Fish diseases and parasites

1129: 235: 793: 606: 532: 176: 843: 196: 638: 1704: 3408: 3378: 3349: 3293: 2580: 2243: 1034: 1505:) include the kidney (especially the anterior kidney), which houses many different immune cells. In addition, teleost fish possess a thymus, spleen and scattered immune areas within mucosal tissues (e.g. in the skin, gills, gut and gonads). Much like the mammalian immune system, teleost erythrocytes, neutrophils and granulocytes are believed to reside in the spleen whereas lymphocytes are the major cell type found in the thymus. In 2006, a lymphatic system similar to that in mammals was described in one species of teleost fish, the 1765: 774:. This toxin results in the fish developing bleeding lesions, and their skin flakes off in the water. The dinoflagellates then eat the blood and flakes of tissue while the affected fish die. Fish kills by this dinoflagellate are common, and they may also have been responsible for kills in the past which were thought to have had other causes. Kills like these can be viewed as natural mechanisms for regulating the population of exceptionally abundant fish. The rate at which the kills occur increases as organically polluted 1386: 1059: 1151: 558: 584: 1368: 982:, and may swim close to the water surface, gulping for air. However, the disease can also develop without the fish showing any external signs of illness, the fish maintain a normal appetite, and then they suddenly die. The disease can progress slowly throughout an infected farm and, in the worst cases, death rates may approach 100 per cent. It is also a threat to the dwindling stocks of wild salmon. Management strategies include developing a vaccine and improving genetic resistance to the disease. 1746: 1350: 1726: 1266: 1092: 722: 5038: 4742: 907: 260: 5026: 60: 1332: 287:, for example, parasite communities can be used to distinguish distinct populations of the same fish species co-inhabiting a region. Additionally, parasites possess a variety of specialized traits and life-history strategies that enable them to colonize hosts. Understanding these aspects of parasite ecology, of interest in their own right, can illuminate parasite-avoidance strategies employed by hosts. 1009: 835:

followed by sockeye, chinook, chum and pink." As well, the report says that, at the time the studies were conducted, stocks from the middle and upper reaches of large river systems in British Columbia such as Fraser, Skeena, Nass and from mainland coastal streams in the southern half of B.C. "are more likely to have a low prevalence of infection." The report also states "It should be stressed that

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to adapt to; and without parasites organisms may eventually tend to asexual reproduction, diminishing the diversity of sexually dimorphic traits. Parasites provide an opportunity for the transfer of genetic material between species. On rare, but significant, occasions this may facilitate evolutionary changes that would not otherwise occur, or that would otherwise take even longer.

3946: 998:(2002) concluded "The reduction of wild salmonid abundance is also linked to other factors but there is more and more scientific evidence establishing a direct link between the number of lice-infested wild fish and the presence of cages in the same estuary." It is reported that wild salmon on the west coast of Canada are being driven to 1579: 680:. These small fish maintain so-called "cleaning stations" where other fish, known as hosts, will congregate and perform specific movements to attract the attention of the cleaner fish. Cleaning behaviours have been observed in a number of other fish groups, including an interesting case between two cichlids of the same genus, 1614:. The popularity of such raw fish dishes makes it important for consumers to be aware of this risk. Raw fish should be frozen to an internal temperature of −20 °C (−4 °F) for at least seven days to kill parasites. It is important to be aware that home freezers may not be cold enough to kill parasites. 893:

larval stages, which can persist for several days. Large numbers of highly populated, open-net salmon farms can create exceptionally large concentrations of sea lice; when exposed in river estuaries containing large numbers of open-net farms, many young wild salmon are infected, and do not survive as

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Although parasites are generally considered to be harmful, the eradication of all parasites would not necessarily be beneficial. Parasites account for as much as or more than half of life's diversity; they perform an important ecological role (by weakening prey) that ecosystems would take some time

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was done by scientists at the Pacific Biological Station in Nanaimo in the mid-1980s, in particular, an overview report which states that "the fish that have the longest fresh water residence time as juveniles have the most noticeable infections. Hence in order of prevalence coho are most infected

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case, the spores enter a second host, most likely an invertebrate, in the spawning stream. When juvenile salmon out-migrate to the Pacific Ocean, the second host releases a stage infective to salmon. The parasite is then carried in the salmon until the next spawning cycle. The myxosporean parasite

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However, not all parasites want to keep their hosts alive, and there are parasites with multistage life cycles who go to some trouble to kill their host. For example, some tapeworms make some fish behave in such a way that a predatory bird can catch it. The predatory bird is the next host for the

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showed that 100% of wild salmon had roundworm larvae capable of infecting people. In the same study farm-raised salmon did not have any roundworm larvae. Historically, parasite infection of humans eating raw fish has been rare in the developed world, though a 2020 meta-analysis of available data

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is commonly found in the flesh of salmonids. It has been recorded in the field samples of salmon returning to the Queen Charlotte Islands. The fish responds by walling off the parasitic infection into a number of cysts that contain milky fluid. This fluid is an accumulation of a large number of

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Usually parasites (and pathogens) need to avoid killing their hosts, since extinct hosts can mean extinct parasites. Evolutionary constraints may operate so parasites avoid killing their hosts, or the natural variability in host defensive strategies may suffice to keep host populations viable.

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Justine, J.-L., Beveridge, I., Boxshall, G. A., Bray, R. A., Moravec, F. & Whittington, I. D. 2010: An annotated list of fish parasites (Copepoda, Monogenea, Digenea, Cestoda and Nematoda) collected from Emperors and Emperor Bream (Lethrinidae) in New Caledonia further highlights parasite

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is found in southern B.C. also and in all species of salmon. I have previously examined smoked chum salmon sides that were riddled with cysts and some sockeye runs in Barkley Sound (southern B.C., west coast of Vancouver Island) are noted for their high incidence of infestation."

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In the wild, diseases and parasites are normally at low levels, and kept in check by natural predation on weakened individuals. In crowded net pens they can become epidemics. Diseases and parasites also transfer from farmed to wild salmon populations. A recent study in

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is seen in countries where people eat raw or undercooked fish, such as some countries in Asia, Eastern Europe, Scandinavia, Africa, and North and South America. Infection risk of anisakis is particularly higher in fishes which may live in a river such as salmon

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should not be used as bait. Anglers may increase the possibility of contamination by emptying bait buckets into fishing venues and collecting or using bait improperly. The transportation of fish from one location to another can break the law and cause the

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Morton, A.; Routledge, R.; Peet, C.; Ladwig, A. (2004). "Sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) infection rates on juvenile pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and chum (Oncorhynchus keta) salmon in the nearshore marine environment of British Columbia, Canada".

3242:"An annotated list of fish parasites (Isopoda, Copepoda, Monogenea, Digenea, Cestoda, Nematoda) collected from Snappers and Bream (Lutjanidae, Nemipteridae, Caesionidae) in New Caledonia confirms high parasite biodiversity on coral reef fish" 4090:- Watershed Watch Salmon Society. Short video documentary. Prominent scientists and First Nation representatives speak their minds about the salmon farming industry and the effects of sea lice infestations on wild salmon populations. 2255:

Pozdnyakov, S. E. & Gibson, D. I. (2008). Family Didymozoidae Monticelli, 1888. In R. A. Bray, D. I. Gibson & A. Jones (Eds.), Keys to the Trematoda, Vol. 3 (pp. 631-734). London: CAB International and The Natural History

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is a parasite of various marine fish. It causes the tongue of the fish to atrophy and takes its place in what is believed to be the first instance discovered of a parasite functionally replacing a host structure in animals.

1243:. Numerical estimates of parasite biodiversity have shown that certain coral fish species have up to 30 species of parasites. The mean number of parasites per fish species is about ten. This has a consequence in term of 1033: 945:

hatchery. Eighty per cent of the fish in the outbreak died. ISAV, a viral disease, is now a major threat to the viability of Atlantic salmon farming. It is now the first of the diseases classified on List One of the

3313:"An annotated list of parasites (Isopoda, Copepoda, Monogenea, Digenea, Cestoda and Nematoda) collected in groupers (Serranidae, Epinephelinae) in New Caledonia emphasizes parasite biodiversity in coral reef fish" 2969:

Morton, A.; Routledge, R.; Krkošek, M. (2008). "Sea louse infestation in wild juvenile salmon and Pacific herring associated with fish farms off the east-central coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia".

1058: 331:; the adult female parasite is a red worm which can reach up to 40 centimetres in length, for a diameter of only 1.6 millimetre; the males are tiny. Other internal parasites are found living inside 1325:

Due to their generally small size and the low cost of replacing diseased or dead aquarium fish, the cost of testing and treating diseases is often seen as more trouble than the value of the fish.

3727:"It's a wormy world: Meta-analysis reveals several decades of change in the global abundance of the parasitic nematodes Anisakis SPP. And Pseudoterranova SPP. In marine fishes and invertebrates" 2837:

N.P. Boyce; Z. Kabata; L. Margolis (1985). "Investigation of the Distribution, Detection, and Biology of Henneguya salminicola (Protozoa, Myxozoa), a Parasite of the Flesh of Pacific Salmon".

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Rao, S, Byadgi, O, Pulpipat, T, Wang, P-C, Chen, S-C. Efficacy of a formalin-inactivated Lactococcus garvieae vaccine in farmed grey mullet (Mugil cephalus). J Fish Dis. 2020; 43: 1579– 1589.

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turns infected threespine stickleback white, and then makes them more buoyant so that they splash along at the surface of the water, becoming easy to see and easy to catch for a passing bird.

2084: 3398: 3888: 839:, economically deleterious though it is, is harmless from the view of public health. It is strictly a fish parasite that cannot live in or affect warm blooded animals, including man". 709:

will solicit cleaner help from reef fishes. By basking on its side at the surface, the sunfish also allows seabirds to feed on parasites from their skin. Sunfish have been reported to

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Wyman, Richard L.; Ward, Jack A. (1972). "A Cleaning Symbiosis between the Cichlid Fishes Etroplus maculatus and Etroplus suratensis. I. Description and Possible Evolution".

1668:). Such parasite infections can generally be avoided by boiling, burning, preserving in salt or vinegar, or freezing overnight. Even Japanese people never eat raw salmon or 139:, for example vaccines for commercial food fishes like Aeromonas salmonicida, furunculosis in salmon and Lactococcosis\Streptococcosis in farmed grey mullet, Tilapia and 1808: 766:, are in confined situations such as shallow bays, the excretions from the fish encourage this dinoflagellate, which is not normally toxic, to produce free-swimming 3424:

In: The Fish Immune System: Organism, Pathogen and Environment. Fish Immunology Series. (eds. G. Iwama and T.Nakanishi,), New York, Academic Press, 1996, pp. 1–55.

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Fiorenza, Evan A.; Wendt, Catrin A.; Dobkowski, Katie A.; King, Teri L.; Pappaionou, Marguerite; Rabinowitz, Peter; Samhouri, Jameal F.; Wood, Chelsea L. (2020).

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a result. Adult salmon may survive otherwise critical numbers of sea lice, but small, thin-skinned juvenile salmon migrating to sea are highly vulnerable. On the

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and other parasites in the myxosporean group have a complex lifecycle where the salmon is one of two hosts. The fish releases the spores after spawning. In the

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Justine, JL. (September 2004). "Three new species of Huffmanela Moravec, 1987 (Nematoda: Trichosomoididae) from the gills of marine fish off New Caledonia".

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on ornamental fish in a tank. Despite this, many diseases in captive fish can be avoided or prevented through proper water conditions and a well-adjusted

100:. Fish defences against disease are specific and non-specific. Non-specific defences include skin and scales, as well as the mucus layer secreted by the 1251:

suggest that extinction of a coral reef fish species of average size would eventually result in the co-extinction of at least ten species of parasites.

3987: 2851: 1672:(salmon roe), and even if they seem raw, these foods are not raw but are frozen overnight to prevent infections from parasites, particularly anisakis. 2027: 4223: 3157: 2417: 4651: 4105: 3395: 1598:

Though not a health concern in thoroughly cooked fish, parasites are a concern when human consumers eat raw or lightly preserved fish such as

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in their intestine. These organs house typical immune cells (granulocytes, lymphocytes and plasma cells). They also possess an identifiable

3884: 1838: 374: 2801: 1703: 4791: 4716: 2436: 51:, a deadly infectious disease which causes bleeding. It affects over 50 species of freshwater and marine fish in the northern hemisphere. 4048: 827:

infestation does not appear to cause disease in the host salmon — even heavily infected fish tend to return to spawn successfully.

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Fish gills are also the preferred habitat of many external parasites, attached to the gill but living out of it. The most common are

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Milinski, Manfred M (1985). "Risk of Predation of Parasitized Sticklebacks (Gasterosteus Aculeatus L.) Under Competition for Food".

4264: 4077:- Watershed Watch Salmon Society. Animated short video based on peer-reviewed scientific research, with subject background article 1745: 4206: 4054:

The European Union puts in place a framework of measures to combat certain fish diseases effectively and to prevent their spread.

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Justine, J.-L. 2010: Parasites of coral reef fish: how much do we know? With a bibliography of fish parasites in New Caledonia.

2353:"Spatial and temporal variations of the ectoparasites of seven reef fish species from Lizard Island and Heron Island, Australia" 583: 1367: 4056: 3923: 3875: 3856: 3833: 3814: 3083: 2401: 2341:

Kearn, G. C. (2004). Leeches, Lice and Lampreys. A natural history of skin and gill parasites of fishes. Dordrecht: Springer.

1486:(membranes surrounding the central nervous system.) Their heart is frequently covered with tissue that contains lymphocytes, 4093: 2543:

Moravec, 1987(Nematoda: Trichosomoididae), an endemic marine-relict parasite of Centrarchidae from a Central Texas spring".

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Iowa State University, The Center for Food Security & Public Health. Last updated 17 May 2007. Retrieved on 2007-07-12.

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which feed on mucous, blood, and skin, and migrate and latch onto the skin of wild salmon during free-swimming, planktonic

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Justine, J-L.; Beveridge, I.; Boxshall, GA.; Bray, RA.; Miller, TL.; Moravec, F.; Trilles, JP.; Whittington, ID. (2012).

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shows that since 1980 there has been a sharp increase of parasites in the types of marine fish that are eaten uncooked.

1349: 2194:"Philometrids (Nematoda: Philometridae) in carangid and serranid fishes off New Caledonia, including three new species" 1002:

by sea lice from nearby salmon farms. Antibiotics and pesticides are often used to control the diseases and parasites.

3686:"Prevalence of larval Anisakis simplex in pen-reared and wild-caught salmon (Salmonidae) from Puget Sound, Washington" 299:. When that happens, the females reject them, suggesting a strong mechanism for the selection of parasite resistance. 4137: 3973: 3956: 3939: 3908: 3799: 3311:

Justine, J-L.; Beveridge, I.; Boxshall, GA.; Bray, RA.; Moravec, F.; Trilles, JP.; Whittington, ID. (November 2010).

2597: 1925: 3110: 978:. Unlike mammals, the red blood cells of fish have DNA, and can become infected with viruses. The fish develop pale 4547: 3997:

Krkoek, Martin; et al. (2007). "Declining Wild Salmon Populations in Relation to Parasites from Farm Salmon".

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article). Parasitic infections from freshwater fish are a serious problem in some parts of the world, particularly

919: 787: 2785: 2768: 1867: 4637: 4603: 4269: 4228: 3198:: an aquatic pathogen of global veterinary significance and a challenging candidate for reliable vaccination". 3136: 938: 854:

According to Klaus Schallie, Molluscan Shellfish Program Specialist with the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, "

17: 1176:. As a consequence parasites of coral reef fish show tremendous variety. Parasites of coral reef fish include 743:

Some diseases result in mass die offs. One of the more bizarre and recently discovered diseases produces huge

701:, motivating the fish to seek relief in a number of ways. In temperate regions, drifting kelp fields harbour 4608: 4588: 4542: 4515: 4386: 4218: 3099: 1803: 823:

that causes whirling disease in trout, has a similar lifecycle. However, as opposed to whirling disease, the

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in fish are a common natural occurrence. Parasites can provide information about host population ecology. In

3094: 1450:(sharks and rays) have a more advanced immune system. They have three specialized organs that are unique to 792: 4417: 4296: 4130: 3898: 1793: 1542: 548: 543: 446: 155: 151: 123:

Specific defences are specialised responses to particular pathogens recognised by the fish's body, that is

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Worsham, McLean L. D.; Huffman, David G.; Moravec, Frantisek; Gibson, J. Randy (2016). "The life cycle of

770:. If the fish remain in the area, continuing to provide nourishment, then the zoospores start secreting a 4796: 4573: 3120: 2769:"The Dynamics of Science, Perception, and Policy during the Outbreak of Pfiesteria in the Chesapeake Bay" 2035: 2031: 1629:. Fish that spend part of their life cycle in salt water, like salmon, can also be a problem. A study in 3447:

Chilmonczyk, S. (1992). "The thymus in fish: development and possible function in the immune response".

3154: 2752:"Fish kills linked to a toxic ambush-predator dinoflagellate: distribution and environmental conditions" 1920:

Helfman G., Collette B., & Facey D.: The Diversity of Fishes, Blackwell Publishing, pp 95-96, 1997,

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parasite, spread from Norwegian hatcheries to wild salmon, and devastated some wild salmon populations.

124: 5069: 4552: 4291: 3623: 1260: 1235:(digeneans). The high biodiversity of coral reefs increases the complexity of the interactions between 4084: 5019: 5014: 4897: 4557: 2592:

Helfman G., Collette B., & Facey D.: The Diversity of Fishes, Blackwell Publishing, p 380, 1997,

1833: 665: 3573: 3407: 3377: 3348: 3292: 2579: 2242: 1482:) possess a major site for the production of granulocytes within a mass that is associated with the 915: 713:

more than ten feet above the surface, possibly as another effort to dislodge parasites on the body.

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Coastal Alliance for Aquaculture Reform. An overview of farmed- to wild-salmon interactive effects.

3132: 2922:"Effects of host migration, diversity, and aquaculture on disease threats to wild fish populations" 1692: 1680: 954:

should an outbreak of the disease be confirmed on any farm. ISAV seriously affects salmon farms in

637: 465: 175: 2085:"The effects of parasites on courtship dance in threespine sticklebacks: More than meets the eye?" 842: 195: 4991: 4503: 4491: 4435: 4281: 2873:

Bravo, S. (2003). "Sea lice in Chilean salmon farms". Bull. Eur. Assoc. Fish Pathol. 23, 197–200.

1848: 950:’s fish health regime. Amongst other measures, this requires the total eradication of the entire 895: 305: 4102:

Coastal Alliance for Aquaculture Reform. An overview of environmental impacts of salmon farming.

1454:; the epigonal organs (lymphoid tissue similar to mammalian bone) that surround the gonads, the 5064: 4464: 4354: 4233: 3056: 2812: 1754: 1651: 1294:

tanks, the fish are at high concentrations and the volume of water is limited. This means that

1045: 1020: 760: 595: 569: 296: 3774: 3174: 3073: 801:, a parasite commonly found in the flesh of salmonids on the West Coast of Canada. Coho salmon 4521: 4361: 4239: 4168: 3789: 3652:

University of California Food Science & Technology Department Sea Grant Extension Program

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and other fish which remove parasites from the skin of visiting sunfish. In the tropics, the

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Public Health Agency of Canada > Clonorchis sinensis - Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)

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Krkošek, M.; Gottesfeld, A.; Proctor, B.; Rolston, D.; Carr-Harris, C.; Lewis, M.A. (2007).

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is a common disease in new aquariums, especially when immediately stocked to full capacity.

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bacteria caused losses in farmed marine and freshwater finfish of US$ 100 million in 1997.

8: 4721: 4411: 4301: 4275: 2751: 2279: 1715: 1638: 1630: 1583: 1375: 1040: 995: 970:, causing major economic losses to infected farms. As the name implies, it causes severe 947: 738: 361: 4010: 3742: 3534: 3372: 3257: 2983: 2368: 5030: 4917: 4874: 4859: 4801: 4773: 4306: 4244: 4030: 3597: 3556: 3499: 3487: 3276: 3241: 3033: 3006: 2946: 2921: 2626: 2481: 2411: 2291: 2226: 2193: 2174: 2060:

Guide to Common Parasites of Food Fish Species in the Northwest Territories and Nunavut

2009: 1976:. Fact Sheet VM-149. University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. 1561: 1447: 613: 3437:. (S.F. Snieszko and H.R. Axelrod, eds), Hong Kong: TFH Publications, Inc. Ltd., 1977. 424:

have piercing and sucking mouthparts and clawed limbs adapted for clinging onto their

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Report: "Declining Wild Salmon Populations in Relation to Parasites from Farm Salmon"

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Hansen, J.D.; Zapata, A.G. (1998). "Lymphocyte development in fish and amphibians".

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LoBue, C. P.; Bell, M. A. (1993). "Phenotypic manipulation by the cestode parasite

2123: 2096: 2001: 1973: 1893: 1646: 1591: 1142: 987: 898:, the louse-induced mortality of pink salmon in some regions is commonly over 80%. 347: 328: 159: 140: 101: 4053: 3560: 1949: 1594:

a (cestode/tapeworm), all have gastrointestinal, but otherwise distinct, symptoms.

4996: 4816: 4428: 4375: 4251: 4060: 3929: 3845: 3658: 3402: 3211: 3161: 3143: 3117: 2858: 1960: 1578: 1487: 1419: 1276: 1181: 1169: 942: 881:, can cause deadly infestations of both farm-grown and wild salmon. Sea lice are 748: 682: 494: 482: 430: 292: 202: 136: 67: 1621:

were considered unsuitable for sashimi due to the possibility of parasites (see

5001: 4970: 4945: 4935: 4927: 4806: 4768: 4731: 4598: 4286: 4200: 3702: 3685: 3648: 2645: 2209: 1626: 1359: 1299: 1269: 1240: 1224: 1150: 1082: 751: 425: 401:, which can be extremely numerous. Other external parasites found on gills are 250: 105: 76: 4122: 4071: 3543: 3518: 2058: 1541:, enacted regulations designed to slow the spread of fish diseases, including 1498:

organ; where erythrocytes, granulocytes, lymphocytes and macrophages develop.

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Fish Diseases and Disorders: Volume 3: Viral, Bacterial and Fungal Infections

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Brusca, R. C.; Gilligan, M. R. (1983). "Tongue replacement in a marine fish (

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University of Maryland Medical Center > Megaloblastic (Pernicious) Anemia

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Sea Lice and Salmon: Elevating the dialogue on the farmed-wild salmon story

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DNR Fishing Regulation Changes Reflect Disease Management Concerns with VHS

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Declining Wild Salmon Populations in Relation to Parasites from Farm Salmon

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Sea Lice and Salmon: Elevating the dialogue on the farmed-wild salmon story

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R. C. Brusca; M. R. Gilligan (1983). "Tongue replacement in a marine fish (

1907: 1813: 1688: 1475: 1459: 1439: 1431: 1423: 1411: 1307: 1217: 1209: 1173: 1078: 1024: 882: 729:. Red = toxic stages, yellow = possibly toxic stages, blue = passive stages 702: 673: 661: 632: 539: 515: 451: 340: 113: 44: 3711: 3495: 721: 4965: 4892: 4864: 4811: 4726: 4681: 4484: 4323: 4194: 3894: 3519:"Development of the zebrafish lymphatic system requires VegFc signalling" 3329: 3312: 2556: 1898: 1881: 1823: 1776: 1711: 1618: 1495: 1471: 1443: 1427: 1341: 1265: 951: 775: 763: 574: 421: 370: 320:). Some internal fish parasites are spectacular, such as the philometrid 303:

parasite in the next stage of its life cycle. Specifically, the tapeworm

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Fish Diseases and Disorders: Volume 1: Protozoan and Metazoan Infections

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Krkošek, M.; Lewis, M.A.; Morton, A.; Frazer, L.N.; Volpe, J.P. (2006).

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fish parasites are mostly external and feed on blood. The larvae of the

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for the removal of external parasites. The best known of these are the

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Below are some life cycles of fish parasites that can infect humans:

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Krkosek M, Ford JS, Morton A, Lele S, Myers RA and Lewis MA (2007)

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from river salmon farms to wild pink salmon in the same river. The

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According to Canadian biologist Dorothy Kieser, protozoan parasite

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U.S. National Library of Medicine, Medline Plus, "Fish Tapeworm,"

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Like chondrostean fish, the major immune tissues of bony fish (or

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Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard, S.; Barnes, Robert D. (2004).

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Fish Diseases and Disorders: Volume 2: Non-Infectious Disorders

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For symptoms of diphyllobothrium due to vitamin B12-deficiency

2919: 2464: 1992: 1556: 1479: 1467: 1463: 1201: 1049: 971: 967: 959: 470: 413: 72: 3626:

Updated by: Arnold L. Lentnek, MD. Retrieved on April 14, 2009

2836: 1298:

can spread rapidly to most or all fish in a tank. An improper

116:

that increase the flow of blood to infected areas and deliver

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Crosier, Danielle M.; Molloy, Daniel P.; Bartholomew, Jerri.

1669: 1603: 1573: 1552: 1415: 1228: 1197: 955: 499: 3310: 3239: 2457: 1617:

Traditionally, fish that live all or part of their lives in

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Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences

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10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0843:TDOSPA]2.0.CO;2

2538: 1110: 979: 975: 387: 366: 336: 87: 4106:

Fish farms drive wild salmon populations toward extinction

3724: 1985: 1882:"Microsporidian xenomas in fish seen in wider perspective" 1422:

within other organs to produce immune cells. For example,

3889:

Fish and Fisheries Products Hazards and Controls Guidance

2882: 1809:

European Community Reference Laboratory for Fish Diseases

1582:

Differential symptoms of parasite infection by raw fish:

144: 4074:

The Link Between Farmed Salmon, Sea Lice and Wild Salmon

3004: 4114:

University of St Andrews Marine Ecology Research Group.

2637: 1963:

Fish Disease Leaflet 66, US Department of the Interior.

1474:, plasma cells and macrophages develop and are stored. 2968: 2435:. Virginia Institute of Marine Science. Archived from 37: 4659: 1649:(a cestode/tapeworm). Infection by the fish tapeworm 2926:

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B

2799: 2057:

Zabel, N.; Swanson, Heidi; Conboy, G. (March 2023).

1545:, by bait fish. Because of the risk of transmitting 3362: 3360: 3358: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3844: 3842: 3804: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3229: 2886:Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2396:(7 ed.). Cengage Learning. pp. 661–667. 2185: 2056: 1520: 1470:(their most important immune organ) where various 4068:A British Columbia advocacy group for wild salmon 3847:A-Z of Tropical Fish Diseases and Health Problems 3111:Fact Sheet - Atlantic Salmon Aquaculture Research 2910:Peet, C. R. 2007. Thesis, University of Victoria. 1418:organs are absent. These fish rely on regions of 5056: 3887:(FDA) (2001) Compliance Regulatory Information: 3794:Edited By Takashi Aoki, UNESCO-EOLSS Publishers. 3683: 3355: 3299: 2433:"Epicaridea: The parasitic isopods of Crustacea" 2391: 1868:Disease Factsheets: Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia 850:, caught off Haida Gwaii, Western Canada in 2009 4152: 4087:The scientific case for changing salmon farming 3782: 3422:Cells and tissues of the immune system of fish. 3226: 3011:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2462:) by a parasitic isopod (Crustacea: Isopoda)". 2082: 1990:) by a parasitic isopod (Crustacea: Isopoda)". 4118:FishPEST - Fish Parasite Ecology Software Tool 3870:. Woodbury, N.Y: Barron's Educational Series. 3843:Exell A, Burgess PH, Bailey MT (29 May 1999). 3007:"Epizootics of wild fish induced by farm fish" 2972:North American Journal of Fisheries Management 2750:Burkholder JM, Glasgow HB and Hobbs CW (1995) 2192:Moravec, František; Justine, Jean-Lou (2014). 2191: 2063:. Global Water Futures Northern Water Futures. 1564:of fish and parasites alien to the ecosystem. 1247:. Results obtained for the coral reef fish of 747:in shallow marine waters. It is caused by the 525:Below are some life cycles of fish parasites: 150:Some commercially important fish diseases are 4645: 4138: 2746: 2744: 2666: 1141:), a roundworm parasitic of the ovary of the 697:may reside on the skin and internally of the 386:are also parasitic on gills, where they form 3865: 3473: 3061:Science: Vol. 318. no. 5857, pp. 1772 - 1775 2430: 2416:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2308: 1839:Mathematical modelling of infectious disease 4792:List of harvested aquatic animals by weight 4717:Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing 3446: 3384: 3367:biodiversity estimates on coral reef fish. 3193: 2683: 2309:Cannon, L. R. G.; Lester, R. J. G. (1988). 1950:"Furunculosis And Other Diseases Caused By 1525:The capture, transportation and culture of 1458:within the walls of their esophagus, and a 1410:Immune organs vary by type of fish. In the 4652: 4638: 4145: 4131: 2741: 1494:. The chondrostean kidney is an important 830:According to Dr. Kieser, a lot of work on 365:which lives within the gill bone, and the 327:which is parasitic in the ovary of female 3823: 3750: 3701: 3542: 3328: 3275: 3265: 3032: 3022: 2945: 2784: 2660: 2608: 2376: 2326: 2225: 2140: 1897: 1879: 1637:There are three main kinds of parasites: 1513:accumulate while waiting to encounter an 3126: 3096:New Brunswick to help Chile beat disease 2732: 2492: 2113: 2067: 1577: 1434:are produced in the anterior kidney (or 1264: 905: 841: 791: 720: 686:, the cleaner fish, and the much larger 636: 112:breach these defences, fish can develop 3916:Fishes, An Introduction to Ichthyology. 3611:WrongDiagnosis: Symptoms of Anisakiasis 3167: 2766: 2646:"Molidae Descriptions and Life History" 2501:Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution 2498: 2385: 2350: 2265: 120:that attempt to destroy the pathogens. 14: 5057: 3996: 3684:Deardorff, TL; ML Kent (1 July 1989). 3516: 2519: 1873: 1861: 1529:can spread damaging organisms between 1113:on the Pacific coast of North America. 941:(ISAV) was discovered in Norway in an 4633: 4265:Photobacterium damselae ssp piscicida 4224:Hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis 4126: 3187: 3066: 2693:. National Geographic. Archived from 2311:"Two turbellarians parasitic in fish" 1533:, endangering them. In 2007, several 1208:, and various microorganisms such as 3851:. New York, N.Y: Howell Book House. 3809:. Neptune, NJ: T.F.H. Publications. 1216:. Some of these fish parasites have 846:Sample of pink salmon infected with 4108:Biology News Net. 13 December 2007. 3624:MedlinePlus > Diphyllobothriasis 3578: 3420:A.G. Zapata, A. Chiba and A. Vara. 2028:"Protozoa Infecting Gills and Skin" 1438:) and some areas of the gut (where 1306:and potentially harmful freshwater 916:Aquaculture of salmon § Issues 759:. When large numbers of fish, like 438:Other parasitic disorders, include 291:Parasite infections can impair the 24: 3981: 3868:A commonsense guide to fish health 3828:. Stillwater, MN: Voyageur Press. 3805:Axelrod HR, Untergasser D (1989). 3488:10.1111/j.1600-065x.1998.tb01264.x 2718:"Molidae information and research" 2280:10.1023/B:SYPA.0000038442.25230.8b 1567: 1118: 79:fungal parasite in its intestines. 25: 5081: 4042: 3885:U.S. Food and Drug Administration 3585:WaiSays: About Consuming Raw Fish 1938:https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.13260 1442:mature.) They resemble primitive 5037: 5036: 5024: 4740: 4548:Diseases and parasites in salmon 3406: 3376: 3347: 3291: 3194:Agnew W, Barnes AC (May 2007). " 2715: 2643: 2578: 2499:Holt RD (2010). "IJEE Soapbox". 2241: 2083:Bronseth, T; Folstad, I (1997). 1974:"Koi Herpes Virus (KHV) Disease" 1763: 1752:Life cycle of the fish tapeworm 1744: 1724: 1702: 1478:fish (sturgeons, paddlefish and 1405: 1384: 1366: 1348: 1330: 1310:can directly harm or add to the 1254: 1200:, parasitic crustaceans such as 1149: 1127: 1090: 1057: 1032: 1007: 920:Diseases and parasites in salmon 901: 788:Diseases and parasites in salmon 716: 604: 582: 556: 530: 397:and certain groups of parasitic 258: 233: 213:which enters a fish through its 194: 174: 58: 36: 5025: 3767: 3718: 3677: 3663: 3642: 3629: 3616: 3603: 3590: 3567: 3510: 3467: 3440: 3427: 3414: 3148: 3104: 3088: 3072:Stead, SM and Laird lLM (2002) 3049: 2998: 2962: 2913: 2904: 2876: 2867: 2845: 2830: 2793: 2760: 2709: 2667:M. McGrouther (November 2004). 2602: 2586: 2532: 2451: 2424: 2344: 2335: 2302: 2259: 2249: 2149:, the threespine stickleback". 2134: 2107: 2076: 1521:Spreading disease and parasites 1239:and their various and numerous 626: 217:and destroys the fish's tongue. 86:Like humans and other animals, 4604:Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning 4229:Infectious pancreatic necrosis 4066:Watershed Watch Salmon Society 4049:Help with Stress & Disease 3991:Watershed Watch Salmon Society 3914:Moyle, PB and Cech, JJ (2004) 3449:Annual Review of Fish Diseases 2862:Watershed Watch Salmon Society 2755:Marine Ecology Progress Series 2738:Moyle and Cech, 2004, page 466 2357:Marine Ecology Progress Series 2073:Moyle and Cech, 2004, page 615 2050: 2020: 1979: 1966: 1942: 1930: 1914: 1027:in marine and freshwater fish. 990:links the spread of parasitic 930:, also called salmon fluke, a 781: 108:and inhibits their growth. If 13: 1: 4609:Paralytic shellfish poisoning 4589:Diarrheal shellfish poisoning 4543:Diseases and parasites in cod 4516:Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae 4387:Epizootic ulcerative syndrome 3100:Fish Information and Services 2315:Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 1804:Diseases and parasites in cod 1414:(lampreys and hagfish), true 1081:salmon and trout and also in 489:Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae 4079:Watching out for Wild Salmon 3783:General and cited references 3690:Journal of Wildlife Diseases 3517:Kucher; et al. (2006). 3461:10.1016/0959-8030(92)90063-4 3212:10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.03.002 1855: 1794:Bath treatment (fishkeeping) 1732:Life cycle of the parasitic 1543:viral hemorrhagic septicemia 1283:are susceptible to numerous 672:found on coral reefs in the 660:Some fish take advantage of 655:Mulloidichthys flavolineatus 544:Ichthyophthirius multifiliis 447:Ichthyophthirius multifiliis 405:and, in seawater, larvae of 165: 7: 4692:Fish diseases and parasites 4574:Amnesic shellfish poisoning 4154:Fish diseases and parasites 3918:5th Ed, Benjamin Cummings. 3639:Retrieved on April 14, 2009 3613:Retrieved on April 14, 2009 3600:Retrieved on April 14, 2009 3587:Retrieved on April 14, 2009 3121:Fisheries and Oceans Canada 2529:, U. of Chicago Press, 2005 2527:The Art of being a Parasite 2089:Canadian Journal of Zoology 2032:The Merck Veterinary Manual 1786: 1645:(a nematode/roundworm) and 1590:(a nematode/roundworm) and 312:Parasites can be internal ( 131:have become widely used in 125:adaptative immune responses 10: 5086: 4553:Disease in ornamental fish 3703:10.7589/0090-3558-25.3.416 3650:Parasites in Marine Fishes 3392:Belgian Journal of Zoology 3075:Handbook of salmon farming 2671:. Australian Museum Online 2145:of its intermediate host, 1674: 1571: 1261:Disease in ornamental fish 1258: 1172:are characterized by high 1159:parasite on the gill of a 913: 785: 732: 725:The complex life cycle of 666:bluestreak cleaner wrasses 630: 71:has an outgrowth called a 5010: 4979: 4926: 4898:Gathering seafood by hand 4873: 4835: 4782: 4749: 4738: 4672: 4566: 4558:List of aquarium diseases 4535: 4315: 4160: 4085:Aquacultural Revolution: 3826:The Manual of Fish Health 3807:Handbook of fish diseases 3544:10.1016/j.cub.2006.05.026 3394:, 140 (Suppl.), 155-190. 3160:19 September 2006 at the 2802:"Whirling Disease – 2669:"Ocean Sunfish Stranding" 1972:Hartman KH et al. (2004) 1834:List of aquarium diseases 185:parasitising the snapper 27:Disease that affects fish 4712:Individual fishing quota 4619:Scombroid food poisoning 4072:Wild Salmon in Trouble: 3672:Sushi and Sashimi Safety 3133:Seafood Choices Alliance 3123:. Retrieved 12 May 2009. 3116:29 December 2010 at the 3078:, page 348, Birkhäuser. 3055:Krkošek, Martin, et al. 2857:14 December 2010 at the 2210:10.1051/parasite/2014022 1880:Lom J, Dyková I (2005). 1693:salmon poisoning disease 1681:scombroid food poisoning 1223:(i.e. they have several 939:infectious salmon anemia 693:More than 40 species of 249:dinoflagellates, causes 4504:Sphaerothecum destruens 4492:Schistocephalus solidus 4436:Lernaeocera branchialis 4282:Spring viraemia of carp 4100:Salmon Farming Problems 4059:4 February 2012 at the 4019:10.1126/science.1148744 3317:Folia Parasitol (Praha) 3024:10.1073/pnas.0603525103 2513:10.1560/IJEE.56.3-4.239 2351:Grutter, A. S. (1994). 2268:Systematic Parasitology 2143:Schistocephalus solidus 2128:10.1163/156853986X00883 1849:Veterinary parasitology 896:Pacific coast of Canada 867:Lepeophtheirus salmonis 647:Labroides phthirophagus 306:Schistocephalus solidus 297:threespine sticklebacks 4465:Nanophyetus salmincola 4355:Clinostomum marginatum 4207:Hematopoietic necrosis 4175:Nervous necrosis virus 3622:For Diphyllobothrium: 3267:10.1186/2046-9063-8-22 2938:10.1098/rspb.2007.1122 2147:Gasterosteus aculeatus 1755:Diphyllobothrium latum 1652:Diphyllobothrium latum 1595: 1490:and a small number of 1273: 1231:(certain cestodes) or 1021:Gram-negative bacteria 911: 851: 802: 730: 657: 596:Bucephalus polymorphus 573:, commonly called the 570:Clinostomum marginatum 114:inflammatory responses 4362:Dactylogyrus vastator 4240:Mycobacterium marinum 4169:Aeromonas salmonicida 3866:Fairfield, T (2000). 3731:Global Change Biology 3476:Immunological Reviews 3137:It's all about salmon 1952:Aeromonas salmonicida 1780:, an intestinal fluke 1685:ichthyoallyeinotoxism 1641:(a trematode/fluke), 1586:(a trematode/fluke), 1581: 1466:and a well-developed 1296:communicable diseases 1272:in a common aquarium. 1268: 1083:wild fish populations 1023:, causes the disease 1016:Aeromonas salmonicida 909: 879:Caligus rogercresseyi 856:Henneguya salminicola 848:Henneguya salminicola 845: 832:Henneguya salminicola 808:Henneguya salminicola 798:Henneguya salminicola 795: 724: 640: 461:Brooklynella hostilis 273:) with velvet disease 267:Siamese fighting fish 4702:Fisheries management 4510:Swim bladder disease 4472:Pseudorhabdosynochus 4453:Myxobolus cerebralis 4405:Gyrodactylus salaris 4330:Amoebic gill disease 4259:Pfiesteria piscicida 4213:Heterosigma akashiwo 3791:Fish Diseases (2017) 3596:For Chlonorchiasis: 3330:10.14411/fp.2010.032 2804:Myxobolus cerebralis 2767:Magnien, RE (2001). 2557:10.14411/fp.2016.020 2545:Folia Parasitologica 2394:Invertebrate Zoology 1899:10.14411/fp.2005.010 1886:Folia Parasitologica 1551:(whirling disease), 1548:Myxobolus cerebralis 1398:Pfiesteria shumwayae 1066:Myxobolus cerebralis 927:Gyrodactylus salaris 756:Pfiesteria piscicida 727:Pfiesteria piscidica 441:Gyrodactylus salaris 75:. It is caused by a 4860:Fishing tournaments 4722:Sustainable fishery 4412:Henneguya zschokkei 4276:Streptococcus iniae 4011:2007Sci...318.1772K 4005:(5857): 1772–1775. 3900:Marine Parasitology 3743:2020GCBio..26.2854F 3535:2006CBio...16.1244K 3258:2012AqBio...8...22J 3196:Streptococcus iniae 3155:Scientific Evidence 3063:, 14 December 2007. 3017:(42): 15506–15510. 2984:2008NAJFM..28..523M 2932:(1629): 3141–3149. 2818:on 16 February 2008 2697:on 14 November 2006 2541:Huffmanela huffmani 2369:1994MEPS..115...21G 2151:American Naturalist 1948:Cipriano RC (2001) 1716:Clonorchis sinensis 1639:Clonorchis sinensis 1631:Seattle, Washington 1584:Clonorchis sinensis 1376:Henneguya zschokkei 1135:Philometra fasciati 1041:Streptococcus iniae 996:European Commission 948:European Commission 873:species, including 739:Harmful algal bloom 688:Etroplus suratensis 618:Huffmanela huffmani 362:Huffmanela ossicola 325:Philometra fasciati 127:. In recent years, 4802:Commercial fishing 4774:History of fishing 4245:Aquarium granuloma 4112:Salmonid parasites 3903:Csiro Publishing. 3824:Andrews C (1988). 3657:2011-09-27 at the 3401:2016-03-07 at the 3142:2015-09-24 at the 2720:. OceanSunfish.org 2648:. OceanSunfish.org 2431:Shields, Jeffrey. 2378:10.3354/meps115021 1959:2009-05-07 at the 1771:Life cycle of the 1710:Life cycle of the 1596: 1537:states, including 1448:Cartilaginous fish 1274: 1106:parasite, infects 912: 852: 803: 731: 683:Etroplus maculatus 658: 614:parasitic nematode 612:Life cycle of the 590:Life cycle of the 564:Life cycle of the 547:, commonly called 538:Life cycle of the 5070:Parasites of fish 5052: 5051: 4855:Catch and release 4759:Artisanal fishing 4707:Fisheries science 4687:Diversity of fish 4627: 4626: 4348:Ceratomyxa shasta 3924:978-0-13-100847-2 3877:978-0-7641-1338-3 3858:978-1-58245-049-0 3835:978-1-56465-160-0 3816:978-0-86622-703-2 3752:10.1111/gcb.15048 3609:For Anisakiasis: 3529:(12): 1244–1248. 3084:978-1-85233-119-1 2992:10.1577/m07-042.1 2460:Lutjanus guttatus 2439:on 5 January 2019 2403:978-81-315-0104-7 2328:10.3354/dao005015 1988:Lutjanus guttatus 1358:in the gill of a 1320:Ammonia poisoning 1318:within the tank. 1099:Ceratomyxa shasta 1073:parasite, causes 869:and a variety of 477:Ceratomyxa shasta 420:family and adult 285:fisheries biology 183:Anilocra gigantea 118:white blood cells 16:(Redirected from 5077: 5040: 5039: 5028: 5027: 4997:Fishing villages 4936:Artificial flies 4903:Handline fishing 4850:Big-game fishing 4744: 4654: 4647: 4640: 4631: 4630: 4418:Ich (freshwater) 4382:Eustrongylidosis 4369:Diphyllobothrium 4234:Koi herpes virus 4219:Hole in the head 4185:Enteric redmouth 4147: 4140: 4133: 4124: 4123: 4038: 3881: 3862: 3850: 3839: 3820: 3777: 3771: 3765: 3764: 3754: 3737:(5): 2854–2866. 3722: 3716: 3715: 3705: 3681: 3675: 3667: 3661: 3646: 3640: 3633: 3627: 3620: 3614: 3607: 3601: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3576: 3571: 3565: 3564: 3546: 3514: 3508: 3507: 3471: 3465: 3464: 3444: 3438: 3431: 3425: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3410: 3388: 3382: 3381: 3380: 3364: 3353: 3352: 3351: 3342: 3332: 3308: 3297: 3296: 3295: 3289: 3279: 3269: 3237: 3224: 3223: 3191: 3185: 3171: 3165: 3152: 3146: 3130: 3124: 3108: 3102: 3092: 3086: 3070: 3064: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3036: 3026: 3002: 2996: 2995: 2966: 2960: 2959: 2949: 2917: 2911: 2908: 2902: 2901: 2880: 2874: 2871: 2865: 2849: 2843: 2842: 2834: 2828: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2817: 2811:. Archived from 2810: 2797: 2791: 2790: 2788: 2764: 2758: 2748: 2739: 2736: 2730: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2713: 2707: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2691:"Mola (Sunfish)" 2687: 2681: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2664: 2658: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2641: 2635: 2634: 2606: 2600: 2590: 2584: 2583: 2582: 2576: 2536: 2530: 2523: 2517: 2516: 2496: 2490: 2489: 2455: 2449: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2428: 2422: 2421: 2415: 2407: 2389: 2383: 2382: 2380: 2348: 2342: 2339: 2333: 2332: 2330: 2306: 2300: 2299: 2263: 2257: 2253: 2247: 2246: 2245: 2239: 2229: 2189: 2183: 2182: 2138: 2132: 2131: 2111: 2105: 2104: 2080: 2074: 2071: 2065: 2064: 2054: 2048: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2034:. Archived from 2024: 2018: 2017: 1983: 1977: 1970: 1964: 1946: 1940: 1934: 1928: 1918: 1912: 1911: 1901: 1877: 1871: 1865: 1767: 1748: 1728: 1706: 1647:Diphyllobothrium 1592:Diphyllobothrium 1388: 1370: 1352: 1334: 1302:, inappropriate 1153: 1143:blacktip grouper 1131: 1094: 1075:whirling disease 1061: 1036: 1011: 988:British Columbia 875:Caligus clemensi 608: 586: 560: 534: 466:Hole in the head 329:Blacktip grouper 262: 237: 198: 178: 160:whirling disease 141:koi herpes virus 62: 40: 21: 5085: 5084: 5080: 5079: 5078: 5076: 5075: 5074: 5055: 5054: 5053: 5048: 5006: 5002:Marine habitats 4975: 4946:Bite indicators 4922: 4869: 4831: 4778: 4745: 4736: 4668: 4658: 4628: 4623: 4562: 4531: 4429:Kudoa thyrsites 4376:Cymothoa exigua 4311: 4252:Novirhabdovirus 4156: 4151: 4061:Wayback Machine 4045: 3984: 3982:Further reading 3979: 3962:Woo PTK (2011) 3945:Woo PTK (2011) 3928:Woo PTK (1995) 3878: 3859: 3836: 3817: 3785: 3780: 3772: 3768: 3723: 3719: 3682: 3678: 3668: 3664: 3659:Wayback Machine 3647: 3643: 3634: 3630: 3621: 3617: 3608: 3604: 3595: 3591: 3583: 3579: 3572: 3568: 3523:Current Biology 3515: 3511: 3472: 3468: 3445: 3441: 3435:Fish Immunology 3433:D.P. Anderson. 3432: 3428: 3419: 3415: 3405: 3403:Wayback Machine 3389: 3385: 3375: 3365: 3356: 3346: 3309: 3300: 3290: 3238: 3227: 3192: 3188: 3172: 3168: 3162:Wayback Machine 3153: 3149: 3144:Wayback Machine 3131: 3127: 3118:Wayback Machine 3109: 3105: 3093: 3089: 3071: 3067: 3054: 3050: 3003: 2999: 2967: 2963: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2905: 2898:10.1139/f04-016 2881: 2877: 2872: 2868: 2859:Wayback Machine 2850: 2846: 2835: 2831: 2821: 2819: 2815: 2808: 2798: 2794: 2779:(10): 843–852. 2765: 2761: 2749: 2742: 2737: 2733: 2723: 2721: 2716:Thys, Tierney. 2714: 2710: 2700: 2698: 2689: 2688: 2684: 2674: 2672: 2665: 2661: 2651: 2649: 2644:Thys, Tierney. 2642: 2638: 2623:10.2307/1442742 2607: 2603: 2591: 2587: 2577: 2537: 2533: 2525:Claude Combes, 2524: 2520: 2497: 2493: 2478:10.2307/1444352 2456: 2452: 2442: 2440: 2429: 2425: 2409: 2408: 2404: 2390: 2386: 2349: 2345: 2340: 2336: 2307: 2303: 2264: 2260: 2254: 2250: 2240: 2190: 2186: 2139: 2135: 2122:(14): 203–216. 2112: 2108: 2101:10.1139/z97-073 2081: 2077: 2072: 2068: 2055: 2051: 2041: 2039: 2038:on 3 March 2016 2026: 2025: 2021: 2006:10.2307/1444352 1984: 1980: 1971: 1967: 1961:Wayback Machine 1947: 1943: 1935: 1931: 1919: 1915: 1878: 1874: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1853: 1789: 1782: 1781: 1768: 1759: 1758: 1749: 1740: 1739: 1729: 1720: 1719: 1707: 1695: 1576: 1570: 1568:Eating raw fish 1523: 1488:reticular cells 1420:lymphoid tissue 1408: 1401: 1391:Skin ulcers in 1389: 1380: 1379:in salmon beard 1371: 1362: 1353: 1344: 1335: 1304:aquarium plants 1277:Ornamental fish 1263: 1257: 1182:Platyhelminthes 1170:Coral reef fish 1167: 1166: 1165: 1164: 1163: 1154: 1146: 1145: 1132: 1121: 1119:Coral reef fish 1114: 1095: 1086: 1062: 1053: 1037: 1028: 1012: 943:Atlantic salmon 922: 910:Atlantic salmon 904: 865:, particularly 790: 784: 749:ambush predator 741: 719: 703:cleaner wrasses 635: 629: 622: 621: 609: 600: 599: 587: 578: 577: 566:parasitic fluke 561: 552: 551: 535: 495:Cymothoa exigua 483:Kudoa thyrsites 431:Cymothoa exigua 316:) or external ( 293:courtship dance 278: 277: 276: 275: 274: 271:Betta splendens 263: 255: 254: 238: 229: 228: 222: 221: 220: 219: 218: 203:Cymothoa exigua 199: 190: 189: 188: 179: 168: 137:ornamental fish 84: 83: 82: 81: 80: 68:Limanda limanda 63: 54: 53: 52: 41: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5083: 5073: 5072: 5067: 5050: 5049: 5047: 5046: 5034: 5022: 5017: 5011: 5008: 5007: 5005: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4983: 4981: 4977: 4976: 4974: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4932: 4930: 4924: 4923: 4921: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4879: 4877: 4871: 4870: 4868: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4841: 4839: 4833: 4832: 4830: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4788: 4786: 4780: 4779: 4777: 4776: 4771: 4769:Fishing vessel 4766: 4761: 4755: 4753: 4747: 4746: 4739: 4737: 4735: 4734: 4732:Wild fisheries 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4678: 4676: 4670: 4669: 4657: 4656: 4649: 4642: 4634: 4625: 4624: 4622: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4599:Marine viruses 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4570: 4568: 4567:Related topics 4564: 4563: 4561: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4539: 4537: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4512: 4507: 4500: 4495: 4488: 4481: 4476: 4468: 4461: 4456: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4432: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4408: 4401: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4372: 4365: 4358: 4351: 4344: 4339: 4332: 4327: 4319: 4317: 4313: 4312: 4310: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4287:Taura syndrome 4284: 4279: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4255: 4248: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4209: 4204: 4201:Flavobacterium 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4164: 4162: 4158: 4157: 4150: 4149: 4142: 4135: 4127: 4121: 4120: 4115: 4109: 4103: 4097: 4091: 4082: 4069: 4063: 4051: 4044: 4043:External links 4041: 4040: 4039: 3994: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3977: 3960: 3943: 3926: 3912: 3892: 3891:Third edition. 3882: 3876: 3863: 3857: 3840: 3834: 3821: 3815: 3802: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3778: 3766: 3717: 3696:(3): 416–419. 3676: 3662: 3641: 3628: 3615: 3602: 3589: 3577: 3566: 3509: 3466: 3439: 3426: 3413: 3383: 3371:, 2691, 1-40. 3354: 3298: 3225: 3186: 3166: 3147: 3125: 3103: 3087: 3065: 3048: 2997: 2978:(2): 523–532. 2961: 2912: 2903: 2892:(2): 147–157. 2875: 2866: 2844: 2829: 2792: 2759: 2740: 2731: 2708: 2682: 2659: 2636: 2617:(4): 834–838. 2601: 2585: 2531: 2518: 2507:(3): 239–250. 2491: 2472:(3): 813–816. 2450: 2423: 2402: 2384: 2343: 2334: 2301: 2258: 2248: 2184: 2163:10.1086/285568 2157:(4): 725–735. 2133: 2106: 2095:(4): 589–594. 2075: 2066: 2049: 2019: 2000:(3): 813–816. 1978: 1965: 1941: 1929: 1913: 1892:(1–2): 69–81. 1872: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1784: 1783: 1770: 1769: 1762: 1760: 1751: 1750: 1743: 1741: 1731: 1730: 1723: 1721: 1709: 1708: 1701: 1627:Southeast Asia 1569: 1566: 1522: 1519: 1456:Leydig's organ 1452:chondrichthyes 1407: 1404: 1403: 1402: 1390: 1383: 1381: 1372: 1365: 1363: 1360:chinook salmon 1354: 1347: 1345: 1336: 1329: 1300:nitrogen cycle 1270:Nitrogen cycle 1259:Main article: 1256: 1253: 1227:) among which 1155: 1148: 1147: 1133: 1126: 1125: 1124: 1123: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1116: 1115: 1096: 1089: 1087: 1063: 1056: 1054: 1038: 1031: 1029: 1013: 1006: 903: 900: 783: 780: 752:dinoflagellate 718: 715: 649:, servicing a 631:Main article: 628: 625: 624: 623: 611: 610: 603: 601: 589: 588: 581: 579: 563: 562: 555: 553: 537: 536: 529: 456:velvet disease 348:trichosomoidid 264: 257: 256: 251:velvet disease 239: 232: 231: 230: 227:Velvet disease 226: 225: 224: 223: 200: 193: 192: 191: 180: 173: 172: 171: 170: 169: 167: 164: 106:microorganisms 77:microsporidian 65:This flatfish 64: 57: 56: 55: 42: 35: 34: 33: 32: 31: 26: 18:Fish parasites 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5082: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5065:Fish diseases 5063: 5062: 5060: 5045: 5044: 5035: 5033: 5032: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5012: 5009: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4992:Fishing banks 4990: 4988: 4985: 4984: 4982: 4978: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 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4480: 4477: 4474: 4473: 4469: 4467: 4466: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4454: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4442:Microsporidia 4440: 4438: 4437: 4433: 4431: 4430: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4413: 4409: 4407: 4406: 4402: 4400: 4399: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4377: 4373: 4371: 4370: 4366: 4364: 4363: 4359: 4357: 4356: 4352: 4350: 4349: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4337: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4325: 4321: 4320: 4318: 4314: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4277: 4273: 4271: 4270:Salmon anemia 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4260: 4256: 4254: 4253: 4249: 4246: 4242: 4241: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4214: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4202: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4170: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4148: 4143: 4141: 4136: 4134: 4129: 4128: 4125: 4119: 4116: 4113: 4110: 4107: 4104: 4101: 4098: 4095: 4092: 4089: 4088: 4083: 4080: 4076: 4075: 4070: 4067: 4064: 4062: 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3409: 3404: 3400: 3397: 3393: 3387: 3379: 3374: 3370: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3350: 3345: 3340: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3323:(4): 237–62. 3322: 3318: 3314: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3294: 3287: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3268: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3246:Aquat Biosyst 3243: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3206:(1–2): 1–15. 3205: 3201: 3200:Vet Microbiol 3197: 3190: 3184:, 5857: 1772. 3183: 3179: 3176: 3170: 3163: 3159: 3156: 3151: 3145: 3141: 3138: 3134: 3129: 3122: 3119: 3115: 3112: 3107: 3101: 3098: 3097: 3091: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3076: 3069: 3062: 3058: 3052: 3044: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3001: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2965: 2957: 2953: 2948: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2916: 2907: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2879: 2870: 2863: 2860: 2856: 2853: 2848: 2840: 2833: 2814: 2807: 2805: 2796: 2787: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2763: 2756: 2753: 2747: 2745: 2735: 2719: 2712: 2696: 2692: 2686: 2670: 2663: 2647: 2640: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2605: 2599: 2598:0-86542-256-7 2595: 2589: 2581: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2535: 2528: 2522: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2495: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2466: 2461: 2454: 2438: 2434: 2427: 2419: 2413: 2405: 2399: 2395: 2388: 2379: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2347: 2338: 2329: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2305: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2262: 2252: 2244: 2237: 2233: 2228: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2188: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2137: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2110: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2079: 2070: 2062: 2061: 2053: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2023: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1994: 1989: 1982: 1975: 1969: 1962: 1958: 1955: 1953: 1945: 1939: 1933: 1927: 1926:0-86542-256-7 1923: 1917: 1909: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1876: 1869: 1864: 1860: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1829:Fish medicine 1827: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1805: 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1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1162: 1158: 1152: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1130: 1112: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1100: 1093: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1067: 1060: 1055: 1051: 1050:sphere-shaped 1047: 1046:Gram-positive 1043: 1042: 1035: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1017: 1010: 1005: 1004: 1003: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 983: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 944: 940: 935: 933: 929: 928: 921: 917: 908: 902:Farmed salmon 899: 897: 892: 888: 884: 883:ectoparasites 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 857: 849: 844: 840: 838: 833: 828: 826: 821: 817: 813: 810: 809: 800: 799: 794: 789: 779: 777: 773: 769: 765: 762: 758: 757: 753: 750: 746: 740: 736: 728: 723: 717:Mass die offs 714: 712: 708: 704: 700: 699:ocean sunfish 696: 691: 689: 685: 684: 679: 678:Pacific Ocean 675: 671: 668:of the genus 667: 663: 656: 652: 648: 644: 639: 634: 620: 619: 615: 607: 602: 598: 597: 593: 585: 580: 576: 572: 571: 567: 559: 554: 550: 546: 545: 541: 533: 528: 527: 526: 523: 519: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 496: 491: 490: 485: 484: 479: 478: 473: 472: 467: 463: 462: 457: 453: 449: 448: 443: 442: 436: 433: 432: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 408: 404: 400: 396: 391: 389: 385: 381: 377: 376: 372: 368: 364: 363: 358: 357: 353:of the genus 352: 349: 345: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 323: 319: 318:ectoparasites 315: 314:endoparasites 310: 308: 307: 300: 298: 294: 288: 286: 282: 272: 268: 261: 252: 248: 245:, a genus of 244: 243: 236: 216: 212: 209: 205: 204: 197: 187: 184: 177: 163: 161: 157: 153: 148: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 121: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 98: 94: 89: 78: 74: 70: 69: 61: 50: 46: 39: 30: 19: 5041: 5029: 4908:Spearfishing 4697:Fish farming 4691: 4514: 4502: 4490: 4483: 4470: 4463: 4451: 4434: 4427: 4423:Ich (marine) 4410: 4403: 4396: 4374: 4367: 4360: 4353: 4346: 4334: 4322: 4274: 4257: 4250: 4238: 4211: 4199: 4167: 4153: 4086: 4078: 4073: 4002: 3998: 3990: 3964: 3947: 3930: 3915: 3899: 3895:Rohde, Klaus 3867: 3846: 3825: 3806: 3790: 3769: 3734: 3730: 3720: 3693: 3689: 3679: 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Retrieved 2036:the original 2022: 1997: 1991: 1987: 1981: 1968: 1951: 1944: 1932: 1916: 1889: 1885: 1875: 1863: 1814:Fish farming 1775: 1753: 1733: 1714: 1696: 1689:Haff disease 1665: 1664:, mackerel ( 1657: 1650: 1636: 1616: 1597: 1562:introduction 1546: 1524: 1500: 1476:Chondrostean 1460:spiral valve 1446:in hagfish. 1440:granulocytes 1432:plasma cells 1424:erythrocytes 1412:jawless fish 1409: 1396: 1374: 1324: 1289: 1275: 1218:heteroxenous 1210:myxosporidia 1174:biodiversity 1168: 1134: 1097: 1074: 1064: 1039: 1025:furunculosis 1014: 984: 974:of infected 936: 925: 923: 890: 886: 878: 874: 870: 866: 861: 855: 853: 836: 831: 829: 824: 819: 815: 814: 806: 804: 796: 754: 742: 726: 706: 692: 690:, the host. 687: 681: 674:Indian Ocean 669: 662:cleaner fish 659: 654: 646: 641:Two cleaner 633:Cleaner fish 627:Cleaner fish 617: 594: 568: 542: 540:endoparasite 524: 520: 493: 487: 481: 475: 469: 459: 452:cryptocaryon 445: 439: 437: 429: 422:cymothoidids 392: 373: 371:turbellarian 360: 359:, including 354: 324: 311: 304: 301: 289: 279: 270: 240: 201: 186: 149: 122: 91:suffer from 90: 85: 66: 45:gizzard shad 29: 4893:Fishing net 4865:Fly fishing 4727:Overfishing 4682:Aquaculture 4667:topic areas 4536:Fish groups 4485:Saprolegnia 4479:Salmon lice 4324:Abergasilus 4195:Fish dropsy 3482:: 199–220. 3455:: 181–200. 2841:(1450): 55. 2822:13 December 1824:Fish toxins 1777:Metagonimus 1712:liver fluke 1619:fresh water 1496:hemopoietic 1492:macrophages 1472:lymphocytes 1444:bone marrow 1428:macrophages 1395:exposed to 1221:life cycles 1194:monogeneans 1104:myxosporean 1071:myxosporean 812:parasites. 782:Wild salmon 778:increases. 776:land runoff 764:forage fish 575:yellow grub 516:salmon lice 395:monogeneans 181:The isopod 133:aquaculture 104:that traps 5059:Categories 4987:Fish ponds 4888:Fishfinder 4875:Techniques 4837:Recreation 4817:Processing 4797:By country 4579:Brevetoxin 4459:Myxosporea 4307:Yellowhead 4302:White spot 4180:Columnaris 3670:Vaughn M. 2773:BioScience 2042:4 November 1799:Cyanotoxin 1675:See also: 1662:Salmonidae 1572:See also: 1531:ecosystems 1436:pronephros 1356:Columnaris 1157:Monogenean 1102:, another 1000:extinction 952:fish stock 932:monogenean 914:See also: 786:See also: 772:neurotoxin 745:fish kills 733:See also: 418:Gnathiidae 384:Myxosporea 378:. Various 375:Paravortex 369:parasitic 356:Huffmanela 344:trematodes 341:didymozoid 335:, include 333:fish gills 211:crustacean 4980:Locations 4883:Fish trap 4807:Marketing 4764:Fisherman 4674:Fisheries 4661:Fisheries 4614:Saxitoxin 4594:Fish kill 4584:Ciguatera 4498:Sea louse 4447:Monogenea 4342:Carp lice 4316:Parasites 4161:Pathogens 3396:Free PDF 3373:Free PDF 3344:Free PDF 3252:(1): 22. 2565:0015-5683 2412:cite book 2363:: 21–30. 2321:: 15–22. 2218:1776-1042 2116:Behaviour 1856:Citations 1819:Fish kill 1677:ciguatera 1527:bait fish 1507:zebrafish 1503:teleostei 1316:ecosystem 1281:aquariums 1237:parasites 1190:digeneans 1178:nematodes 937:In 1984, 924:In 1972, 891:copepodid 837:Henneguya 825:Henneguya 820:Henneguya 816:Henneguya 768:zoospores 735:Fish kill 695:parasites 670:Labroides 512:carp lice 351:nematodes 281:Parasites 247:parasitic 208:parasitic 166:Parasites 110:pathogens 102:epidermis 97:parasites 5043:Category 5015:Glossary 4918:Trolling 4913:Trawling 4822:Products 4784:Industry 4336:Anisakis 4094:Sea Lice 4057:Archived 4035:86544687 4027:18079401 3761:32189441 3655:Archived 3553:16782017 3399:Archived 3339:21344838 3286:22947621 3220:17418985 3158:Archived 3140:Archived 3114:Archived 3043:17021017 2956:17939989 2855:Archived 2573:27312028 2443:23 March 2296:29105973 2288:15318018 2236:24836940 2198:Parasite 2179:40173189 2171:19425968 1957:Archived 1908:16004366 1844:Red tide 1787:See also 1773:digenean 1735:Anisakis 1643:Anisakis 1588:Anisakis 1539:Michigan 1535:American 1484:meninges 1416:lymphoid 1338:Goldfish 1312:stresses 1292:aquarium 1290:In most 1285:diseases 1279:kept in 1233:molluscs 1206:copepods 1186:cestodes 1139:Nematoda 1108:salmonid 992:sea lice 964:Scotland 863:Sea lice 761:shoaling 651:goatfish 592:digenean 504:nematode 407:gnathiid 399:copepods 380:protists 367:encysted 346:, a few 337:encysted 322:nematode 295:of male 253:in fish 242:Oodinium 129:vaccines 93:diseases 5031:Outline 4845:Angling 4827:Seafood 4812:Markets 4751:Fishing 4665:fishing 4190:Fin rot 4007:Bibcode 3999:Science 3993:, 2004. 3897:(2005) 3739:Bibcode 3712:2761015 3531:Bibcode 3504:7965762 3496:9914914 3369:Zootaxa 3277:3507714 3254:Bibcode 3178:Science 3135:(2005) 3034:1591297 2980:Bibcode 2947:2293942 2864:, 2004. 2631:1442742 2486:1444352 2365:Bibcode 2256:Museum. 2227:4023622 2014:1444352 1623:Sashimi 1612:gravlax 1608:ceviche 1600:sashimi 1515:antigen 1511:T cells 1480:bichirs 1393:tilapia 1202:isopods 1198:leeches 1161:grouper 871:Caligus 643:wrasses 500:leeches 410:isopods 403:leeches 4971:Sinker 4928:Tackle 4527:Xenoma 4522:Velvet 4398:Glugea 4392:Flukes 4033: 4025: 3972: 3955: 3938: 3922: 3907: 3874: 3855: 3832: 3813: 3798: 3759: 3710: 3561:428224 3559: 3551: 3502: 3494: 3337: 3284: 3274: 3218: 3082: 3041: 3031: 2954: 2944: 2724:11 May 2675:11 May 2629: 2611:Copeia 2596: 2571: 2563: 2484: 2465:Copeia 2400: 2294: 2286: 2234: 2224: 2216: 2204:: 21. 2177: 2169: 2012: 1993:Copeia 1924: 1906: 1691:, and 1610:, and 1557:salmon 1468:spleen 1464:thymus 1342:dropsy 1229:sharks 1192:, and 1079:farmed 972:anemia 968:Canada 960:Norway 918:, and 887:naupli 711:breach 508:flukes 471:Glugea 414:Isopod 339:adult 265:Adult 158:, and 73:xenoma 5020:Index 4961:Lures 4031:S2CID 3557:S2CID 3500:S2CID 2816:(PDF) 2809:(PDF) 2701:8 May 2652:8 May 2627:JSTOR 2482:JSTOR 2292:S2CID 2175:S2CID 2010:JSTOR 1670:ikura 1660:) in 1658:shake 1604:sushi 1574:Sushi 1553:trout 1340:with 1241:hosts 1225:hosts 980:gills 956:Chile 426:hosts 388:cysts 215:gills 206:is a 43:This 4956:Line 4951:Hook 4941:Bait 4663:and 4475:spp. 4023:PMID 3970:ISBN 3953:ISBN 3936:ISBN 3920:ISBN 3905:ISBN 3872:ISBN 3853:ISBN 3830:ISBN 3811:ISBN 3796:ISBN 3757:PMID 3708:PMID 3549:PMID 3492:PMID 3335:PMID 3282:PMID 3216:PMID 3080:ISBN 3039:PMID 2952:PMID 2824:2007 2726:2007 2703:2007 2677:2007 2654:2007 2615:1972 2594:ISBN 2569:PMID 2561:ISSN 2470:1983 2445:2014 2418:link 2398:ISBN 2284:PMID 2232:PMID 2214:ISSN 2167:PMID 2044:2019 1998:1983 1922:ISBN 1904:PMID 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