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approach from the north, intending to bombard the stockade from the south-west. A second division of 125 men, led by
Captain William Messenger, was given the more difficult task of approaching the area in darkness through a swampy gully and high fern and scrub to the east, taking possession of the apparently deserted Puketakauere, blocking the path of any possible reinforcements and supporting Nelson's efforts against the main target. His approach was made more challenging by the heavy mid-winter rain that had deepened the swamp. The remaining division, about 60 men under Captain Bowdler, was to take up a position on a mound between the pā and Camp Waitara, blocking an escape to the north.
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survivors as "hotter than anything in the great Indian battles or in the attack on the Redan in the Crimea". As they came under fire, Messenger's division found itself the target of other Māori who ambushed them from outlying trenches on the fern-covered slopes. Messenger's division became disordered and was split into groups. Many troops were tomahawked in the swamp or drowned as they fled to the flooded
Waitara River. Most of the wounded were abandoned and many of those were hacked to death. A group of survivors with Messenger managed to join Nelson, who sounded the retreat, while others remained hiding in the swamp and fern and returned to camp later.
602:, in command of the settlers, was ordered to march down the coast until he reached the rear of the Māori positions at Waireka. The Regulars, under Lieut-Colonel G.F. Murray, marched down the main road to Omata, intending to dislodge a war party reported to be at Whalers Gate, north of Omata. Once the road was clear, it was intended they would be joined by the Volunteers and militia, who would rescue the settlers, before marching back to New Plymouth. Because of the heightened state of fear in New Plymouth, however, Murray had been ordered to return his troops to the town before nightfall. The Volunteers were armed with muzzle-loading
473:—at the time "a line of wooden houses straggling untidily along the waterfront and intersected by bush-filled gullies which provided perfect cover for an attacking party"—was deemed vulnerable to assault by hostile Māori because of tensions over land sales and a detachment of British troops had been placed in the settlement in 1855. The killing of Katatore, an opponent of land selling at Waitara, in January 1858—which in turn sparked more feuding among local Māori and threats of a revenge massacre at Waitara by Kingi—prompted the formation of the Taranaki Militia in 1858 and
777:
705:, but with an aim to halt the conflict at Waitara. Browne opened the conference by explaining that the treaty guaranteed racial equality, but he also warned that violating allegiance to the Crown would negate the rights of British citizenship under the treaty. Among the resolutions adopted was one in which chiefs "are pledged to do nothing inconsistent with their declared recognition of the Queen's sovereignty, and the union of the two races," and that they would halt all actions that would tend to breach that covenant. Author
111:
101:
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fortification of
Onukukaitara which, despite its flag and flax-covered stockade, was essentially an empty pā. Māori defences were instead concentrated on the old, apparently unfortified pā, where deep trenches concealed the well-armed warriors until the British were almost at point-blank range. When the British were split into two groups at the two hills, Hapurona was also able to switch warriors from each focus of action, forcing the British to fight two battles while the Māori fought just one.
84:
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full knowledge of the circumstances and tried to occupy the land, anticipating it would lead to armed conflict. A year earlier Browne had written to the
Colonial Office in England, advising: "I have, however, little fear that William King (Kingi) will venture to resort to violence to maintain his assumed right, but I have made every preparation to enforce obedience should he presume to do so."
494:
552:
417:(2.4 km) of land known as the Pekapeka block, or Teira's block, at Waitara. The block's location perfectly suited European settlers' wish for a township and port to serve the north of the Taranaki district and its sale was viewed as a likely precedent for other sales that would open up for settlement all land between New Plymouth and the Waitara River.
730:
Australia for more reinforcements. Major Nelson, meanwhile, destroyed several Te Atiawa villages including
Manukorihi, Tikorangi and Ratapihipihi, Pratt launched a major attack with 1,400 men near Waitara on 9 September, burning and looting four entrenched villages, and in October, he marched with a force of more than 1,000 to the Kaihihi River at
621:, had landed 60 bluejackets at New Plymouth and marched via Omata to Waireka, encountering Murray as he prepared to retreat. Cracroft's troops fired 24-pound rockets into the pā from a distance of about 700 metres and stormed it at dusk, tearing down three Māori ensigns. The first man into the pā was leading seaman
361:, as well as volunteer soldiers and militia, against Māori forces that fluctuated between a few hundred and about 1,500. Total losses among the imperial, volunteer and militia troops are estimated to have been 238, while Māori casualties totalled about 200, although the proportion of Māori casualties was higher.
516:, or defensive strong point, at Te Kohia, at the south-west extremity of the block, commanding the road access. The next day, they uprooted the surveyors' boundary markers and when ordered the following day, 17 March, to surrender, they refused. Gold's troops opened fire and the Taranaki wars had begun.
535:, or protocol, support would not be offered to an aggressor. Te Kohia pa, hastily built and just as quickly abandoned, appeared to have been built for one purpose: to provide plain evidence of the Governor's "wrong". The aggressor having been identified, others were then free to launch reprisals under
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The troops intended to encircle the two hills, cutting off a path of retreat for the Māori, before destroying
Onukukaitara, above the flax-covered stockade of which flew a flag. The troops split into three divisions for the march. Nelson led the main body of almost 180 men and the two howitzers on an
662:
On 23 June, a
British reconnaissance party approached the pā, in what may have been an attempt to bait the Māori, and was fired on. Colonel Gold immediately authorised an attack. Before dawn on 27 June, the British commander at Waitara, Major Thomas Nelson, marched out with 350 experienced troops and
633:
Cracroft was lauded as a hero for his mission, with claims of the number of Māori killed by his troops ranging from 70 to 150. Total
European losses were 14 killed and wounded. Historian James Belich has claimed the pā was more of a camp and all but empty and the total Māori casualties amounted to no
609:
Murray met no resistance at
Whalers Gate, but as he approached Waireka he heard the sound of rapid firing towards the coast. He entrenched his men and opened fire on the Kaipopo pā with a rocket tube. The gunfire Murray heard was being exchanged between about 200 Māori warriors—who, armed mostly with
527:
The
British objective at Waitara had been a rapid and decisive victory that would destroy the main enemy warrior force, checking and crippling Māori independence and asserting British sovereignty. That mission failed and the Te Kohia clash ended as little more than a minor skirmish with a result that
841:
By early 1861, settler opinion was evenly divided on Browne's stance against Māori and the fairness of the Waitara purchase and many believed the British had little hope of wearing the enemy down with further military campaigns. Even Pratt expressed doubts the war could be won. The district had also
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to advance towards Te Arei. Excavating through night and day under frequent fire, Pratt's sap extended 768 yards and crossed the rifle pits of the Huirangi pā, prompting Māori to abandon the pā and fall back on Pukerangiora. Despite widespread criticism for his slowness and caution, Pratt pressed on
809:
At 3.30 am on 23 January 1861, No.3 Redoubt was stormed by a force of 140 warriors of Ngati Haua, Ngati Maniapoto, Waikato and Te Atiawa, led by Rewi Maniopoto, Epiha Tokohihi and Hapurona. Fierce fighting at close quarters, involving rifles, bayonets, shotgun, hand grenades and tomahawks, took
670:
About 7 am, Nelson's howitzers began pounding their target, but created only a small breach in the fort. His men then approached the pā across open ground, but came under heavy fire from Māori concealed just metres away in deep trenches in a small natural gully. The attack was described by some
583:
Tensions in New Plymouth quickly climbed and settlers with large families were ordered, under martial law, to evacuate to the safety of the town. Among those who remained in the Omata area were the Rev. Henry Brown, the Rev. Thomas Gilbert and several others who were either French or Portuguese. All
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as well as small arms fire. Despite the firepower, the Māori suffered no casualties and abandoned the pā that night. Though it was small—about 650 square yards—the pā had been situated so that it was difficult to surround completely and had also been built with covered trenches and 10 anti-artillery
364:
The war ended in a ceasefire, with neither side explicitly accepting the peace terms of the other. Although there were claims by the British that they had won the war, there were widely held views at the time they had suffered an unfavourable and humiliating result. Historians have also been divided
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London: A. W. Bennett. (ENZB). Gilbert was a Baptist minister who migrated to Taranaki with his family in 1851. They farmed at Omata and were caught up in the events of the war and witnessed the fighting at Waireka. They later fled to Nelson. Gilbert's book covers the early period of the war with
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seeking his allegiance, but by early May Pōtatau seemed to have decided to offer at least token support to Taranaki Māori, sending a Kingite war party to the district under the control of war chief Epiha Tokohihi. Kingi seized the opportunity to spark a confrontation with the imperial government to
435:
Governor Browne felt obliged to resist the veto; he insisted Māori had the right to sell if they wished, and was also keen to demonstrate support for a friendly chief over an individual who was resisting the authority of the Crown and the expansion of European law. Browne accepted the purchase with
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on the old Kairau pā under heavy day-long fire from bush-covered rifle pits 150m away. Both sides exchanged heavy fire the next day, with British troops expending 70,000 rounds of rifle ammunition and 120 rounds of shot and shell and suffering three deaths and 20 wounded. The pā was captured on 31
658:
Early in June, Atiawa war chief Hapurona began building a stockaded pā, Onukukaitara, adjacent to an ancient, and apparently unpopulated and unfortified, pā known as Puketakauere. The two pā were sited on a pair of low hills 800m southeast of Te Kohia and 1.6 km south of the garrison known as
613:
About 5.30 pm, Murray sounded the bugle for a retreat, withdrawing his Regulars for the march back to New Plymouth so they could arrive before dark. His withdrawal left the settler force, which had already suffered two killed and eight wounded, isolated at the farmhouse with little ammunition
792:
In December 1860, Major-General Pratt began operations against a major Māori defensive line called Te Arei ("The barrier") on the west side of the Waitara River, barring the way to the historic hill pā of Pukerangiora. The principal defences were Kairau and Huirangi, skilfully engineered lines of
721:
From August to October 1860, there were numerous skirmishes close to New Plymouth, including one on 20 August involving an estimated 200 Māori, just 800 metres from the barracks on Marsland Hill. Many settlers' farms were burned and the village of Henui, 1.6 km from town, was also destroyed.
686:
The real reason for the Māori victory, however, was a combination of tactics and engineering techniques. Hapurona had enticed the British to fight at a place of his own choosing and then used the twin ploys of deception and concealment. He created a false target for the British artillery with the
850:
237 British soldiers were killed or wounded during the war, and 120 people had died due to disease in New Plymouth, due to the cramped conditions. Māori casualties were often exaggerated by colonial authorities, however at least 99 Māori died or were injured during the campaign, with most losses
674:
Puketakauere was both the most important and most disastrous battle of the First Taranaki War for the British, who suffered losses of 32 killed and 34 wounded, almost one in five of the force engaged. It was also one of the three most clear-cut defeats suffered by imperial troops in New Zealand.
649:
On 20 April 1860 Browne ordered a suspension of hostilities against Taranaki Māori, fearing the intervention of the King Movement and a possible attack on Auckland. He knew he lacked the resources to defend Auckland if troops were engaged in Taranaki. Both Kingi and the Government made repeated
629:
for bravery–the first awarded in the New Zealand wars. Cracroft's men then returned to New Plymouth, without making contact with the settler force, who were still at the Jury farmhouse. The storming of the pā was the second stage of the battle. Most or all or the Maori casualties—between 17 and
439:
Although the pressure for the sale of the block resulted from the colonists' hunger for land in Taranaki, the greater issue fuelling the conflict was the Government's desire to impose British administration, law and civilisation on the Māori as a demonstration of the substantive sovereignty the
729:
With British forces in Taranaki boosted to about 2,000 by July, the British intensified efforts to crush resistance. Governor Browne was particularly worried that a general uprising would occur while the bulk of troops in the country were concentrated in Taranaki and he appealed to Britain and
887:
Council announced it had paid $ 715,000 to a private seller for Te Kohia Pa near Waitara. The council said it would work with Te Atiawa governance entity Te Kotahitanga o Te Atiawa on a development plan for the site that could include memorials, heritage and cultural tourism and educational
452:
By 1860, it was tacitly recognised that British law prevailed in the settlements and Māori custom elsewhere, though the British, who by then outnumbered Māori, were finding this fact increasingly irksome. One commentator observed, with reference to Waitara: "We seem to be fast approaching a
432:, who declared a veto on the plan. Teira's sale was, however, supported by Ihaia Kirikumara and his brother Tamati, who wrote letters to newspapers claiming that European occupation would allow returned slaves to live in security and lessen the chance that Waikato war parties would return.
801:
A second redoubt, No.2, was built in 11 hours on 14 January 500m past the Kairau redoubt and garrisoned by 120 men with artillery. Four days later, Pratt and a force of 1,000 moved out another 400m to build Redoubt No.3, which was garrisoned with 300 men and made the headquarters of the
726:(shot, Woodleigh estate, 8 February 1861) and Edward Messenger (shot, Brooklands, 3 March). There were frequent skirmishes around Omata and Waireka, where extensive trenches and rifle pits were dug on the Waireka hills to threaten a British redoubt on the site of the Kaipopo pā.
453:
settlement of that point, whether Her Fair Majesty or His Dark Majesty shall reign in New Zealand." The British were convinced that their system represented the best that civilization had to offer and saw it as both their duty and their right to impose it on other peoples.
822:
towards Te Arei, creating the most extensive field-engineering works ever undertaken by British troops in New Zealand. Five more redoubts were built as the saps continued to the edge of the cliff above the Waitara River, but ceased after the intervention of Kingite chief
610:
double-barrel shotguns and some rifles, were firing from the cover of bush and flax in the river gully—and the militia and Volunteers, who had retreated to the safety of the farmhouse of settler John Jury. Most of the battle took place on the flat farm land below the pa.
637:
The settlers, apparently overlooked in the fracas, watched the action from their house and the next day made their own way to New Plymouth, where Gilbert said: "It was no wish of ours that an armed expedition should be set on foot on our behalf. We were perfectly safe."
509:, the Taranaki Militia and the Taranaki Rifle Volunteers, to occupy the disputed block of land at Waitara in preparation for a survey. Four hundred men landed at Waitara the next day to fortify a position and the survey of the land began on 13 March without resistance.
595:, 103 members of the newly formed Taranaki Rifle Volunteers and 56 from a local militia—set off in two columns to ostensibly rescue those who had remained behind. It would be the first occasion on which a British Volunteer corps engaged an enemy on the battlefield.
542:
Within days, Māori war parties began plundering the farms south of New Plymouth, killing six settlers who had not taken refuge in the town. Fearing an attack on New Plymouth was imminent, the British withdrew from Waitara and concentrated around the town.
722:
Several farmers and settlers, including children, were killed by hostile Māori as they ventured beyond the town's entrenchments, including John Hurford (tomahawked at Mahoetahi on 3 August), Joseph Sarten (shot and tomahawked, Henui, 4 December), Captain
380:
observed that the war was begun by the Government, which had been the aggressor and unlawful in its actions in launching an attack by its armed forces. An opinion sought by the tribunal from a senior constitutional lawyer stated that the Governor,
810:
place over the newly built parapet and in the boundary trench and lasted until daylight when British reinforcements arrived from Redoubt No.1. British losses in the fight were five killed and 11 wounded. Māori losses were estimated at 50.
448:
translation, however, had given Māori chiefs an opposing view that the English had gained only nominal sovereignty, or "governorship" of the country as a whole while Māori retained "chieftainship" over their lands, villages and treasures.
958:
Browne's actions were strongly criticised by his successor, Sir George Grey in dispatches to the Colonial Office; according to historian James Cowan, Grey's conclusion was that Māori felt compelled to fight the Government to retain their
748:
There were some humiliating setbacks for the British, however, with 1,500 troops retreating from a small Māori force at Huirangi on 11 September and a force of 500 suffering casualties in an ambush while destroying a pā on 29 September.
793:
rifle-pits, trenches and covered walkways. Backed with heavy artillery and a force of 900 men, Pratt advanced from Waitara on 29 December towards the Matarikoriko pā, between Puketakauere and the Waitara River, before building a
678:
Colonel Gold came under heavy criticism for the defeat. He was accused of cowardice and stupidity and an attempt was made to persuade the senior militia officer to arrest him. He was subsequently replaced by Major-General
465:
region, but which had influence over large areas of the North Island. One of the uniting principles of the King Movement was their opposition to the sale of Māori land and the concomitant spread of British sovereignty.
579:
stockade that lay on the road to the town. The area was scattered with some houses built by European settlers, and on 27 March, five settlers, including two boys, were either shot or tomahawked in the Omata district.
489:
throughout Taranaki on 22 February 1860. Two days later a deed for the sale of the disputed Pekapeka block was executed, with 20 Māori signatories of Te Teira's family accepted as representing all owners of the land.
574:
converged on the New Plymouth area to provide support. The warriors built an entrenched and stockaded pā named Kaipopo on one of the hills at Waireka, about 8 km southwest of New Plymouth and 4 km from the
456:
However, in the 20 years since the signing of the Treaty, the Māori had made significant political advances. They had moved from being a collection of independent tribes to an effective confederation known as the
659:
Camp Waitara (site of the modern town of Waitara), which had been established to protect the surveying of Waitara. The pā posed a military threat to the Waitara garrison and was seen as extreme provocation.
369:
has claimed that the Māori succeeded in thwarting the British bid to impose sovereignty over them, and had therefore been victorious. But he said the Māori victory was a hollow one, leading to the
842:
suffered great economic hardship, with immigration all but coming to a stop and the destruction of three-quarters of farmhouses at Omata, Bell Block, Tataraimaka, and settlements nearer the town.
1093:
1052:
752:
Kingite warriors continued to travel between Taranaki and Waikato, providing a peak force of about 800 in January 1861, with weapons and ammunition being bought on the black market in Auckland,
1859:
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more than one. He described the "legend" of Waireka as a classic example of the construction of a paper victory, with invented claims of "enormous" losses and a great British victory.
1412:
1734:
709:
noted: "The Maori were too trusting. There was no reciprocal promise extracted from the Governor to abide by the Treaty." Another resolution proposed by Maori "kingmaker"
614:
and late in the night, carrying their casualties, they scrambled across paddocks to the Omata stockade, arriving about 12.30 am, before returning to New Plymouth.
385:, and certain officers were liable for criminal and civil charges for their actions. The term "First Taranaki War" is opposed by some historians, who refer only to the
1391:
675:
Despite claims at the time that the British killed between 130 and 150 of the enemy, Māori casualties were estimated to be just five, including two Maniapoto chiefs.
1568:
199:
531:
Yet for Māori, too, the engagement had strong symbolic importance. Outnumbered and outgunned, Kingi needed to draw allies from several places, but by Māori
485:
Teira was paid a £100 deposit for the land in December 1859. When Māori obstructed surveyors as they began work on the block, Browne responded by declaring
506:
1867:
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museum. The pa's exact location on the Devon Road site will be determined by archaeological investigations once a house on the land has been relocated.
1100:
1059:
393:. The 1927 Royal Commission on Confiscated Land also referred to the hostilities between 1864 and 1866 as a continuation of the initial Taranaki war.
428:, first offered the land to the New Zealand government in 1857, immediately attracting the vehement opposition of the paramount chief of the tribe,
559:
The military action at Waitara brought the result Kingi had been hoping for and within 10 days of the Te Kohia battle, about 500 warriors from the
713:, which "deprecates in the strongest manner the murders of unarmed Europeans committed by the Natives now fighting at Taranaki", was also passed.
1083:
James Belich, in "The New Zealand Wars" (1986) dismisses as "inappropriate" the description of later conflict as a second Taranaki war (pp. 120).
519:
Gold's troops, by then numbering almost 500, poured in heavy fire all day from as near as 50 metres, firing 200 rounds from two 24-pound
690:
In the wake of the demoralising loss, the central portion of New Plymouth was entrenched and most women and children were evacuated to
192:
1345:
803:
830:
was formally effected on 18 March 1861, ending the first phase of the Taranaki War. For his actions on 18 March, Colour-Sergeant
357:, all-out war broke out and soon spread throughout the region. It was fought by more than 3,500 imperial troops brought in from
907:
599:
1387:
901:
185:
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Murray was widely condemned for his actions in withdrawing his troops and a court of inquiry was convened into his conduct.
606:
rifles and the militia had old smooth-bore muskets from the 1840s, with each man issued with just 30 rounds of ammunition.
741:
On 6 November, a party of between 50 and 150 Ngati Haua Kingites were routed in a surprise attack by 1,000 troops at the
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In July Browne convened a month-long conference of chiefs at Kohimarama, Auckland, ostensibly to discuss the
1909:
1904:
1557:
694:, out of fear the town would be attacked. The garrison was reinforced with almost 250 soldiers from the
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40—occurred during the first stage of fighting around the gully and Jury homestead, according to Cowan.
1899:
1894:
1199:
798:
December after being abandoned, and a stockade and blockhouses built on the site for a garrison of 60.
1788:
New Zealand Settlers and Soldiers; or, The War in Taranaki: Being Incidents in the Life of a Settler.
1889:
784:
585:
1786:
1162:
1775:
1630:
The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period, Vol. 1, 1845–1864
1588:
The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period, Vol. 1, 1845–1864
1505:
The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period, Vol. 1, 1845–1864
1373:
The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period, Vol. 1, 1845–1864
366:
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1503:
1371:
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918:
913:
370:
253:
1884:
1647:
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or untouchable, while the others were confident the Māori grievance was with only the British.
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458:
277:
115:
1837:, Trans. J. Crockett. Dunedin: University of Otago Press. Original Italian publication, 1896.
884:
723:
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93:
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8:
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928:
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265:
131:
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241:
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From 22 January, the day before the attack on No.3 Redoubt, Pratt began employing the
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1715:
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About 1 pm on 28 March, a British force of about 335 men—28 Navy, 88 from the
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209:
32:
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developments. Mayor Andrew Judd said the site was regarded as an extension of the
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346:
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814:
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513:
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two 24-pound howitzers to storm the pā, which was defended by about 200 Atiawa.
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136:
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89:
1878:
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Troops defend Jury's farmhouse in the Battle of Waireka, by A. H. Messenger.
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On the night of 15 March, however, Kingi and about 80 men built an L-shaped
330:
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demonstrate the viability of resistance and draw stronger Kingite support.
617:
Late in the afternoon, meanwhile, Captain Peter Cracroft, commander of HMS
564:
470:
323:
1719:
1094:"The Taranaki Report: Kaupapa Tuatahi by the Waitangi Tribunal, chapter 4"
1053:"The Taranaki Report: Kaupapa Tuatahi by the Waitangi Tribunal, chapter 3"
568:
497:
Location of the disputed Pekapeka block on the site of modern-day Waitara.
1844:. Bridget Williams Books and Department of Internal Affairs, New Zealand.
768:
were garrisoned – with each of those often surrounded by a cordon of pā.
765:
486:
329:
The war was sparked by a dispute between the colonial government and the
307:
1769:
Contested ground : the Taranaki Wars, 1860–1881 = Te whenua i tohea
1703:
1677:
1604:
The New Zealand Wars and the Victorian Interpretation of Racial Conflict
1468:
The New Zealand Wars and the Victorian Interpretation of Racial Conflict
1346:
Hollywood comes to Waireka, Waireka article at Puke Ariki museum website
1228:
The New Zealand Wars and the Victorian Interpretation of Racial Conflict
1016:
The New Zealand Wars and the Victorian Interpretation of Racial Conflict
1863:
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827:
422:
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bunkers, roofed with timber and earth, that protected its garrison.
1144:
Outcasts from the Gods, the Struggle over Slavery in Maori Society,
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of the Tangahoe hapū, who was killed during the Battle of Waireka.
520:
319:
177:
55:
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376:
In its 1996 report to the Government on Taranaki land claims, the
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1840:"The people of many peaks: The Māori biographies". (1990). From
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Kohimaramara Conference, Te Ara, the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
852:
757:
753:
1585:
Cowan, James (1922). "22, Operations at Kairau and Huirangi".
1502:
Cowan, James (1922). "20, Puke-ta-Kau-ere and other battles".
1413:
Battalion celebrates 150th, Wanganui Chronicle, 17 March 2008
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1842:
The dictionary of New Zealand biographies, Vol. 1, 1769–1869
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1176:
Historical Frictions: Maori Claims and Reinvented Histories
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414:
1163:
Ihaia Te Kirikumara, Teara the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
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341:. The deal was orchestrated by minor Te Āti Awa rangatira
1178:. Auckland: Auckland University Press. pp. 238–239.
571:
425:
337:, over the fraudulent sale of the Pekapeka land block at
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Frontier, the battle for the North Island of New Zealand
1328:. New Plymouth: New Plymouth City Council. p. 276.
1313:. Sydney: Sydney University Press. pp. 27, 73, 74.
698:, sent from Auckland, as well as additional artillery.
1547:
Proceedings of the Kohimarara Conference, August 1860.
413:
The catalyst for the war was the disputed sale of 600
389:, rejecting suggestions that post-1861 conflict was a
16:
1860s war between Māori and the New Zealand government
1678:"Maori Casualties of the First Taranaki War, 1860–61"
1146:
chapter 9. Auckland University Press, Auckland 2015.
1018:(1st ed.). Auckland: Penguin. pp. 115–116.
1569:
B. Wells, The History of Taranaki, 1878, chapter 22.
1388:"Puke Ariki museum personal records for Henry Brown"
1470:(1st ed.). Auckland: Penguin. pp. 90–98.
1230:(1st ed.). Auckland: Penguin. pp. 77–88.
1132:. Sydney: Sydney University Press. pp. 94–107.
584:felt safe: both ministers were treated by Māori as
1370:Cowan, James (1922). "19, The Battle of Waireka".
1876:
1606:(1st ed.). Auckland: Penguin. p. 109.
1326:The Industrious Heart: A History of New Plymouth
738:and heavy artillery to destroy several more pā.
306:) was an armed conflict over land ownership and
1675:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1123:
1121:
878:
1823:(2nd ed.) Wellington: Oxford University Press.
1821:The Oxford illustrated history of New Zealand
1792:an appendix incorporating newspaper accounts.
1763:. Wellington: Department of Lands and Survey.
1671:
1669:
1642:
1640:
1627:Cowan, James (1922). "24, Pratt's long sap".
440:British believed they had gained in the 1840
345:over lands he had no authority to sell under
193:
1350:
1278:
1250:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1118:
979:
1524:Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou: Struggle Without End
1304:
1302:
1300:
771:
1835:History of New Zealand and its inhabitants
1666:
1637:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1274:
1272:
200:
186:
1847:Carey, Robert "The Second Maori War" 1863
1735:"Council buys site of first Taranaki War"
1311:War and Politics in New Zealand 1855–1870
1204:
1130:War and Politics in New Zealand 1855–1870
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
817:to systematically apply the technique of
644:
1297:
1173:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
783:
775:
760:, while in Taranaki posts at Omata, the
550:
492:
400:
1732:
1620:
1573:
1562:
1526:. Auckland: Penguin. pp. 114–115.
1484:
1442:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1323:
1269:
1086:
1877:
1857:
1601:
1518:
1465:
1308:
1225:
1127:
1032:
1013:
1860:"Land Wars Start over Pekapeka Block"
1654:. 2 April 2019. p. 7 – Stalemate
1626:
1584:
1501:
1369:
998:
480:
181:
1633:. Wellington: NZ Government Printer.
1591:. Wellington: NZ Government Printer.
1508:. Wellington: NZ Government Printer.
1376:. Wellington: NZ Government Printer.
1332:
788:British positions in Huirangi (1861)
546:
207:
1283:. Penguin Books. pp. 211–213.
1255:. Penguin Books. pp. 159–160.
973:
501:On 4 March, Browne ordered Colonel
13:
1858:Winder, Virginia (31 March 2004).
1749:
1281:The Penguin History of New Zealand
1253:The Penguin History of New Zealand
982:The Penguin History of New Zealand
826:, who helped negotiate a truce. A
716:
14:
1921:
1851:
1652:Ministry for Culture and Heritage
952:
904:, Commander of the Naval Brigade
475:Taranaki Volunteer Rifle Company
109:
99:
82:
1761:Waitara Campaign Historic Trail
1726:
1595:
1551:
1540:
1512:
1417:
1406:
1380:
1317:
1244:
1192:
528:disappointed English settlers.
326:from March 1860 to March 1861.
1733:Rilkoff, Matt (28 June 2016).
1683:Records of the Auckland Museum
1167:
1156:
1136:
1077:
650:diplomatic approaches to King
46:17 March 1860 – 18 March 1861
1:
1833:Vaggioli, Dom Felici (2000).
966:
845:
734:to conduct an operation with
396:
1741:. New Plymouth. pp. A3.
1429:5WWCT Regimental Association
945:
910:, Land Purchase Commissioner
879:Historical site preservation
349:. Initially a conflict over
7:
895:
461:, which was centred on the
10:
1926:
1174:Belgrave, Michael (2005).
1826:Stowers, Richard (1996).
1766:Day, Kelvin (ed.)(2010).
1648:"War in Taranaki 1860–63"
365:on the result. Historian
355:collective land ownership
219:
171:
163:
147:
121:
75:
38:
30:
25:
1802:Prickett, Nigel (2002).
1785:Gilbert, Thomas (1861).
1676:Prickett, Nigel (2005).
772:Pratt's sapping campaign
419:Pokikake Te Teira Manuka
322:region of New Zealand's
310:that took place between
1813:. Hodder and Stoughton.
1795:Maxwell, Peter (2000).
919:Invasion of the Waikato
914:History of New Plymouth
421:, a minor chief of the
371:invasion of the Waikato
254:Invasion of the Waikato
1809:Simpson, Tony (1979).
1804:Landscapes of Conflict
1602:Belich, James (1986).
1466:Belich, James (1986).
1324:Tullett, J.S. (1981).
1226:Belich, James (1986).
1014:Belich, James (1986).
789:
781:
645:Battle of Puketakauere
556:
498:
444:. The hastily written
410:
172:200 killed and wounded
169:238 killed and wounded
122:Commanders and leaders
1309:Dalton, B.J. (1967).
1279:Michael King (2003).
1251:Michael King (2003).
1128:Dalton, B.J. (1967).
980:Michael King (2003).
885:New Plymouth District
787:
779:
724:William Cutfield King
652:Pōtatau Te Wherowhero
593:British 65th Regiment
554:
496:
404:
316:Colony of New Zealand
164:Casualties and losses
94:Colony of New Zealand
1106:on 27 September 2007
1065:on 27 September 2007
940:Waitara, New Zealand
625:, who was awarded a
503:Charles Emilius Gold
236:Hutt Valley campaign
1910:1861 in New Zealand
1905:1860 in New Zealand
1870:on 1 February 2013.
934:Thomas Simson Pratt
929:Second Taranaki War
743:Battle of Mahoetahi
459:Māori King Movement
302:(also known as the
266:Second Taranaki War
1830:. Richard Stowers.
1799:. Celebrity Books.
1772:. Wellington: Huia
1755:Alexander, David,
790:
782:
703:Treaty of Waitangi
557:
499:
481:Battle at Te Kohia
469:The settlement of
442:Treaty of Waitangi
411:
407:Thomas Gore Browne
383:Thomas Gore Browne
304:North Taranaki War
300:First Taranaki War
248:First Taranaki War
242:Whanganui campaign
26:First Taranaki War
1900:Conflicts in 1861
1895:Conflicts in 1860
984:. Penguin Books.
936:, British General
902:Beauchamp Seymour
883:In June 2016 the
547:Battle of Waireka
505:, commanding the
378:Waitangi Tribunal
293:
292:
260:Tauranga campaign
176:
175:
71:
70:
1917:
1890:New Zealand Wars
1871:
1866:. Archived from
1782:. Penguin Press.
1743:
1742:
1730:
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1520:Walker, Ranginui
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1440:
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1399:
1390:. Archived from
1384:
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1105:
1099:. Archived from
1098:
1090:
1084:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1064:
1058:. Archived from
1057:
1049:
1030:
1029:
1011:
996:
995:
977:
960:
956:
924:New Zealand wars
834:was awarded the
351:individual title
278:Tītokowaru's War
214:
212:
211:New Zealand Wars
202:
195:
188:
179:
178:
114:
113:
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104:
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88:
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40:
39:
33:New Zealand Wars
23:
22:
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1918:
1916:
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1914:
1875:
1874:
1854:
1817:Sinclair, Keith
1806:. Random House.
1752:
1750:Further reading
1747:
1746:
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992:
978:
974:
969:
964:
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957:
953:
948:
898:
881:
873:Te Rei Hanataua
857:Ngāti Maniapoto
855:(predominantly
848:
824:Wiremu Tamihana
815:Royal Engineers
774:
719:
717:Further clashes
711:Wiremu Tamihana
707:Ranginui Walker
647:
549:
483:
399:
343:Te Teira Manuka
333:people, led by
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1853:
1852:External links
1850:
1849:
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1845:
1838:
1831:
1828:Forest rangers
1824:
1819:(ed.) (1996).
1814:
1811:Te Riri Pakeha
1807:
1800:
1793:
1783:
1780:Making peoples
1773:
1764:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1739:The Daily News
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1394:on 8 June 2008
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853:Waikato Tainui
847:
844:
836:Victoria Cross
773:
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764:, Waireka and
718:
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627:Victoria Cross
623:William Odgers
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804:40th Regiment
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696:40th Regiment
693:
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600:Charles Brown
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507:65th Regiment
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387:Taranaki Wars
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272:East Cape War
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230:Flagstaff War
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58:, New Zealand
57:
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29:
24:
19:
1868:the original
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1834:
1827:
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1810:
1803:
1796:
1787:
1779:
1768:
1760:
1756:
1738:
1728:
1687:
1681:
1656:. Retrieved
1651:
1629:
1622:
1603:
1597:
1587:
1564:
1553:
1542:
1523:
1514:
1504:
1467:
1432:. Retrieved
1428:
1419:
1408:
1396:. Retrieved
1392:the original
1382:
1372:
1325:
1319:
1310:
1280:
1252:
1246:
1227:
1194:
1175:
1169:
1158:
1143:
1138:
1129:
1110:27 September
1108:. Retrieved
1101:the original
1088:
1079:
1069:27 September
1067:. Retrieved
1060:the original
1015:
981:
975:
954:
882:
869:Ngāti Ruanui
865:Ngāti Mahuta
851:coming from
849:
840:
812:
808:
800:
791:
751:
747:
740:
728:
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689:
685:
681:Thomas Pratt
677:
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669:
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565:Ngati Ruanui
558:
541:
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471:New Plymouth
468:
455:
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438:
434:
430:Wiremu Kīngi
412:
386:
375:
367:James Belich
363:
335:Wiremu Kīngi
328:
324:North Island
303:
299:
297:
247:
137:Wiremu Kīngi
132:Thomas Pratt
128:Charles Gold
76:Belligerents
67:Inconclusive
31:Part of the
18:
1658:16 February
1434:25 February
766:Tataraimaka
487:martial law
308:sovereignty
286:(1868–1872)
280:(1868–1869)
274:(1865–1866)
268:(1863–1866)
256:(1863–1864)
250:(1860–1861)
1879:Categories
1864:Puke Ariki
1690:: 81–124.
1152:1775587851
967:References
890:Puke Ariki
861:Ngāti Hauā
846:Casualties
832:John Lucas
780:Te Arei Pā
762:Bell Block
397:Background
391:second war
331:Te Āti Awa
116:Kīngitanga
1720:Q58623348
1712:813616666
1696:1174-9202
1200:NZetc.org
946:Footnotes
828:ceasefire
569:Ngā Rauru
521:howitzers
477:in 1859.
423:Te Atiawa
405:Governor
359:Australia
347:Māori law
1759:(eds.).
1716:Wikidata
1704:42905879
1522:(1990).
1398:26 April
896:See also
598:Captain
561:Taranaki
320:Taranaki
314:and the
148:Strength
140:Hapurona
56:Taranaki
51:Location
1778:(1996)
1425:"About"
819:sapping
795:redoubt
736:sapping
604:Enfield
533:tikanga
463:Waikato
339:Waitara
318:in the
1757:et al.
1718:
1710:
1702:
1694:
1610:
1530:
1474:
1287:
1259:
1234:
1182:
1150:
1022:
988:
959:homes.
871:chief
758:Kawhia
754:Waiuku
692:Nelson
539:laws.
262:(1864)
244:(1847)
238:(1846)
232:(1845)
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87:
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1700:JSTOR
1104:(PDF)
1097:(PDF)
1063:(PDF)
1056:(PDF)
732:Ōkato
619:Niger
577:Omata
446:Māori
415:acres
312:Māori
153:3,500
1708:OCLC
1692:ISSN
1660:2021
1608:ISBN
1528:ISBN
1472:ISBN
1436:2022
1400:2012
1285:ISBN
1257:ISBN
1232:ISBN
1198:See
1180:ISBN
1148:ISBN
1112:2007
1071:2007
1020:ISBN
986:ISBN
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756:and
586:tapu
567:and
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537:utu
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