HP
18:Flat-six
1206:V / Vee
1023:Uniflow
956:Stelzer
931:Camless
909:Cornish
246:Porsche
217:Belgian
188:Bell 47
122:primary
56:, is a
1367:Radial
1357:Deltic
1003:Rotary
921:Bourke
832:
599:May 6,
535:
476:engine
456:. The
404:engine
386:engine
1350:Other
1033:Wedge
899:Axial
382:1904
260:1966
133:boxer
131:In a
1028:Watt
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