Flapper - Knowledge

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order. Although most of them were the daughters of the middle class, they flouted middle-class values. Lots of women in the United States were drawn to the idea of being a flapper. There were rival organizations of flappers – the National Flapper Flock and the Royal Order of the Flapper. Flappers shrugged off their chaperones, danced suggestively, and openly flirted with boys. "Flappers prized style over substance, novelty over tradition, and pleasure over virtue." Ruth Gillettes, a 1920s singer, had a song titled "Oh Say! Can I See You Tonight?" which expresses the new behavior of girls in the 1920s. Before the 1920s, for a woman to call a man to suggest a date would be impossible. However, in the 1920s, many girls seemed to play a leading role in relationships, actively asking boys out or even coming to their homes.

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lighthearted stories of girls getting the better of those who underestimated them, but others described girls betraying their own standards of behavior in order to live up to the image of flappers. There were several examples: a newlywed confessed to having cheated on her husband, a college student described being told by a boyfriend that she was not "the marrying kind" because of the sexual liberties she had permitted him, and a minister's daughter recounted the humiliation of being caught in the lie of pretending she was older and more sophisticated than she was. Many readers thought that flappers had gone too far in their quest for adventure. One 23-year-old "ex-vamp" declared: "In my opinion, the average flappers from 15 to 19 were brainless, inconsiderate of others, and easy to get into serious trouble."

295:"In all countries, the First World War weakened old orthodoxies and authorities, and, when it was over, neither government nor church nor school nor family had the power to regulate the lives of human beings as it had once done. One result of this was a profound change in manners and morals that made a freer and less restrained society. Women benefited from this as much as anyone else. Time-worn prescriptions concerning what was or was not proper behavior for them no longer possessed much credibility, and taboos about unaccompanied appearances in public places, or the use of liquor or tobacco, or even pre-marital sexual relationships had lost their force. ... omen were no longer as vulnerable to the tyranny of society as they had been ." 752:, an upmarket magazine that featured articles on pop culture, advice on fashion, and even articles on helping readers channel their inner celebrity. In March 1926, an anonymous young woman wrote in describing petting as a problem, explaining, "The boys all seem to do it and don't seem to come back if you don't do it also. We girls are at our wits' end to know what to do. ... I'm sure that I don't want to marry anyone who is too slow to want to pet. But I want to discover what is right. Please help me." Van Wyck sympathized with the problem the writer faced and added, "It seems to me much better to be known as a flat tire and keep romance in one's mind than to be called a hot date and have fear in one's heart." 812: 130: 608: 1117:

female employee, whom she considered illegally attractive. The incident was duly reported to the officials of the bank, and rules adopted regarding requirements in dress for female employees. Those rules included that the dress should not have a pattern, it should be bought from a specific store, it must be worn in either black, blue or brown, its sleeves must not be shortened above the elbow, and its hem must not be worn higher than 12 inches from the ground. After that, the anti-flapper code soon spread to the Federal Reserve, where female employees were firmly told that there was no time for them to beautify themselves during office hours.

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followed the conventions of those before her. The flapper was an example of the prevailing conceptions of women and their roles during the Roaring 1920s. The flappers' ideal was motion with characteristics of intensity, energy, and volatility. She refused the traditional moral code. Modesty, chastity, morality, and traditional concepts of masculinity and femininity were seemingly ignored. The flapper was making an appeal to authority and was being attached to the impending "demoralization" of the country.

848: 569:, located in Chicago – celebrated the flapper's appeal. On the opening page of its first issue, it proudly declared flappers' break with traditional values. Also, flappers defended them by contrasting themselves with earlier generations of women whom they called "clinging vines". They mocked the confining fashions and demure passivity of older women and reveled in their own freedom. They did not even acknowledge that the previous generation of female activists had made the flappers' freedom possible. 186: 352: 368: 734: 966: 50: 504: 763:, said that they have been "very much with us ever since". In the Kinsey Report of 1950, there was an indicated increase in premarital intercourse for the generation of the 1920s. Kinsey found that of women born before 1900, 14 percent acknowledged premarital sex before the age of 25, while those born after 1900 were two and a half times more likely (36 percent) to have premarital intercourse and experience an orgasm. 522: 776:" at this period often meant going to buy whiskey, and a "handcuff" or "manacle" was an engagement or wedding ring. Moreover, flappers invented slang terms like "hush money", which meant the allowance from a father or "dropping the pilot", which meant getting a divorce. Also reflective of their preoccupations were phrases to express approval, such as "That's so Jake" (okay), "She/he's the 476:

were less "marriageable" if they were less "feminine", as the husband would be unhappy in his marriage. In Frame's book, she also wrote that the appearance of flappers, like the short hair and short dress, distracted attention from feminine curves to the legs and body. These attributes were not only a fashion trend but also the expression of a blurring of gender roles.

96:, a period of postwar social and political turbulence and increased transatlantic cultural exchange, as well as of the export of American jazz culture to Europe. More conservative people, who belonged mostly to older generations, reacted with claims that the flappers' dresses were "near nakedness" and that flappers were "flippant", "reckless", and unintelligent. 89:, and flaunted their disdain for prevailing codes of decent behavior. Flappers were seen as brash for wearing excessive makeup, drinking alcohol, smoking cigarettes in public, driving automobiles, treating sex in a casual manner, and otherwise flouting social and sexual norms. As automobiles became more available, flappers gained freedom of movement and privacy. 730:, for example, with the rise in popularity of "petting parties". At these parties, promiscuity became more commonplace, breaking from the traditions of monogamy or courtship with their expectations of eventual marriage. This was typical on college campuses, where young people "spent a great deal of unsupervised time in mixed company". 325:: individuality, full political participation, economic independence, and 'sex rights'. They wanted to have freedoms like men and go smoking and drinking. In addition, many women had more opportunities in the workplace and had even taken traditionally male jobs such as doctors, lawyers, engineers and pilots. The rise of 1089:. The evolving flapper look required "heavy makeup" in comparison to what had previously been acceptable outside of professional usage in the theater. With the invention of the metal lipstick container as well as compact mirrors, bee-stung lips came into vogue. Dark eyes, especially kohl-rimmed, were the style. 2717:. It admitted the existence of petting parties but considered the activities were no worse than those which had gone on in earlier times under the guise of "kissing games", adding that tales of what occurred at such events were likely to be exaggerated by an older generation influenced by traditional misogyny 2911:

The epithets she has evolved from her own lexicon are "junk", "necker" and "heavy necker". "Junk" is anything she considers unimportant or unworthy of consideration. A "necker" is a "petter" who puts her arms around a boy's neck. A "heavy necker" is a "petter" who hangs heavily on said neck. "Necking

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were less acceptable during the economic hardships of the 1930s. When hemlines began to rise again, numerous states took action, making laws that restricted women to wear skirts with hemlines no shorter than three inches (7.5 centimeters) above the ankle. The ever-popular bobbed haircut was the cause

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as casually as she would go into a railroad station. Women had started swearing and smoking publicly, using contraceptives, raising their skirts above the knee and rolling their hose below it. Women were now competing with men in the business world and obtaining financial independence and, therefore,

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Flappers' behavior was considered outlandish at the time and redefined women's roles. In the English media, they were stereotyped as pleasure-loving, reckless and prone to defying convention by initiating sexual relationships. Some have suggested that the flapper concept as a stage of life particular

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held that they were called "flappers" because they flapped when they walked, as they wore their overshoes or galoshes unfastened, showing that they defied convention in a manner similar to the 21st century fad for untied shoelaces. Another suggestion to the origin of the term, in relation to fashion,

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The slang term "flapper" may derive from an earlier use in northern England to mean "teenage girl", referring to one whose hair is not yet put up and whose plaited pigtail "flapped" on her back, or from an older word meaning "prostitute". The slang word "flap" was used for a young prostitute as early

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In the play a mature married couple, Patricia and Michael, vainly pursue slang-talking teenagers Billy and Clare, and so "Clare, out of the charity of youth for enamoured maturity, indulges Michael with a little mild flirtation" before at the end finding real love with Billy, who is her own age. The

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was pushing the boundaries of gender roles, representing sexual and economic freedom. She cut her hair short and took to loose-fitting clothing and low cut dresses. No longer restrained by a tight waist and long trailing skirts, the modern woman of the 1920s was an independent thinker, who no longer

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Being liberated from restrictive dress, from laces that interfered with breathing, and from hoops that needed managing suggested liberation of another sort. The new-found freedom to breathe and walk encouraged movement out of the house, and the flapper took full advantage. The flapper was an extreme

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Flappers did away with corsets and pantaloons in favor of "step-in" panties. Without the old restrictive corsets, flappers wore simple bust bodices to restrain their chest when dancing. They also wore new, softer and suppler corsets that reached to their hips, smoothing the whole frame, giving women

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and other entertainment venues, and use the large vehicles of the day for heavy petting or even sex. Also, the economic boom allowed more people the time and money to play golf and tennis and to take vacations, which required clothing adapted to these activities; the flapper's slender silhouette was

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is the D'Artagnan. You may remember having seen, in the long ago, illustrated editions of Mr. Dumas's novel showing D'Artagnan in his musketeer costume. And you may possibly remember that he wore boots, with turned down tops, which flopped as he walked. It is merely that we girls are following the

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The father of a young lady, aged 15 – a typical "FLAPPER" – with all the self assurance of a woman of 30 would be grateful for the recommendation of a seminary (not a convent) where she might be placed for a year or two with the object of taming her. It is not EDUCATION she requires, she

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throughout society. Fabric choices were among the many items to be cut back during this poverty-stricken time. Artificial fabrics were used instead of elegant fabrics such as silk, which were so popular in the early 1900s. No longer were party dresses adorned with decorative embellishments or made

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The Victorian American conception of sexuality and other roles of men and women in society and to one another were being challenged. Modern clothing was lighter and more flexible, better suiting the modern woman such as the flapper who wanted to engage in active sport. Women were now becoming more

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The lack of curves of a corset promoted a boyish look. Adding an even more boyish look, the Symington Side Lacer was invented and became a popular essential as an everyday bra. This type of bra was made to pull in the back to flatten the chest. Other women envied flappers for their flat chests and

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Flapper dresses were straight and loose, leaving the arms bare (sometimes no straps at all) and dropping the waistline to the hips. Silk or rayon stockings were held up by garters. Skirts rose to just below the knee by 1927, allowing flashes of leg to be seen when a girl danced or walked through a

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Flappers were associated with the use of a number of slang words, including "junk", "necker", "heavy petting", and "necking parties", although these words existed before the 1920s. Flappers also used the word "jazz" in the sense of anything exciting or fun. Their language sometimes reflected their

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Another writer, Lynne Frame, said in her book that a large number of scientists and health professionals have analyzed and reviewed the degree of femininity of flappers' appearance and behavior, given the "boyishness" of the flapper look and behavior. Some gynecologists gave the opinion that women

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In his lecture in February 1920 on Britain's surplus of young women caused by the loss of young men in war, Dr. R. Murray-Leslie criticized "the social butterfly type... the frivolous, scantily-clad, jazzing flapper, irresponsible and undisciplined, to whom a dance, a new hat, or a man with a car,

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article on the problem of finding jobs for women made unemployed by the return of the male workforce, following the end of World War One, was titled "The Flapper's Future". Under this influence, the meaning of the term changed somewhat, to apply to "independent, pleasure-seeking, khaki-crazy young

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Americans, and those fortunate English folk whose money and status permit them to go in freely for slang terms ... call the subject of these lines the 'flapper.' The appropriateness of this term does not move me to such whole-hearted admiration of the amazing powers of enriching our language which

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Political changes were another cause of the flapper culture. World War I reduced the grip of the class system on both sides of the Atlantic, encouraging different classes to mingle and share their sense of freedom. Women finally won the right to vote in the United States on August 26, 1920. Women

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According to a report in 1922, some banks across the United States started to regulate the dress and deportment of young female employees who were considered to be "flappers". It began with a complaint of a mother in New Jersey who felt dissatisfied because her son did business only with a young

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Although the appearance typically associated now with flappers (straight waists, short hair and a hemline above or around the knee) did not fully emerge until 1925, there was an early association in the public mind between unconventional appearance, outrageous behavior, and the word "flapper". A

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gender roles, devotion to plain-living, hard work and religion. Increasingly, women discarded old, rigid ideas about roles and embraced consumerism and personal choice, and were often described in terms of representing a "culture war" of old versus new. Flappers also advocated voting and women's

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Although many young women in the 1920s saw flappers as the symbol of a brighter future, some also questioned the flappers' more extreme behavior. Therefore, in 1923, the magazine began asking for true stories from its readers for a new column called "Confessions of a Flapper". Some of these were

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The flapper stands as one of the more enduring images of youth and new women in the 20th century and is viewed by modern-day Americans as something of a cultural heroine. However, back in the 1920s, many Americans regarded flappers as threatening to conventional society, representing a new moral

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Society changed quickly after World War I. For example, customs, technology, and manufacturing all moved quickly into the 20th century after the interruption of the war. The rise of the automobile was an important factor in flapper culture, as cars meant a woman could come and go as she pleased,

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pandemic which struck in 1918 killing between 20–40 million people, inspired in young people a feeling that life is short and could end at any moment. Therefore, young women wanted to spend their youth enjoying their life and freedom rather than just staying at home and waiting for a man to

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Zeitz, 2007. "Here was where the modern culture could prove threatening to the Victorians. The ethos of the consumer market glorified not only self-indulgence and satisfaction, but also personal liberty and choice. It invited relativism in all matters ranging from color schemes and bath soap to

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would still be classed as a child. She would be expected to keep a low profile on social occasions and ought not to be the object of male attention. Although the word was still largely understood as referring to high-spirited teenagers, gradually in Britain it was being extended to describe any

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There was, for instance, a Maid Marian in the cast, who was described as a "dainty dam'sell" because she was a sergeant. There was something ridiculously fascinating about that sergeant, for he was in blue short skirts, a hat of Parisian type and flapper-like hair; and when she was instructing

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Mr. Tiller explained the difference between a "pony" and a "flapper". A pony, he said, is a small dancer who may be of any age. A flapper is a girl who has just "come out". She is at an awkward age, neither a child nor a woman, and she is just as likely to develop into a show girl as a

702:, a noted liberal writer at the time, summed up this dichotomy by describing flappers as "truly modern", "New Style" feminists who "admit that a full life calls for marriage and children" and also "are moved by an inescapable inner compulsion to be individuals in their own right". 174:

the Americans modestly acknowledge they possess ..., in fact, would scarcely merit the honour of a moment of my attention, but for the fact that I seek in vain for any other expression that is understood to signify that important young person, the maiden of some sixteen years.

835:("boy" with a feminine suffix), flapper style made girls look young and boyish: short hair, flattened breasts, and straight waists accentuated it. By at least 1913, the association between slim adolescence and a certain characteristic look became fixed in the public's mind. 2760:

The spirit of the petting party is light and frivolous. Its object is not marriage – only a momentary thrill. It completely gives the lie to those sweet, old phrases, "the only man" and "the only girl". For where there used to be only one girl there may be a score of them

599:, parts of them were celebrated for flappers' spirit and appropriation of male privilege, while parts of them acknowledged the dangers of emulating flappers too faithfully, with some even confessing to violating their own codes of ethics so as to live up to all the hype. 225:, described a "flapper" as belonging to a slightly older age group, a girl who has "just come out". Tiller's use of the phrase "come out" means "to make a formal entry into 'society' on reaching womanhood". In polite society at the time, a teenage girl who had not 636:" was known in England by the late 1880s, the term was understood to mean a very demure social type unlike the flapper, who was typically rebellious and defiant of convention. The evolving image of flappers was of independent young women who went by night to 587:

displayed the "Girl"—the flapper. She was young and fashionable, financially independent, and was an eager consumer of the latest fashions. The magazines kept her up to date on fashion, arts, sports, and modern technology such as automobiles and telephones.

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at the end of 1928, suggesting that she was being replaced by the "Siren", a mysterious, stylish, "vaguely European" ideal woman. The flapper lifestyle and look disappeared and the roaring '20s era of glitz and glamour came to an end in America after the

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My dear "Flappers" – I wonder if any of you in your gay youthfulness ever realise what a lot of harm you are doing to your future happiness by the way you sometimes cheapen yourselves in the eyes of your men "pals", as you love to call them

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Changes in fashion were interpreted as signs of deeper changes in the American feminine ideal. The short skirt and bobbed hair were likely to be used as a symbol of emancipation. Signs of the moral revolution consisted of premarital sex,

2497:... a typical German girl of the well to do class between the ages of fifteen and seventeen. Before she gets to be fifteen she is simply a 'kid' as we say in this country. But for those two years she is a backfisch pure and simple. 2722:"Let Girls Smoke, Mrs. Dupuy's Plea; Penwomen's President Rises in Defense of Young Thing Who 'Parks Corsets' Before Dance. MRS.GLYN WRONG, SHE SAYS Declares Short-Skirt Girl of Today Who Goes to "Petting Parties" Is All She Should Be" 1183:

of 1929. Unable to afford the latest trends and lifestyle, the once-vibrant flapper women returned to their dropped hemlines, and the flapper dress disappeared. A sudden serious tone washed over the public with the appearance of the

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bought the Symington Side Lacer to enhance the same look; large breasts were commonly regarded as a trait of unsophistication. Hence, flat chests became appealing to women, although flappers were the most common to wear such bras.

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Let us introduce the word 'Backfisch', for we have the Backfisch always with us. She ranges from fifteen to eighteen years of age, keeps a diary, climbs trees secretly, blushes on the smallest provocation, and has no

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denounced the "flippancy of the cigarette smoking, cocktail-drinking flapper". A Harvard psychologist reported that flappers had "the lowest degree of intelligence" and constituted "a hopeless problem for educators".

3130:...when a lady of uncertain age and very certain development attempts the same little costume because it looks well on the thin little girl, well – " And Mme. Nordica left the result to the interviewer's imagination. 213:

featuring the misadventures of a pretty fifteen-year-old girl and titled "Her Majesty the Flapper". By 1911, a newspaper review indicates the mischievous and flirtatious "flapper" was an established stage-type.

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Zeitz, 2007. "Others argued, though, that flappers' laissez-faire attitude was simply a natural progression of feminine liberation, the right having already been won."; p.107: "T isengaged from politics..."

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of a 1915 Christmas entertainment for troops stationed in France described a soldier in drag burlesquing feminine flirtatiousness while wearing "short skirts, a hat of Parisian type and flapper-like hair".

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Yes, girls do smoke, and there is no harm if they don't go to excess. It is not like the rush of girls to the cafés to drink which happened twenty years ago. It was that which brought about prohibition.

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popularized the flapper look and lifestyle through their works, and flappers came to be seen as attractive, reckless, and independent. Among those who criticized the flapper craze was writer-critic

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as 1631. By the 1890s, the word "flapper" was used in some localities as slang both for a very young prostitute, and, in a more general and less derogatory sense, of any lively mid-teenage girl.

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In the 1920s, new magazines appealed to young German women with a sensuous image and advertisements for the appropriate clothes and accessories they would want to purchase. The glossy pages of

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a thin little flapper of a girl donning a skirt in which she can hardly take a step, extinguishing all but her little white teeth with a dumpy bucket of a hat, and tripping down Fifth Avenue.

803:. As treating became more widespread, the activity acquired the label "charity," and the young women who engaged in the more risqué aspects of the practice were often called charity girls. 274:

comes from a 1920s fashion trend in which young women left their overcoat unbuttoned to allow it to flap back and forth as they walked, appearing more independent and freed from the tight,

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explained it to Americans as theatrical slang for acrobatic young female stage performers. The flapper was also known as a dancer, who danced like a bird—flapping her arms while doing the

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brightly colored. Instead, women headed to work to take over roles of men at war. The physically demanding jobs called for the creation and social acceptance of women's pants in society.

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Flappers also began working outside the home and challenging women's traditional societal roles and the monolithic historical idea of women being powerless throughout social history.

262:. It was the first film in the United States to portray the "flapper" lifestyle. By that time, the term had taken on the full meaning of the flapper generation style and attitudes. 2529:." The article concludes "And over in England, as I learned, they call a girl of about fifteen a 'flapper'. If I were still but fifteen I am sure I would prefer being a backfisch." 622:

to young women was imported to England from Germany, where it originated "as a sexual reaction against the over-fed, under-exercised monumental woman, and as a compromise between

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The standard non-slang usage appeared in print as early as 1903 in England and 1904 in the United States, when novelist Desmond Coke used it in his college story of Oxford life,

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What are 'flappers'? Why, they are the young girls with their hair still hanging down their backs. They are the sort that can climb up ropes hand over hand and pose at the top.

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used the term, although with careful explanation: "A 'flapper', we may explain, is a young lady who has not yet been promoted to long frocks and the wearing of her hair 'up

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assertive and less willing to keep the home fires burning. The flappers' costume was seen as sexual and raised deeper questions of the behavior and values it symbolized.

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journalist grouped it with terms such as "blotto" as outdated slang: " evokes a distant echo of glad rags and flappers ... It recalls a past which is not yet 'period'."

644:, which were viewed as erotic and dangerous, where they danced provocatively, smoked cigarettes and dated freely, perhaps indiscriminately. They were active, sporting, 1093:

came into vogue now that it was no longer a messy application process. Women shaped their eyebrows needle-thin and penciled them in dark, emulating such actresses as

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In this manner, flappers were a result of larger social changes – women were able to vote in the United States in 1920, and religious society had been rocked by the

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In addition to their irreverent behavior, flappers were known for their style, which largely emerged as a result of French fashions, especially those pioneered by

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of the 1890s. Although that pre-war look does not resemble the flapper style, their independence may have led to the flapper wisecracking tenacity 30 years later.

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Despite the scandal flappers generated, their look became fashionable in a toned-down form among respectable older women. Significantly, the flappers removed the

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showed off a tan after a holiday – it suggested a life of leisure, without the onerous need to work. Women wanted to look fit, sporty, and, above all, healthy.

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Fashion: A visual history from regency & romance to retro & revolution: A complete illustrated chronology of fashion from the 1800s to the present day

1149:, drinking, and contempt for older values. Before the War, a lady did not set foot in a saloon; after the War, a woman, though no more "a lady", entered a 698:, who fought for the right for women to vote, viewed flappers as vapid and in some ways unworthy of the enfranchisement they had worked so hard to win. 329:

also promoted the ideals of "fulfilment and freedom", which encouraged women to think independently about their garments, careers, social activities.

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Boyish cuts were in vogue and released the weight of the tradition of women being required to grow their hair long, through popular cuts such as the

3376:...the great voracious mouth, the immense black eyes, ringed, bruised, discolored, the incandescence of her pupils, the bewildered nocturnal hair... 2321: 3908: 2521:

The article implies the girl is so designated to prevent someone no longer a child attempting to assume the airs of an adult woman: "These German

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Transitioning into the 1930s was no easy task. Campaigns such as the "Make Do and Mend" slogan were becoming prevalent to ensure there was no

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For all the concern about women stepping out of their traditional roles, however, many flappers were not engaged in politics. In fact, older

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and the actual ubiquitous consumption of alcohol led to widespread disdain for authority. Flapper independence was also a response to the

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At this early date, it seems that the style associated with a flapper already included the boyish physique and close-fitting hat, but a

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Flappers and the New American Woman: Perceptions of Women from 1918 Through the 1920s (Images and or of Women in the Twentieth Century)

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Abra, Allison. (September 2016) "Going to the palais: a social and cultural history of dancing and dance halls in Britain, 1918–1960."

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breeze, although the way they danced made any long loose skirt flap up to show their legs. To enhance the view, some flappers applied

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By the mid-1930s in Britain, although still occasionally used, the word "flapper" had become associated with the past. In 1936, a

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The use of the term coincided with a fashion among teenage girls in the United States in the early 1920s for wearing unbuckled

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Praga, Mrs. Alfred (July 29, 1917). ""Sporting" girls and the risks they run. An open letter to "The Flappers" of England".

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a straight up and down appearance as opposed to the old corsets that slenderized the waist and accented the hips and bust.

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was reporting that the Flapper was beginning to disappear in England, being replaced by the so-called "Little Creatures."

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An earlier article in the same newspaper rebutted an attack on the behaviour of American girls made recently in the

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magazine depicted petting parties as "that famed and shocking institution of the '20s", and, commenting on the

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Cellania, M. (2013, March 25). The Rise of the Flapper - Sociological Images. Retrieved April 26, 2016, from

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Wie kommt die Katze in den Sack und was weiß der Kuckuck davon?: Tierische Redewendungen und ihre Bedeutung

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pioneered a look which included short, disheveled hair, emphatic mouth and huge eyes heavily outlined in

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that the term was used. In her final movies, she was seen as the flapper image. Other actresses, such as

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wanted to be men's social equals and were faced with the difficult realization of the larger goals of

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A Primary Source Shows the Connection Between 1920s Flappers and Social Media Youth Organizers Today

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Lowry, Helen (January 30, 1921). "As the debutante tells it: more about Mrs Grundy and Miss 1921".

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also came into vogue at the time, reaching 2–3 inches (5–8 cm) high. Favored shoe styles were

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The sketch is of a girl in a frock with a long skirt, "which has the waistline quite high and semi-

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By November 1910, the word was popular enough for A. E. James to begin a series of stories in the

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Ferdinand, a Bad Lad... in the use of the "glad eye", the great audience shouted with laughter.

2437:

The article goes on to describe flappers haunting public venues in order to "get off" with men.

1230: 1076: 1063:

pieces, especially many layers of beaded necklaces. Pins, rings, and brooches came into style.

1048:

was used as a means of styling. Hats were still required wear, and popular styles included the

699: 3231: 2937: 2743: 2291: 1992: 1469:

IX. 110 "Fall to your flap, my Masters, kisse and clip"; 112 "Come hither, you foule flappes."

787:

There were two more slang terms that reflected flappers' behaviors or lifestyles, which were "

4129: 2871: 2829: 2801: 2774: 2465: 1537:

Barr&egrave, A.; Leland, C. G.; Farmer, J. S.; Ware, J. R.; Lowsley, B. (March 1, 2024).

950: 773: 554: 145: 3943: 1984: 1922:

The more noise the buckles made, the better they flapped, that's why we were called flappers

1104:

skin was considered most attractive. However, tanned skin became increasingly popular after

424:

was a factor in the rise of the flapper. With legal saloons and cabarets closed, back alley

312:, which ended in November 1918. The death of large numbers of young men in the war, and the 4200: 4185: 3344: 1373: 992: 748: 665: 3744:

Posing a Threat: Flappers, Chorus Girls, and other Brazen Performers of the American 1920s

2617:

Posing a Threat: Flappers, Chorus Girls, and other Brazen Performers of the American 1920s

2413:

Nina Sylvester, "Before Cosmopolitan: The Girl in German women's magazines in the 1920s".

2071:

Posing a Threat: Flappers, Chorus Girls, and other Brazen Performers of the American 1920s

1125: 383:

The first appearance of the flapper style in the United States came from the popular 1920

169:

contained a sketch entitled "The Dress of the Young Girl" with the following explanation:

8: 1141:

manifestation of changes in the lifestyles of American women made visible through dress.

1064: 954: 723: 576:

included an article on police reform, possibly indicating a concern for societal issues.

467:, who penned "Flappers: A Hate Song" to poke fun at the fad. In 1922, Secretary of Labor 440: 429: 1351: 777: 117:

in Japan, although the American term "flapper" was the most widespread internationally.

4066: 3913: 3884: 3868: 3811:

Flapper: a madcap story of sex, style, celebrity, and the women who made America modern

3518: 3510: 3184: 2726: 2701: 2587: 2551: 2503: 2265:"Taylorology: A Continuing Exploration of the Life and Death of William Desmond Taylor" 2210: 1862: 1827: 1787: 1742: 1606: 653: 645: 613: 543: 149: 3730:

Jazz Age Beauties: The Lost Collection of Ziegfeld Photographer Alfred Cheney Johnston

2248: 1020: 781: 428:

became prolific and popular. This discrepancy between the law-abiding, religion-based

4155: 3990:"Thousands of photos of flappers can be viewed at Louise Brooks Fan Club on Facebook" 3856: 3848: 3840: 3815: 3794: 3775: 3761: 3747: 3733: 3719: 3705: 3691: 3672: 3652: 3541: 3522: 3327: 3237: 3153: 3062: 3000: 2990: 2835: 2807: 2780: 2749: 2620: 2585:

Mrs William Atherton du Puy (October 15, 1921). "Let Girls Smoke, Mrs Dupuy's Plea".

2475: 2373: 2342: 2121: 2098: 2074: 2053: 1996: 1985: 1967: 1883: 1508: 1428: 1180: 1090: 984: 883: 816: 788: 448: 275: 179: 3493:

Freedman, Estelle B. (1974). "The New Woman: Changing views of Women in the 1920s".

2204:

And over in England, as I learned, they call a girl of about fifteen a "flapper."...

2017:

https://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2013/03/25/guest-post-the-rise-of-the-flapper/

3860: 3502: 1527:

1888 (E.D.S.): "Vlapper, .. applied in joke to a girl of the bread-and-butter age."

1276: 1185: 1086: 996: 977: 923: 641: 93: 33: 3406: 949:

Beginning in the early 1920s, flappers began appearing in newspaper comic strips;

103:

was a worldwide phenomenon that had other names depending on the country, such as

4087: 3864: 3809: 3143: 3083: 2874: 2264: 2170: 1959: 1660: 1655: 1444: 1240: 1197: 919: 836: 832: 511: 301: 270: 209: 3443:

From bloomers to flappers: the American women's dress reform movement, 1840–1920

2402: 648:, drove cars, and openly drank alcohol, a defiant act in the American period of 4092: 3989: 3032:

Love for Sale: Courting, Treating, and Prostitution in New York City, 1900–1945

3019:

Love for Sale: Courting, Treating, and Prostitution in New York City, 1900–1945

1225: 1220: 970: 935: 847: 627: 468: 464: 452: 384: 3463:

Yellis, Kenneth A (1969). "Prosperity's Child: Some thoughts on the Flapper".

3034:(Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press, 2006), pp. 1, 48–49. 1648: 417:

would soon build their careers on the same image, achieving great popularity.

4149: 4037: 3960: 3561: 1303:

In a 1913 letter a man addressed his 21-year-old girlfriend as his "flapper".

1271: 1146: 988: 931: 927: 899: 895: 851: 800: 796: 760: 739: 727: 680: 460: 414: 410: 406: 81:

who wore short skirts (knee height was considered short during that period),

70: 40: 3973: 3055: 3004: 3852: 3787:

La Joven Moderna in Interwar Argentina: Gender, Nation, and Popular Culture

3425: 3261: 3258:"Flappers: Six Women of a Dangerous Generation by Judith Mackrell – review" 2699:"Mothers Complain that Modern Girls 'Vamp' Their Sons at Petting Parties". 939: 911: 903: 887: 859: 688: 394: 259: 200: 133: 86: 3021:(Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press, 2006), pp. 1, 3. 2137: 1587:. Alexandria, Virginia.: Editors of the Time-Life Books. 1997. p. 38. 367: 351: 4061: 2714: 2163: 1462: 1249: 1105: 1049: 1045: 1041: 943: 907: 824: 695: 527: 433: 389: 358: 326: 313: 309: 254: 218: 195: 190: 185: 113: 74: 49: 780:" (a superb person), "Cake-eater" (a ladies' man), and the popular "the 248:

were of more importance than the fate of nations". In May of that year,

4108: 4056: 3514: 1570:(interview with English comedy actor George Graves). February 3, 1907. 1500: 1215: 1053: 915: 733: 715: 456: 444: 66: 4003: 1688:

actress playing the flapper is characterized as "full of youth and 'go

799:

from the 1890s to the 1940s and was most commonly engaged in by young

99:

While primarily associated with the United States, this "modern girl"

1684:

Now the 'flapper' is Miss Clare Lesley, the Dean's tomboy daughter...

1347: 1158: 1150: 1094: 1037: 965: 891: 878:

from female fashion, raised skirt and gown hemlines, and popularized

661: 637: 623: 425: 402: 373: 334: 226: 157: 100: 3506: 3323:

Women From the Ankle Down: The Story of Shoes and How They Define Us

397:. Thomas starred in a similar role in 1917, though it was not until 3994: 3149: 1938:. Berkeley Heights, New Jersey: Enslow Publishers, Inc, 2009, p. 19 1235: 1189: 1111: 1060: 719: 322: 266: 3388: 1950:(London, England): "Delivering Drunkards", December 2, 1936, p. 15 882:

for women. Among actresses closely identified with the style were

152:

move. This move became quite a competitive dance during this era.

1082: 1033: 1025: 879: 711: 82: 2860:(Third ed.). Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin's. p. 561. 1775:

I cannot bear to think of my flapper without an engagement ring.

772:

feelings about dating, marriage and drinking habits: "I have to

521: 503: 2452:

The Long Week End: a Social History of Great Britain, 1918–1939

1536: 1101: 875: 792: 657: 2619:. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England. pp. 7–8. 2293:

The Spectacular Modern Woman: Feminine Visibility in The 1920s

652:. With time, came the development of dance styles such as the 509:

Woman depicted in typical flapper outfit in the cover art for

4034: 3276:"Fritzi Ritz Before Bushmiller: She's Come a Long Way, Baby!" 2364: 2362: 2360: 2358: 999:

and T-straps in classic black, gold, silver, or nude shades.

230:

impetuous immature woman. By late 1914, the British magazine

78: 3688:

The Modern Temper: American Culture and Society in the 1920s

2745:

Texas Through Women's Eyes: The Twentieth-Century Experience

2272: 679:

They were considered a significant challenge to traditional

2892:

The Modern Temper:American Culture and Society in the 1920s

2584: 2355: 2073:. Hanover NH: University Press of New England. p. 9. 3702:

The Damned and the Beautiful: American Youth in the 1920s

2989:. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books. 1998. pp. 32–33. 2677: 839:, commenting on New York fashions that year, referred to 203:, before the look of the flapper had started to coalesce. 2341:. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications Inc. p. 9. 626:

and normal sex". In Germany, teenage girls were called "

3436: 3434: 1876:

But you have perhaps heard that there is a movie play,

1403: 1391: 1321:

First occurring as American criminal slang before 1914.

1174:

An obituary for the "Flapper" ran on the front page of

144:: "There's a stunning flapper". In 1907, English actor 3669:

The Face of the Century: 100 Years of Makeup and Style

2391: 737:

A flapper is featured on the poster for the 1924 film

308:

One cause of the change in young women's behavior was

3458: 3456: 3454: 3452: 2304: 2302: 819:, showing a fashionably dressed flapper in the 1920s. 3431: 2652: 1804:"Training demobilized women: the flapper's future". 1601:. No. 38574. February 20, 1908. page 15, col F. 1485:

Flippers, flappers, very young girls trained to vice

3774:. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Press, 2010. 2189:(1st ed.). New York: The Ivy Press Limited. p.92-93 3649:The Modern Woman Revisited: Paris Between the Wars 3449: 3054: 2374:http://www.ultimatehistoryproject.com/flapper.html 2299: 2120:. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing. p.17 2097:. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing. p.18 2052:. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing. p.16 1822:. No. 42326. February 5, 1920. page 9, col A. 1808:. No. 42232. October 16, 1919. page 7, col B. 987:to their knees. Popular dress styles included the 165:". In April 1908, the fashion section of London's 3215:. No. 41050. December 30, 1915. p 7, col E. 1773:. No. 40344. October 16, 1913. p 15, col D. 671: 4147: 2773:Drowne, Kathleen Morgan; Huber, Patrick (2004). 2720:Dupuy, Mrs William Atherton (October 15, 1921). 2525:dare not do so, because they know they are mere 1936:The 1920s Decade in photos: The Roaring Twenties 1733:. No. 40576. July 15, 1914. page 1, col B. 791:" and "charity girls". In the social context of 3839:. Clerkenwell, London, England: Pan MacMillan 2673:"When 'Petting Parties' Scandalized The Nation" 2151:"The Rise of the Flapper - Sociological Images" 1682:. No. 39540. March 23, 1911. p 10, col C. 221:, defining the word in an interview he gave to 3666: 3345:"Gatsby Party - Your Definitive Fashion Guide" 3211:"Pantomime At The Front, Soldier "Heroines"". 2962: 2748:. University of Texas Press. pp. 104–05. 2278: 1991:. Santa Barbara CA: Greenwood Press. pp. 1561: 1559: 4019: 3837:Flappers: Six Women of a Dangerous Generation 2855: 2741: 2670: 2403:https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/183623 1478: 3948:1920s Flapper: Young Women in a Modern World 3369: 2806:. University of Missouri Press. p. 39. 2742:McArthur, Judith N; Smith, Harold L (2010). 2542:. Vol. 3, no. 2. August 29, 1891. 2112: 2110: 2028: 2026: 2024: 1427:(rev. ed.) New York: Harper & Row, 1981 1193:for some women being fired from their jobs. 3772:Flappers: A Guide to an American Subculture 3075: 2894:. New York, NY: Hill and Wang. p. 136. 2856:Dubois, Ellen Carol; Dumenil, Lynn (2012). 2772: 2449: 1987:Flappers: A Guide to an American Subculture 1556: 1539:"flapper, n.² meanings, etymology and more" 1120: 420:In the United States, popular contempt for 4026: 4012: 3784: 2912:parties" have superseded "petting parties. 2034:"History of Women's Fashion: 1920 to 1929" 1409: 1397: 217:By 1912, the London theatrical impresario 3445:. Ohio State University. pp. 113–28. 3422:"The History of Women and Their Eyebrows" 3236:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 114. 2905:"Shifters No Longer Appeal to Slackers". 2445: 2443: 2107: 2021: 1525:A glossary of Berkshire words and phrases 1496: 1494: 1169: 1081:As far back as the 1890s, French actress 341: 3646: 3492: 2388:. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing, p. 16 2235: 2233: 1898: 1124: 1019: 964: 846: 810: 732: 606: 565:In 1922, a small-circulation magazine – 184: 128: 4033: 3529: 3084:"Flapper Fashion 1920s Fashion History" 3082:Thomas, Pauline Weston (May 21, 2021). 2827: 2336: 1788:"The Melancholy Passing of the Flapper" 1566:"The Comedy Old Man and His Troubles". 1424:Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable 1312:The word itself was introduced earlier. 1015: 4148: 3903: 3874: 3535: 3462: 3440: 3141: 3081: 3052: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3040: 2963:Jackson, Louis E; Hellyer, CR (1914). 2889: 2799: 2640:religion, politics, sex and morality." 2614: 2440: 2068: 1982: 1769:"£600 Damages For Breach of Promise". 1505:Teenage: The Creation of Youth Culture 1491: 1154:other kinds of independence from men. 1112:American banks and "flapper" employees 815:"Where there's smoke there's fire" by 4007: 3807: 3477: 3229: 2719: 2658: 2426: 2397:Jason Ulysses Rose (August 7, 2022). 2308: 2284: 2230: 1915: 1341: 862:rather than one with a high hemline. 439:Writers in the United States such as 3282:. September 22, 2017. Archived from 3024: 2938:"Flapper Slang: Talk the 1920s talk" 2779:. Greenwood Publishing. p. 45. 2450:Graves, Robert; Hodge, Alan (1994). 2401:. Retrieved February 23, 2023, from 1266:1929 United Kingdom general election 1209: 746:Carolyn Van Wyck wrote a column for 3929:– via humanitiesresource.com. 3540:. HarperCollins. pp. 137–138. 3306:"On the Knees of Our College Girls" 3233:Cultural Encyclopedia of the Breast 3124:"Mme Nordica Buys No Paris Gowns". 3108:"Mme Nordica Buys No Paris Gowns". 3037: 13: 4135:Remington Rand strike of 1936–1937 3829: 3562:"The Stock Market Crash of 1929 |" 3407:"A Brief History of 1920s Makeuop" 1855:"Flappers flaunt fads in footwear" 1507:. New York: Viking, 2007. p. 202. 1344:"Flappers in the Roaring Twenties" 705: 496:Magazine covers depicting Flappers 155:By 1908, newspapers as serious as 14: 4212: 3936: 3420:Valenti, Lauren (April 10, 2014) 3374:. Paris: Jean Cres. p. 279. 3176:. December 23, 1915. p. 11. 2149:Cellania, M. (March 25, 2013) 6, 1918:Lucille: The life of Lucille Ball 1188:. The high-spirited attitude and 726:) became more common than in the 479: 376:in 1921, before she became a star 3604: 3579: 3554: 3486: 3471: 3414: 3061:. New York: WW Norton & Co. 3053:Kemper, Rachel (December 1977). 2262: 542: 520: 502: 366: 350: 258:, a silent comedy film starring 55:A flapper on board a ship (1929) 48: 32: 3633: 3495:The Journal of American History 3400: 3381: 3363: 3337: 3326:New York: HarperCollins, 2012. 3314: 3298: 3268: 3250: 3223: 3204: 3166: 3135: 3117: 3101: 3011: 2979: 2956: 2930: 2918: 2898: 2883: 2864: 2849: 2821: 2793: 2766: 2735: 2692: 2671:Weeks, Linton (June 26, 2015). 2664: 2643: 2633: 2608: 2599: 2578: 2532: 2485: 2459: 2420: 2407: 2378: 2372:. Retrieved May 18, 2016, from 2370:Not for Old Fogies: The Flapper 2330: 2314: 2256: 2192: 2179: 2156: 2143: 2130: 2087: 2062: 2042: 2009: 1976: 1953: 1941: 1928: 1908: 1892: 1847: 1812: 1797: 1780: 1762: 1736:has too much of that already... 1723: 1714: 1702:"Some facts about the ballet". 1695: 1667: 1641: 1633:"The Dress of the Young Girl". 1626: 1591: 1577: 1530: 1517: 1315: 1306: 1297: 2974:(online ed.). March 2012. 2965:A dictionary of criminal slang 1472: 1456: 1437: 1415: 1366: 1335: 672:Overturning of Victorian roles 572:In 1923, the flapper magazine 189:An advertisement for the 1920 1: 3667:De Castelbajac, Kate (1995). 3612:"Women's Fashion in War Work" 2116:Langley, S. (2005) "Jazz" in 2093:Langley, S. (2005) "Jazz" in 2048:Langley, S. (2005) "Jazz" in 1328: 1059:Jewelry usually consisted of 806: 288: 4171:Culture of the United States 3785:Tossounian, Cecilia (2020). 3758:Fashions of the Roaring '20s 3651:. Rutgers University Press. 3641:Contemporary British History 2872:"The Kinsey Report on Women" 2247:. Assumption. Archived from 2136:Boland, J. (April 15, 2012) 1983:Sagert, Kelly Boyer (2010). 1070: 488: 338:very suitable for movement. 276:Victorian Era style clothing 120: 7: 3944:"1920s fashion & music" 3791:University of Florida Press 3690:. New York: Hill and Wang. 3591:www.fashionencyclopedia.com 2800:Nelson, Lawrence J (2003). 2386:Roaring '20s fashions: Deco 2267:. Arizona State University. 2153:. Retrieved April 26, 2016. 2140:. Retrieved April 12, 2016. 2138:"1920s Fashion & Music" 1674:"Review of the 1911 comedy 1449:Online Etymology Dictionary 1204: 1002: 602: 550:Ellen Bernard Thompson Pyle 10: 4217: 3909:"Flapping Not Repented Of" 3880:"Flapping Not Repented Of" 3728:Hudovernik, Robert (2006) 3647:Chadwick, Whitney (2003). 3178:...the jaunty little toque 3030:Clement, Elizabeth Alice. 3017:Clement, Elizabeth Alice. 2834:. Cosimo. pp. 45–46. 2615:Latham, Angela J. (2000). 2069:Latham, Angela J. (2000). 1966:New York: Merdian. p.161. 1786:Anonymous (December 1914) 1074: 975: 960: 136:in a flapper dress c. 1915 92:Flappers are icons of the 73:women prominent after the 18: 4122: 4101: 4080: 4044: 3972:. Rambova. Archived from 3742:Latham, Angela J. (2000) 3714:Gourley, Kathleen (2007) 3616:www.forgeofinnovation.org 3230:Smith, Merril D. (2014). 2972:Oxford English Dictionary 2927:, online ed., March 2012. 2925:Oxford English Dictionary 2572:Oxford English Dictionary 2327:Retrieved April 26, 2016. 2176:Retrieved April 12, 2016. 2039:Retrieved April 12, 2016. 1899:Basinger, Jeanne (2000). 1720:Oxford English Dictionary 1654:December 4, 2009, at the 1649:"Her Majesty the Flapper" 1543:Oxford English Dictionary 595:So, among the readers of 447:and illustrators such as 16:1920's women's subculture 4114:Federal Radio Commission 3835:Mackrell, Judith (2014) 3441:Kriebl, Karen J (1998). 2828:Bragdon, Claude (2007). 2322:"Gender and Consumerism" 2185:Stevenson, N. J. (2012) 1916:Brady, Kathleen (2001). 1887:style set by D'Artagnan. 1479:Barrere; Leland (1889). 1290: 1268:, "the flapper election" 1256:Thoroughly Modern Millie 1134:Frank Xavier Leyendecker 1121:Semiotics of the flapper 784:" (anything wonderful). 766: 85:their hair, listened to 21:Flapper (disambiguation) 3566:www.thebubblebubble.com 2368:Ferentinos, S. (n.d.). 2169:April 22, 2021, at the 2162:Bramlett, L. A. (2010) 1635:The Globe and Traveller 1132:cover "The Flapper" by 536:(cover). November 1922. 167:The Globe and Traveller 4072:Cosmetics in the 1920s 3970:"Flappers and fashion" 3959:. AACA. Archived from 3808:Zeitz, Joshua (2007). 3700:Fass, Paula S. (2007) 3643:30#3 pp. 432–433. 3536:Israel, Betsy (2002). 3465:The American Quarterly 3395:(category). Wikimedia. 3304:Lowry, Helen Bullitt. 2803:Rumors of Indiscretion 2032:McGlinchey, S. (2014) 1231:Interbellum Generation 1170:End of the flapper era 1137: 1077:Cosmetics in the 1920s 1029: 973: 855: 845: 820: 743: 700:Dorothy Dunbar Bromley 618: 585:Das Blatt der Hausfrau 532:"Not for Old Fogies". 342:Evolution of the image 297: 204: 176: 137: 4191:Slang terms for women 4161:1920s fads and trends 4130:Mohawk Valley formula 3770:Sagert, Kelly Boyer. 3756:Lauber, Ellie (2000) 3686:Dumenil, Lynn (1995) 3370:Jean Lorrain (1936). 3320:Bergstein, Rachelle. 3142:McEvoy, Anna (2009). 2987:The jazz age: the 20s 2890:Duenil, Lynn (1995). 2574:(2nd ed.). 1989. 2495:. February 24, 1910. 2337:Dalzell, Tom (2010). 2202:. February 24, 1910. 2118:Roaring '20s Fashions 2095:Roaring '20s Fashions 2050:Roaring '20s Fashions 1585:The Jazz Age. The 20s 1342:Rosenberg, Jennifer. 1128: 1023: 968: 850: 841: 814: 774:see a man about a dog 736: 610: 555:Saturday Evening Post 293: 188: 171: 132: 4196:Stereotypes of women 4045:Collective imaginary 3957:"Slang of the 1920s" 3372:La Ville Empoisonnée 2858:Through Women's Eyes 2705:. February 17, 1922. 2384:Langley, S. (2006). 2320:Reinsch, O. (2013). 2164:"Vintage Sportswear" 1879:The Three Musketeers 1523:Lowsley, Barzillai. 1016:Hair and accessories 19:For other uses, see 3145:The 1920s And 1930s 3128:. January 1, 1913. 2493:New Brunswick Times 2429:The Weekly Dispatch 2417:8#4 (2007): 550–54. 2279:De Castelbajac 1995 2263:Long, Bruce (ed.). 2200:New Brunswick Times 2174:Fuzzylizzie Vintage 1481:Dictionary of Slang 1067:were also popular. 1065:Horn-rimmed glasses 801:working-class women 724:non-penetrative sex 441:F. Scott Fitzgerald 430:temperance movement 269:, and a widespread 4176:Fashion aesthetics 4067:Torches of Freedom 3976:on August 21, 2010 3914:The New York Times 3885:The New York Times 3869:Tamara de Lempicka 3480:The New York Times 3349:picVpic-Fashion101 3311:(February 2, 1922) 3309:The New York Times 3126:The New York Times 3112:. January 1, 1913. 3110:The New York Times 3057:History of Costume 2944:. November 5, 2019 2909:. March 26, 1922. 2907:The New York Times 2870:Havemann, Ernest. 2727:The New York Times 2702:The New York Times 2588:The New York Times 2415:Journalism Studies 2339:Flappers 2 Rappers 2251:on April 12, 2013. 1914:Strong, Marion in 1866:. January 29, 1922 1863:The New York Times 1706:. March 31, 1912. 1704:The New York Times 1568:The New York Times 1354:on August 25, 2004 1261:2002 stage musical 1176:The New York Times 1138: 1030: 974: 856: 821: 744: 619: 614:Prodigal Daughters 611:Advertisement for 558:(February 4, 1922) 223:The New York Times 205: 142:Sandford of Merton 138: 4143: 4142: 3963:on June 18, 2010. 3921:on April 25, 2021 3907:(July 16, 1922). 3878:(July 16, 1922). 3857:Tallulah Bankhead 3845:978-0-330-52952-5 3821:978-1-4000-8054-0 3800:978-1-6834-0116-2 3780:978-0-313-37690-0 3766:978-0-7643-0017-2 3752:978-0-8195-6401-6 3738:978-0-7893-1381-2 3724:978-0-8225-6060-9 3710:978-0-19-502492-0 3696:978-0-8090-1566-5 3678:978-0-8478-1895-2 3658:978-0-8135-3292-9 3467:. pp. 44–64. 3256:Hughes, Kathryn. 3243:978-0-7591-2332-8 3192:Missing or empty 3159:978-1-60413-383-7 3068:978-0-88225-137-0 2880:(August 24, 1953) 2841:978-1-59605-430-1 2813:978-0-8262-6290-5 2786:978-0-313-32013-2 2755:978-0-292-77835-1 2626:978-0-8195-6401-6 2559:Missing or empty 2540:Pall Mall Gazette 2511:Missing or empty 2480:978-3-641-05361-1 2470:. In: Sigi Kube: 2454:. pp. 33–34. 2348:978-0-486-47587-5 2245:Memories of Olive 2218:Missing or empty 2080:978-0-8195-6401-6 2002:978-0-313-37690-0 1884:Douglas Fairbanks 1835:Missing or empty 1750:Missing or empty 1637:. April 11, 1908. 1614:Missing or empty 1513:978-0-670-03837-4 1451:. April 26, 2007. 1287: 1286: 1181:Wall Street Crash 1136:, 2 February 1922 951:Blondie Boopadoop 884:Tallulah Bankhead 817:Russell Patterson 640:such as those in 449:Russell Patterson 250:Selznick Pictures 4208: 4028: 4021: 4014: 4005: 4004: 3999: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3964: 3951: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3917:. Archived from 3896: 3894: 3892: 3861:Zelda Fitzgerald 3825: 3814:. Random House. 3804: 3682: 3662: 3627: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3608: 3602: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3558: 3552: 3551: 3533: 3527: 3526: 3490: 3484: 3483: 3475: 3469: 3468: 3460: 3447: 3446: 3438: 3429: 3418: 3412: 3404: 3398: 3396: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3367: 3361: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3351:. August 6, 2015 3341: 3335: 3318: 3312: 3302: 3296: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3272: 3266: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3227: 3221: 3220: 3208: 3202: 3201: 3195: 3190: 3188: 3180: 3170: 3164: 3163: 3139: 3133: 3132: 3121: 3115: 3113: 3105: 3099: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3079: 3073: 3072: 3060: 3050: 3035: 3028: 3022: 3015: 3009: 3008: 2983: 2977: 2975: 2968: 2960: 2954: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2934: 2928: 2922: 2916: 2914: 2902: 2896: 2895: 2887: 2881: 2868: 2862: 2861: 2853: 2847: 2845: 2825: 2819: 2817: 2797: 2791: 2790: 2770: 2764: 2763: 2739: 2733: 2731: 2706: 2696: 2690: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2668: 2662: 2656: 2650: 2647: 2641: 2637: 2631: 2630: 2612: 2606: 2603: 2597: 2595: 2582: 2576: 2575: 2568: 2562: 2557: 2555: 2547: 2536: 2530: 2520: 2514: 2509: 2507: 2499: 2489: 2483: 2463: 2457: 2455: 2447: 2438: 2436: 2424: 2418: 2411: 2405: 2395: 2389: 2382: 2376: 2366: 2353: 2352: 2334: 2328: 2318: 2312: 2306: 2297: 2288: 2282: 2276: 2270: 2268: 2260: 2254: 2252: 2237: 2228: 2227: 2221: 2216: 2214: 2206: 2196: 2190: 2183: 2177: 2160: 2154: 2147: 2141: 2134: 2128: 2114: 2105: 2091: 2085: 2084: 2066: 2060: 2046: 2040: 2030: 2019: 2013: 2007: 2006: 1990: 1980: 1974: 1960:Craig, Gordon A. 1957: 1951: 1945: 1939: 1932: 1926: 1924: 1912: 1906: 1904: 1896: 1890: 1889: 1873: 1871: 1859: 1851: 1845: 1844: 1838: 1833: 1831: 1823: 1816: 1810: 1809: 1801: 1795: 1784: 1778: 1777: 1766: 1760: 1759: 1753: 1748: 1746: 1738: 1727: 1721: 1718: 1712: 1711: 1699: 1693: 1691: 1686: 1671: 1665: 1664:(November, 1910) 1645: 1639: 1638: 1630: 1624: 1623: 1617: 1612: 1610: 1602: 1595: 1589: 1588: 1581: 1575: 1574: 1563: 1554: 1553: 1551: 1549: 1534: 1528: 1521: 1515: 1498: 1489: 1487: 1476: 1470: 1460: 1454: 1452: 1441: 1435: 1419: 1413: 1407: 1401: 1395: 1389: 1388: 1386: 1384: 1370: 1364: 1363: 1361: 1359: 1350:. Archived from 1339: 1322: 1319: 1313: 1310: 1304: 1301: 1277:Zelda Fitzgerald 1259:, 1962 film and 1210: 1186:Great Depression 978:1920s in fashion 924:Dorothy Mackaill 546: 537: 524: 506: 370: 354: 304: 164: 107:in Argentina or 94:Roaring Twenties 77:and through the 52: 36: 4216: 4215: 4211: 4210: 4209: 4207: 4206: 4205: 4181:Gender equality 4146: 4145: 4144: 4139: 4118: 4097: 4088:Walter Lippmann 4076: 4040: 4032: 3988: 3979: 3977: 3968: 3955: 3942: 3939: 3924: 3922: 3890: 3888: 3865:Josephine Baker 3832: 3830:Further reading 3822: 3801: 3789:. Gainesville: 3679: 3659: 3636: 3631: 3630: 3620: 3618: 3610: 3609: 3605: 3595: 3593: 3585: 3584: 3580: 3570: 3568: 3560: 3559: 3555: 3548: 3534: 3530: 3507:10.2307/1903954 3491: 3487: 3476: 3472: 3461: 3450: 3439: 3432: 3419: 3415: 3405: 3401: 3387: 3386: 3382: 3368: 3364: 3354: 3352: 3343: 3342: 3338: 3319: 3315: 3303: 3299: 3289: 3287: 3286:on May 23, 2013 3274: 3273: 3269: 3255: 3251: 3244: 3228: 3224: 3210: 3209: 3205: 3193: 3191: 3182: 3181: 3172: 3171: 3167: 3160: 3140: 3136: 3123: 3122: 3118: 3107: 3106: 3102: 3092: 3090: 3080: 3076: 3069: 3051: 3038: 3029: 3025: 3016: 3012: 2997: 2985: 2984: 2980: 2970: 2961: 2957: 2947: 2945: 2936: 2935: 2931: 2923: 2919: 2904: 2903: 2899: 2888: 2884: 2869: 2865: 2854: 2850: 2842: 2826: 2822: 2814: 2798: 2794: 2787: 2771: 2767: 2756: 2740: 2736: 2718: 2708: 2698: 2697: 2693: 2683: 2681: 2669: 2665: 2657: 2653: 2648: 2644: 2638: 2634: 2627: 2613: 2609: 2604: 2600: 2583: 2579: 2570: 2560: 2558: 2549: 2548: 2538: 2537: 2533: 2512: 2510: 2501: 2500: 2491: 2490: 2486: 2474:. 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Craig 299: 291: 271:false etymology 210:London Magazine 162: 123: 75:First World War 60: 59: 58: 57: 56: 53: 45: 44: 37: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4214: 4204: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4137: 4132: 4126: 4124: 4120: 4119: 4117: 4116: 4111: 4105: 4103: 4099: 4098: 4096: 4095: 4093:Edward Bernays 4090: 4084: 4082: 4078: 4077: 4075: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4048: 4046: 4042: 4041: 4031: 4030: 4023: 4016: 4008: 4002: 4001: 3986: 3966: 3953: 3938: 3937:External links 3935: 3934: 3933: 3932: 3931: 3898: 3897: 3872: 3831: 3828: 3827: 3826: 3820: 3805: 3799: 3782: 3768: 3754: 3740: 3726: 3712: 3698: 3684: 3677: 3664: 3657: 3644: 3635: 3632: 3629: 3628: 3603: 3578: 3553: 3546: 3528: 3485: 3470: 3448: 3430: 3413: 3399: 3380: 3362: 3336: 3313: 3297: 3267: 3265:(June 1, 2013) 3249: 3242: 3222: 3203: 3165: 3158: 3134: 3116: 3100: 3074: 3067: 3036: 3023: 3010: 2995: 2978: 2955: 2929: 2917: 2897: 2882: 2863: 2848: 2840: 2820: 2812: 2792: 2785: 2765: 2754: 2734: 2691: 2663: 2661:, p. 117. 2651: 2642: 2632: 2625: 2607: 2605:Dumenil (1995) 2598: 2577: 2531: 2484: 2458: 2439: 2419: 2406: 2390: 2377: 2354: 2347: 2329: 2313: 2298: 2283: 2271: 2255: 2241:"Olive Thomas" 2229: 2191: 2178: 2155: 2142: 2129: 2106: 2086: 2079: 2061: 2041: 2020: 2008: 2001: 1975: 1952: 1940: 1927: 1907: 1891: 1846: 1811: 1796: 1779: 1761: 1722: 1713: 1694: 1666: 1640: 1625: 1590: 1576: 1555: 1529: 1516: 1490: 1471: 1455: 1436: 1414: 1402: 1390: 1365: 1333: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1323: 1314: 1305: 1295: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1285: 1284: 1280: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1263: 1252: 1245: 1244: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1226:Generation gap 1223: 1221:Hawksian woman 1218: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1171: 1168: 1122: 1119: 1113: 1110: 1075:Main article: 1072: 1069: 1017: 1014: 1004: 1001: 976:Main article: 971:Norma Talmadge 962: 959: 936:Norma Talmadge 808: 805: 768: 765: 755:In the 1950s, 707: 704: 673: 670: 604: 601: 552:"The Flapper" 548: 541: 540: 526: 519: 518: 508: 501: 500: 499: 495: 494: 493: 492: 490: 487: 481: 480:Image of youth 478: 469:James J. Davis 465:Dorothy Parker 453:John Held, Jr. 385:Frances Marion 372: 365: 364: 356: 349: 348: 347: 346: 345: 343: 340: 292: 290: 287: 122: 119: 54: 47: 46: 38: 31: 30: 29: 28: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4213: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4166:1920s fashion 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4153: 4151: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4127: 4125: 4121: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4106: 4104: 4100: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4085: 4083: 4081:Theoreticians 4079: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4049: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4038:media culture 4036: 4029: 4024: 4022: 4017: 4015: 4010: 4009: 4006: 3997: 3996: 3991: 3987: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3940: 3920: 3916: 3915: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3901: 3900: 3899: 3887: 3886: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3833: 3823: 3817: 3813: 3812: 3806: 3802: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3783: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3680: 3674: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3654: 3650: 3645: 3642: 3638: 3637: 3617: 3613: 3607: 3592: 3588: 3582: 3567: 3563: 3557: 3549: 3543: 3539: 3538:Bachelor Girl 3532: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3501:(2): 372–93. 3500: 3496: 3489: 3481: 3474: 3466: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3444: 3437: 3435: 3428: 3427: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3408: 3403: 3394: 3390: 3384: 3377: 3373: 3366: 3350: 3346: 3340: 3333: 3332:0-06-209707-5 3329: 3325: 3324: 3317: 3310: 3307: 3301: 3285: 3281: 3280:Hogan's Alley 3277: 3271: 3264: 3263: 3259: 3253: 3245: 3239: 3235: 3234: 3226: 3219: 3214: 3207: 3199: 3186: 3179: 3175: 3169: 3161: 3155: 3152:. p. 7. 3151: 3150:Facts On File 3147: 3146: 3138: 3131: 3127: 3120: 3111: 3104: 3089: 3085: 3078: 3070: 3064: 3059: 3058: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3033: 3027: 3020: 3014: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2996:0-7835-5509-1 2992: 2988: 2982: 2973: 2966: 2959: 2943: 2939: 2933: 2926: 2921: 2913: 2908: 2901: 2893: 2886: 2879: 2877: 2873: 2867: 2859: 2852: 2843: 2837: 2833: 2832: 2831:Delphic Woman 2824: 2815: 2809: 2805: 2804: 2796: 2788: 2782: 2778: 2777: 2769: 2762: 2757: 2751: 2747: 2746: 2738: 2729: 2728: 2723: 2716: 2712: 2704: 2703: 2695: 2680: 2679: 2674: 2667: 2660: 2655: 2646: 2636: 2628: 2622: 2618: 2611: 2602: 2594: 2590: 2589: 2581: 2573: 2566: 2553: 2546: 2545:conversation. 2541: 2535: 2528: 2524: 2518: 2505: 2498: 2494: 2488: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2468: 2462: 2453: 2446: 2444: 2435: 2431:. p. 7. 2430: 2423: 2416: 2410: 2404: 2400: 2394: 2387: 2381: 2375: 2371: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2350: 2344: 2340: 2333: 2326: 2323: 2317: 2310: 2305: 2303: 2295: 2294: 2287: 2281:, p. 35. 2280: 2275: 2266: 2259: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2236: 2234: 2225: 2212: 2205: 2201: 2195: 2188: 2182: 2175: 2172: 2168: 2165: 2159: 2152: 2146: 2139: 2133: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2113: 2111: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2090: 2082: 2076: 2072: 2065: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2045: 2038: 2035: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2018: 2012: 2004: 1998: 1994: 1989: 1988: 1979: 1973: 1972:9780452010857 1969: 1965: 1961: 1956: 1949: 1944: 1937: 1931: 1923: 1920:. Billboard. 1919: 1911: 1902: 1895: 1888: 1885: 1881: 1880: 1865: 1864: 1856: 1850: 1842: 1829: 1821: 1815: 1807: 1800: 1794: 1793: 1789: 1783: 1776: 1772: 1765: 1757: 1744: 1737: 1732: 1726: 1717: 1710: 1705: 1698: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1676:Lady Patricia 1670: 1663: 1662: 1657: 1653: 1650: 1647:James, A. E. 1644: 1636: 1629: 1621: 1608: 1600: 1594: 1586: 1580: 1573: 1569: 1562: 1560: 1544: 1540: 1533: 1526: 1520: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1497: 1495: 1486: 1482: 1475: 1468: 1464: 1459: 1450: 1446: 1440: 1434: 1433:0-06-014903-5 1430: 1426: 1425: 1418: 1412:, p. 36. 1411: 1406: 1400:, p. 33. 1399: 1394: 1379: 1375: 1369: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1338: 1334: 1318: 1309: 1300: 1296: 1283: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1272:Youth Culture 1270: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1257: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1247: 1246: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1213: 1212: 1211: 1202: 1199: 1194: 1191: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1167: 1163: 1160: 1155: 1152: 1148: 1147:birth control 1142: 1135: 1131: 1130:Life Magazine 1127: 1118: 1109: 1107: 1103: 1098: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1078: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1057: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1046:Finger waving 1043: 1039: 1035: 1027: 1022: 1013: 1009: 1000: 998: 994: 990: 989:robe de style 986: 979: 972: 967: 958: 956: 952: 947: 945: 941: 937: 933: 932:Norma Shearer 929: 928:Colleen Moore 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 900:Joan Crawford 897: 896:Louise Brooks 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 872: 869: 863: 861: 853: 852:Norma Shearer 849: 844: 840: 838: 834: 830: 826: 818: 813: 804: 802: 798: 797:United States 794: 790: 785: 783: 779: 775: 764: 762: 761:Kinsey Report 758: 753: 751: 750: 742: 741: 740:The Enemy Sex 735: 731: 729: 728:Victorian era 725: 721: 717: 713: 703: 701: 697: 692: 690: 685: 682: 677: 669: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 646:rode bicycles 643: 639: 635: 631: 630: 625: 616: 615: 609: 600: 598: 593: 589: 586: 582: 577: 575: 570: 568: 557: 556: 551: 545: 535: 529: 523: 514: 513: 505: 486: 477: 473: 470: 466: 462: 461:Faith Burrows 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 437: 435: 431: 427: 423: 418: 416: 415:Joan Crawford 412: 411:Colleen Moore 408: 407:Louise Brooks 404: 400: 396: 392: 391: 386: 375: 369: 360: 353: 339: 336: 330: 328: 324: 318: 315: 311: 305: 303: 296: 286: 284: 279: 277: 272: 268: 263: 261: 257: 256: 251: 245: 242: 237: 235: 234: 228: 224: 220: 215: 212: 211: 202: 198: 197: 192: 187: 183: 181: 175: 170: 168: 160: 159: 153: 151: 147: 146:George Graves 143: 135: 131: 127: 118: 116: 115: 111:in France or 110: 106: 105:joven moderna 102: 97: 95: 90: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 51: 42: 41:Louise Brooks 35: 26: 22: 4123:1930s topics 4102:Other topics 4051: 3993: 3980:December 11, 3978:. Retrieved 3974:the original 3961:the original 3947: 3923:. Retrieved 3919:the original 3912: 3905:Hooper, Ruth 3889:. Retrieved 3883: 3876:Hooper, Ruth 3853:Nancy Cunard 3849:Diana Cooper 3836: 3810: 3786: 3771: 3757: 3743: 3729: 3715: 3701: 3687: 3668: 3648: 3640: 3634:Bibliography 3619:. Retrieved 3615: 3606: 3594:. Retrieved 3590: 3581: 3569:. Retrieved 3565: 3556: 3537: 3531: 3498: 3494: 3488: 3479: 3473: 3464: 3442: 3426:Marie Claire 3424: 3416: 3410:Glamour Daze 3409: 3402: 3392: 3383: 3375: 3371: 3365: 3353:. Retrieved 3348: 3339: 3322: 3316: 3308: 3300: 3288:. Retrieved 3284:the original 3279: 3270: 3262:The Guardian 3260: 3252: 3232: 3225: 3216: 3212: 3206: 3194:|title= 3177: 3173: 3168: 3144: 3137: 3129: 3125: 3119: 3109: 3103: 3093:September 7, 3091:. Retrieved 3087: 3077: 3056: 3031: 3026: 3018: 3013: 2986: 2981: 2971: 2964: 2958: 2946:. 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