First Step Act - Knowledge

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used under the First Step Act to classify prisoner risk of recidivism, match prisoners with suitable recidivism reduction activities based on their classification, inform housing decisions so that prisoners in similar risk categories are grouped together, and create incentives for participation in and completion of recidivism-reduction activities. These incentives include increased access to phone privileges, transfer to penal institutions closer to a prisoner's primary residence, and time credits to reduce sentence length. However, time credit rewards are not available to all prisoners; 18 U.S.C. § 3632(d)(4)(D)—where Title I of the First Step Act was codified—details nearly 70 types of convictions that render an inmate ineligible to accrue time credits for successfully completing recidivism-reduction activities. Additionally, prisoners subject to "a final order of removal"—which renders an individual deportable—are also ineligible from receiving good time credit incentives. Those who participate in risk and needs assessment activities may be eligible for prerelease custody or supervised release as described in 18 U.S.C. 3624(g). This title also increases the number of good-time credits per year—small sentenced reductions earned by prisoners for good behavior—from 47 to 54, which many believe was consistent with the original intent behind 18 U.S.C. § 3624(b)(1). Importantly, the law retroactively applies the good-time credits, making some prisoners immediately eligible for release based on accrual of seven additional good-time credits per year.

736:, Judge Hall of the United States District Court of Connecticut agreed with an inmate, finding that a for a 65-year-old prisoner suffering from COPD, asthma, and other lung-related ailments, the risk of infection from COVID-19 in prison was an "extraordinary and compelling reason" to justify his release from BOP custody, subject to post-release supervision conditions. However, not all courts have held that people with conditions "such as hypertension, heart disease, lung disease, or diabetes, which might make them more likely to suffer from serious complications if they were to contract COVID-19 meet any of the 'extraordinary and compelling reasons' specified in the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines." 371:(BOP) employees to store firearms in designated off-site firearms storage facility or vehicle lockbox and carry concealed weapons outside of the prison (Section 202); prohibit the use of restraints on prisoners during pregnancy, labor and postpartum recovery, except where a health care provider determines otherwise or where the prisoner is an unreasonable flight risk or public safety threat (Section 301); place prisoners as close as possible to (and no more than 500 miles away from) their primary residence where practicable (Section 401); expand compassionate release (also "reduction in sentencing" or "RIS") for terminally ill patients and reauthorize the 29: 677:

2010. Additionally, nearly 350 people were approved for elderly home confinement and more than 100 received compassionate release sentence reductions. While many groups applauded those developments, both liberal and conservative critics suggest that the Trump administration's Department of Justice is not properly applying the law, resulting in fewer prisoners enjoying the release and sentencing adjustment reforms than Congress intended. In many cases, Department of Justice prosecutors are opposing inmates' motions for sentence reduction under the First Step Act by arguing that the relevant drug quantity is not what the offender was

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3582(c)(1)(A) to get out of prison. These provisions permit a federal judge to modify an inmate's sentence by motion of the BOP or by motion of the inmate after the inmate exhausts administrative requirements if "extraordinary and compelling reasons" warrant reduction or if the inmate meets certain age and sentence criteria, and so long as such a reduction is consistent with the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines. Some inmates argue that risk of contracting COVID-19 in prison is an "extraordinary and compelling reason" justifying sentence modification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A)(i). In

343: 444:. They introduced controversial amendment 4109 to S. 756 to expand the types of convictions that would render an inmate ineligible for good-time credits (the crime "exclusion list") and to require prison wardens to notify every crime victim of the release date of the inmate associated with their offense, among other information-sharing measures. They argued that these reforms were necessary to protect victims, but bill-backers viewed the move as a last-minute effort to derail months of consensus building. 591:, codified at 18 U.S.C. § 4322, prohibits the use of restraints on prisoners during pregnancy, labor and postpartum recovery, subject to limited exceptions. If a correctional officer determines that the prisoner is a flight risk or poses serious harm to herself or the community, or if a healthcare professional concludes that use of restraints is consistent with medical safety, restraints must be used. However, they must be the least restrictive means possible to prevent escape. 601:(21 U.S.C. § 801 et seq.) to constrain the application of sentencing enhancements for defendants with prior drug felony convictions by redefining "serious drug felony" and "serious violent felony," to reduce the mandatory minimum sentence for a second violation from 20 years to 15 years, and to reduce the mandatory minimum sentence for a third violation from life to 25 years. It makes similar revisions to the Controlled Substance Import and Export Act at 21 U.S.C. § 960(b). 391:

and social costs of repeated arrest, conviction and incarceration. It also expressed concern with shrinking educational and vocational opportunities for inmates, given the proven potential of those activities to reduce criminogenic tendencies. The bill passed the House of Representatives by a 360–59 vote the same day, with remarks from many congressional members, including Rep.

585:, as codified at 18 U.S.C. § 4050, stipulates that the Director of the Bureau of Prisons must ensure that federal prison directors provide employees a secure place to store firearms outside of the prison, or allow employees to store firearms in an authorized and approved vehicle lockbox. It also allows federal BOP employees to carry concealed firearms outside of the prison. 692:: Though the First Step Act authorizes Congress to appropriate $ 75 million per year between 2019 and 2023, only $ 14 million was explicitly earmarked for funding the legislation when President Trump released his 2020 budget priorities in March 2019. This lead First Step Act advocates to worry that the bill's underfunding represented an attempt to "starve it to death". 745:

facility"—are waivable. District Courts in the Second and Sixth Circuits (among others) have found the administrative requirements may be waived, such that the prisoner need not exhaust all appeal rights or wait 30 days after requesting that the warden petition a federal court for sentence review in order to directly seek relief. For example, in

814:(2021), the Court decided unanimously that the resentencing provisions of Section 404, applying to changes in the 2010 Fair Sentencing Act, only apply to possession crimes that carried mandatory minimum sentences (tier 1 and 2 charges, both which were evoked on carrying minimum quantities of crack cocaine), and not tier 3 possession crimes. 707:, the Center on Race, Inequality, and the Law at NYU Law, The Justice Roundtable, Media Mobilizing Project, and Upturn replied in a joint letter to DOJ outlining concerns about the transparency of PATTERN's algorithmic development, and its potential for exacerbating existing racial discrepancies in the criminal justice system. 427:, introduced a revised version of S. 3649 as S. 3747, which preserved S. 3649's content and added an additional title reauthorizing and amending the Second Chance Act of 2007. In an unusual procedural move, and after reversing his statement that he would not proceed on a vote until 2019, the Senate Majority Leader 648:

reduce to the time-served requirement for compassionate release, and broaden the prisoner population eligible for compassionate release to include terminally ill offenders (Section 603); mandate the Bureau of Prisons to provide identification to returning citizens (Section 604); authorize new markets for

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from 2019 to 2023. This reauthorization directs the Attorney General to make grants to state and local projects which support the successful reentry of juvenile and adult prisoner populations into their communities after incarceration—including projects which improve academic and vocational education

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directs the U.S. Attorney General to develop and publicly announce a risk and needs assessment system for all Federal Bureau of Prison inmates within 180 days of enactment, and to recommend evidence-based recidivism reduction activities. This risk and needs assessment system, once developed, is to be

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At a celebration designating April 2019 First Step Act Month, President Trump announced that the next criminal justice priority for his administration would be a Second Step Act focusing on easing employment barriers for formerly incarcerated people. As of 2021, no such legislation has been proposed

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includes more than ten miscellaneous provisions, including those that place prisoners as close as possible to (and no more than 500 miles away from) their primary residence where practicable (Section 601); encourage home confinement for low risk prisoners (Section 602); lower the eligibility age and

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Section 402 expands the number of defendants who may be eligible for "safety valve" relief. Prior to the First Step Act, only defendants with one "criminal history point" could receive sentences below the mandatory minimums, but under the Act, defendants with up to four points (depending on the type

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Title I of the First Step Act, as codified at 18 U.S.C. § 3621(h), also directs the Director of Bureau of Prisons to perform an initial risk and needs assessment of all federal prisoners within 180 days of the Attorney General's release of the risk and needs assessment system, and to begin expanding

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on March 29, 2017—in order to solicit final amendments and bring the matter to a vote. (Due to this procedural move—known as "amendment in the nature of a substitute"—congressional records in various places reflect two wholly unrelated versions of S. 756 from the 115th Congress). Many Senators moved

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After introduction, the bill was immediately referred to the House Committee on the Judiciary, and was subsequently voted out of committee—accompanied by a report—on a 25–5 vote on May 22, 2018. The House Committee's report highlighted Bureau of Prison data about recidivism, and warned of the fiscal

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to develop this system along with evidence-based recidivism reduction programs for federal prisoners. Under the bill, prison administrators would use the national risk and needs assessment system to classify a prisoner's risk of recidivism, to make decisions about which recidivism reduction programs

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Section 403 eliminates the "stacking" provision of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c). Prior to this legislation, 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)—which stipulated that an enhanced mandatory minimum sentence could be added when a gun was used in the commission of a "second or subsequent" conviction—was interpreted to permit the

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to lobby Trump. Prominent conservatives from political and advocacy backgrounds also wrote to President Donald Trump on August 22, 2018, addressing criticisms of the First Step Act, assuring him of conservative support for the measure (including its sentencing provisions), and urging him to support

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while undesirably disallowing victims to opt out of notifications. He also suggested that the Cotton-Kennedy amendments attempted to add crimes to the exclusion list that they had previously opposed. The Cotton-Kennedy Amendments were rejected in a 37–62 vote, and did not become a part of the bill.

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In his statement to the Senate prior to the vote encouraging bill passage and discouraging the Cotton-Kennedy amendments, Senator Dick Durbin explained that the notification requirements of the Cotton-Kennedy amendments duplicated already-existing notification and information-sharing provisions of

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In January 2020, the DOJ announced that all BOP prisoners had undergone an initial risk and needs assessment with the PATTERN tool as required by the law, and that the Department was making changes to the PATTERN algorithm in response to feedback. However, allegations of racial algorithmic bias in

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Within the first year of enactment, more than 3,000 federal prisoners were released based on changes to the good-time credits calculation formula under the First Step Act, and more than 2,000 inmates benefited from sentence reductions from the retroactive application of the Fair Sentencing Act of

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In July 2019, the Department of Justice announced the creation of the risk and needs assessment tool mandated by the First Step Act legislation. Dubbed PATTERN ("Prisoner Assessment Tool Targeting Estimated Risk and Needs"), the tool is "designed to predict the likelihood of general and violent

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risk factors and prioritize their transfer to home confinement, starting with the most at-risk facilities. Given the expanded eligibility for transfer to home confinement, many federal prisoners are trying to utilize the First Step Act's amended compassionate release provisions at 18 U.S.C. §

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move for compassionate release (1) "after the defendant has fully exhausted all administrative rights to appeal a failure of the Bureau of Prisons to bring a motion on the defendant's behalf" or (2) "the lapse of 30 days from the receipt of such a request by the warden of the defendant's

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training for correctional officers and employees (Section 606); direct reporting on opioid treatment and abuse in prisons (Section 607); direct data collection on various metrics for inclusion in the National Prisoner Statistics Program (Section 610); improve availability of

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and referred to the Senate Judiciary Committee. The Senate actually did not vote on criminal justice reform until December 2018 due to disagreement about the scope of the First Step Act. Without the inclusion of meaningful sentence reform akin to the measures proposed in the

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to reconsider their sentence (after certain administrative steps are satisfied). Prior to this law, the Bureau of Prisons acted as the "gatekeeper" of prisoner petitions, and prisoners were not able to make motions to federal courts directly for back-end sentencing review.

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In addition to differing on the merits of compassionate release petitions during the COVID-19 pandemic, federal courts are split as of May 2020 on the question of whether the administrative requirements of 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A)—which stipulate that an inmate may

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No Democratic congressional members voted against the First Step Act. However, some liberal commentators such as Roy L. Austin Jr., who worked on criminal justice in the Obama administration, criticized the act for not delivering more relief to more prisoners.

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introduced a version of bill (S. 3649) on November 15, 2018, that incorporated the correctional reforms from S. 2795/H.R. 5682, added supplemental measures, and—importantly—included new sentencing reform provisions. It garnered more than 40 cosponsors.

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charged offense. The First Step Act clarified that gun enhancements can only be added where the defendant was previously (i.e. non-concurrently) convicted of a gun violation, so as to restrict sentencing enhancements to "true" repeat offenders.

2163: 290: 773:) have held that the administrative exhaustion requirements are not subject to equitable waiver even during the COVID-19 pandemic, and must be complied with before federal courts can review the substance of the petitions. 1312: 1335: 621:—which, among other things, reduced the discrepancy between sentences for crack cocaine and powder cocaine convictions—retroactively. Under the First Step Act, prisoners who committed offenses "covered" by the 685:

the offender possessed or trafficked. The latter figure is typically substantially larger. In some instances, DOJ prosecutors are trying to "reincarcerate offenders already released under the First Step Act."

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on December 13, 2018, substituted the content of The First Step Act (S. 3747) into a S. 756—a substantively unrelated bill called the Save Our Seas Act, which was originally introduced by Senator

2428: 2784: 133: 2653: 749:, S.D.N.Y. District Judge Nathan found that a 55-year-old petitioner ailing from high blood pressure, high cholesterol, sleep apnea, and hypertension was entitled to compassionate release 1963: 1903: 1843: 1813: 2459: 1873: 805:, held that during resentencing under the Act, a previous sentence over double the United States Federal Sentencing Guidelines range could not simply be reimposed without explanation. 137: 2140: 358:

on May 7, 2018. This draft primarily focused on recidivism reduction through the development of a risk and needs assessment system for all federal prisoners. The bill directed the

395:, who acknowledged that though the bill did not include sentencing reform as some would have liked, it was an "important first step" that was able to unify groups as divergent as 1599: 363:

might be appropriate for each individual, and to determine when a prisoner is prepared to transfer into prerelease custody. The draft legislation also included a number of other

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However, the Senate did not ultimately vote on H.R. 5682, nor did it consider S. 2795—a companion bill to H.R. 5682 that was introduced in the Senate on May 7, 2018, by Senator

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recidivism for all BOP inmates." The initial report detailed the mechanics of the assessment tool and its implementation, and invited a 45-day comment period. The

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training for correctional officers and employees (Section 407); direct reporting on opioid treatment and abuse in prisons (Section 408); improve availability of

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was originally opposed to the legislation, he ultimately backed the bill after an amendment he drafted to expand the crime exclusion list was adopted.

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he failed to exhaust the administrative requirements at 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A). However, the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit in

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championed the First Step Act in the Senate and built a bipartisan coalition to pass the legislation. In the House, Representatives

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Recent Case: Seventh Circuit Holds Above-Guidelines Sentence Was Inadequately Justified, But Foreshadows Same Sentence on Remand

2298:"Department Of Justice Announces the Release of 3,100 Inmates Under First Step Act, Publishes Risk And Needs Assessment System" 178: 165: 153: 92: 2489: 1993: 1933: 1108: 412: 323: 2089: 2045: 2023: 993: 2785:"SCOTUS Unanimously Rules Against Crack Cocaine Defendant, But Justices Thomas and Sotomayor Still Found a Way to Disagree" 1202: 2876: 2390:"Department of Justice Announces Enhancements to the Risk Assessment System and Updates on First Step Act Implementation" 1783: 785:

introduced the Next Step Act. As of October 2021, it has not been subject to a vote in committee or on the Senate floor.

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eventually persuaded him to back the bill and push for a floor vote in 2018. Kushner's efforts included contacting the

331: 209: 2744: 1368: 842: 1715: 119: 2237:"Trump boasts that his landmark law is freeing these inmates. His Justice Department wants them to stay in prison" 1274: 2846: 1062:"Threading the Needle: The First Step Act, Sentencing Reform, and the Future of Criminal Justice Reform Advocacy" 963: 1537: 704: 415:, many Senate Democrats were unwilling to support it. After months of intense brokering in the Senate, Senator 359: 453:

On December 18, 2018, the revised First Step Act passed the U.S. Senate as S. 756 on a bipartisan 87–12 vote.

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The law as enacted is divided into six titles and codified at various parts of Titles 18, 21, and 34 of the

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The House approved the bill with the Senate revisions on December 20, 2018 (358–36). The act was signed by

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support, scheduling policy time discussions with Trump, and arranging meetings with celebrities like

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was initially skeptical of the legislation, intense lobbying by his son-in-law and senior adviser

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in December 2018. The act enacted several changes in U.S. federal criminal law aimed at reforming

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An initial version of the First Step Act, H.R. 5682, was sponsored and introduced by Rep.

266: 8: 2164:"3,100 inmates to be released as Trump administration implements criminal justice reform" 1655:"Sen. Cruz Releases Statement on His Support for a Revised Version of the First Step Act" 1538:"How Jared Kushner, Kim Kardashian West and Congress drove the criminal justice overhaul" 622: 618: 2511: 1240: 342: 2749: 2544: 1684: 1624: 1591: 1564:"Conservative Leaders' Letter to President Trump Expressing Support for First Step Act" 1089: 565: 548:. Twelve Republican senators in total voted against the First Step Act. Though Senator 312:

Formerly Incarcerated Reenter Society Transformed Safely Transitioning Every Person Act

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Formerly Incarcerated Reenter Society Transformed Safely Transitioning Every Person Act

1336:"Cotton to demand vote in effort to further restrict criminal justice system overhaul" 2132: 1595: 1583: 1210: 1093: 1081: 802: 665:

for federally-incarcerated juveniles, excepting certain circumstances (Section 613).

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holds a ceremony for the signing of the bill in the White House on December 21, 2018

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promoted similar legislation, albeit without sentencing reform provisions. Though

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imposition of enhanced mandatory minimum sentences where a gun was used in a

501: 380: 1275:"S.Amdt.4109 to S.Amdt.4108 to S.756 - 115th Congress (2017-2018) - Actions" 1746:"The First Step Act: Criminal Justice Reform at a Bipartisan Tipping Point" 1109:"Trump's prison reform: Republicans on side but some progressives hold out" 720: 497: 457: 392: 347: 319: 198: 831: 2421:"How Bill Barr's COVID-19 Prisoner Release Plan Could Favor White People" 782: 477: 473: 424: 407: 533: 517: 513: 508:

family (who own Fox News) to encourage positive coverage, appearing on

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Notable Republican lawmakers who opposed the bill included Senators

2618: 2360:"Comment Letter to Department of Justice on Pattern First Step Act" 1507:"Text - S.756 - 115th Congress (2017-2018): First Step Act of 2018" 1406:"Text - S.756 - 115th Congress (2017-2018): First Step Act of 2018" 549: 509: 481: 2707:"Remarks at a Prison Reform Summit and First Step Act Celebration" 668: 1896:"[USC02] 18 USC 3621: Imprisonment of a convicted person" 1031:"Actions - H.R.5682 - 115th Congress (2017-2018): First Step Act" 44: 2482:"18 U.S. Code § 3582 - Imposition of a sentence of imprisonment" 727:

directing the BOP to review the sentences of all prisoners with

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On December 12, Senator Grassley , along with cosponsor Senator

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makes a variety of sentencing reforms. Section 401 amends the

2452:"Barr to speed releases at federal prisons hard hit by virus" 1806:"[USC02] 18 USC 3631: Duties of the Attorney General" 1136:"S.3747 - 115th Congress (2017-2018): First Step Act of 2018" 396: 1625:"S. 756: FIRST Step Act -- Senate Vote #271 -- Dec 18, 2018" 681:

of possessing or trafficking, but the quantity that records

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U.S. District Court of for the Eastern District of Michigan

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and district courts around the country (such as S.D.N.Y in

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products in prison (Section 611); and prohibit the use of

1716:"Opinion | The First Step Act Is A Step Not Worth Taking" 1535: 134:

Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation

1866:"Historic Criminal Justice Reforms Begin to Take Effect" 869:"H.R.5682 - 115th Congress (2017-2018): First Step Act" 2268:"First Step Act Comes Up Short in Trump's 2020 Budget" 1780:

Office of the Law Revision Counsel, United States Code

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United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit

403:. After passage, the bill was referred to the Senate. 314:, is a bipartisan criminal justice bill passed by the 460:

on December 21, 2018, and became Public Law 115–391.

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products in prison (Section 412); and other actions.

2113:"Second Looks at Sentences under the First Step Act" 1836:"[USC02] 18 USC 3624: Release of a prisoner" 138:

House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure

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The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights

2197:"One Year After the First Step Act: Mixed Outcomes" 2646:"Thinking beyond prisoner reform to reintegration" 715:Compassionate release during the COVID-19 pandemic 1536:Jeremy Diamond; Alex Rogers (December 19, 2018). 1470:"Statement on Signing the First Step Act of 2018" 696:Transparency of risk and needs assessment system: 157:on July 25, 2018 (Voice Vote) with amendment 2853: 1986:"18 U.S. Code § 3553 - Imposition of a sentence" 703:, The Leadership Conference Education Fund, the 1926:"18 U.S. Code § 4050 - Secure firearms storage" 1106: 723:issued a memo pursuant to § 12003(b)(2) of the 701:Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights 669:Early achievements and implementation critiques 1369:"Senate Congressional Record - Pages S7742-43" 559: 413:Sentencing Reform and Corrections Act of 2015 2867:Criminal justice reform in the United States 994:"House Congressional Record - Page H4311-12" 2872:United States federal criminal legislation 2265: 2111:Russell, Sarah French (December 1, 2019). 2046:"Senate Congressional Record - Page S7314" 1713: 436:to submit amendments, among them Senators 148:on August 3, 2017 (Unanimous consent) 2161: 832:"The First Step Act of 2018: An Overview" 776: 463: 2862:Acts of the 115th United States Congress 2449: 2082:"21 U.S. Code § 841 - Prohibited acts A" 1504: 1437: 1403: 1164: 1133: 341: 2266:Applewhite, J. Scott (March 12, 2019). 2110: 1714:Austin Jr., Roy L. (December 7, 2018). 1333: 1272: 1028: 928: 897: 866: 797:In June 2020, a unanimous panel of the 568:, based on the subject of legislation. 367:provisions, including ones that permit 326:and sentencing laws in order to reduce 2854: 2674: 2418: 2234: 1544:from the original on December 22, 2019 1346:from the original on February 14, 2021 1315:from the original on February 14, 2021 1285:from the original on February 14, 2021 1251:from the original on February 14, 2021 1177:from the original on February 14, 2021 1146:from the original on February 14, 2021 1115:from the original on February 14, 2021 1041:from the original on February 14, 2021 1010:from the original on February 14, 2021 910:from the original on December 22, 2018 848:from the original on February 14, 2021 2782: 2572: 2570: 2539: 2537: 2230: 2228: 2191: 2189: 1619: 1617: 1433: 1431: 1363: 1361: 1268: 1266: 1200: 1196: 1194: 1192: 1165:Grassley, Chuck (December 13, 2018). 1134:Grassley, Chuck (December 13, 2018). 337: 2741: 1334:Min Kim, Seung (December 12, 2018). 1241:"The Amending Process in the Senate" 1059: 958: 956: 641:for offenders during incarceration. 2656:from the original on August 2, 2019 2626:from the original on April 24, 2020 1635:from the original on April 22, 2020 1505:Sullivan, Dan (December 21, 2018). 1438:Sullivan, Dan (December 21, 2018). 1404:Sullivan, Dan (December 21, 2018). 1273:Kennedy, John (December 18, 2018). 719:On April 3, 2020, Attorney General 13: 2723:from the original on July 11, 2020 2687:from the original on July 16, 2020 2594:from the original on July 12, 2020 2567: 2534: 2522:from the original on July 31, 2020 2492:from the original on July 18, 2020 2370:from the original on July 22, 2020 2235:Satija, Neena (November 7, 2019). 2225: 2213:from the original on July 18, 2020 2186: 2062:from the original on July 31, 2020 1966:from the original on July 15, 2020 1936:from the original on July 10, 2020 1846:from the original on July 31, 2020 1816:from the original on July 31, 2020 1786:from the original on July 11, 2020 1665:from the original on July 15, 2020 1614: 1602:from the original on July 15, 2020 1517:from the original on July 22, 2020 1486:from the original on July 13, 2020 1428: 1416:from the original on July 10, 2020 1385:from the original on July 10, 2020 1358: 1263: 1221:from the original on March 9, 2020 1201:Karni, Annie (December 14, 2018). 1189: 974:from the original on July 14, 2020 625:are permitted to petition a court 14: 2888: 2808: 2675:Booker, Cory A. (March 7, 2019). 2555:from the original on May 28, 2020 2486:LII / Legal Information Institute 2462:from the original on June 2, 2020 2431:from the original on May 28, 2020 2419:Harnik, Andrew (March 28, 2020). 2400:from the original on May 25, 2020 2340:from the original on May 28, 2020 2278:from the original on May 24, 2020 2247:from the original on May 23, 2020 2174:from the original on May 17, 2020 2162:Zapotosky, Matt (July 19, 2020). 2143:from the original on July 8, 2020 2092:from the original on May 22, 2020 2086:LII / Legal Information Institute 2026:from the original on June 4, 2020 2020:LII / Legal Information Institute 1996:from the original on June 7, 2020 1990:LII / Legal Information Institute 1930:LII / Legal Information Institute 1906:from the original on July 5, 2020 1776:"Table III-States at Large Table" 1756:from the original on July 6, 2020 1726:from the original on June 8, 2020 1695:from the original on July 5, 2020 1450:from the original on May 29, 2020 953: 941:from the original on July 5, 2020 879:from the original on May 24, 2020 579:recidivism-reduction activities. 334:, and maintaining public safety. 2450:Gerstein, Josh (April 3, 2020). 2016:"18 U.S. Code § 924 - Penalties" 1876:from the original on May 1, 2020 1574:(2): 160–167. December 1, 2018. 1107:Lartey, Jamiles (June 5, 2018). 1060:Gill, Molly (December 1, 2018). 27: 2830:Statute Compilations collection 2776: 2756: 2735: 2699: 2668: 2638: 2606: 2504: 2474: 2443: 2412: 2382: 2352: 2316: 2290: 2259: 2155: 2104: 2074: 2038: 2008: 1978: 1948: 1918: 1888: 1858: 1828: 1798: 1768: 1738: 1707: 1677: 1647: 1556: 1529: 1498: 1462: 1397: 1327: 1297: 1233: 1158: 1127: 2783:Nanos, Eluna (June 14, 2021). 2549:Congressional Research Service 1245:Congressional Research Service 1100: 1053: 1029:Collins, Doug (May 23, 2018). 1022: 986: 929:Collins, Doug (May 23, 2018). 922: 898:Collins, Doug (May 23, 2018). 891: 867:Collins, Doug (May 23, 2018). 860: 839:Congressional Research Service 824: 705:American Civil Liberties Union 1: 2765:United States v. Jones (2012) 817: 792: 605:of offense) may be eligible. 16:United States federal statute 62:115th United States Congress 7: 2117:Federal Sentencing Reporter 1568:Federal Sentencing Reporter 1066:Federal Sentencing Reporter 808:In the Supreme Court case, 771:United States v. Hofmeister 619:Fair Sentencing Act of 2010 560:Main legislative provisions 514:Vice President Mike Pence's 242:Concepcion v. United States 210:United States Supreme Court 187:on December 20, 2018 ( 170:on December 18, 2018 ( 10: 2893: 2877:Presidency of Donald Trump 2614:"United States v. Scparta" 2578:"United States v. Flenory" 1870:Brennan Center for Justice 781:On March 7, 2019, Senator 711:the PATTERN tool persist. 2773: (7th Cir. 2020). 1580:10.1525/fsr.2018.31.2.160 1309:U.S. Senator John Kennedy 1078:10.1525/fsr.2018.31.2.107 734:United States v. McCarthy 650:Federal Prison Industries 638:Second Chance Act of 2007 377:Federal Prison Industries 373:Second Chance Act of 2007 330:, decreasing the federal 262:Pulsifer v. United States 216: 208: 99: 90: 80: 75: 67: 56: 43: 35: 26: 2743: 2129:10.1525/fsr.2019.32.2.76 759:United States v. Roberts 747:United States v. Scparta 617:Section 404 applies the 599:Controlled Substance Act 318:and signed by President 310:, formally known as the 179:House of Representatives 174:) with further amendment 166:House of Representatives 154:House of Representatives 652:(Section 605); mandate 524:and media players like 450:Crime Victim Rights Act 379:(Section 406); mandate 365:criminal justice reform 282:Hewitt v. United States 130:Committee consideration 2835:First Step Act of 2018 2815:First Step Act of 2018 2204:The Sentencing Project 1247:. September 16, 2015. 811:Terry v. United States 777:Subsequent legislation 498:President Donald Trump 464:Support and opposition 458:President Donald Trump 351: 222:Terry v. United States 2331:Department of Justice 1479:. December 21, 2018. 1378:. December 18, 2020. 801:including then-Judge 767:United States v. Alam 763:United States v. Reid 755:United States v. Raia 360:U.S. Attorney General 345: 2847:US Statutes at Large 2845:) as enacted in the 2825:) as amended in the 2771:962 F.3d 956 2427:. Associated Press. 2425:The Marshall Project 2396:. January 15, 2020. 2274:. Associated Press. 2272:The Marshall Project 2055:. December 5, 2018. 2053:Congressional Record 1661:. December 7, 2018. 1376:Congressional Record 1001:Congressional Record 663:solitary confinement 201:on December 21, 2018 2241:The Washington Post 2168:The Washington Post 1659:www.cruz.senate.gov 1340:The Washington Post 623:Fair Sentencing Act 316:115th U.S. Congress 189:Yeas: 358; Nays: 36 126:) on March 29, 2017 93:Legislative history 23: 2652:. March 15, 2019. 2622:. April 19, 2020. 2551:. April 27, 2020. 1207:The New York Times 789:through Congress. 566:United States Code 352: 338:Procedural history 172:Yeas: 87; Nays: 12 21: 2716:. April 1, 2019. 2333:. July 19, 2019. 2206:. December 2019. 841:. March 4, 2019. 803:Amy Coney Barrett 636:reauthorizes the 332:inmate population 304: 303: 71:December 21, 2018 2884: 2802: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2780: 2774: 2768: 2760: 2754: 2753: 2752:1855 (2021). 2747: 2739: 2733: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2722: 2711: 2703: 2697: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2681:www.congress.gov 2672: 2666: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2642: 2636: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2610: 2604: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2593: 2582: 2574: 2565: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2541: 2532: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2508: 2502: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2478: 2472: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2447: 2441: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2416: 2410: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2386: 2380: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2356: 2350: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2339: 2328: 2320: 2314: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2294: 2288: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2263: 2257: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2232: 2223: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2212: 2201: 2193: 2184: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2159: 2153: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2108: 2102: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2078: 2072: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2061: 2050: 2042: 2036: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2012: 2006: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1982: 1976: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1960:uscode.house.gov 1952: 1946: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1922: 1916: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1900:uscode.house.gov 1892: 1886: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1862: 1856: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1840:uscode.house.gov 1832: 1826: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1810:uscode.house.gov 1802: 1796: 1795: 1793: 1791: 1772: 1766: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1742: 1736: 1735: 1733: 1731: 1711: 1705: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1681: 1675: 1674: 1672: 1670: 1651: 1645: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1621: 1612: 1611: 1609: 1607: 1560: 1554: 1553: 1551: 1549: 1533: 1527: 1526: 1524: 1522: 1511:www.congress.gov 1502: 1496: 1495: 1493: 1491: 1485: 1474: 1466: 1460: 1459: 1457: 1455: 1444:www.congress.gov 1435: 1426: 1425: 1423: 1421: 1410:www.congress.gov 1401: 1395: 1394: 1392: 1390: 1384: 1373: 1365: 1356: 1355: 1353: 1351: 1331: 1325: 1324: 1322: 1320: 1301: 1295: 1294: 1292: 1290: 1279:www.congress.gov 1270: 1261: 1260: 1258: 1256: 1237: 1231: 1230: 1228: 1226: 1198: 1187: 1186: 1184: 1182: 1171:www.congress.gov 1162: 1156: 1155: 1153: 1151: 1140:www.congress.gov 1131: 1125: 1124: 1122: 1120: 1104: 1098: 1097: 1057: 1051: 1050: 1048: 1046: 1035:www.congress.gov 1026: 1020: 1019: 1017: 1015: 1009: 1003:. May 22, 2018. 998: 990: 984: 983: 981: 979: 968:www.congress.gov 960: 951: 950: 948: 946: 935:www.congress.gov 926: 920: 919: 917: 915: 904:www.congress.gov 895: 889: 888: 886: 884: 873:www.congress.gov 864: 858: 857: 855: 853: 847: 836: 828: 674:Scope of Impact: 659:feminine hygiene 385:feminine hygiene 369:Bureau of Prison 95: 49: 31: 24: 20: 2892: 2891: 2887: 2886: 2885: 2883: 2882: 2881: 2852: 2851: 2811: 2806: 2805: 2795: 2793: 2790:Law & Crime 2781: 2777: 2762: 2761: 2757: 2740: 2736: 2726: 2724: 2720: 2709: 2705: 2704: 2700: 2690: 2688: 2673: 2669: 2659: 2657: 2644: 2643: 2639: 2629: 2627: 2612: 2611: 2607: 2597: 2595: 2591: 2587:. May 5, 2020. 2580: 2576: 2575: 2568: 2558: 2556: 2543: 2542: 2535: 2525: 2523: 2510: 2509: 2505: 2495: 2493: 2480: 2479: 2475: 2465: 2463: 2448: 2444: 2434: 2432: 2417: 2413: 2403: 2401: 2394:www.justice.gov 2388: 2387: 2383: 2373: 2371: 2358: 2357: 2353: 2343: 2341: 2337: 2326: 2322: 2321: 2317: 2307: 2305: 2304:. 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Ky in 765:, E.D. Mich in 717: 671: 562: 490:Hakeem Jeffries 466: 429:Mitch McConnell 401:Koch Foundation 340: 324:federal prisons 300: 204: 195:Signed into law 91: 57:Enacted by 47: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2890: 2880: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2850: 2849: 2832: 2810: 2809:External links 2807: 2804: 2803: 2775: 2755: 2734: 2698: 2667: 2637: 2605: 2566: 2533: 2503: 2473: 2442: 2411: 2381: 2351: 2315: 2289: 2258: 2224: 2185: 2154: 2103: 2073: 2037: 2007: 1977: 1947: 1917: 1887: 1857: 1827: 1797: 1767: 1737: 1706: 1676: 1646: 1613: 1555: 1528: 1497: 1461: 1427: 1396: 1357: 1326: 1296: 1262: 1232: 1188: 1157: 1126: 1099: 1072:(2): 107–111. 1052: 1021: 985: 952: 921: 890: 859: 822: 821: 819: 816: 794: 791: 778: 775: 761:, N.D. Cal in 716: 713: 670: 667: 561: 558: 546:Lisa Murkowski 522:Kim Kardashian 470:Chuck Grassley 465: 462: 417:Chuck Grassley 339: 336: 308:First Step Act 302: 301: 299: 298: 297:___ (2025) 278: 277:___ (2024) 258: 257:___ (2022) 238: 237:___ (2021) 217: 214: 213: 206: 205: 203: 202: 192: 175: 158: 149: 140: 127: 100: 97: 96: 88: 87: 82: 78: 77: 73: 72: 69: 65: 64: 58: 54: 53: 52:First Step Act 50: 41: 40: 37: 33: 32: 22:First Step Act 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2889: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2859: 2857: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2813: 2812: 2792: 2791: 2786: 2779: 2772: 2767: 2766: 2759: 2751: 2750:Harv. L. 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