2777:
1233:
2565:
2083:
2683:
the
Southern states were incorporated into the new regime. The Song dynasty adopted a distinctively Southern Chinese cultural outlook. The preserved cultural traditions of Southern Tang, Wu Yue and Later Shu were used to rebuild the cultural landscape of the north. Southern libraries were transported north, Southeastern architecture was promoted in the new capital, and Southeastern Buddhist icons, clergy and relics were concentrated in the new capital so as to reintegrate these traditions into the imperial culture. This was distinct from the five Northern dynasties, who never supported extended monastic lineage networks but instead typically sought to restrict them and draw on their economic and military resources.
2068:
213:
1291:(Chengde, Youzhou, Weibo) were able to maintain much greater autonomy from the central government in the aftermath of the An Lushan rebellion. With their administration under local military control, these provinces never submitted tax revenues, and governorships lapsed into hereditary succession. They engaged in occasional war with the central government, or against each other, and Youzhou seemed to conduct its own foreign policy. This meant that the culture of these northeastern provinces started diverging from the capital. Many of the elites in post-Tang China, including the future emperors of the Song dynasty, came from this region.
2705:
1446:
agricultural production and an entrepot for the other regions. The regions were economically interdependent. Sui and Tang's policies, while paying little attention to developing the South, gave the South room to innovate free of tight administrative controls. The dominant northern officials had been unwilling to serve in the South during the Tang, and so southerners were recruited by the Tang to serve in a local capacity under the "Southern
Selection" supplemental system. These southern officials became the administrative core of the Ten Kingdoms and later dominated the bureaucracy by the mid-Song.
2830:
2754:
46:
2605:
1458:
2494:
2728:
2844:
1759:
2001:
1808:
1944:
1873:
2550:. Because the Later Tang was in decline and Li Cunxu was killed in a revolt, Meng Zhixiang found the opportunity to reassert Shu's independence. Like the Former Shu, the capital was at Chengdu and it basically controlled the same territory as its predecessor. The kingdom was ruled well until forced to succumb to Song armies in 965.
1416:, sometimes dealt with each other on terms of diplomatic equality out of pragmatic concern. This concept of "sharing the Mandate of Heaven" as "sibling states" was the result of the brief balance of power. After the reunification of China by the Song dynasty, the Song embarked on a special effort to denounce such arrangements.
2783:
2596:, it eventually took over Yin, Min, and Chu, holding present-day southern Anhui, southern Jiangsu, much of Jiangxi, Hunan, and eastern Hubei at its height. The kingdom became nominally subordinate to the expanding Song in 961 and was invaded outright in 975, when it was formally absorbed into the Song dynasty.
2485:(the successor of the Tang in North China). Gao's successors claimed the title of King of Nanping after the fall of the Later Liang in 924. It was a small and weak kingdom, and thus tried to maintain good relations with each of the Five Dynasties. The kingdom fell to advancing armies of the Song in 963.
2817:
The Tang code of 737 was the basic statutory law for this period, together supplemental edicts and collections. The Later Liang promulgated a code in 909. This code was blamed for delays in the administration of justice and said to be excessively harsh with respect to economic crimes. The Later Tang,
2809:
In later tradition, the Five
Dynasties is viewed as a period of judicial abuse and excessive punishment. This view reflects both actual problems with the administration of justice and the bias of Confucian historians, who disapproved of the decentralization and militarization that characterized this
2682:
Several
Northern dynasties originated in the northeast, and centralisation of the north led to a migration of provincial elites into the capital, particularly northeasterners, creating a new metropolitan culture. After the unification of China by the Song dynasty, the culture, arts and literature of
2643:
The Song dynasty, established in 960, was determined to reunify China. Jingnan and Wuping
Jiedushi were swept away in 963, Later Shu in 965, Southern Han in 971, and Southern Tang in 975. Finally, Wuyue and Qingyuan Jiedushi gave up their land to Northern Song in 978, bringing all of southern China
2027:
to launch an assault on Later Zhou. Against the advice of
Minister Feng Dao, Chai Rong decided to lead his army against the incursion. When Chai Rong engaged Liu Chong at Gao Ping (in modern Jincheng), two of Chai's generals, Fan Aineng and He Hui, fled from the battlefield along with their troops.
1278:
and its successor the Song dynasty, and the demilitarisation of the provinces. Southern China, divided into several independent dynastic kingdoms, was more stable than the North which saw constant regime change. Consequently, the
Southern kingdoms were able to embark on trade, land reclamation, and
1273:
The historian Hugh Clark proposed a three-stage model of broad political trends during this time period. The first stage (880–910) consists of the period between the Huang Chao
Rebellion and the formal end of the Tang dynasty, which saw chaotic fighting between warlords who controlled approximately
1424:
The
Southern regimes generally had more stable and effective government during this period. Even the rulers of the Southern states were almost all military leaders from the North with their key officers and elite forces also hailing from the North since the bulk of the Tang army was based in the
1265:
independence from its authority. In the last decades of the Tang dynasty, they were not even appointed by the central court anymore, but developed hereditary systems, from father to son or from patron to protégé. They had their own armies rivaling the "palace armies" and amassed huge wealth, as
1441:
and the founder of
Southern Han was a southern tribal chief. The Southern kingdoms were founded by men of low social status who rose up through superior military ability, who were later scorned as "bandits" by future scholars. However, once established, these rulers took great pains to portray
2619:
Although more stable than northern China as a whole, southern China was also torn apart by warfare. Wu quarreled with its neighbours, a trend that continued as Wu was replaced with Southern Tang. In the 940s Min and Chu underwent internal crises which Southern Tang handily took advantage of,
1445:
The economies of each of the southern regions had prospered in the late Tang. Guangdong and Fujian were the sites of important port cities trading exotic goods, the middle Yangtze and Sichuan were centers of tea and porcelain production, and the Yangtze delta was a center of extremely high
2112:). Each court was a center of artistic excellence. The period is noted for the vitality of its poetry and for its economic prosperity. Commerce grew so quickly that there was a shortage of metallic currency. This was partly addressed by the creation of bank drafts, or "flying money" (
2813:
Other abuses included the use of severe torture. The Later Han was the most notorious dynasty in this regard. Suspects could be tortured to death with long knives and nails. The military officer in charge of security of the capital is said to have executed suspects without inquiry.
1212:
of the Central Plain crowned themselves emperor. During the 70-year period, there was near-constant warfare between the emerging kingdoms and the alliances they formed. All had the ultimate goal of controlling the Central Plain and establishing themselves as the Tang's successor.
1220:, which held out until Song conquered it in 979. For the next several centuries, although the Song controlled much of South China, they coexisted alongside the Liao dynasty, Jin dynasty, and various other regimes in China's north, until finally all of them were unified under the
1777:'s rebel army, he took on a crucial role in suppressing the Huang Chao Rebellion. For this function, he was awarded the Xuanwu Jiedushi title. Within a few years, he had consolidated his power by destroying neighbours and forcing the move of the imperial capital to
2776:
1306:), their personal staff, and the bureaucrats who served in the capitals of the Five dynasties. These families had risen to prominence due to the unraveling of central authority after the An Lushan Rebellion, despite lacking esteemed ancestry. The historian
1266:
testified by their sumptuous tombs. Due to the decline of Tang central authority after the An Lushan Rebellion, there was a growing tendency to superimpose large regional administrations over the old districts and prefectures that had been used since the
2635:
for many years after. With this, Southern Tang became the undisputedly most powerful regime in southern China. However, it was unable to defeat incursions by the Later Zhou between 956 and 958, and ceded all of its land north of the
2311:. Qian Liu was named the Prince of Yue by the Tang emperor in 902; the Prince of Wu was added in 904. After the fall of the Tang dynasty in 907, he declared himself king of Wuyue. Wuyue survived until the eighteenth year of the
2399:. Ma was named regional military governor by the Tang court in 896, and named himself the Prince of Chu with the fall of the Tang in 907. This status as the Prince of Chu was confirmed by the Southern Tang in 927. The
1274:
one or two prefectures each. The second stage (910–950) saw the various warlords stabilize and gain enough legitimacy to proclaim new dynasties. The third stage (950–979) saw the forceful reunification of China by the
2651:. The greater stability of the Ten Kingdoms, especially the longevity of Wuyue and Southern Han, would contribute to the development of distinct regional identities within China. The distinction was reinforced by the
2663:. Written from the northern viewpoint, these chronicles organized the history around the Five Dynasties (the north), presenting the Ten Kingdoms (the south) as illegitimate, self-absorbed and indulgent.
2028:
At this critical moment, Chai Rong risked his life to break through the defense and crushed Liu's forces. After this campaign, Chai Rong consolidated his power. Between 956 and 958, forces of Later Zhou
1270:(221–206 BC). These administrations, known as circuit commissions, would become the boundaries of the later Southern regimes; many circuit commissioners became the emperors or kings of these states.
1294:
The administrations of the Five Dynasties and the early Song Dynasty shared a pattern of being disproportionately drawn from the families of military governors in northern and northwestern China (
1929:, marking the end of Later Jin. But while they had conquered vast regions of China, the Khitans were unable or unwilling to control those regions and retreated from them early in the next year.
1337:, the rebel defector turned warlord who ultimately ended the Tang dynasty. The rest of the Five Dynasties as well as the Song dynasty all emerged from a military organization originally led by
1925:
Not long after the founding of Later Jin, the Liao came to regard the emperor as a proxy ruler for China. In 943, the Khitans declared war and within three years seized the capital,
2686:
Although short, the period saw cultural innovations in different areas. Pottery saw the appearance of "white ceramics"/ In painting, the "varied landscape" of China was inspired by
1232:
1393:
served in the armies of Later Tang, Later Han, and Later Zhou. Zhao, also a professional soldier, rose through the ranks of the Later Zhou before seizing the throne in the
2457:
in 951. With the protection of the powerful Liao dynasty, the Northern Han maintained nominal independence until the Song dynasty wrested it from the Khitans in 979.
2104:
were generally concurrent, each controlling a specific geographical area. These were known as "The Ten Kingdoms" (in fact, some claimed the title of Emperor, such as
2877:
2408:
1818:
In the final years of the Tang dynasty, rival warlords declared independence in the provinces they governed—not all of which recognized the emperor's authority.
2040:
in defeat. In 959, Chai Rong attacked the Liao in an attempt to recover territories ceded during the Later Jin. After many victories, he succumbed to illness.
1442:
themselves as promoters of culture and economic development so as to legitimize their rule; many wooed former Tang courtiers to help administer their states.
1279:
infrastructure projects, laying the groundwork for the Song Dynasty economic boom. This economic shift to the south also led to a vast southward migration.
2530:. Wang was named military governor of western Sichuan by the Tang court in 891. The kingdom fell when his son surrendered in the face of an advance by the
2625:
1789:
a subordinate ruler. Three years later, he induced the boy emperor to abdicate in his favour. He then proclaimed himself emperor, thus beginning the
2704:
2299:
was the longest-lived (907–978) and among the most powerful of the southern states. Wuyue was known for its learning and culture. It was founded by
3953:
3837:
3820:
3346:
3649:
2899:
2810:
period. While Tang procedure called for delaying executions until appeals were exhausted, this was not generally the case in the Five Dynasties.
3958:
3983:
3909:
2019:
succeeded the throne and began a policy of expansion and reunification. One month after Chai Rong took the throne, Liu Chong, Emperor of
1838:
Empire in 911) in 915, and declared himself emperor in 923; within a few months, he brought down the Later Liang regime. Thus began the
2796:
2051:. This is the official end of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. During the next two decades, Zhao Kuangyin and his successor
1129:
1069:
2690:. It emphasized the sacredness of mountains as places between heaven and earth and depicted the natural world as a source of harmony.
3978:
3902:
2818:
Later Jin, and Later Zhou also produced recompilations. The Later Han was in power too briefly to make a mark on the legal system.
2659:
1166:, and more than a dozen concurrent dynastic states, collectively known as the Ten Kingdoms, were established elsewhere, mainly in
2407:, although Southern Tang rule of the region was temporary, as the next year former Chu military officers under the leadership of
2564:
1962:, establishing a third successive Shatuo reign. This was the shortest of the five dynasties. Following a coup in 951, General
3452:
3184:
3146:
3121:
3096:
1059:
2753:
1321:
The term "Five Dynasties" was coined by Song dynasty historians and reflects the view that the successive regimes based in
1208:
officials waned, but the key event was their recognition as sovereign by foreign powers. After the Tang collapsed, several
632:
622:
2082:
1883:
The Later Tang had a few years of relative calm, followed by unrest. In 934, Sichuan again asserted independence. In 936,
2647:
In common with other periods of fragmentation, the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period resulted in a division between
1101:
263:
3565:
3490:
3471:
3433:
3330:
3224:
253:
1433:
respectively, the founder of Min was a minor government staffer from Huainan, the founder of Wuyue was a 'rogue' from
1365:
was the son of a Shatuo commander in Li Keyong's army and became the son-in-law of the Later Tang general and emperor
3895:
3825:
3514:
3505:
3410:
3305:
3249:
3052:
3027:
2979:
2940:
2888:
2653:
2630:
1437:, the founder of Chu was (according to one source) a carpenter from Xuchang, the founder of Jingnan was a slave from
930:
2327:(909–945) was founded by Wang Shenzhi, who named himself the Prince of Min with its capital at Changle (present-day
2727:
3948:
3636:
2411:
seized the territory. In the waning years of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, the region was ruled by
2116:), as well as by certificates of deposit. Wood block printing became common during this period, 500 years before
684:
2067:
3963:
3943:
2867:
2589:
1147:
1122:
1074:
152:
56:
17:
2473:, a former general of Liang. It was based in Jiangling and held two other districts southwest of present-day
1096:
1022:
957:
70:
3968:
3776:
3664:
3592:
2482:
1790:
1762:
1753:
1608:
1032:
2546:(935–965) is essentially a resurrection of the previous Shu state that had fallen a decade earlier to the
3988:
3973:
3938:
3781:
3729:
2648:
1186:
1084:
841:
222:
3387:, Cambridge University Press, 5 Mar 2015, McKnight, Brian, "Chapter 4: Chinese law and the legal system"
3350:
2331:). One of Shenzhi's sons proclaimed the independent state of Yin in the northeast of Min territory. The
2100:
Unlike the dynasties of northern China, which succeeded one another in rapid succession, the regimes of
3771:
3684:
3679:
3670:
2450:
1959:
1947:
1938:
1876:
1867:
1847:
1370:
1358:
1181:
in 960. In the following 19 years, Song gradually subdued the remaining states in South China, but the
1089:
2204:, viewing it as simply a continuation of Later Han. This era also coincided with the founding of the
1643:
1115:
1052:
1017:
590:
286:
196:
3614:
3068:
Robert M. Hartwell (1982). "Demographic, Political, and Social Transformations of China, 750–1550".
2996:
Robert M. Hartwell (1982). "Demographic, Political, and Social Transformations of China, 750–1550".
1822:
was the jiedushi for the Hedong circuit in present Shanxi, forming a polity called Jin (晉). His son
796:
3993:
2671:
The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period turned away from the international cultural mood of the
2088:
1782:
786:
435:
3445:
Ten States, Five Dynasties, One Great Emperor: How Emperor Taizu Unified China in the Song Dynasty
3267:
1155:
3425:
3323:
Patrons and Patriarchs: Regional Rulers and Chan Monks during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
3217:
Patrons and Patriarchs: Regional Rulers and Chan Monks during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
2787:
1012:
3385:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 5, The Five Dynasties and Sung China, 960–1279 AD, Part 2
2620:
destroying Min in 945 and Chu in 951. Remnants of Min and Chu, however, survived in the form of
3998:
3858:
3815:
2592:(Emperor Liezu) took the state over from within in 937. Expanding from the original domains of
2360:
2356:
2335:
took that territory after the Min asked for help. Despite declaring loyalty to the neighboring
2232:
1694:
1677:
1288:
1064:
1042:
1027:
513:
232:
1922:) to the Khitans. The rebellion succeeded, and Shi Jingtang became emperor in this same year.
2679:. Throughout the period, there was marked cultural and economic growth, rather than decline.
2510:(907–925) was founded after the fall of the Tang dynasty by Wang Jian, who held his court in
2216:
2048:
1405:
1243:
Towards the end of the Tang dynasty, the imperial government granted increased powers to the
1037:
454:
1846:. After reuniting much of northern China, in 924 Cunxu received the submission of Shaanxi's
3868:
2193:
1835:
1538:
1079:
292:
8:
3629:
2948:
2197:
2036:, the most powerful regime in southern China, which ceded all the territory north of the
1911:
1555:
1473:
1170:. It was a prolonged period of multiple political divisions in Chinese imperial history.
244:
3878:
3242:
China during the Tang-Song Interregnum, 878–978: New Approaches to the Southern Kingdoms
1910:
in his rebellion. In return for their aid, Shi Jingtang promised annual tribute and the
3725:
3141:. Amherst, NY: Cambria Press. pp. 2, 5–6, 8, 11–12, 115, 118, 122, 233, 247, 248.
2711:
2228:
2117:
1843:
1786:
1672:
1655:
1159:
1047:
227:
174:
166:
3561:
3532:
3524:
3510:
3486:
3467:
3448:
3429:
3406:
3326:
3301:
3273:
3245:
3220:
3180:
3142:
3117:
3092:
3048:
3023:
2975:
2936:
2862:
2621:
2593:
2585:
2029:
1723:
1330:
975:
543:
523:
298:
136:
128:
45:
1342:
3810:
3805:
2857:
2307:). It was based mostly in modern Zhejiang province but also held parts of southern
2224:
2220:
1578:
1547:
1477:
1413:
654:
212:
204:
93:
3116:. University of California, Berkeley: Cambridge University Press. pp. 72–73.
2188:
Only ten are traditionally listed, hence the era's name. Some historians, such as
3380:
3295:
2969:
2930:
2744:
1394:
1202:
independent long before 907 as the late Tang dynasty's control over its numerous
3622:
3091:. University of California, Berkeley: Cambridge University Press. p. 100.
2905:
2894:
2849:
2283:). The kingdom fell in 937 when it was taken from within by the founder of the
1257:
rebellions weakened the imperial government, and by the early 10th century the
556:
473:
114:
2974:. Translated by Richard L. Davis. Columbia University Press. pp. lv–lxv.
2275:
military governor in 892. The capital was initially at Guangling (present-day
3932:
3832:
3750:
3557:
2637:
2581:
2559:
2499:
2412:
2400:
2332:
2284:
2236:
2175:
2044:
2033:
1903:
1827:
1591:
1564:
1526:
1409:
1390:
1311:
346:
313:
3422:
A Portrait of Five Dynasties China: From the Memoirs of Wang Renyu (880–956)
2932:
A Portrait of Five Dynasties China: From the Memoirs of Wang Renyu (880–956)
3916:
3873:
3863:
3755:
3735:
3606:
3602:
3585:
2882:
2872:
2835:
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and appears as a transition towards the solidified national culture of the
2672:
2608:
2604:
2430:
2424:
2348:
2312:
2272:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2181:
2151:
2093:
2056:
2052:
2024:
2020:
1979:
1907:
1884:
1689:
1660:
1587:
1408:
of ancient China, remarking that none of the rulers could be described as "
1386:
1362:
1307:
1221:
1217:
1182:
1178:
1174:
921:
897:
884:
871:
815:
774:
712:
426:
416:
393:
100:
3800:
3540:
2470:
2324:
2268:
2139:
2101:
1967:
1955:
1711:
1615:
1582:
1560:
1522:
1487:
1466:
1374:
1267:
1190:
1167:
828:
699:
533:
501:
488:
322:
3403:
From Warhorses to Ploughshares: The Later Tang Reign of Emperor Mingzong
1377:
was a Shatuo officer under Li Siyuan and Shi Jintang. The father of the
3710:
3689:
3674:
3500:
3281:
2763:
2573:
2547:
2531:
2507:
2454:
2403:
absorbed the state in 951 and moved the royal family to its capital in
2157:
2105:
2004:
1995:
1971:
1851:
1811:
1802:
1774:
1728:
1706:
1543:
1517:
1457:
1401:
1378:
1346:
1275:
1254:
580:
369:
2363:, was named regional governor by the Tang court. The kingdom included
3745:
3644:
2792:
2734:
2543:
2364:
2352:
2240:
2163:
2109:
2075:
2016:
1975:
1958:
entered the imperial capital in 947 and proclaimed the advent of the
1888:
1819:
1685:
1681:
1574:
1501:
1366:
1354:
1326:
1250:
1163:
145:
1404:(1619–1692) wrote that this period could be compared to the earlier
3509:. (transl. Richard L. Davis). New York: Columbia University Press.
2738:
2493:
2392:
2304:
2300:
2276:
1895:
1831:
1823:
1732:
1715:
1647:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1505:
1491:
1461:
Map of warlords ("jiedushi") in 902, before the end of Tang dynasty
1438:
1434:
1357:, who was the main military rival to Zhu Wen in the late Tang. The
1350:
1245:
1198:
3740:
3705:
2527:
2515:
2511:
2466:
2404:
2396:
2368:
2308:
2280:
2264:
2256:
2252:
2189:
2169:
2127:
2037:
2012:
1983:
1978:, a member of the Later Han imperial family, established a rival
1963:
1926:
1919:
1899:
1855:
1778:
1770:
1736:
1719:
1702:
1698:
1600:
1596:
1551:
1534:
1530:
1509:
1430:
1426:
1385:
fought in Li Keyong's army and Guo served under Liu Zhiyuan. The
1382:
1334:
1322:
1315:
1303:
1209:
1204:
1173:
Traditionally, the era is seen as beginning with the fall of the
723:
574:
568:
3554:
Power and Politics in Tenth-Century China: The Former Shu Regime
3177:
Power and politics in tenth-century China: the Former Shu regime
3165:(1977), "Chapter IX: The Epoch of the Second Division of China."
3139:
Power and politics in tenth-century China: the Former Shu regime
2055:
defeated the other remaining regimes in South China, conquering
1781:, which was within his region of influence. In 904, he executed
3853:
3715:
3545:
The Structure of Power in North China During the Five Dynasties
2986:
The information was taken from Richard L. Davis's introduction.
2687:
2434:
2388:
2384:
2372:
2328:
2145:
1892:
1839:
1668:
1664:
1639:
1513:
1338:
1299:
3349:. Museum of Chinese Art and Ethnography, Parma. Archived from
1758:
1412:". The Five Dynasties' rulers, despite claiming the status of
3720:
3022:. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. 127–128.
2612:
2569:
2523:
2519:
2478:
2474:
2336:
2296:
2260:
2133:
2000:
1915:
1830:
fiercely fought the regime forces to conquer northern China;
1807:
1651:
1634:
1604:
1568:
1495:
1481:
1295:
1185:
still remained in China's north (eventually succeeded by the
3204:. The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press. pp. 51–78.
2047:
staged a coup and took the throne for himself, founding the
1943:
1872:
1425:
North. The founders of Wu and Former Shu were 'rogues' from
1216:
The last of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms regimes was
1834:
succeeded. He defeated Liu Shouguang (who had proclaimed a
1310:
argued that many of these military families, including the
3529:
Empire of Min: A South China Kingdom of the Tenth Century
2339:, the Southern Tang finished its conquest of Min in 945.
171:
157:
3300:. Britannica Educational Publishing. 2011. p. 245.
1891:, the fourth emperor of the Later Tang. Shi Jingtang, a
1177:
in 907 and reaching its climax with the founding of the
2599:
2315:, when Qian Shu surrendered to the expanding dynasty.
133:
119:
105:
2825:
1239:
by Anonymous, Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
940:
862:
742:
675:
605:
479:
3045:
The Destruction of the Medieval Chinese Aristocracy
2695:
Art from the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
1986:and requested Khitan aid to defeat the Later Zhou.
1397:in 960, which ended the era of the Five Dynasties.
1369:, who was himself an adopted son of Li Keyong. The
1154:) was an era of political upheaval and division in
3523:
3067:
2995:
2878:Family trees of the emperors of the Five Dynasties
2460:
2433:was based in the traditional Shatuo stronghold of
2415:. In 963, the region was annexed by Song dynasty.
50:The Later Liang (yellow) and contemporary kingdoms
3461:
3400:
1341:whose commanders replaced each other in frequent
1333:. The first of the Five Dynasties was founded by
1193:was eventually established in China's northwest.
3930:
3325:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 116–124.
2375:. It was finally conquered by the Song dynasty.
3442:
3419:
3111:
3086:
3042:
2900:Timeline of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
2429:Though considered one of the ten kingdoms, the
3320:
3219:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 20–21.
3214:
3047:. Harvard University Press. pp. 151–184.
3017:
2928:
2059:in 979, starting the Song dynasty era in 982.
3630:
3174:
3136:
2644:under the control of the central government.
2444:
2438:
2303:, who set up his capital at Xifu (modern-day
1123:
75:
61:
3910:Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms
3551:
3480:
3539:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3199:
2924:
2922:
3637:
3623:
3499:
3264:
3239:
3179:. Amherst, NY: Cambria Press. p. 82.
2967:
2395:. The kingdom held Hunan and northeastern
2279:) and later moved to Jinling (present-day
1130:
1116:
44:
2215:Other regimes during this period include
3903:Historical Records of the Five Dynasties
3506:Historical Records of the Five Dynasties
3365:
2971:Historical Records of the Five Dynasties
2919:
2603:
2563:
2492:
2255:(902–937) was established in modern-day
2081:
2066:
1999:
1942:
1871:
1850:kingdom, and in 925 Cunxu conquered the
1806:
1757:
1747:
1456:
1231:
3954:10th-century disestablishments in China
3464:China's Southern Tang Dynasty (937–976)
2963:
2961:
2514:. The kingdom held most of present-day
1989:
1954:To fill the power vacuum, the jiedushi
1842:Later Tang—the first in a long line of
1796:
1449:
1249:, the regional military governors. The
14:
3931:
3646:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
3266:
2935:. Oxford University Press. p. 8.
1932:
1861:
1144:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
173:
135:
3618:
3013:
3011:
2584:(937–975) was the successor state of
2465:The smallest of the southern states,
1769:During the Tang dynasty, the warlord
1162:quickly succeeded one another in the
3959:10th-century establishments in China
2958:
2600:Transitions between the Ten Kingdoms
1970:, was enthroned, thus beginning the
1785:and made Zhaozong's 13-year-old son
3984:Former countries in Chinese history
1854:, a regime that had been set up in
1314:, were of mixed Han Chinese-Turkic-
1287:According to Nicholas Tackett, the
27:Period of Chinese history (907–979)
24:
3394:
3070:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
3008:
2998:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
25:
4010:
3896:Old History of the Five Dynasties
3575:
3347:"Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms"
3114:The Origins of the Chinese Nation
3089:The Origins of the Chinese Nation
2889:Old History of the Five Dynasties
2868:Conquest of Southern Tang by Song
1742:
3485:. The Chinese University Press.
2842:
2828:
2775:
2752:
2726:
2703:
2553:
2481:. Gao was in the service of the
2443:), formerly known as Liu Chong (
211:
3979:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
3483:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
3339:
3314:
3288:
3258:
3244:. Routledge. pp. 101–103.
3233:
3208:
3202:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
3193:
3168:
3155:
2461:Jingnan (also known as Nanping)
2418:
2342:
2062:
172:
158:
35:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
3405:. Hong Kong University Press.
3130:
3105:
3080:
3061:
3036:
3020:A Companion to Chinese History
2989:
2445:
2439:
1151:
1070:Science and technology history
134:
120:
106:
76:
62:
13:
1:
2912:
2715:
2488:
2437:. It was founded by Liu Min (
1227:
440:
399:
375:
352:
328:
269:
3593:Dynasties in Chinese history
3547:. Stanford University Press.
2537:
2453:fell to the Han Chinese-led
1754:Later Liang (Five Dynasties)
7:
2821:
2710:Painting by Chinese artist
2649:northern and southern China
1773:was originally a member of
1353:, the son of Shatuo leader
10:
4015:
3481:Lorge, Peter, ed. (2011).
3462:Kurz, Johannes L. (2011).
3401:Davis, Richard L. (2015).
2947:Dudbridge actually quotes
2666:
2557:
2469:(924–963), was founded by
2422:
2246:
2192:, count eleven, including
1993:
1939:Later Han (Five Dynasties)
1936:
1868:Later Jin (Five Dynasties)
1865:
1800:
1751:
3887:
3846:
3790:
3764:
3699:Ten Kingdoms (Ten States)
3698:
3657:
3599:
3590:
3582:
3280:(in Chinese) – via
2503:by Li Sheng (fl. 908–925)
2387:(927–951) was founded by
2378:
2351:(917–971) was founded in
944:
866:
746:
679:
609:
483:
186:
165:
151:
144:
127:
113:
99:
92:
87:
83:
69:
55:
43:
39:
34:
3443:Hung, Hing Ming (2014).
3420:Dudbridge, Glen (2013).
3272:
3112:Nicolas Tackett (2017).
3087:Nicolas Tackett (2017).
3043:Nicolas Tackett (2014).
2858:Annam (Chinese province)
2522:, and parts of southern
2290:
2015:in 954, his adopted son
1783:Emperor Zhaozong of Tang
1554:province), precursor to
1419:
1289:three provinces of Hebei
1282:
57:Traditional Chinese
3426:Oxford University Press
3321:Benjamin Brose (2015).
3215:Benjamin Brose (2015).
3018:Michael Szonyi (2017).
2929:Glen Dudbridge (2013).
2788:Early Snow on the River
2123:The Ten Kingdoms were:
71:Simplified Chinese
3949:10th-century conflicts
3859:Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom
3175:Wang, Hongjie (2011).
3137:Wang, Hongjie (2011).
2804:
2616:
2577:
2504:
2318:
2233:Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom
2208:in the north, and the
2097:
2079:
2008:
1951:
1880:
1815:
1766:
1462:
1240:
1158:from 907 to 979. Five
3964:10th century in China
3944:960 disestablishments
3552:Wang Hongjie (2011).
3447:. Algora Publishing.
2607:
2568:A painting depicting
2567:
2496:
2085:
2070:
2049:Northern Song dynasty
2003:
1946:
1875:
1810:
1761:
1748:Later Liang (907–923)
1546:at Fengxiang (modern
1460:
1406:Warring States period
1235:
1196:Many states had been
935:(mainland, 1912–1949)
3794:independent entities
3297:The Culture of China
3200:Peter Lorge (2011).
2391:with the capital at
2267:. It was founded by
2043:In 960, the general
1990:Later Zhou (951–960)
1797:Later Tang (923–936)
1599:at Bianzhou (modern
1490:at Dingzhou (modern
1476:at Zhenzhou (modern
1312:Song imperial family
3969:Civil wars in China
3383:, Denis Twitchett,
3240:Hugh Clark (2021).
3161:Eberhard, Wolfram,
2968:Xiu Ouyang (2004).
2011:After the death of
1933:Later Han (947–951)
1912:Sixteen Prefectures
1902:, was aided by the
1862:Later Jin (937–947)
1684:(modern Guangzhou,
1400:The Qing historian
3989:Geography of China
3974:Dynasties of China
3939:907 establishments
3847:Neighboring states
3525:Schafer, Edward H.
3473:-9780415454964
3353:on 5 February 2018
3163:A History of China
2617:
2578:
2505:
2223:, Wuping Circuit,
2212:in the southwest.
2118:Johannes Gutenberg
2098:
2080:
2009:
1952:
1881:
1844:conquest dynasties
1816:
1787:Emperor Ai of Tang
1767:
1718:(modern Yangzhou,
1629:(modern Hangzhou,
1463:
1329:and possessed the
1276:Later Zhou dynasty
1241:
950:
760:Five Dynasties and
752:
687:Southern dynasties
615:
514:Chu–Han Contention
3926:
3925:
3613:
3612:
3600:Succeeded by
3533:Tuttle Publishing
3454:978-1-62894-072-5
3186:978-1-60497-764-6
3148:978-1-60497-764-6
3123:978-1-316-64748-6
3098:978-1-316-64748-6
2863:Chinese sovereign
2791:(五代南唐 趙幹 江行初雪圖);
2760:A Literary Garden
2622:Qingyuan Jiedushi
2087:Summer Palace of
1914:(modern northern
1887:rebelled against
1701:(modern Chengdu,
1563:at Weibo (modern
1512:(modern Taiyuan,
1331:Mandate of Heaven
1325:, controlled the
1140:
1139:
1097:Transport history
1023:Education history
995:
994:
990:
989:
976:Republic of China
958:People's Republic
931:Republic of China
910:
909:
859:
858:
854:
853:
739:
738:
672:
671:
667:
666:
603:
602:
506:(206 BC – 220 AD)
436:Spring and Autumn
299:Liao civilization
190:
189:
182:
181:
153:Yale Romanization
94:Standard Mandarin
16:(Redirected from
4006:
3869:Tibetan kingdoms
3829:
3811:Qingyuan Circuit
3639:
3632:
3625:
3616:
3615:
3583:Preceded by
3580:
3579:
3571:
3548:
3536:
3520:
3496:
3477:
3458:
3439:
3416:
3388:
3378:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3279:
3270:
3265:Zizhi Tongjian.
3262:
3256:
3255:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3172:
3166:
3159:
3153:
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3134:
3128:
3127:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3084:
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3077:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3015:
3006:
3005:
2993:
2987:
2985:
2965:
2956:
2946:
2926:
2852:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2838:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2779:
2756:
2730:
2720:
2717:
2707:
2634:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2441:
2225:Qingyuan Circuit
2219:, Yiwu Circuit,
1722:), precursor to
1705:), precursor to
1688:), precursor to
1671:), precursor to
1667:(modern Fuzhou,
1654:), precursor to
1633:), precursor to
1607:), precursor to
1548:Fengxiang County
1537:), precursor to
1516:), precursor to
1478:Zhengding County
1389:of Song founder
1153:
1132:
1125:
1118:
1060:Military history
1018:Economic history
1006:Related articles
983:
965:
947:
946:
942:
941:
936:
903:
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877:
864:
863:
847:
834:
821:
802:
792:
780:
767:
749:
748:
744:
743:
728:
718:
705:
692:
677:
676:
660:
655:Sixteen Kingdoms
638:
628:
612:
611:
607:
606:
596:
562:
549:
539:
529:
519:
507:
494:
481:
480:
459:
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380:
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215:
205:History of China
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109:
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32:
31:
21:
4014:
4013:
4009:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4004:
4003:
3994:Historical eras
3929:
3928:
3927:
3922:
3883:
3842:
3823:
3816:Jinghai Circuit
3806:Dingnan Circuit
3786:
3760:
3694:
3653:
3643:
3609:
3605:
3596:
3588:
3578:
3568:
3517:
3493:
3474:
3455:
3436:
3413:
3397:
3395:Further reading
3392:
3391:
3381:John W. Chaffee
3379:
3366:
3356:
3354:
3345:
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3340:
3333:
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2953:Ennin's Travels
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2766:
2757:
2748:
2731:
2722:
2718:
2708:
2697:
2696:
2669:
2628:
2626:Wuping Jiedushi
2611:'s conquest of
2602:
2562:
2556:
2540:
2491:
2463:
2427:
2421:
2381:
2359:. His brother,
2345:
2321:
2293:
2271:, who became a
2249:
2221:Dingnan Circuit
2065:
1998:
1992:
1941:
1935:
1870:
1864:
1805:
1799:
1756:
1750:
1745:
1735:, precursor to
1581:, precursor to
1579:Dingnan circuit
1455:
1422:
1395:Chenqiao Mutiny
1349:was founded by
1285:
1230:
1160:dynastic states
1136:
1107:
1106:
1102:Women's history
1008:
1007:
998:
997:
996:
991:
986:
981:
979:
968:
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959:
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528:(202 BC – 9 AD)
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159:Ng doi sap gwok
121:Wu tai shih kuo
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3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3850:
3848:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3838:Lulong Circuit
3835:
3830:
3821:Wuping Circuit
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3797:
3795:
3788:
3787:
3785:
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3700:
3696:
3695:
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3682:
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3667:
3661:
3659:
3658:Five Dynasties
3655:
3654:
3642:
3641:
3634:
3627:
3619:
3611:
3610:
3601:
3598:
3589:
3584:
3577:
3576:External links
3574:
3573:
3572:
3567:978-1604977646
3566:
3549:
3537:
3521:
3515:
3497:
3492:978-9629964184
3491:
3478:
3472:
3459:
3453:
3440:
3435:978-0199670680
3434:
3417:
3411:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3364:
3338:
3332:978-0824857240
3331:
3313:
3306:
3287:
3257:
3250:
3232:
3226:978-0824857240
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2910:
2909:
2906:Zizhi Tongjian
2902:
2897:
2895:Tibetan Empire
2892:
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2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2850:History portal
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2423:Main article:
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2023:, allied with
1994:Main article:
1991:
1988:
1937:Main article:
1934:
1931:
1866:Main article:
1863:
1860:
1801:Main article:
1798:
1795:
1752:Main article:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1743:Five Dynasties
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1284:
1281:
1253:(755–763) and
1237:Palace Banquet
1229:
1226:
1156:Imperial China
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1003:
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987:
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964:(1949–present)
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2597:
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2591:
2587:
2583:
2582:Southern Tang
2576:(fl. 942–961)
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2560:Southern Tang
2554:Southern Tang
2551:
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2449:), after the
2436:
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2413:Zhou Xingfeng
2410:
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2401:Southern Tang
2398:
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2330:
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2238:
2237:Guiyi Circuit
2234:
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2213:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
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2045:Zhao Kuangyin
2041:
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2034:Southern Tang
2031:
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2018:
2014:
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1048:Music history
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1028:Legal history
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1024:
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448: 476 BC
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3917:Wudai Huiyao
3915:
3908:
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3864:Liao dynasty
3801:Yiwu Circuit
3791:
3765:Other states
3756:Northern Han
3736:Southern Han
3645:
3607:Liao dynasty
3603:Song dynasty
3591:
3586:Tang dynasty
3553:
3544:
3528:
3504:
3482:
3463:
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3421:
3402:
3384:
3355:. Retrieved
3351:the original
3341:
3322:
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3296:
3290:
3274:
3268:"卷291"
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2887:
2883:Liao dynasty
2873:Dali Kingdom
2836:China portal
2816:
2812:
2808:
2795:painting by
2786:
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2685:
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2677:Song dynasty
2673:Tang dynasty
2670:
2658:
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2609:Song dynasty
2579:
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2431:Northern Han
2428:
2425:Northern Han
2419:Northern Han
2382:
2349:Southern Han
2346:
2343:Southern Han
2322:
2313:Song dynasty
2294:
2273:Tang dynasty
2250:
2214:
2210:Dali Kingdom
2206:Liao dynasty
2202:Northern Han
2200:but not the
2187:
2182:Northern Han
2152:Southern Han
2122:
2113:
2099:
2094:Guo Zhongshu
2089:Emperor Ming
2086:
2071:
2063:Ten Kingdoms
2057:Northern Han
2053:Zhao Kuangyi
2042:
2025:Liao dynasty
2021:Northern Han
2010:
1980:Northern Han
1953:
1924:
1908:Liao dynasty
1885:Shi Jingtang
1882:
1817:
1768:
1690:Southern Han
1661:Wang Shenzhi
1614:
1613:
1588:Zhang Yichao
1465:
1464:
1451:
1450:Significant
1444:
1423:
1399:
1363:Shi Jingtang
1339:Shatuo Turks
1320:
1308:Deng Xiaonan
1293:
1286:
1272:
1262:
1258:
1244:
1242:
1236:
1222:Yuan dynasty
1218:Northern Han
1215:
1203:
1197:
1195:
1183:Liao dynasty
1179:Song dynasty
1175:Tang dynasty
1172:
1143:
1141:
1038:LGBT history
974:
956:
929:
896:
883:
870:
840:
827:
814:
795:
785:
773:
762:Ten Kingdoms
759:
758:
711:
698:
685:Northern and
683:
653:
631:
621:
589:
579:
573:
567:
561:(220–280 AD)
555:
542:
532:
522:
518:(206–202 BC)
512:
500:
493:(221–207 BC)
487:
458:(475–221 BC)
431:(771–256 BC)
427:Eastern Zhou
425:
417:Western Zhou
415:
392:
368:
345:
321:
297:
291:
285:
262:
252:
101:Hanyu Pinyin
29:
3824: [
3665:Later Liang
3541:Wang Gungwu
2660:New History
2654:Old History
2629: [
2572:players by
2483:Later Liang
2471:Gao Jichang
2269:Yang Xingmi
2102:South China
2092:(明皇避暑宮) by
1974:. However,
1968:Han Chinese
1956:Liu Zhiyuan
1791:Later Liang
1763:Later Liang
1712:Yang Xingmi
1616:South China
1609:Later Liang
1583:Western Xia
1561:Luo Shaowei
1523:Liu Rengong
1488:Wang Chuzhi
1467:North China
1375:Liu Zhiyuan
1343:coup d'état
1268:Qin dynasty
1191:Western Xia
1189:), and the
1187:Jin dynasty
1168:South China
1085:Discoveries
1080:Cartography
1075:Archaeology
1013:Art history
902:(1644–1912)
889:(1368–1644)
876:(1271–1368)
846:(1115–1234)
833:(1038–1227)
829:Western Xia
801:(1127–1279)
633:Eastern Jin
623:Western Jin
548:(25–220 AD)
544:Eastern Han
524:Western Han
403: 1046
383: 1046
379: 1250
356: 1600
332: 2070
273: 8500
254:Paleolithic
245:Prehistoric
3933:Categories
3711:Former Shu
3690:Later Zhou
3675:Later Tang
3501:Ouyang Xiu
3357:4 February
3282:Wikisource
2949:Reischauer
2913:References
2764:Zhou Wenju
2719: 919
2574:Zhou Wenju
2548:Later Tang
2532:Later Tang
2518:, western
2508:Former Shu
2489:Former Shu
2455:Later Zhou
2158:Former Shu
2120:'s press.
2106:Former Shu
2005:Later Zhou
1996:Later Zhou
1982:regime in
1972:Later Zhou
1852:Former Shu
1812:Later Tang
1803:Later Tang
1775:Huang Chao
1729:Gao Jixing
1707:Former Shu
1544:Li Maozhen
1518:Later Tang
1402:Wang Fuzhi
1379:Later Zhou
1347:Later Tang
1318:ancestry.
1261:commanded
1255:Huang Chao
1228:Background
1090:Inventions
820:(916–1125)
791:(960–1127)
779:(960–1279)
446: – c.
444: 770
405: – c.
381: – c.
370:Late Shang
358: – c.
334: – c.
275: – c.
115:Wade–Giles
3888:Histories
3746:Later Shu
3685:Later Han
3680:Later Jin
3503:(2004) .
3004:(2): 397.
2793:shan shui
2747:(886–974)
2735:Butterfly
2615:(960–979)
2544:Later Shu
2538:Later Shu
2451:Later Han
2365:Guangdong
2353:Guangzhou
2241:Xiliangfu
2184:(951–979)
2178:(937–976)
2172:(924–963)
2166:(934–965)
2164:Later Shu
2160:(907–925)
2154:(917–971)
2148:(907–951)
2142:(909–945)
2136:(907–978)
2130:(907–937)
2110:Later Shu
2096:(929–977)
2078:(932–962)
2076:Dong Yuan
2072:Riverbank
2030:conquered
2017:Chai Rong
2007:in 951 AD
1976:Liu Chong
1960:Later Han
1950:in 949 AD
1948:Later Han
1889:Li Congke
1879:in 939 AD
1877:Later Jin
1820:Li Keyong
1814:in 926 AD
1765:in 907 AD
1695:Wang Jian
1686:Guangdong
1682:Guangzhou
1575:Li Sigong
1571:province)
1502:Li Keyong
1484:province)
1474:Wang Rong
1371:Later Han
1367:Li Siyuan
1359:Later Jin
1355:Li Keyong
1251:An Lushan
766:(907–979)
727:(690–705)
717:(618–907)
704:(581–618)
691:(420–589)
659:(304–439)
637:(317–420)
627:(266–316)
595:(266–420)
538:(9–23 AD)
264:Neolithic
228:Dynasties
3879:Đại Việt
3792:De facto
3650:Timeline
3597:907–960
3543:(1963).
3527:(1954).
2822:See also
2797:Zhao Gan
2739:Wisteria
2712:Li Cheng
2657:and the
2534:in 925.
2393:Changsha
2305:Hangzhou
2301:Qian Liu
2277:Yangzhou
2032:much of
1896:jiedushi
1832:Li Cunxu
1824:Li Cunxu
1733:Jingzhou
1716:Yangzhou
1648:Changsha
1646:(modern
1631:Zhejiang
1627:Hangzhou
1623:Qian Liu
1533:(modern
1506:Li Cunxu
1492:Dingzhou
1452:jiedushi
1439:Shanzhou
1435:Hangzhou
1381:founder
1373:founder
1361:founder
1351:Li Cunxu
1263:de facto
1259:jiedushi
1246:jiedushi
1210:warlords
1199:de facto
1053:Timeline
980:(Taiwan,
960:of China
474:Imperial
223:Timeline
197:a series
195:Part of
3741:Jingnan
3275:zh:資治通鑑
2741:Flowers
2667:Culture
2590:Li Bian
2528:Shaanxi
2516:Sichuan
2512:Chengdu
2467:Jingnan
2409:Liu Yan
2405:Nanjing
2397:Guangxi
2369:Guangxi
2361:Liu Yin
2357:Liu Yan
2309:Jiangsu
2281:Nanjing
2265:Jiangxi
2257:Jiangsu
2253:Yang Wu
2247:Yang Wu
2190:Bo Yang
2170:Jingnan
2128:Yang Wu
2114:feiqian
2038:Yangtze
2013:Guo Wei
1984:Taiyuan
1964:Guo Wei
1927:Kaifeng
1920:Beijing
1900:Taiyuan
1856:Sichuan
1779:Luoyang
1771:Zhu Wen
1737:Jingnan
1720:Jiangsu
1703:Sichuan
1699:Chengdu
1678:Liu Yin
1644:Tanzhou
1601:Kaifeng
1597:Zhu Wen
1552:Shaanxi
1535:Beijing
1531:Youzhou
1510:Taiyuan
1431:Xuchang
1427:Huainan
1414:emperor
1383:Guo Wei
1335:Zhu Wen
1323:Kaifeng
1316:Kumo Xi
1304:Shaanxi
1205:fanzhen
1148:Chinese
724:Wu Zhou
314:Ancient
293:Yangtze
3854:Balhae
3564:
3513:
3489:
3470:
3451:
3432:
3409:
3329:
3304:
3277:
3248:
3223:
3183:
3145:
3120:
3095:
3051:
3026:
2978:
2939:
2688:Taoism
2435:Shanxi
2389:Ma Yin
2385:Ma Chu
2379:Ma Chu
2373:Hainan
2371:, and
2329:Fuzhou
2263:, and
2146:Ma Chu
1904:Khitan
1893:Shatuo
1840:Shatuo
1669:Fujian
1665:Fuzhou
1640:Ma Yin
1514:Shanxi
1387:father
1345:. The
1300:Shanxi
1150::
922:Modern
578:, and
296:, and
287:Yellow
199:on the
3828:]
3721:Wuyue
2762:, by
2745:Xu Xi
2743:, by
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2633:]
2613:China
2570:weiqi
2524:Gansu
2520:Hubei
2479:Hubei
2475:Wuhan
2337:Wuyue
2297:Wuyue
2291:Wuyue
2261:Anhui
2134:Wuyue
1916:Hebei
1906:-led
1898:from
1652:Hunan
1635:Wuyue
1605:Henan
1592:Guiyi
1569:Hebei
1496:Hebei
1482:Hebei
1420:South
1296:Hebei
1283:North
347:Shang
3874:Dali
3777:Zhao
3673:) /
3562:ISBN
3511:ISBN
3487:ISBN
3468:ISBN
3449:ISBN
3430:ISBN
3407:ISBN
3359:2018
3327:ISBN
3302:ISBN
3246:ISBN
3221:ISBN
3181:ISBN
3143:ISBN
3118:ISBN
3093:ISBN
3049:ISBN
3024:ISBN
2976:ISBN
2937:ISBN
2737:and
2624:and
2580:The
2542:The
2526:and
2497:The
2383:The
2347:The
2323:The
2295:The
2251:The
2239:and
2217:Zhao
2196:and
2108:and
1966:, a
1918:and
1826:and
1525:and
1504:and
1429:and
1152:五代十國
1142:The
898:Qing
885:Ming
872:Yuan
816:Liao
775:Song
713:Tang
394:Zhou
77:五代十国
63:五代十國
3782:Yan
3730:Yin
3728:/ (
3726:Min
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3671:Jin
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2805:Law
2588:as
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502:Han
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323:Xia
167:IPA
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