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to clear Ich from a fish population is to transfer all of the fish carrying trophonts in their skin, fins or gills to a non-infected tank every 24 hours. Then the fish do not get re-infected and after a number of days (dependent on temperature) the fish have cleared the infection because trophonts exit within this period. They do not have sufficient time to produce theronts as 24 h is too short time for released tomonts to develop via tomocysts releasing the infective stage. Under colder water conditions, these management procedures should be continued over a longer time. Another method is to use mechanical filtration of water using mesh sizes of 80 microns. This removes the tomonts from the water before they settle and transform to the tomocyst stage (the multiplication step).
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684:. These compounds can be added to the fish tank water and eliminate theronts and tomonts but do not affect the trophont stage in the fish skin. The toxicity of hydrogen peroxide is increased at higher temperatures. Sodium chloride when applied in a concentration of at least 7.5 g/L inhibits production of infective theronts in tomocysts. When used in a concentration of 10 g/L over 14 days, the parasite can be eliminated from a recirculated fish farm system.
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The host response may provide some protection. Fish recovering from an infection are partly protected against reinfection and can resist a new infection. Prevention of the disease by vaccination is, at present, not possible due to the lack of a commercially available vaccine. However, several studies
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Total fish removal and repeated transfer to clean tanks may be applied. Theronts, the motile and fish-infecting stage of the Ich life cycle, exit from the tomocyst at the bottom of the tank. However, without fish to re-attach to, theronts die within 48 hours (at higher temperatures). An effective way
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inflicts considerable damage to gills and skin in two ways. Firstly, the theronts penetrate the host epithelia and, when the number of parasites is high in relation to the fish size, the penetration may directly kill the fish by destroying the integrity of the fish surface. Secondly, if the invasion
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are effective but questionable from an environmental point of view. Copper may still be applied in some countries, but it is easy to overdose with copper. The recommended dosage is 0.15-0.3 mg/L and the concentration should never exceed 0.4 mg/L. Copper is noticeably more toxic to fish in
509:
Ich infections are usually visible as one or several characteristic white spots on the body or fins of the fish. The white spots are single cells called trophonts, which feed on host cells (epidermal cells and leukocytes attracted to the site) and may grow to 1 mm in diameter. Heavy infections
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When the trophont has reached a certain size (100-1000 μm), it breaks out of the host epidermis and swim freely as a tomont (also covered by cilia). After minutes to hours, the tomont attaches to any surface in the fishpond or fish tank and produces a thick, gelatinous cyst wall. This is termed the
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The life cycle of the parasite is direct, which means that no intermediate hosts are included in transmission. It includes a trophont stage residing in the fish surface (gill epithelia, skin and fin epidermis). This stage is the feeding stage which continuously ingests cellular debris and live host
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Jørgensen, L. von
Gersdorff; Kania, P. W.; Rasmussen, K. J.; Mattsson, A. H.; Schmidt, J.; Al-Jubury, A.; Sander, A.; Salanti, A.; Buchmann, K. (2017). "Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) immune response towards a recombinant vaccine targeting the parasitic ciliate Ichthyophthirius multifiliis".
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Theront penetration may elicit erratic swimming and movements reflecting irritation of fish surfaces. The trophont is not visible to the naked eye until it has fed on the fish and grown to a diameter of about 0.3-0.5 millimetres. The white spots may reach more than 1 mm in diameter and are
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Within the tomocyst, a series of mitotic cell divisions take place and, depending on temperature, up to 1000 resulting daughter cells (tomites) are produced. These escape the tomocyst by penetrating the cyst wall, whereafter they swim in the fish tank water searching for a fish host, which they
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Various chemotherapeutants can be applied for the treatment of infected fish and infected fish farm systems but caution should always be observed during any treatment. Some drugs are toxic to certain fish species and any treatment method must take into account the species of fish (some do not
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The infection challenges hosts’ osmoregulation and respiration. Secondary bacterial and fungal infections are common due to the disturbance of epithelial linings. When trophonts burst out of the epidermis, non-protected (non-mucous cell lined) cells become accessible to other pathogens.
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infection. The diagnosis can be confirmed by microscopic examination of skin and gill smears. Scrapings of skin, fins or gill surfaces (using a cover slip or scalpel) and subsequent mounting on a microscope slide with a few drops of water under a cover slip should be examined under the
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is successful, the invading theronts transform into the trophont stage in the fish epidermis where they develop and expand their volume manifold. When the trophonts burst out from their epidermal residence, severe ulceration follows, leading to high host mortality. The
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Recently, a wide series of herbal extracts have been shown as effective, including garlic juice, which has a toxic effect on theronts and trophonts. Biological control has also demonstrated its potential. A lipopeptide secreted as a surfactant from the bacterium
612:(20-400 x magnification). The trophont is slowly rotating, covered by rapidly beating cilia and has a prominent, horseshoe-shaped macro-nucleus. Molecular diagnosis can be based on knowledge of genes encoding the parasite's i-antigen and is performed by
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measures for fish farm personnel including using a biocide foot bath, separate dress for the unit, using separate equipment and disinfecting hands before and after maintenance of each tank, reduces the risk of spreading the parasite between units.
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It causes a disease commonly referred to as white spot disease due to the macroscopically visible trophonts (up to 1 mm in diameter) in the skin and fins. The trophont, continuously rotating, is surrounded by host cells (epidermal cells and
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pointed to a range of new approaches for control. For example, the fish immune system has an ability to combat invading parasites and a vaccine may be developed in the future. In addition, novel bacterial products (surfactants from
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Strict management measures including mechanical and chemical methods are generally applied and can keep the infection at an acceptable level at farms. However, these measures are costly in terms of labour, chemicals and lost fish.
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in freshwater fish farm systems worldwide, considerable research efforts are being conducted in laboratories worldwide. New drugs and herbal extracts are being tested for their impact on various stages of the parasite.
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fish. Due to the development of aquaculture systems – affecting the life cycle and pathogenicity of the parasites - continued research is needed in order to secure control of this parasitosis also in the future.
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Priority should be given to avoid introducing the parasite in the first place. New warm-water fish should be quarantined for at least four weeks and cold-water fish for eight weeks. Recognition of
494:(diameter 300 μm) in the epidermis of a rainbow trout tail fin (light microscopy with subillumination). The horseshoe-shaped macronucleus is visible. (photo: Kurt Buchman, University of Copenhagen)
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von
Gersdorff Jørgensen, Louise; Sigh, Jens; Kania, Per Walter; Holten-Andersen, Lars; Buchmann, Kurt; Clark, Theodore; Rasmussen, Jesper Skou; Einer-Jensen, Katja; Lorenzen, Niels (2012-11-07).
772:. Management procedures, based on a basic understanding of the life cycle, can reduce the infection pressure considerably. All together, these approaches can be applied for integrated control of
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of the fish is challenged both by penetration and by trophont escape. Damage to the host's gills also reduces the respiratory efficiency of the fish, reducing its oxygen intake from the water.
768:, are being explored and prepared for marketing. Herbal extracts have been demonstrated to stimulate immune responses of fish (and thereby partly inhibit development of the trophont), such as
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If strict bio-security rules are violated, the parasite may be introduced into a fish rearing unit by transfer of fish or equipment from infected systems. When the organism gets into a large
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Due to the low host specificity of the parasite, Ich infection is known from all freshwater fish systems examined. However, the susceptibility and the impact differ between host species.
410:
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has been shown to kill theronts, tomonts and tomocysts. It is not toxic to fish, which suggests that future control can be based on environmentally friendly, natural products.
953:"Cellular and humoral factors involved in the response of rainbow trout gills to Ichthyophthirius multifiliis infections: Molecular and immunohistochemical studies"
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have identified potential vaccine candidate proteins, e.g. i-antigens and others, of the parasite, which suggests that a vaccine can be produced in the future.
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Experimental vaccines are being tested for future control purposes. Surfactants (with a high parasiticidal effect) from naturally occurring bacteria, such as
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This life cycle is highly dependent on water temperature, and the entire life cycle takes from approximately 7 days at 25 °C to 8 weeks at 5-6 °C.
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when applied repeatedly (30–50 mg/L) kills infective theronts and tomonts but, due to its carcinogenicity, other chemotherapeutants should be used.
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facility, it is difficult to control due to its fast-reproductive cycle. If not controlled, the infection may lead to 100% mortality in the tank.
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Fouquet in 1876. Only one species is found in the genus which also gave name to the family. The name literally translates as "the fish
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750:, a series of control methods have been explored. The parasite can be propagated in the laboratory - most successfully in the hosts (
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Lin, Yuankai; Lin, Tian Long; Wang, Chia-Cheng; Wang, Xuting; Stieger, Knut; Klopfleisch, Robert; Clark, Theodore G. (2002-03-01).
1210:"Impact of Pseudomonas H6 surfactant on all external life cycle stages of the fish parasitic ciliate Ichthyophthirius multifiliis"
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1013:"Control of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis using a combination of water filtration and sodium percarbonate: Dose-response studies"
75:
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Al-Jubury, A; Lu, C; Kania, P W; von
Gersdorff Jørgensen, L; Liu, Y; de Bruijn, I; Raaijmakers, J; Buchmann, K (July 2018).
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Olsen, Moonika M.; Kania, Per W.; Heinecke, Rasmus D.; Skjoedt, Karsten; Rasmussen, Karina J.; Buchmann, Kurt (2011-03-01).
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cells in its epidermal location, making the parasite able to grow rapidly over a short time - depending on temperature.
1348:"Temperature- and salinity-dependent development of a Nordic strain of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis from rainbow trout"
1294:
Manual of fish health : everything you need to know about aquarium fish, their environment and disease prevention
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was previously the drug of choice but, due to its carcinogenicity, this organic dye is now banned in some countries.
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easily recognized on skin and fins whereas trophonts attached to the gills are hard to see due to the gill cover (
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Macroscopically visible trophonts (white spots) on skin or fins is often the basis for a tentative diagnosis of
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343:. It is visible as a white spot on the surface of the fish but, due to its internal microhabitat, it is a true
46:
1397:"Variation in primary sequence and tandem repeat copy number among i-antigens of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis"
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359:), producing a minute elevation of the skin. These light-reflecting nodules are recognized as white spots.
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and quinine hydrochloride are effective as well, but require prescription from a veterinary authority.
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1491:"Prolonged in vitro cultivation of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis using an EPC cell line as substrate"
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are highly susceptible fish species and uncontrolled infections lead to almost 100% mortality. Some
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Gill infection may cause breathing at the surface and increased ventilation movements of operculae.
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1296:. Carrington, Neville., Exell, Adrian. (Rev. 2nd ed.). Richmond Hill, Ont.: Firefly Books.
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with subsequent lesions following trophont escape leave the skin irregular, fluffy and greyish.
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species and, in contrast to many other parasites, shows low host specificity. It penetrates
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812:"'Ich' discovery could yield new ways to treat devastating freshwater fish parasite"
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1063:"Approaches towards DNA Vaccination against a Skin Ciliate Parasite in Fish"
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of the fish host and resides as a feeding stage (the trophont) inside the
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1444:"Comparison of the effects of geranium, lavender and garlic extracts on
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1566:"MetaPathogens and vectors - Ebola, HPV, HIV, HTLV, Covid Taxonomy"
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Raissy, Mehdi; Keyhani, Khodakaram; Pirali, Khodadad (2020-12-21).
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894:"Immune response to Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and role of IgT"
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penetrate fast and efficiently if it is naïve and non-immunized.
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754:), but also cell cultures can support part of the life cycle (
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Balance disturbance. Upside-down swimming near the surface.
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Simplified scheme of the life cycle of the fish parasite
336:
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theront (photo: Ole S. Møller, University of
Copenhagen)
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Typical behaviour of clinically infected fish includes:
1270:
Burgess, P (2016). "The essential guide to whitespot".
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1441:
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1011:Heinecke, Rasmus D.; Buchmann, Kurt (2009-03-02).
323:with many children". The parasite can infect most
1245:20.500.11755/42488b43-5220-4527-be1b-e192631f991d
676:and hydrogen peroxide releasing products such as
479:Flashing (rubbing and scratching against objects)
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145:showing the white spots characteristic of Ich
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665:soft water than in hard water. Drugs such as
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109:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1578:Treatment information for freshwater Ich
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1401:Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology
595:Scanning electron microscope image of
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4055:Photobacterium damselae ssp piscicida
4014:Hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis
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1543:"How to Treat Ich in Freshwater Fish"
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864:Fish disease: diagnosis and treatment
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47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
1593:Ichthyophthirius White spot disease
866:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 95–97.
566:with a spot of Ich between the eyes
13:
1560:Your Guide to Freshwater Aquariums
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14:
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1489:Nielsen, CV; Buchmann, K (2000).
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1037:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.11.017
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4338:Diseases and parasites in salmon
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1346:Aihua, L.; Buchmann, K. (2001).
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957:Fish & Shellfish Immunology
644:tolerate certain medications).
34:needs additional citations for
4394:Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning
4019:Infectious pancreatic necrosis
1352:Journal of Applied Ichthyology
1292:Andrews, Chris, 1953- (2010).
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58:"Ichthyophthirius multifiliis"
16:Parasitic species of protozoan
1:
4399:Paralytic shellfish poisoning
4379:Diarrheal shellfish poisoning
4333:Diseases and parasites in cod
4306:Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae
4177:Epizootic ulcerative syndrome
1495:Diseases of Aquatic Organisms
1456:Journal of Animal Environment
1413:10.1016/S0166-6851(01)00436-4
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1572:Ichthyophthirius multifiliis
1446:Ichthyophthirius multifiliis
1088:10.1371/journal.pone.0048129
633:Ichthyophthirius multifiliis
597:Ichthyophthirius multifiliis
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492:Ichthyophthirius multifiliis
442:Pathology and clinical signs
419:Ichthyophthirius multifiliis
392:Ichthyophthirius multifiliis
304:Ichthyophthirius multifiliis
289:Ichthyophthirius multifiliis
127:Ichthyophthirius multifiliis
7:
4364:Amnesic shellfish poisoning
3944:Fish diseases and parasites
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746:supported research project
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464:Anorexia (loss of appetite)
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4348:List of aquarium diseases
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2989:
2964:
2875:
2866:
2811:
2800:
2699:
2674:
2593:
2472:
2463:
2367:
2358:
2321:
2310:
2299:
2269:
2232:
2171:
2158:
2136:
2098:
2072:
2017:
1806:
1797:
1763:
1759:
1643:
977:10.1016/j.fsi.2011.01.010
519:
285:
278:
151:Scientific classification
149:
141:
132:
125:
4409:Scombroid food poisoning
1468:10.22034/aej.2020.121630
1214:Journal of Fish Diseases
1136:Journal of Fish Diseases
708:Other control strategies
315:described by the French
4797:Veterinary protozoology
4294:Sphaerothecum destruens
4282:Schistocephalus solidus
4226:Lernaeocera branchialis
4072:Spring viraemia of carp
3298:Vitrella brassicaformis
1570:Detailed life cycle of
892:Buchmann, Kurt (2019).
840:Encyclopedia Britannica
639:Chemicals and medicines
4255:Nanophyetus salmincola
4145:Clinostomum marginatum
3997:Hematopoietic necrosis
3965:Nervous necrosis virus
1448:in naturally infected
662:potassium permanganate
635:
600:
495:
4152:Dactylogyrus vastator
4030:Mycobacterium marinum
3959:Aeromonas salmonicida
2019:Postciliodesmatophora
1272:Practical Fishkeeping
862:Noga, Edward (2000).
631:
594:
564:Siamese fighting fish
489:
476:Resting on the bottom
4300:Swim bladder disease
4262:Pseudorhabdosynochus
4243:Myxobolus cerebralis
4195:Gyrodactylus salaris
4120:Amoebic gill disease
4049:Pfiesteria piscicida
4003:Heterosigma akashiwo
2721:Eleutheroschizonidae
1833:Cariacothrix caudata
1588:Genome Database Wiki
1580:at the Aquarium Wiki
836:"Ich | fish disease"
373:Research within the
43:improve this article
4202:Henneguya zschokkei
4066:Streptococcus iniae
2966:Blastogregarinorina
2923:Oligochaetocystinae
1364:2001JApIc..17..273A
1226:2018JFDis..41.1147A
1148:2017JFDis..40.1815V
1079:2012PLoSO...748129V
1029:2009Aquac.288...32H
969:2011FSI....30..859O
898:Parasite Immunology
678:sodium percarbonate
271:I. multifiliis
4035:Aquarium granuloma
3061:Amphiplatysporidae
3013:Cephaloidophoridae
2813:Archigregarinorida
1808:Intramacronucleata
636:
601:
496:
447:Signs and symptoms
311:", is a parasitic
247:Ichthyophthiriidae
4777:Oligohymenophorea
4764:
4763:
4736:Open Tree of Life
4556:Open Tree of Life
4426:Taxon identifiers
4417:
4416:
4138:Ceratomyxa shasta
3910:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3863:
3862:
3742:
3741:
3674:
3673:
3370:
3369:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3139:Schizogregarinina
3125:
3124:
2796:
2795:
2701:Protococcidiorida
2670:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2585:Selenococcidiidae
2575:Elleipsisomatidae
2539:Cryptosporidiidae
2400:Haemogregarinidae
2323:Agamococcidiorida
2295:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2094:
2093:
1894:Oligohymenophorea
1793:
1792:
1558:Shirlie Sharpe's
1508:10.3354/dao042215
1450:Capoeta damascina
1303:978-1-55407-691-8
1235:10.1111/jfd.12810
1156:10.1111/jfd.12653
1142:(12): 1815–1821.
911:10.1111/pim.12675
873:978-0-8138-2558-8
674:hydrogen peroxide
616:and quantitative
300:
299:
227:Oligohymenophorea
119:
118:
111:
93:
4809:
4757:
4756:
4744:
4743:
4731:
4730:
4721:
4720:
4708:
4707:
4695:
4694:
4682:
4681:
4669:
4668:
4656:
4655:
4643:
4642:
4633:
4632:
4630:Ichthyophthirius
4620:
4619:
4618:
4616:Ichthyophthirius
4605:
4604:
4603:
4586:Ichthyophthirius
4577:
4576:
4564:
4563:
4551:
4550:
4541:
4540:
4528:
4527:
4515:
4514:
4502:
4501:
4489:
4488:
4476:
4475:
4466:
4465:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4421:
4420:
4208:Ich (freshwater)
4172:Eustrongylidosis
4159:Diphyllobothrium
4024:Koi herpes virus
4009:Hole in the head
3975:Enteric redmouth
3937:
3930:
3923:
3914:
3913:
3811:
3810:
3753:
3752:
3685:
3684:
3577:Duboscquellaceae
3381:
3380:
3269:
3268:
3260:
3259:
3131:Neogregarinorida
3107:Actinocephalidae
3103:Stylocephaloidea
3097:Trichorhynchidae
2941:Schaudinnellidae
2885:Aikinetocystidae
2873:
2872:
2809:
2808:
2738:Eleutheroschizon
2580:Lankesterellidae
2529:Calyptosporiidae
2519:Atoxoplasmatidae
2470:
2469:
2382:Dactylosomatidae
2365:
2364:
2319:
2318:
2308:
2307:
2169:
2168:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2145:
2144:
2105:
2104:
1924:Parablepharismea
1899:Ichthyophthirius
1804:
1803:
1770:
1769:
1761:
1760:
1672:
1652:
1622:
1615:
1608:
1599:
1598:
1586:Ichthyophthirius
1569:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1545:. Archived from
1529:
1528:
1510:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1375:
1343:
1334:
1333:
1323:
1315:
1289:
1280:
1279:
1267:
1258:
1257:
1247:
1237:
1220:(7): 1147–1152.
1205:
1194:
1193:
1167:
1130:
1119:
1118:
1108:
1090:
1058:
1049:
1048:
1008:
997:
996:
948:
942:
941:
931:
913:
889:
878:
877:
859:
850:
849:
847:
846:
832:
826:
825:
823:
822:
808:
742:In the European
610:light microscope
577:
560:
431:tomocyst stage.
413:
307:, often termed "
291:
258:Ichthyophthirius
159:
158:
137:
123:
122:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
4817:
4816:
4812:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4807:
4806:
4782:Ciliate species
4767:
4766:
4765:
4760:
4752:
4747:
4739:
4734:
4726:
4724:
4716:
4711:
4703:
4698:
4690:
4685:
4677:
4672:
4664:
4659:
4651:
4646:
4638:
4636:
4628:
4623:
4614:
4613:
4608:
4599:
4598:
4593:
4580:
4572:
4567:
4559:
4554:
4546:
4544:
4536:
4531:
4523:
4518:
4510:
4505:
4497:
4492:
4484:
4479:
4471:
4469:
4461:
4456:
4447:
4446:
4441:
4428:
4418:
4413:
4352:
4321:
4219:Kudoa thyrsites
4166:Cymothoa exigua
4101:
4042:Novirhabdovirus
3946:
3941:
3911:
3894:
3859:
3834:
3800:
3794:Rhizellobiopsis
3738:
3670:
3647:Pronoctilucidae
3606:
3565:Amoebophryaceae
3547:
3522:
3473:Without theca:
3366:
3329:
3304:
3242:
3143:Caulleryellidae
3121:
3111:Stylocephalidae
3089:Sphaerocystidae
3073:Dactylophoridae
3069:Cnemidosporidae
3065:Brustiophoridae
2985:
2960:
2931:Stomatophorinae
2927:Rhynchocystinae
2890:Allantocystidae
2868:Eugregarinorida
2862:
2833:Selenidioididae
2805:
2792:
2695:
2662:
2621:Toxoplasmatinae
2589:
2544:Cryptosporidium
2459:
2354:
2343:Rhytidocystidae
2315:
2304:
2287:
2275:Cardiosporidium
2265:
2228:
2205:Leucocytozoidae
2152:
2141:
2124:
2090:
2068:
2013:
1936:Phyllopharyngea
1929:Parablepharisma
1789:
1755:
1754:
1670:
1648:
1639:
1626:
1574:at MetaPathogen
1564:
1552:
1550:
1541:
1538:
1533:
1532:
1487:
1483:
1440:
1436:
1393:
1389:
1344:
1337:
1317:
1316:
1304:
1290:
1283:
1268:
1261:
1206:
1197:
1131:
1122:
1059:
1052:
1009:
1000:
949:
945:
890:
881:
874:
860:
853:
844:
842:
834:
833:
829:
820:
818:
810:
809:
805:
800:
787:
748:ParaFishControl
732:
715:
710:
701:
654:Copper-sulphate
646:Malachite green
641:
626:
589:
588:
587:
586:
585:
578:
569:
568:
567:
561:
550:
522:
458:
449:
444:
422:
421:
414:
405:
379:ParaFishControl
325:freshwater fish
296:
293:
287:
274:
237:Hymenostomatida
153:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4815:
4805:
4804:
4802:Ciliate genera
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4758:
4745:
4732:
4722:
4709:
4696:
4683:
4670:
4657:
4644:
4634:
4621:
4606:
4590:
4588:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4565:
4552:
4542:
4529:
4516:
4503:
4490:
4477:
4467:
4454:
4438:
4436:
4430:
4429:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4389:Marine viruses
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4360:
4358:
4357:Related topics
4354:
4353:
4351:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4329:
4327:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4302:
4297:
4290:
4285:
4278:
4271:
4266:
4258:
4251:
4246:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4222:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4198:
4191:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4162:
4155:
4148:
4141:
4134:
4129:
4122:
4117:
4109:
4107:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4077:Taura syndrome
4074:
4069:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4045:
4038:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
3999:
3994:
3991:Flavobacterium
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3954:
3952:
3948:
3947:
3940:
3939:
3932:
3925:
3917:
3908:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3873:
3871:
3865:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3844:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3832:
3819:
3817:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3782:Parallobiopsis
3770:Elliobiocystis
3761:
3759:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3736:
3721:Rastromonadida
3718:
3706:
3693:
3691:
3682:
3676:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3656:
3644:
3632:
3627:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3586:
3574:
3557:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3532:
3530:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3502:
3470:
3469:
3460:Prorocentrales
3457:
3439:
3421:
3392:With a theca:
3389:
3387:
3378:
3376:Dinoflagellata
3372:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3352:
3343:Alphamonadidae
3339:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3314:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3290:
3286:Chromera velia
3277:
3275:
3266:
3256:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3228:
3207:Schizocystidae
3204:
3162:
3150:
3147:Ophryocystidae
3135:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3117:Blabericolidae
3114:
3100:
3050:
3040:
3037:Uradiophoridae
3021:Didymophoridae
3017:Cephalolobidae
3006:
2995:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2970:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2900:Enterocystidae
2897:
2892:
2887:
2881:
2879:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2844:Meroselenidium
2830:
2821:Exoschizonidae
2817:
2815:
2806:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2772:
2763:Mackinnoniidae
2760:
2742:
2718:
2709:Angeiocystidae
2705:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2680:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2644:Nephroisospora
2618:
2599:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2548:
2536:
2534:Caryotrophidae
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2473:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2445:
2433:
2421:
2409:
2405:Haemogregarina
2397:
2379:
2373:
2371:
2362:
2360:Eucoccidiorida
2356:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2340:
2327:
2325:
2316:
2311:
2305:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2278:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2251:
2238:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2214:
2202:
2193:Haemoproteidae
2190:
2177:
2175:
2173:Haemospororida
2166:
2153:
2148:
2142:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2113:
2111:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2062:Tracheloraphis
2048:
2023:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2011:
1993:
1981:
1963:
1951:
1933:
1921:
1891:
1879:
1867:
1849:
1837:
1828:Cariacotrichea
1825:
1812:
1810:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1778:
1776:
1767:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1745:Mesomycetozoea
1742:
1737:
1727:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1681:Diaphoretickes
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1625:
1624:
1617:
1610:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1581:
1575:
1562:
1537:
1536:External links
1534:
1531:
1530:
1501:(3): 215–219.
1481:
1462:(4): 307–310.
1434:
1387:
1358:(6): 273–276.
1335:
1302:
1281:
1259:
1195:
1120:
1073:(11): e48129.
1050:
998:
963:(3): 859–869.
943:
879:
872:
851:
827:
802:
801:
799:
796:
795:
794:
786:
783:
776:infections in
774:I. multifiliis
736:I. multifiliis
731:
728:
714:
711:
709:
706:
700:
697:
682:peracetic acid
658:methylene blue
640:
637:
625:
622:
605:I. multifiliis
579:
572:
571:
570:
562:
555:
554:
553:
552:
551:
549:
546:
521:
518:
484:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
465:
457:
456:Clinical signs
454:
448:
445:
443:
440:
424:
423:
416:
415:
408:
404:
401:
397:osmoregulation
317:parasitologist
298:
297:
294:
283:
282:
276:
275:
268:
266:
262:
261:
254:
250:
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244:
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230:
229:
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220:
219:
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210:
209:
204:
197:
196:
191:
184:
183:
181:Diaphoretickes
178:
171:
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165:
161:
160:
147:
146:
139:
138:
130:
129:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4814:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4792:Ectoparasites
4790:
4788:
4787:Fish diseases
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4755:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4723:
4719:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4635:
4631:
4626:
4622:
4617:
4611:
4607:
4602:
4596:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4587:
4583:
4575:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4543:
4539:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4468:
4464:
4459:
4455:
4450:
4444:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4422:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4355:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4324:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4295:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4283:
4279:
4277:
4276:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4232:Microsporidia
4230:
4228:
4227:
4223:
4221:
4220:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4203:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4115:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4104:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4063:
4061:
4060:Salmon anemia
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4039:
4036:
4032:
4031:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4004:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3992:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3938:
3933:
3931:
3926:
3924:
3919:
3918:
3915:
3890:
3889:
3884:
3883:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3866:
3855:
3854:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3837:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3796:
3795:
3790:
3789:
3788:Thalassomyces
3784:
3783:
3778:
3777:
3772:
3771:
3766:
3765:Ellobiopsidae
3763:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3748:Protalveolata
3745:
3734:
3733:
3728:
3727:
3726:Parvilucifera
3722:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3677:
3666:
3665:
3660:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3635:Oxyrrhinaceae
3633:
3631:
3630:Ichthyodinium
3628:
3625:
3624:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3602:
3601:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3550:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3475:Gymnodiniales
3472:
3471:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3430:
3425:
3424:Gonyaulacales
3422:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3412:
3411:Ornithocercus
3407:
3406:
3401:
3400:
3395:
3394:Dinophysiales
3391:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3355:Voromonadidae
3353:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3325:
3324:
3319:
3318:Colpodellidae
3316:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3165:Lipotrophidae
3163:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3094:
3093:Stenophoridae
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3053:Stenophoricae
3051:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3029:Hirmocystidae
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2974:Siedleckiidae
2972:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2895:Diplocystidae
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2851:
2850:Selenidioides
2846:
2845:
2840:
2839:
2838:Merogregarina
2834:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2803:Gregarinasina
2799:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2781:
2780:Myriosporides
2776:
2775:Myriosporidae
2773:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2603:Sarcocystinae
2601:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2595:Sarcocystidae
2592:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2507:
2506:Pseudoklossia
2502:
2501:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2436:Klossiellidae
2434:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2350:
2349:
2348:Rhytidocystis
2344:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2331:Gemmocystidae
2329:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2298:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2210:Leucocytozoon
2206:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2135:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2115:Colponemadida
2112:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2051:Karyorelictea
2049:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2039:
2038:Climacostomum
2034:
2033:
2028:
2027:Heterotrichea
2025:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2009:
2008:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1870:Muranotrichea
1868:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1780:Acavomonadida
1777:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1708:Stramenopiles
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1671:(major groups
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1618:
1616:
1611:
1609:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1567:
1563:
1561:
1549:on 2016-10-14
1548:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1485:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1438:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1407:(1): 93–106.
1406:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1342:
1340:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1299:
1295:
1288:
1286:
1277:
1273:
1266:
1264:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1057:
1055:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1007:
1005:
1003:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
947:
939:
935:
930:
925:
921:
917:
912:
907:
904:(8): e12675.
903:
899:
895:
888:
886:
884:
875:
869:
865:
858:
856:
841:
837:
831:
817:
813:
807:
803:
792:
789:
788:
782:
779:
775:
771:
770:rainbow trout
767:
766:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
740:
737:
727:
723:
720:
705:
696:
694:
692:
685:
683:
679:
675:
670:
668:
667:metronidazole
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
634:
630:
621:
619:
618:real-time PCR
615:
611:
606:
598:
593:
583:
582:clown loaches
580:Two juvenile
576:
565:
559:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
526:Rainbow trout
517:
515:
511:
508:
504:
502:
493:
490:Trophonts of
488:
481:
478:
475:
472:
470:Discoloration
469:
466:
463:
462:
461:
453:
439:
436:
432:
428:
420:
412:
407:
406:
400:
398:
393:
389:
387:
386:
380:
376:
371:
367:
365:
360:
358:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
305:
295:Fouquet, 1876
292:
290:
284:
281:
280:Binomial name
277:
273:
272:
267:
264:
263:
260:
259:
255:
252:
251:
248:
245:
242:
241:
238:
235:
232:
231:
228:
225:
222:
221:
218:
215:
212:
211:
208:
205:
202:
199:
198:
195:
192:
189:
186:
185:
182:
179:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
157:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
131:
128:
124:
121:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
4585:
4433:
4304:
4292:
4280:
4273:
4260:
4253:
4241:
4224:
4217:
4213:Ich (marine)
4207:
4200:
4193:
4186:
4164:
4157:
4150:
4143:
4136:
4124:
4112:
4064:
4047:
4040:
4028:
4001:
3989:
3957:
3888:Platyproteum
3886:
3880:
3851:
3848:Chilovoridae
3826:
3792:
3786:
3780:
3774:
3768:
3730:
3724:
3712:
3700:
3662:
3652:Pronoctiluca
3650:
3638:
3621:
3618:Acrocoelidae
3598:
3594:Hematodinium
3592:
3589:Syndiniaceae
3582:Duboscquella
3580:
3568:
3539:
3536:Noctilucales
3516:Symbiodinium
3514:
3508:
3496:
3490:
3484:
3478:
3465:Prorocentrum
3463:
3451:
3445:
3442:Peridiniales
3433:
3427:
3415:
3409:
3403:
3397:
3358:
3346:
3335:Voromonadida
3321:
3310:Colpodellida
3296:
3293:Vitrellaceae
3284:
3281:Chromeraceae
3264:Apicomonadea
3234:
3224:Schizocystis
3222:
3216:
3212:Lymphotropha
3210:
3198:
3192:
3186:
3180:
3176:Farinocystis
3174:
3168:
3156:
3153:Gigaductidae
3081:Monoductidae
3047:Porosporidae
3043:Porosporicae
3025:Gregarinidae
3009:Gregarinicae
2977:
2951:Thiriotiidae
2946:Selenidiidae
2935:Zygocystinae
2919:Monocystinae
2915:Monocystidae
2877:Aseptatorina
2854:
2848:
2842:
2836:
2824:
2784:
2778:
2766:
2754:
2748:
2736:
2732:Defretinella
2730:
2724:
2714:Angeiocystis
2712:
2687:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2638:Hyaloklossia
2636:
2630:
2624:
2612:
2606:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2542:
2524:Barrouxiidae
2510:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2486:
2480:
2477:Aggregatidae
2451:
2448:Legerellidae
2439:
2427:
2424:Karyolysidae
2415:
2412:Hepatozoidae
2403:
2391:
2385:
2346:
2334:
2280:
2273:
2257:
2254:Theileriidae
2245:
2234:Piroplasmida
2220:
2217:Plasmodiidae
2208:
2198:Haemoproteus
2196:
2184:
2164:Aconoidasida
2118:
2109:Colponemadea
2100:Colponemidia
2084:
2078:
2060:
2054:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2005:
1999:
1996:Spirotrichea
1987:
1984:Protocruziea
1975:
1969:
1957:
1945:
1941:Chilodonella
1939:
1927:
1915:
1909:
1903:
1898:
1897:
1885:
1873:
1861:
1855:
1852:Litostomatea
1843:
1831:
1819:
1783:
1774:Acavomonadea
1765:Acavomonidia
1730:Opisthokonta
1585:
1571:
1559:
1551:. Retrieved
1547:the original
1498:
1494:
1484:
1459:
1455:
1449:
1445:
1437:
1404:
1400:
1390:
1355:
1351:
1293:
1275:
1271:
1217:
1213:
1165:10261/177214
1139:
1135:
1070:
1066:
1023:(1): 32–35.
1020:
1016:
960:
956:
946:
901:
897:
863:
843:. Retrieved
839:
830:
819:. Retrieved
816:ScienceDaily
815:
806:
778:aquacultured
773:
763:
759:
755:
751:
741:
735:
733:
724:
716:
702:
690:
686:
671:
642:
632:
604:
602:
596:
523:
513:
512:
506:
505:
497:
491:
459:
450:
437:
433:
429:
425:
418:
391:
390:
383:
372:
368:
364:fish culture
361:
353:
349:ectoparasite
345:endoparasite
308:
303:
302:
301:
288:
286:
270:
269:
257:
200:
187:
174:
126:
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
4687:iNaturalist
4610:Wikispecies
4520:iNaturalist
4326:Fish groups
4275:Saprolegnia
4269:Salmon lice
4114:Abergasilus
3985:Fish dropsy
3840:Chilovorida
3823:Algovoridae
3806:Myzomonadea
3776:Ellobiopsis
3757:Ellobiopsea
3732:Rastrimonas
3714:Phagodinium
3709:Phagodinida
3697:Perkinsidae
3680:Perkinsozoa
3659:Psammosidae
3570:Amoebophyra
3561:Syndiniales
3498:Karlodinium
3486:Gymnodinium
3480:Amphidinium
3385:Dinokaryota
3231:Syncystidae
3218:Machadoella
3077:Leidyanidae
3033:Metameridae
2991:Septatorina
2956:Urosporidae
2910:Lecudinidae
2905:Ganymedidae
2768:Mackinnonia
2750:Coelotropha
2726:Coelotropha
2676:Ixorheorida
2614:Sarcocystis
2465:Eimeriorina
2393:Dactylosoma
2387:Babesiosoma
2336:Gemmocystis
2302:Conoidasida
2282:Nephromyces
2150:Apicomplexa
2044:Blepharisma
2007:Stylonychia
1989:Protocruzia
1966:Prostomatea
1954:Plagiopylea
1911:Tetrahymena
1882:Nassophorea
1875:Muranothrix
1857:Balantidium
1017:Aquaculture
765:Pseudomonas
719:biosecurity
691:Pseudomonas
385:Pseudomonas
375:Horizon2020
347:and not an
331:epithelia,
4771:Categories
4369:Brevetoxin
4249:Myxosporea
4097:Yellowhead
4092:White spot
3970:Columnaris
3882:Filipodium
3877:Squirmidae
3869:Squirmidea
3815:Algovorida
3623:Acrocoelus
3528:Noctilucea
3505:Suessiales
3453:Peridinium
3447:Pfiesteria
3405:Histioneis
3399:Dinophysis
3348:Alphamonas
3323:Colpodella
3273:Chromerida
3200:Menzbieria
3188:Lipocystis
3182:Lipotropha
3158:Gigaductus
3085:Monoicidae
3003:Fusionidae
2999:Fusionicae
2979:Siedleckia
2856:Veloxidium
2826:Exoschizon
2786:Myriospora
2745:Grelliidae
2684:Ixorheidae
2656:Toxoplasma
2556:Cyclospora
2551:Eimeriidae
2494:Merocystis
2488:Grasseella
2441:Klossiella
2429:Karyolysus
2417:Hepatozoon
2369:Adeleorina
2242:Babesiidae
2222:Plasmodium
2086:Myrionecta
2080:Mesodinium
2075:Mesodiniea
1959:Plagiopyla
1917:Vorticella
1905:Paramecium
1816:Armophorea
1799:Ciliophora
1785:Acavomonas
1553:2006-06-13
845:2021-10-23
821:2021-10-23
798:References
791:Marine ich
713:Prevention
699:Management
624:Treatments
540:, such as
403:Life cycle
357:leukocytes
217:Ciliophora
99:April 2021
69:newspapers
4601:Q19688999
4449:Q19253007
4404:Saxitoxin
4384:Fish kill
4374:Ciguatera
4288:Sea louse
4237:Monogenea
4132:Carp lice
4106:Parasites
3951:Pathogens
3853:Chilovora
3702:Perkinsus
3689:Perkinsea
3600:Syndinium
3541:Noctiluca
3510:Polarella
3435:Gonyaulax
3417:Oxyphysis
3360:Voromonas
3236:Syncystis
3170:Apicystis
2632:Hammondia
2626:Besnoitia
2608:Frenkelia
2482:Aggregata
2453:Legerella
2377:Adeleidae
2259:Theileria
2181:Garniidae
2120:Colponema
1977:Holophrya
1947:Tokophrya
1725:Amoebozoa
1703:Alveolata
1691:Cryptista
1666:Eukaryota
1637:Alveolata
1629:Eukaryota
1517:0177-5103
1476:2717-1388
1421:0166-6851
1382:1439-0426
1320:cite book
1312:578105245
1174:1365-2761
1097:1932-6203
1045:0044-8486
985:1050-4648
920:1365-3024
548:Diagnosis
542:zebrafish
538:cyprinids
501:operculum
341:epidermis
265:Species:
207:Alveolata
168:Eukaryota
4637:BioLib:
4595:Wikidata
4470:BioLib:
4443:Wikidata
4126:Anisakis
3828:Algovora
3664:Psammosa
3640:Oxyrrhis
3553:Syndinea
3429:Ceratium
3194:Mattesia
3057:Acutidae
2689:Ixorheis
2650:Neospora
2568:Isospora
2512:Selysina
2313:Coccidia
2001:Euplotes
1863:Dileptus
1840:Colpodea
1720:Amorphea
1698:Rhizaria
1686:Hacrobia
1676:Excavata
1661:Bacteria
1584:IchDB -
1525:11104073
1429:11849709
1278:: 60–63.
1254:29671884
1190:29544998
1182:28548690
1115:23144852
1067:PLOS ONE
993:21272651
938:31587318
785:See also
756:in vitro
730:Research
650:Formalin
584:with Ich
377:project
243:Family:
213:Phylum:
164:Domain:
4705:1111025
4679:7902746
4666:2910005
4512:7938189
4499:2910006
3980:Fin rot
3492:Karenia
2756:Grellia
2562:Eimeria
2500:Ovivora
2247:Babesia
2139:Myzozoa
2056:Loxodes
2032:Stentor
1887:Nassula
1845:Colpoda
1821:Metopus
1735:Animals
1656:Archaea
1360:Bibcode
1222:Bibcode
1144:Bibcode
1106:3492342
1075:Bibcode
1025:Bibcode
965:Bibcode
929:7507210
752:in vivo
530:catfish
313:ciliate
253:Genus:
233:Order:
223:Class:
143:Cichlid
83:scholar
4754:730804
4741:231103
4725:NZOR:
4692:500574
4640:166681
4574:730805
4561:231102
4545:NZOR:
4525:500575
4473:166683
4317:Xenoma
4312:Velvet
4188:Glugea
4182:Flukes
2186:Garnia
1971:Coleps
1713:Plants
1650:Domain
1523:
1515:
1474:
1427:
1419:
1380:
1310:
1300:
1252:
1188:
1180:
1172:
1113:
1103:
1095:
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991:
983:
936:
926:
918:
870:
520:Impact
514:Gills:
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
4749:WoRMS
4700:IRMNG
4653:638GV
4569:WoRMS
4486:6N666
3611:Other
1740:Fungi
1186:S2CID
744:H2020
507:Skin:
321:louse
201:Clade
188:Clade
175:Clade
90:JSTOR
76:books
4718:5931
4713:NCBI
4674:GBIF
4538:5932
4533:NCBI
4507:GBIF
4265:spp.
1521:PMID
1513:ISSN
1472:ISSN
1425:PMID
1417:ISSN
1378:ISSN
1330:link
1326:link
1308:OCLC
1298:ISBN
1250:PMID
1178:PMID
1170:ISSN
1111:PMID
1093:ISSN
1041:ISSN
989:PMID
981:ISSN
934:PMID
916:ISSN
868:ISBN
680:and
660:and
534:eels
532:and
337:fins
335:and
333:skin
329:gill
62:news
4661:EoL
4648:CoL
4625:AFD
4494:EoL
4481:CoL
4458:AFD
4087:VHS
4082:UDN
1633:SAR
1503:doi
1464:doi
1409:doi
1405:120
1368:doi
1240:hdl
1230:doi
1160:hdl
1152:doi
1101:PMC
1083:doi
1033:doi
1021:288
973:doi
924:PMC
906:doi
614:PCR
503:).
309:Ich
194:SAR
45:by
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