1218:(cut off funding to the government) until the House of Lords should acquiesce. Some demonstrations called for the abolition of the nobility, and some even of the monarchy. In these circumstances, the Duke of Wellington had great difficulty in building support for his premiership, despite promising moderate reform. He was unable to form a government, leaving King William with no choice but to recall Lord Grey. Eventually the king consented to fill the House of Lords with Whigs; however, without the knowledge of his cabinet, Wellington circulated a letter among Tory peers, encouraging them to desist from further opposition, and warning them of the consequences of continuing. At this, enough opposing peers relented. By abstaining from further votes, they allowed the legislation to pass in the House of Lords, and the Crown was thus not forced to create new peers. The bill finally received
444:
197:
48:
569:, was never adjusted for inflation of land value; thus the amount of land one had to own in order to vote gradually diminished over time. The franchise was restricted to males by custom rather than statute; on rare occasions women had been able to vote in parliamentary elections as a result of property ownership. Nevertheless, the vast majority of people were not entitled to vote; the size of the English county electorate in 1831 has been estimated at only 200,000 and 400,000 enfranchised Englishmen overall. Furthermore, the sizes of the individual county constituencies varied significantly. The smallest counties,
1241:
1511:. Furthermore, many new conurbations and economic areas bridged traditional county boundaries by having been formed in previously obscure areas: the West Midlands conurbation bridged Staffordshire, Warwickshire and Worcestershire, Manchester and Liverpool both had hinterlands in Cheshire but city centres in Lancashire, while in the south Oxford's developing southern suburbs were in Berkshire and London was expanding into Essex, Surrey and Middlesex. This led to further acts to reorganise county boundaries in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
1459:
Wellington lamented: "If such projects can be carried into execution by a minister of the Crown with impunity, there is no doubt that the constitution of this House, and of this country, is at an end.... here is absolutely an end put to the power and objects of deliberation in this House, and an end to all just and proper means of decision." The subsequent history of
Parliament, however, shows that the influence of the Lords was largely undiminished. They compelled the Commons to accept significant amendments to the
1052:
representation possessed the full and entire confidence of the country. He would go still further, and say, that if at the present moment he had imposed upon him the duty of forming a legislature for any country he did not mean to assert that he could form such a legislature as they possessed now, for the nature of man was incapable of reaching such excellence at once. s long as he held any station in the government of the country, he should always feel it his duty to resist measures, when proposed by others.
865:" (hence the term "rotten borough"). Nevertheless, he did not advocate an immediate disfranchisement of rotten boroughs. He instead proposed that a third member be added to each county, to countervail the borough influence. The Whigs failed to unite behind the expansion of county representation; some objected to the idea because they felt that it would give too much power to the aristocracy and gentry in rural areas. Ultimately, despite Chatham's exertions, Parliament took no action on his proposals.
1637:
1651:
1623:
1094:. The Whig party won almost all constituencies with genuine electorates, leaving the Tories with little more than the rotten boroughs. The Reform Bill was again brought before the House of Commons, which agreed to the second reading by a large majority in July. During the committee stage, opponents of the bill slowed its progress through tedious discussions of its details, but it was finally passed in September 1831, by a margin of more than 100 votes.
705:
1013:
255:
275:
788:
872:(variously described as a Tory and as an "independent Whig"). Like his father, he shrank from proposing the wholesale abolition of the rotten boroughs, advocating instead an increase in county representation. The House of Commons rejected Pitt's resolution by over 140 votes, despite receiving petitions for reform bearing over twenty thousand signatures. In 1783, Pitt became Prime Minister but was still unable to achieve reform.
1172:
1499:, gained a widespread following. However, the Tories were united against further reform, and the Liberal Party (successor to the Whigs) did not seek a general revision of the electoral system until 1852. The 1850s saw Lord John Russell introduce a number of reform bills to correct defects the first act had left unaddressed. However, no proposal was successful until 1867, when Parliament adopted the
1203:
were left with only one alternative: to create a large number of new peerages, swamping the House of Lords with pro-reform votes. But the prerogative of creating peerages rested with the king, who recoiled from so drastic a step and rejected the unanimous advice of his cabinet. Lord Grey then resigned, and the king invited the Duke of
Wellington to form a new government.
729:, because they were said to be in the pockets of their patrons. Most patrons were noblemen or landed gentry who could use their local influence, prestige, and wealth to sway the voters. This was particularly true in rural counties, and in small boroughs situated near a large landed estate. Some noblemen even controlled multiple constituencies: for example, the
1399:, was adopted in the House of Commons despite opposition from the Government. The tenants-at-will thereby enfranchised typically voted as instructed by their landlords, who in turn normally supported the Tory party. This concession, together with the Whig party's internal divisions and the difficulties faced by the nation's economy, allowed the Tories under
838:, who became the leader of England after the abolition of the monarchy in 1649, refused to adopt universal suffrage; individuals were required to own property (real or personal) worth at least £200 in order to vote. He did nonetheless agree to some electoral reform; he disfranchised several small boroughs, granted representation to large towns such as
1319:
electors retained a lifetime right to vote, however they had qualified, provided they were resident in the boroughs in which they were electors. In those boroughs which had freemen electors, voting rights were to be enjoyed by future freemen as well, provided their freemanship was acquired through birth or apprenticeship and they too were resident.
983:, and by transferring their seats to Manchester and Birmingham. This time, however, the House of Lords rejected his proposals. In 1830, Russell proposed another, similar scheme: the enfranchisement of Leeds, Manchester, and Birmingham, and the disfranchisement of the next three boroughs found guilty of corruption; again, the proposal was rejected.
1214:; one day signs appeared across London reading "Stop the Duke; go for gold!" £1.8 million was withdrawn from the Bank of England in the first days of the run (out of about £7 million total gold in the bank's possession). The National Political Union and other organisations sent petitions to the House of Commons, demanding that they
1594:
political system that had prevailed during the long reign of George III, and replaced it with an essentially modern electoral system based on rigid partisanship and clearly articulated political principle. Hardly "modest" in its consequences, the Reform Act could scarcely have caused a more drastic alteration in
England's political fabric.
1342:. Scotland received eight additional seats, and Ireland received five; thus keeping the total number of seats in the House of Commons the same as it had been before the Act. While no constituencies were disfranchised in either of those countries, voter qualifications were standardised and the size of the electorate was increased in both.
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47 others. Some seats were completely abolished, while others were redistributed to the London suburbs, to large cities, to the counties, and to
Scotland and Ireland. Furthermore, the bill standardised and expanded the borough franchise, increasing the size of the electorate (according to one estimate) by half a million voters.
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the public's appetite, fueling ever-growing demands until full democracy was achieved. This, they warned, would upend the historic constitutional balance of power, rendering the House of
Commons supreme over the House of Lords. It was this slippery slope that Sir Robert Peel dreaded, famously declaring in July 1831:
1529:
I have been uniformly opposed to Reform upon principle, because I was unwilling to open a door which I saw no prospect of being able to close. In short, the advantages of such a measure were not sufficient to counterbalance the evil of altering the constitution of
Parliament, and agitating the public
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The
Scottish Act revolutionised politics in Scotland, with its population of 2 million. Its electorate had been only 0.2% of the population compared to 4% in England. The Scottish electorate overnight soared from 5,000 to 65,000, or 13% of the adult men, and was no longer a private preserve of a
1354:
The size of the pre-Reform electorate is difficult to estimate. Voter registration was lacking, and many boroughs were rarely contested in elections. It is estimated that immediately before the 1832 Reform Act, 400,000 English subjects (people who lived in the country) were entitled to vote, and that
1330:
in every parish and township. It instituted a system of special courts to review disputes relating to voter qualifications. It also authorised the use of multiple polling places within the same constituency, and limited the duration of polling to two days. (Formerly, polls could remain open for up to
1318:
The property qualifications of borough franchise were standardised to male occupants of property who paid a yearly rental of £10 or more. The property could be a house, warehouse, counting-house, shop, or other building as long as it was occupied, and occupied for at least 12 months. Existing borough
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The Reform Act's chief objective was the reduction of the number of nomination boroughs. There were 203 boroughs in
England before the Act. The 56 smallest of these, as measured by their housing stock and tax assessments, were completely abolished. The next 30 smallest boroughs each lost one of their
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declaring such an association "unconstitutional and illegal", and commanding all loyal subjects to shun it. The leaders of the
National Political Union ignored this proclamation, but leaders of the influential Birmingham branch decided to co-operate with the government by discouraging activities on a
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Lord Grey's first announcement as Prime
Minister was a pledge to carry out parliamentary reform. On 1 March 1831, Lord John Russell brought forward the Reform Bill in the House of Commons on the government's behalf. The bill disfranchised 60 of the smallest boroughs, and reduced the representation of
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was held. Electoral reform, which had been frequently discussed during the preceding parliamentary session, became a major campaign issue. Across the country, several pro-reform "political unions" were formed, made up of both middle and working class individuals. The most influential of these was the
909:
and demanding change. He did not propose any specific scheme of reform, but merely a motion that the House inquire into possible improvements. Parliament's reaction to the French Revolution was so negative, that even this request for an inquiry was rejected by a margin of almost 200 votes. Grey tried
1576:
Much of the support for passage in Parliament came from conservatives hoping to head off even more radical changes. Earl Grey argued that the aristocracy would best be served by a cautiously constructive reform program. Most Tories were strongly opposed, and made dire predictions about what they saw
1377:
Many major commercial and industrial cities became separate parliamentary boroughs under the Act. The new constituencies saw party conflicts within the middle class, and between the middle class and working class. A study of elections in the medium-sized borough of Halifax, 1832–1852, concluded that
1350:
Between 1835 and 1841, local Conservative Associations began to educate citizens about the party's platform and encouraged them to register to vote annually, as required by the Act. Coverage of national politics in the local press was joined by in-depth reports on provincial politics in the national
1097:
The Bill was then sent up to the House of Lords, a majority in which was known to be hostile to it. After the Whigs' decisive victory in the 1831 election, some speculated that opponents would abstain, rather than openly defy the public will. Indeed, when the Lords voted on the second reading of the
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in Cornwall. He suggested that the borough's two seats be transferred to the city of Leeds. Tories in the House of Lords agreed to the disfranchisement of the borough, but refused to accept the precedent of directly transferring its seats to an industrial city. Instead, they modified the proposal so
1598:
Likewise, Eric Evans concludes that the Reform Act "opened a door on a new political world". Although Grey's intentions were conservative, Evans says, and the 1832 Act gave the aristocracy an additional half-century's control of Parliament, the Act nevertheless did open constitutional questions for
1524:
According to Norman Lowe, opponents at the time warned that even small reform efforts were very dangerous in the long run. They predicted that the proposed changes to the good current system would unleash an unstoppable chain reaction. They feared that granting modest reforms today would only whet
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as Birmingham's "legislatorial representative". Following their example, reformers in Manchester held a similar meeting to elect a "legislatorial attorney". Between 20,000 and 60,000 (by different estimates) attended the event, many of them bearing signs such as "Equal Representation or Death". The
749:
that, out of the 514 members representing England and Wales, about 370 were selected by nearly 180 patrons. A member who represented a pocket borough was expected to vote as his patron ordered, or else lose his seat at the next election. Voters in some constituencies resisted outright domination by
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The passing of the Act seven years later enfranchising "male persons" was, however, a more significant event; it has been argued that it was the inclusion of the word "male", thus providing the first explicit statutory bar to women voting, which provided a focus of attack and a source of resentment
1479:
During the ensuing years, Parliament adopted several more minor reforms. Acts of Parliament passed in 1835 and 1836 increased the number of polling places in each constituencies and thus reduced polling to a single day. Parliament also passed several laws aimed at combatting corruption, including
1418:
A modern historian's examination of votes in the House concluded that the traditional landed interest "suffered very little" by the 1832 Act. They continued to dominate the Commons, while losing some of their power to enact laws that focused on their more parochial interests. By contrast, the same
1202:
Realizing that another rejection would not be politically feasible, opponents of reform decided to use amendments to change the bill's essential character; for example, they voted to delay consideration of clauses in the bill that disfranchised the rotten boroughs. The ministers believed that they
1051:
He was fully convinced that the country possessed, at the present moment, a legislature which answered all the good purposes of legislation,—and this to a greater degree than any legislature ever had answered, in any country whatever. He would go further, and say that the legislature and system of
1458:
The Reform Act strengthened the House of Commons by reducing the number of nomination boroughs controlled by peers. Some aristocrats complained that, in the future, the government could compel them to pass any bill, simply by threatening to swamp the House of Lords with new peerages. The Duke of
1081:
put forward a motion objecting to provisions of the bill that reduced the total number of seats in the House of Commons. This motion was carried, against the government's wishes, by 8 votes. Thereafter, the ministry lost a vote on a procedural motion by 22 votes. As these divisions indicated that
1564:
notes that the "reformed Parliament was, unquestionably, more liberal and progressive in its policy than the Parliaments of old; more vigorous and active; more susceptible to the influence of public opinion; and more secure in the confidence of the people", but admitted that "grave defects still
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England's frenzy over the Reform Bill in 1831, coupled with the effect of the bill itself upon its enactment in 1832, unleashed a wave of political modernisation that the Whig Party eagerly harnessed, and the Tory Party grudgingly, but no less effectively, embraced. Reform quickly destroyed the
1198:
Parliament. As soon as the new session began in December 1831, the Third Reform Bill was brought forward. The bill was in a few respects different from its predecessors; it no longer proposed a reduction in the total membership of the House of Commons, and it reflected data collected during the
691:... all those individuals whose interests are indisputably included in those of other individuals may be struck off without any inconvenience ... In this light also women may be regarded, the interests of almost all of whom are involved in that of their fathers or in that of their husbands.
1793:
Wales did not lose any of its existing borough representatives because with the exception of Beaumaris and Montgomery these members represented groups of towns rather than an individual town. To enable Wales to retain all of its existing borough seats the Act therefore simply increased, where
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became law on 1 January 1801, the unreformed House of Commons comprised 658 members, of whom 513 represented England and Wales. There were two types of constituency: counties and boroughs. County members were supposed to represent landholders, while borough members were supposed to represent
1731:
7QB 361 it was ruled that married women, otherwise qualified, could not vote in municipal elections. This decision made it clear that married women would be excluded from the operation of any Act enfranchising women for the parliamentary vote, unless special provision to the contrary was
1599:
further development. Evans argues it was the 1832 Act, not the later reforms of 1867, 1884, or 1918, that were decisive in bringing representative democracy to Britain. Evans concludes the Reform Act marked the true beginning of the development of a recognisably modern political system.
495:
Parliamentary boroughs in England ranged in size from small hamlets to large cities, partly because they had evolved haphazardly. The earliest boroughs were chosen in the Middle Ages by county sheriffs, and even a village might be deemed a borough. Many of these early boroughs (such as
846:, and increased the number of members elected by populous counties. These reforms were all reversed, however, after Cromwell's death and the last parliament to be elected in the Commonwealth period in 1659 reverted to the electoral system as it had existed under Charles I.
520:
was enfranchised in 1661, no additional boroughs were enfranchised, and, with the sole exception of Grampound's 1821 disenfranchisement, the system remained unchanged until the Reform Act of 1832. Most English boroughs elected two MPs; but five boroughs elected only one MP:
1293:
Thus 65 new county seats and 65 new borough seats were created in England and Wales. The total number of English members fell by 17 and the number in Wales increased by four. The boundaries of the new divisions and parliamentary boroughs were defined in a separate Act, the
1061:. Sydney Smith wrote, "Never was any administration so completely and so suddenly destroyed; and, I believe, entirely by the Duke's declaration, made, I suspect, in perfect ignorance of the state of public feeling and opinion." Wellington was replaced by the Whig reformer
1076:
attracted a record 608 members, including the non-voting Speaker (the previous record was 530 members). Despite the high attendance, the second reading was approved by only one vote, and further progress on the Reform Bill was difficult. During the committee stage,
774:, Prime Minister of Great Britain during the 1760s, casting an eye on the fortunes made in India commented that "the importers of foreign gold have forced their way into Parliament, by such a torrent of corruption as no private hereditary fortune could resist".
1827:
Immediately after 1832, more than a third of borough electors—over 100,000—were "ancient right" electors, the greater proportion being freemen. Their numbers dwindled by death, and by 1898 apparently only one ancient right "potwalloper" remained a registered
585:. Not only was this typically legal (since there was usually no need for a property owner to live in a constituency in order to vote there) it was also feasible, even with the technology of the time, since polling was usually held over several days.
876:
was averse to the idea, as were many members of Pitt's own cabinet. In 1786, the Prime Minister proposed a reform bill, but the House of Commons rejected it on a 174–248 vote. Pitt did not raise the issue again for the remainder of his term.
1886:
Another change brought by the 1832 Reform Act was the formal exclusion of women from voting in Parliamentary elections, as a voter was defined in the Act as a male person. Before 1832 there were occasional, although rare, instances of women
1047:) was weak. When the Opposition raised the issue of reform in one of the first debates of the year, the Duke made a controversial defence of the existing system of government, recorded in the formal "third-party" language of the time:
1355:
after passage, the number rose to 650,000, an increase of more than 60%. Rodney Mace estimates that before, 1 per cent of the population could vote and that the Reform Act only extended the franchise to 7 per cent of the population.
1378:
the party organisations, and the voters themselves, depended heavily on local social relationships and local institutions. Having the vote encouraged many men to become much more active in the political, economic and social sphere.
1605:, a noted American critic of democracy and expert on the English language, credited the Act with imparting a congealed moralistic cast to the mind of England, calling it "the great intellectual levelling, the emancipation of the
516:. Finally, the parliamentarians of the 17th century compounded the inconsistencies by re-enfranchising 15 boroughs whose representation had lapsed for centuries, seven of which were later disenfranchised by the Reform Act. After
1431:
The property qualifications of the Reform Act were substantial at the time and barred most of the working class from the vote. This created division between the working class and the middle class and led to the growth of the
929:, chairman of the London Hampden Club, proposed a resolution in favour of universal suffrage, equally sized electoral districts, and voting by secret ballot to the House of Commons, his motion found only one other supporter (
833:
stated, "no man hath a right to an interest or share in the disposing of the affairs of the kingdom ... that hath not a permanent fixed interest in this kingdom." The views of the conservative "Grandees" eventually won out.
762:(who constituted a majority of the electorate) formed a corrupt organisation that called itself the "Christian Club", and regularly sold the borough to the highest bidder. Especially notorious for their corruption were the "
1588:
Historians in recent decades have been polarized over emphasizing or downplaying the importance of the Act. However, John A. Phillips, and Charles Wetherell argue for its drastic modernizing impact on the political system:
936:
Despite such setbacks, popular pressure for reform remained strong. In 1819, a large pro-reform rally was held in Birmingham. Although the city was not entitled to any seats in the Commons, those gathered decided to elect
1056:
The Prime Minister's absolutist views proved extremely unpopular, even within his own party. Less than two weeks after Wellington made these remarks, on 15 November 1830 he was forced to resign after he was defeated in a
483:. In Wales, each county elected one member, while in England, each county elected two members until 1826 when Yorkshire's representation was increased to four, following the disenfranchisement of the Cornish borough of
1396:
1314:
paying an annual rent of at least £50. Annual value refers to the rent at which the land might reasonably be expected to be let from year to year. (The franchise rights of 40 shilling freeholders were retained.)
1506:
An area the Reform Act did not address was the issue of municipal and regional government. As a result of archaic traditions, many English counties had enclaves and exclaves, which were mostly abolished in the
680:
An Appeal of One Half the Human Race, Women, Against the Pretensions of the Other Half, Men, to Retain Them in Political, and Thence in Civil and Domestic Slavery: In Reply to Mr. Mill's Celebrated Article on
1542:
No King, no Lords, no inequalities in the social system; all will be levelled to the plane of the petty shopkeepers and small farmers; this, perhaps, not without bloodshed, but certainly by confiscations and
975:, the county in which Leeds is situated. In this form, the bill passed both houses and became law. In 1828, Lord John Russell suggested that Parliament repeat the idea by abolishing the corrupt boroughs of
998:
who perceived a danger to the established religion came to favour parliamentary reform, in particular the enfranchisement of Manchester, Leeds, and other heavily Nonconformist cities in northern England.
406:": those with very small electorates and usually dominated by a wealthy patron. The Act also increased the electorate from about 400,000 to 650,000, making about one in five adult males eligible to vote.
1674:
1394:
abolished by the Reform Act belonged to the Tory party. These losses were somewhat offset by the extension of the vote to tenants-at-will paying an annual rent of £50. This clause, proposed by the Tory
942:
protesters were ordered to disband; when they did not, the Manchester Yeomenry suppressed the meeting by force. Eighteen people were killed and several hundred injured in what later became known as the
962:
Since the House of Commons regularly rejected direct challenges to the system of representation by large majorities, supporters of reform had to content themselves with more modest measures. The Whig
994:. This legislation repealed various laws that imposed political disabilities on Roman Catholics, in particular laws that prevented them from becoming members of Parliament. In response, disenchanted
352:. It reapportioned constituencies to address the unequal distribution of seats and expanded franchise by broadening and standardising the property qualifications to vote. Only qualifying men were
1310:
and long-term (at least sixty years) leaseholders of land with at least £10 annual value, medium-term (between twenty and sixty years) leaseholders of land with at least £10 annual value, and to
1190:
affirming their support for Lord Grey's administration. Because parliamentary rules prohibited the introduction of the same bill twice during the same session, the ministry advised the new king,
3735:
3730:
925:(which consisted of workers and artisans). But the "Radical" reforms supported by these organisations (for example, universal suffrage) found even less support in Parliament. For example, when
1538:, a close friend of Peel's, ominously predicted that the Reform Bill's passage would herald nothing less than the utter dismantling of the monarchy, aristocracy, and social hierarchy itself:
1423:
caused serious erosion of their legislative power and the 1874 elections saw great landowners losing their county seats to the votes of tenant farmers in England and especially in Ireland.
504:) were substantial settlements at the time of their original enfranchisement, but later went into decline, and by the early 19th century some only had a few electors, but still elected two
4204:
627:
Some boroughs had a combination of these varying types of franchise, and most had special rules and exceptions, so many boroughs had a form of franchise that was unique to themselves.
4643:
3603:
471:
were historical national subdivisions established between the 8th and 16th centuries. They were not merely parliamentary constituencies: many components of government (as well as
398:. Nevertheless, the bill was eventually passed, mainly as a result of public pressure. The Act granted seats in the House of Commons to large cities that had sprung up during the
1484:, though these measures proved largely ineffectual. Neither party strove for further major reform; leading statesmen on both sides regarded the Reform Act as a final settlement.
4398:
4403:
4383:
4373:
4134:
2004:
The Elizabethan House of Commons – J E. Neale 1949 pages 133–134. Grampound was one of the 31 boroughs disenfranchised but was disenfranchised prior to the Reform Act in 1821.
375:, controlled eleven boroughs. Criteria for qualification for the franchise varied greatly among boroughs, from the requirement to own land, to merely living in a house with a
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census that had just been completed. The new version passed in the House of Commons by even larger majorities in March 1832; it was once again sent up to the House of Lords.
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proclaimed that "The country belongs to the Duke of Rutland, Lord Lonsdale, the Duke of Newcastle, and about twenty other holders of boroughs. They are our masters!"
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1040:. These groups confined themselves to lawful means of supporting reform, such as petitioning and public oratory, and achieved a high level of public support.
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declared, "I think it's clear, that every man that is to live under a government ought first by his own consent to put himself under that government."
634:, had about 12,000 voters, while many of the smallest, usually known as "rotten boroughs", had fewer than 100 each. The most famous rotten borough was
3859:
3504:
1573:
states that "it would be wrong to assume that the political scene in the succeeding generation differed essentially from that of the preceding one".
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or land with an annual value of at least forty shillings in a particular county were entitled to vote in that county. This requirement, known as the
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1257:'s four members were reduced to two. Thus in total the Act abolished 143 borough seats in England (one of the boroughs to be completely abolished,
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prohibited groups of more than 50 people from assembling to discuss any political subject without prior permission from the sheriff or magistrate.
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Many constituencies, especially those with small electorates, were under the control of rich landowners, and were known as nomination boroughs or
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More conservative members disagreed, arguing instead that only individuals who owned land in the country should be allowed to vote. For example,
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1366:. They created a banner celebrating the Reform Act which declared, "The battle's won. Britannia's sons are free." This banner is on display at
2779:
Toshihiko Iwama, "Parties, Middle-Class Voters, And The Urban Community: Rethinking The Halifax Parliamentary Borough Elections, 1832–1852,"
1090:
The political and popular pressure for reform had grown so great that pro-reform Whigs won an overwhelming House of Commons majority in the
5018:
3110:
A Memoir of the Reverend Sydney Smith by his daughter, Lady Holland, with a Selection from his Letters edited by Mrs Sarah Austin (2 vols)
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1210:", with so great a level of political agitation that some feared revolution. Some protesters advocated non-payment of taxes, and urged a
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that commemorates the passing of the Act. It depicts the first session of the newly reformed House of Commons on 5 February 1833 held in
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Electors were bribed individually in some boroughs, and collectively in others. In 1771, for example, it was revealed that 81 voters in
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The emergence of British parliamentary democracy in the nineteenth century: the passing of the Reform Acts of 1832, 1867, and 1884–1885
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Aidt, Toke S., and Raphaël Franck. "How to get the snowball rolling and extend the franchise: voting on the Great Reform Act of 1832."
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Matthew Cragoe, "The Great Reform Act and the Modernization of British Politics: The Impact of Conservative Associations, 1835–1841",
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In boroughs the franchise was far more varied. There were broadly six types of parliamentary boroughs, as defined by their franchise:
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that could be used to "manufacture" electors if necessary—usually around half a dozen was thought sufficient. Other examples were
1467:, and successfully resisted several other bills supported by the public. It would not be until decades later, culminating in the
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853:'s attempt to remodel municipal corporations to gain control of their borough seats created an antipathy to any change after the
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219:
70:
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1723:(13 & 14 Vict. c. 21) which specified that the masculine gender should include the feminine unless otherwise provided, in
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The Reform Act itself did not affect constituencies in Scotland or Ireland. However, there were also reforms there, under the
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Channeling the "Restless Spirit of Innovation": Elite Concessions and Institutional Change in the British Reform Act of 1832.
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Support for reform came from an unexpected source—a reactionary faction of the Tory Party—in 1829. The Tory government under
522:
505:
368:
239:
145:
1719:
The rejection of the claims of certain women to be placed on the electoral roll was subsequently confirmed, in spite of the
5090:
4628:
4308:
4186:
3864:
1664:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1152:
Meanwhile, the political unions, which had hitherto been separate groups united only by a common goal, decided to form the
1091:
1028:
902:
889:
in 1789. Many English politicians became steadfastly opposed to any major political change. Despite this reaction, several
730:
643:
530:
526:
501:
372:
294:
2620:
382:
There had been calls for reform long before 1832, but without success. The Act that finally succeeded was proposed by the
367:. The number of electors in a borough varied widely however, from a dozen or so up to 12,000. Frequently the selection of
4767:
4711:
4660:
4283:
4224:
4166:
3152:
Phillips, John A.; Wetherell, Charles (1995). "The Great Reform Act of 1832 and the Political Modernization of England".
1669:
1464:
1444:
1082:
Parliament was against the Reform Bill, the ministry decided to request a dissolution and take its appeal to the people.
734:
651:
517:
3576:
905:, included 28 MPs. In 1793, Grey presented to the House of Commons a petition from the Friends of the People, outlining
4650:
4303:
4273:
4219:
4196:
4015:
3950:
3138:
2958:
2559:
1561:
1508:
1153:
862:
1358:
Tradesmen, such as shoemakers, believed that the Reform Act had given them the vote. One example is the shoemakers of
214:
An Act to prevent the Application of Corporate Property to the Purposes of Election of Members to serve in Parliament.
4762:
3884:
3788:
3128:
2604:
2429:
2284:
2203:
2107:
1959:
1295:
1195:
1012:
938:
858:
771:
310:
17:
3026:
John A. Phillips, and Charles Wetherell. "The Great Reform Act of 1832 and the political modernization of England."
1351:
press. Grassroots Conservatives therefore saw themselves as part of a national political movement during the 1830s.
391:
4690:
4491:
4450:
4209:
4139:
3849:
3798:
3618:
1710:
40 shillings, or £2, was equivalent to £1,800 in 2023 terms in 1430, but had dropped to £230 in 2023 terms by 1832.
1279:
Yorkshire, which was represented by four MPs before the Act, was given an extra two MPs (so that each of its three
1191:
926:
873:
337:
298:
201:
52:
4288:
1794:
necessary, the number of towns in these groupings and created entirely new groupings for Beaumaris and Montgomery.
4726:
4633:
4362:
4239:
4156:
4129:
3962:
3889:
3765:
1460:
1024:
4787:
4161:
4119:
4103:
3563:
2748:
1043:
The Tories won a majority in the election, but the party remained divided, and support for the Prime Minister (
991:
966:
brought forward one such measure in 1820, proposing the disfranchisement of the notoriously corrupt borough of
963:
671:
468:
2457:
Readings in English History Drawn from the Original Sources: Intended to Illustrate A Short History of England
1487:
There was considerable public agitation for further expansion of the electorate, however. In particular, the
4870:
4214:
4191:
4181:
4146:
1565:
remained to be considered". Other historians have argued that genuine democracy began to arise only with the
3190:
Rudé, George (1967). "English Rural and Urban Disturbances on the Eve of the First Reform Bill, 1830–1831".
5060:
4839:
4782:
4244:
4176:
4171:
4151:
3945:
922:
620:
boroughs", as the usual definition of a householder was a person able to boil a pot on his/her own hearth);
609:
Boroughs in which only members of the corporation were electors (such boroughs were perhaps in every case "
2071:
1102:
mustered in unusually large numbers, and of 22 present, 21 voted against the Bill. It failed by 41 votes.
5013:
4923:
4894:
4809:
4732:
4604:
4073:
3925:
3526:. Vol. 2 & 3 William IV. London: His Majesty's statute and law printers. 1832. pp. 154–206.
3378:
1175:
1157:
1062:
951:
898:
770:. The nabobs, in some cases, even managed to wrest control of boroughs from the nobility and the gentry.
443:
438:
387:
290:
86:
3429:
1581:
supported reform measures in order to weaken Wellington's ministry, which had outraged them by granting
1273:
26 English counties were divided into two divisions with each division being represented by two members.
4740:
4053:
3930:
3560:
3441:
1367:
1037:
1033:
819:
566:
394:
factions in Parliament, who had long governed the country; opposition was especially pronounced in the
306:
278:
1455:
observed, "it was too soon evident, that as more votes had been created, more votes were to be sold".
5080:
5070:
4557:
4547:
4527:
4340:
3105:
1769:
814:. In 1647, different factions of the victorious parliamentary army held a series of discussions, the
721:
series, depicts the political corruption endemic in election campaigns prior to the Great Reform Act.
479:) were organised along county lines. The members of Parliament chosen by the counties were known as
4486:
4440:
3977:
3642:
2688:
2674:
1685:
1335:
869:
791:
426:
106:
2461:
5008:
5000:
4944:
4849:
4522:
4471:
4445:
3935:
3215:
1857:
1773:
1720:
1058:
890:
3094:
Politics in the Age of Peel: A Study in the Technique of Parliamentary Representation, 1830–1850
1098:
bill after a memorable series of debates, many Tory peers did refrain from voting. However, the
910:
to raise the subject again in 1797, but the House again rebuffed him by a majority of over 150.
4928:
4900:
4756:
4008:
3419:
Voters, Patrons, and Parties: The Unreformed Electoral System of Hanoverian England, 1734–1832.
1359:
1240:
1016:
717:
286:
3519:
3261:
3142:
2859:
2841:
2419:
2305:
2097:
4501:
4124:
2948:
2274:
2193:
1949:
1853:
1642:
1582:
1552:
Many historians credit the Reform Act 1832 with launching modern democracy in Great Britain.
1339:
1138:
1073:
849:
Following Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 the issue of parliamentary reform lay dormant;
675:
422:
399:
209:
110:
60:
3366:
3307:
Wilkes, Wyvill and Reform: The Parliamentary Reform Movement in British Politics, 1760–1785.
2594:
4936:
4905:
4844:
4698:
4068:
3480:
Imagining the Middle Class: The Political Representation of Class in Britain, c. 1780–1840.
1327:
1187:
1186:
After the Reform Bill was rejected in the Lords, the House of Commons immediately passed a
906:
803:
480:
2764:
1156:. Perceiving this group as a threat, the government issued a proclamation pursuant to the
1133:. The mob broke into prisons and destroyed several buildings, including the palace of the
990:, responding to the danger of civil strife in largely Roman Catholic Ireland, drew up the
901:
founded an organisation advocating parliamentary reform in 1792. This group, known as the
561:, standardised property qualifications for county voters. Under these Acts, all owners of
8:
4804:
4481:
4048:
3581:
1468:
854:
850:
823:
558:
357:
3530:
3144:
The Constitutional History of England Since the Accession of George the Third, 1760–1860
2909:
2455:
2421:
Wellington: Studies in the Military and Political Career of the First Duke of Wellington
4976:
4913:
4814:
4594:
4038:
3904:
3293:
3203:
3169:
3077:
2025:
1777:
1535:
1492:
1452:
1323:
1130:
818:, on reforming the structure of English government. The most radical elements proposed
456:
383:
2645:
4952:
4875:
4819:
4704:
4476:
4093:
4001:
3967:
3494:
The Evolution of a Constitution: Eight Key Moments in British Constitutional History.
3274:
3124:
3101:
2954:
2744:
2740:
2600:
2555:
2425:
2309:
2280:
2199:
2103:
1955:
1916:
1906:
1280:
1134:
1118:
1106:
943:
886:
799:
742:
349:
333:
99:
1105:
When the Lords rejected the Reform Bill, public violence ensued. That very evening,
921:, an English politician who opposed the Crown during the English Civil War) and the
429:
was revolutionary, enlarging the electorate by a factor of 13 from 5,000 to 65,000.
4985:
4865:
4824:
4798:
4772:
4717:
4666:
4572:
4567:
4496:
4098:
4043:
3335:
3195:
3161:
1276:
8 English counties and 3 Welsh counties each received an additional representative.
976:
766:", or individuals who had amassed fortunes in the British colonies in Asia and the
513:
418:
341:
75:
3546:
3538:
3520:"Cap. XLV: An Act to amend the Representation of the People in England and Wales."
581:, had more than 20,000. Those who owned property in multiple constituencies could
4792:
4466:
3854:
3652:
3236:
3118:
2031:
1768:
Including Monmouth, considered part of Wales under sections 1, 20 and 269 of the
1628:
1566:
1553:
1500:
1420:
1311:
1099:
835:
712:
509:
267:
155:
616:
Boroughs in which male householders were electors (these were usually known as "
4918:
4599:
4582:
4562:
4552:
4063:
4058:
3266:
2036:
2032:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)"
1440:
1391:
1215:
1078:
815:
726:
663:
610:
542:
403:
395:
3438:
Electoral Behaviour in Unreformed England: Plumpers, Splitters, and Straights.
1902:
Reform acts : Chartism, social agency, and the Victorian novel, 1832-1867
1776:(cap. 30) provides that before 1 April 1974, "a reference to England includes
1560:'the sovereignty of the people' had been established in fact, if not in law".
1125:(the estate of Lord Middleton). The most significant disturbances occurred at
5049:
4083:
3426:
The Great Reform Bill in the Boroughs: English Electoral Behaviour, 1818-1841
2189:
1920:
1781:
1602:
1496:
1179:
1122:
950:, measures designed to quell further political agitation. In particular, the
613:", because council members were usually "in the pocket" of a wealthy patron);
582:
549:
each elected four members. The Welsh boroughs each returned a single member.
512:. Of the 70 English boroughs that Tudor monarchs enfranchised, 31 were later
345:
282:
254:
3568:
3394:
Aristocratic Government in the Age of Reform: Whigs and Liberals, 1830–1852.
3330:
Ertman, Thomas. "The Great Reform Act of 1832 and British Democratization."
1750:£1.8 million was equivalent to £200 million in 2023 terms in 1832.
1675:
List of constituencies enfranchised and disfranchised by the Reform Act 1832
4968:
4960:
3760:
3199:
1578:
1363:
1219:
1182:) headed the Whig ministry that ushered the Reform Bill through Parliament.
995:
918:
914:
868:
The cause of parliamentary reform was next taken up by Lord Chatham's son,
830:
738:
596:
259:
125:
3456:
Lord Grey of the Reform Bill: Being the Life of Charles, Second Earl Grey.
1900:
1759:£7 million was equivalent to £800 million in 2023 terms in 1832.
861:("Pitt the Elder"), who called borough representation "the rotten part of
274:
4088:
3629:
3089:
1849:
1679:
1570:
1400:
1207:
767:
617:
448:
414:
3463:
Reform Acts: Chartism, Social Agency, and the Victorian Novel, 1832–1867
2801:
David F. Krein "The Great Landowners in the House of Commons, 1833–85,"
2276:
Strangers in the Land: The Rise and Decline of the British Indian Empire
1622:
4078:
3173:
3031:
2935:
The Birth of a New Europe - State and Society in the Nineteenth Century
1656:
1371:
1114:
893:
groups were established to agitate for reform. A group of Whigs led by
839:
684:
562:
263:
3207:
704:
4777:
1245:
1141:, and several private homes. Other places that saw violence included
1113:, where a mob attacked the city jail and freed several prisoners. In
972:
822:
and the reorganisation of parliamentary constituencies. Their leader
811:
578:
411:
An Act to amend the representation of the people in England and Wales
371:(MPs) was effectively controlled by one powerful patron: for example
65:
An Act to amend the representation of the people in England and Wales
3165:
3045:
The Forging of the Modern State: Early Industrial Britain, 1783–1870
2195:
James and John Stuart Mill: Father and Son in the Nineteenth Century
1650:
4024:
3920:
1993:
Parliamentary Representation of English Boroughs in the Middle Ages
1607:
1488:
1433:
1307:
1269:
In their place the Act created 130 new seats in England and Wales:
1211:
1146:
947:
807:
787:
574:
538:
353:
1019:, Tory Prime Minister (1828–30), strongly opposed reform measures.
662:
The claim for the women's vote appears to have been first made by
2946:
1905:. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 74–76.
1126:
980:
639:
603:
570:
476:
364:
2675:
https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/rp13-14/
2300:
Key, Newton; Bucholz, Robert; Bucholz, R. O. (2 February 2009),
1856:. After its repeal it is now authorised by section 19(2) of the
1688:, enlarged the electorate by a factor of 13 from 5,000 to 65,000
1289:
Another 21 towns (of which two were in Wales) were given one MP.
3577:
Image of the original act on the Parliamentary Archives website
3524:
The statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
3389:(1967) 122pp; brief excerpts from primary and secondary sources
1171:
1142:
595:
Boroughs in which the franchise was restricted to those paying
376:
234:
140:
3241:
British History in the Nineteenth Century and After (1782–1901
2950:
The Making of the Middle Class: Toward a Transnational History
1451:
in Sussex. Also, bribery of voters remained a problem. As Sir
577:, had fewer than 1,000 voters each, while the largest county,
4993:
3123:. Women's Source Library. Vol. VIII. London: Routledge.
1110:
843:
763:
472:
1306:
In county constituencies, franchise rights were extended to
623:
Boroughs in which freeholders of land had the right to vote.
3993:
3412:
Whiggery and Reform, 1830–1841: The Politics of Government.
3356:
Perilous question: the drama of the Great Reform Bill 1832.
289:. In the foreground, the leading statesmen from the Lords:
3611:
3220:
Reform or Revolution? A Diary of Reform in England, 1830-2
2922:
Perilous Question: The Drama of the Great Reform Bill 1832
1495:
for men, equally sized electoral districts, and voting by
5030:
Art in the women's suffrage movement in the United States
3361:
Gash, Norman. (1979) "The Constitutional Revolution" in
3183:
Women's Suffrage and Party Politics in Britain, 1866–1914
1577:
as dangerous, radical proposals. However, one faction of
1248:
Typographical Society celebrating the passing of the Act.
1065:, who had by this time inherited the title of Earl Grey.
857:. It was revived in the 1760s by the Whig Prime Minister
696:
from which, in time, the women's suffrage movement grew.
421:. c. 45). The Act applied only in England and Wales; the
356:; the Act introduced the first explicit statutory bar to
750:
powerful landlords, but were often open to corruption.
3829:
Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011
668:
Plan of Parliamentary Reform in the form of a Catechism
417:
and citation is Representation of the People Act 1832 (
2179:
London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown & Green.
557:
Statutes passed in 1430 and 1432, during the reign of
363:
Before the reform, most members nominally represented
3880:
Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000
3292:(1969), excerpts from primary and secondary sources;
1741:£200 was equivalent to £34,000 in 2023 terms in 1649.
885:
Support for parliamentary reform plummeted after the
258:
Start of parchment roll of the Reform Act 1832, with
4750:
Centenary of Women's Suffrage Commemorative Fountain
3875:
European Parliamentary Elections Act 1999 (repealed)
2453:
1618:
913:
Other notable pro-reform organisations included the
3819:
House of Commons (Redistribution of Seats) Act 1949
3814:
House of Commons (Redistribution of Seats) Act 1944
3555:
The National Archives. "The Struggle for Democracy"
3349:
The Vote: How It Was Won and How It Was Undermined.
2737:
British Trade Union Posters: An Illustrated History
2302:
Sources and Debates in English History, 1485 – 1714
1818:£50 was equivalent to £5,900 in 2023 terms in 1832.
1806:£10 was equivalent to £1,200 in 2023 terms in 1832.
1027:on 26 June 1830 dissolved Parliament by law, and a
747:
Representative History of Great Britain and Ireland
3895:Electoral Registration and Administration Act 2013
3100:
2272:
1692:
3860:Corrupt and Illegal Practices Prevention Act 1883
3151:
2552:99 Tactics of Successful Tax Resistance Campaigns
2299:
2122:
1933:
1121:(the home of the Duke of Newcastle) and attacked
794:was a prominent advocate of parliamentary reform.
425:brought similar changes to Ireland. The separate
5047:
2236:Holland and Austin (1855), vol. II, pp. 214–215.
1682:, other legislation concerning electoral matters
1519:
5035:Music and women's suffrage in the United States
4656:Women's suffrage organizations and publications
3958:2011 United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum
3865:European Assembly Elections Act 1978 (repealed)
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
4543:National Women's Rights Convention (1850–1869)
3900:Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022
1898:
1534:Some Tories expressed even graver misgivings.
1471:, that Wellington's fears would come to pass.
880:
432:
390:. It met with significant opposition from the
344:. c. 45) that introduced major changes to the
4009:
3597:
3056:
2188:
1301:
683:. In the "celebrated article on Government",
3489:(Heinemann Advanced History, 2001), textbook
3387:The Reform Bill of 1832: Why Not Revolution?
2947:A. Ricardo López; Barbara Weinstein (2012).
2007:
1814:
1812:
1556:hails 1832 as the watershed moment at which
1547:
1002:
3794:Parliamentary Boundaries (Ireland) Act 1832
2734:
2725:Phillips and Wetherell (1995), pp. 413–414.
2474:Holland and Austin (1855), vol. II, p. 313.
2417:
2102:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 107.
782:
4686:Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst Memorial
4016:
4002:
3890:Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 (repealed)
3870:Registration of Political Parties Act 1998
3804:Redistribution of Seats (Ireland) Act 1918
3628:
3604:
3590:
3449:Reform!: the fight for the 1832 Reform Act
3314:Collier, Martin and Philip Pedley. (2001)
3076:
2673:. London: House of Commons Library, 2013.
2134:Thorne (1986), vol. II, pp. 331, 435, 480.
2076:The History of the Parliamentary Franchise
2057:
1802:
1800:
1131:rioters controlled the city for three days
957:
602:Boroughs in which only the ownership of a
5019:Women's Suffrage Centennial silver dollar
3517:Full original text of the Act as passed:
3487:The Extension of the Franchise: 1832–1931
3363:Aristocracy and people: Britain 1815-1865
3235:
3000:D. C. Moore, "The Other Face of Reform",
2937:(U of North Carolina Press, 1983) p. 303.
2905:See also "Tory arguments against reform"
2161:Thorne (1986), vol. II, pp. 50, 369, 380.
2028:inflation figures are based on data from
1943:
1941:
1809:
1670:Elections in the United Kingdom § History
946:. In response, the government passed the
4590:1920 United States presidential election
3573:hosted by Melvin Bragg, 27 November 2008
2766:Collection Highlights, Shoemakers Banner
2069:
1411:, and to retake the House of Commons in
1264:
1239:
1206:The ensuing period became known as the "
1170:
1011:
988:Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington
786:
703:
592:Boroughs in which freemen were electors;
442:
303:Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington
273:
253:
4830:Women's Rights National Historical Park
3222:. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Alan Sutton.
3015:A Concise History of Britain, 1707–1975
2686:
1947:
1797:
184:Corporate Property (Elections) Act 1832
14:
5086:Electoral reform in the United Kingdom
5056:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1832
5048:
4507:Suffragette bombing and arson campaign
3612:Electoral reform in the United Kingdom
3482:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3226:
3116:
2716:July 2008, Vol. 47 Issue 3, pp 581–603
2671:The History of Parliamentary Franchise
2599:(2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 1.
2198:. Transaction Publishers. p. 86.
2095:
1938:
1222:on 7 June 1832, thereby becoming law.
895:James Maitland, 8th Earl of Lauderdale
777:
360:by defining a voter as a male person.
4548:Trial of Susan B. Anthony (1872–1873)
4363:International Woman Suffrage Alliance
3997:
3834:Parliamentary Constituencies Act 2020
3824:Parliamentary Constituencies Act 1986
3585:
3302:New York: Cambridge University Press.
3281:The Passing of the Great Reform Bill.
3214:
3185:. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
3180:
3112:. London: Brown, Green, and Longmans.
2861:The Constitutional History of England
2843:The Constitutional History of England
2592:
2549:
2078:, House of Commons Library, p. 6
2029:
1235:
1085:
971:that two further seats were given to
318:Representation of the People Act 1832
240:Representation of the People Act 1949
170:Text of statute as originally enacted
146:Representation of the People Act 1948
36:Representation of the People Act 1832
27:UK law reforming the electoral system
4901:"The March of the Women" (1910 song)
4629:List of suffragists and suffragettes
4492:Women's Coronation Procession (1911)
3499:Woodward, Sir E. Llewellyn. (1962).
3473:The Genesis of Parliamentary Reform.
3189:
3088:
2510:
1665:1832 United Kingdom general election
1530:mind on the question of Reformation.
1439:Although it did disenfranchise most
1322:The Act also introduced a system of
1166:
1007:
903:Society of the Friends of the People
798:During the 1640s, England endured a
606:property qualified a person to vote;
373:Charles Howard, 11th Duke of Norfolk
295:William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne
3983:Parliamentary franchise (1885–1918)
3365:Cambridge: Harvard UP, pp.129–155.
3316:Britain 1815-51: Protest and Reform
3137:
3082:Commentaries on the Laws of England
2857:
2839:
1951:Scotland: A Very Short Introduction
657:
24:
5076:Election law in the United Kingdom
4871:National Voting Rights Museum (US)
4835:Women's Suffrage National Monument
4651:Historiography of the Suffragettes
4605:Selma to Montgomery marches (1965)
3496:Oxford: Hart Pub., pp. 65–82.
3358:London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
3249:
3243:. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
3096:. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
2554:. Picket Line Press. p. 176.
2454:Edward Potts Cheyney, ed. (1922).
1509:Counties (Detached Parts) Act 1844
1403:to make gains in the elections of
1286:22 large towns were given two MPs.
737:controlled nine. Writing in 1821,
699:
460:mercantile and trading interests.
25:
5102:
5066:Representation of the People Acts
4763:Turning Point Suffragist Memorial
3885:Electoral Administration Act 2006
3789:Parliamentary Boundaries Act 1832
3511:
2574:May (1896), vol. II, pp. 390–391.
2522:May (1896), vol. II, pp. 389–390.
2390:May (1896), vol. II, pp. 352–359.
2304:, John Wiley & Sons, p.
2099:Citizenship in Britain: A History
1848:The citation of this Act by this
1474:
1296:Parliamentary Boundaries Act 1832
859:William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham
674:in 1825, when he published, with
4914:"Sister Suffragette" (1964 song)
4712:Women's Rights Pioneers Monument
4558:Woman Suffrage Procession (1913)
4528:Declaration of Sentiments (1848)
3850:Parliamentary Elections Act 1868
3799:Redistribution of Seats Act 1885
3531:"Tory arguments against reform"
3461:Vanden Bossche, Chris R. (2014)
3458:London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
3283:London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
3147:. Vol. 1. pp. 263–364.
2874:May (1896), vol. I, pp. 316–317.
2689:"Georgian Elections: the Basics"
2687:Burlock, Hillary (3 July 2023).
2583:May (1896), vol. I, pp. 312–313.
2501:May (1896), vol. I, pp. 423–424.
2492:May (1896), vol. I, pp. 422–423.
2483:May (1896), vol. I, pp. 421–422.
2399:May (1896), vol. I, pp. 408–416.
2381:May (1896), vol. I, pp. 406–407.
2372:May (1896), vol. I, pp. 404–406.
2354:May (1896), vol. I, pp. 400–401.
2245:May (1896), vol. I, pp. 361–362.
2143:May (1896), vol. I, pp. 321–322.
1649:
1635:
1621:
1569:in 1867, or perhaps even later.
1385:
1158:Corresponding Societies Act 1799
552:
338:Parliament of the United Kingdom
202:Parliament of the United Kingdom
195:
53:Parliament of the United Kingdom
46:
4727:Kate Sheppard National Memorial
4487:Battle of Downing Street (1910)
4130:1902 Commonwealth Franchise Act
3963:Elections in the United Kingdom
3375:The Triumph of Reform 1830-1841
3300:Parliamentary Reform 1640–1832.
3229:The House of Commons: 1790–1820
3069:
3050:
3037:
3020:
3007:
2994:
2985:
2976:
2967:
2940:
2933:Quoted in Theodore S. Hamerow,
2927:
2914:
2899:
2886:
2877:
2868:
2850:
2833:
2808:
2795:
2786:
2773:
2757:
2728:
2719:
2706:
2680:
2663:
2638:
2613:
2586:
2577:
2568:
2543:
2534:
2525:
2516:
2504:
2495:
2486:
2477:
2468:
2447:
2438:
2411:
2402:
2393:
2384:
2375:
2366:
2357:
2348:
2339:
2330:
2321:
2293:
2266:
2257:
2248:
2239:
2230:
2221:
2212:
2182:
2173:
2164:
2155:
2152:Thorne (1986), vol. II, p. 266.
2146:
2137:
2128:
2123:Phillips & Wetherell (1995)
2116:
2089:
2070:Johnston, Neil (1 March 2013),
2063:
2051:
1974:Blackstone (1765), pp. 154–155.
1934:Phillips & Wetherell (1995)
1821:
1787:
1762:
1753:
1744:
1735:
1713:
1704:
1693:Notes, bibliography and sources
1463:in 1835, forced compromises on
599:, a form of municipal taxation;
309:on the right. Currently in the
4538:Ohio Women's Convention (1850)
4523:Seneca Falls Convention (1848)
3809:Government of Ireland Act 1920
3471:Veitch, George Stead. (1913).
3061:. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 20.
2424:. Manchester UP. p. 134.
1998:
1986:
1977:
1968:
1948:Houston, Robert Allan (2008).
1927:
1899:Vanden Bossche, Chris (2014).
1892:
1863:
1842:
1426:
1261:, returned only a single MP).
992:Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829
666:in 1817 when he published his
402:, and removed seats from the "
13:
1:
3501:The Age of Reform, 1815–1870.
3342:The Great Reform Act of 1832.
3332:Comparative Political Studies
3309:New York: St. Martin's Press.
3290:The great reform bill of 1832
3231:. London: Secker and Warburg.
1835:
1520:Opponents fear for the future
1514:
1230:
1072:On 22 March, the vote on the
733:controlled eleven, while the
105:In Scotland and Ireland, the
4644:in majority-Muslim countries
4634:Timeline of women's suffrage
4573:Silent Sentinels (1917–1919)
4502:Open Christmas Letter (1914)
4451:2019–2020 Hong Kong protests
4023:
3385:Maehl, William H., Jr., ed.
2596:The Great Reform Act of 1832
2444:May (1896), vol. II, p. 384.
1326:, to be administered by the
1283:was represented by two MPs).
923:London Corresponding Society
447:The House of Commons is the
7:
5091:Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey
5014:New Zealand ten-dollar note
4681:(Emmeline Pankhurst statue)
4595:"Give Us the Ballot" (1957)
4533:Rochester Convention (1848)
4318:Constitutional amendments:
4104:Women's liberation movement
3926:Unreformed House of Commons
3120:Suffrage and the Pankhursts
2982:May (1896), vol. I, p. 431.
2883:May (1896), vol. I, p. 449.
2792:May (1896), vol. I, p. 428.
2714:Journal of British Studies,
2540:May (1896), vol. I, p. 312.
2531:May (1896), vol. I, p. 452.
2408:May (1896), vol. I, p. 412.
2363:May (1896), vol. I, p. 402.
2345:May (1896), vol. I, p. 397.
2336:May (1896), vol. I, p. 394.
2273:Roderick Cavaliero (2002).
2263:May (1896), vol. I, p. 335.
2254:May (1896), vol. I, p. 340.
2227:May (1896), vol. I, p. 333.
1614:
1255:Weymouth and Melcombe Regis
881:After the French Revolution
547:Weymouth and Melcombe Regis
508:; they were often known as
490:
463:
439:Unreformed House of Commons
433:Unreformed House of Commons
388:Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey
291:Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey
10:
5107:
4553:Suffrage Hikes (1912–1914)
3931:Rotten and pocket boroughs
3492:Wicks, Elizabeth (2006).
3442:Princeton University Press
3436:Phillips, John A. (1982).
3428:Oxford University Press;
3424:Phillips, John A. (1992).
3334:43.8–9 (2010): 1000–1022.
3273:London: Hutchinson Press.
3154:American Historical Review
3117:Marcus, Jane, ed. (2001).
3084:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
3028:American Historical Review
2920:Quoted in Antonia Fraser,
2279:. I.B.Tauris. p. 65.
1954:. OUP Oxford. p. 26.
1482:Corrupt Practices Act 1854
1443:, a few remained, such as
1345:
1302:Extension of the franchise
1225:
1034:Birmingham Political Union
820:universal manhood suffrage
753:
436:
379:sufficient to boil a pot.
311:National Portrait Gallery.
177:United Kingdom legislation
32:United Kingdom legislation
5021:(2020 U.S. commemorative)
4884:
4858:
4840:International Women's Day
4617:
4515:
4459:
4358:
4351:
4112:
4031:
3913:
3842:
3779:
3753:
3676:
3617:
3503:Oxford: Clarendon Press.
3475:London: Constable and Co.
3454:Trevelyan, G. M. (1920).
3417:O'Gorman, Frank. (1989).
3399:Morrison, Bruce. (2011) "
3354:Fraser, Antonia (2013).
3305:Christie, Ian R. (1962).
3279:Butler, J. R. M. (1914).
3260:155.3–4 (2013): 229–250.
3181:Rover, Constance (1967).
3013:For example W. A. Speck,
2973:Trevelyan (1922), p. 242.
2894:Mastering British History
2769:, People's History Museum
2621:"Higham Ferrers. Borough"
1983:Blackstone (1765), p. 110
1770:Local Government Act 1972
1548:Evaluations by historians
1419:study concluded that the
1003:Passage of the Reform Act
545:and the joint borough of
245:
233:
228:
218:
208:
194:
189:
182:
168:
161:
151:
139:
134:
124:
119:
93:
82:
69:
59:
45:
40:
4924:Women's suffrage in film
4895:The Women's Marseillaise
4783:Suffragette Handkerchief
4661:Women's rights activists
4441:Hong Kong 1 July marches
3978:Parliament in the Making
3421:Oxford: Clarendon Press.
3396:Oxford: Clarendon Press.
3392:Mandler, Peter. (1990).
3318:Oxford: Heinemann, 2001.
2646:"The Reform Act of 1832"
2593:Evans, Eric J. (1994) .
2550:Gross, David M. (2014).
1727:4CP 374. In the case of
1697:
1686:Scottish Reform Act 1832
1382:few very rich families.
1154:National Political Union
1092:general election of 1831
870:William Pitt the Younger
792:William Pitt the Younger
783:Early attempts at reform
427:Scottish Reform Act 1832
386:, led by Prime Minister
224:2 & 3 Will. 4. c. 69
107:Scottish Reform Act 1832
95:Territorial extent
5025:2020 US ten-dollar bill
5009:Susan B. Anthony dollar
4946:Not for Ourselves Alone
4568:Suffrage Special (1916)
4497:Great Pilgrimage (1913)
4446:2014 Hong Kong protests
4044:Right to run for office
3936:University constituency
3766:England and Wales, 1835
3653:England and Wales, 1867
3638:England and Wales, 1832
3467:excerpt and text search
3410:Newbould, Ian. (1990).
3344:London: Methuen and Co.
3340:Evans, Eric J. (1983).
3288:Cahill, Gilbert A. ed.
2953:. Duke UP. p. 58.
2816:"The Chartist Movement"
2072:"Ancient voting rights"
2030:Clark, Gregory (2017).
1858:Interpretation Act 1978
1774:Interpretation Act 1978
1721:Interpretation Act 1850
1368:People's History Museum
1059:motion of no confidence
958:Reform during the 1820s
933:) in the entire House.
567:forty shilling freehold
4692:Elizabeth Cady Stanton
4341:1965 Voting Rights Act
3478:Warham, Dror. (1995).
3407:63.04 (2011): 678–710.
3298:Cannon, John. (1973).
3227:Thorne, R. G. (1986).
3057:H. L. Mencken (1917).
3030:100.2 (1995): 411–436
2805:(2013) 32#3 pp 460–476
2783:(2014) 51#1 pp. 91–112
2327:Cannon (1973), cap. 1.
2096:Heater, Derek (2006).
1995:by May McKisack, 1932.
1852:was authorised by the
1545:
1532:
1360:Duns, Scottish Borders
1249:
1183:
1145:, Leicestershire, and
1117:, rioters set fire to
1054:
1045:the Duke of Wellington
1020:
1017:The Duke of Wellington
952:Seditious Meetings Act
795:
722:
718:Humours of an Election
693:
670:, and was taken up by
452:
313:
271:
113:applied, respectively.
4673:Belmont–Paul Monument
4600:Freedom Summer (1964)
4477:Women's Sunday (1908)
3541:The Reform Act Crisis
3321:Conacher, J.B. (1971)
3271:The Great Reform Act.
3047:(2nd ed. 1996) p. 229
2803:Parliamentary History
2650:www.historyhome.co.uk
2625:History of Parliament
1871:"The Reform Act 1832"
1854:Short Titles Act 1896
1643:United Kingdom portal
1583:Catholic emancipation
1540:
1527:
1461:Municipal Reform Bill
1328:overseers of the poor
1265:Creation of new seats
1253:two MPs. In addition
1244:Poster issued by the
1243:
1174:
1139:Lord Mayor of Bristol
1137:, the mansion of the
1049:
1015:
790:
707:
689:
630:The largest borough,
446:
423:Irish Reform Act 1832
400:Industrial Revolution
369:Members of Parliament
305:(1769–1852), and the
297:(1779–1848), and the
277:
257:
111:Irish Reform Act 1832
4938:Shoulder to Shoulder
4907:The Mother of Us All
4850:Women's Equality Day
4845:Susan B. Anthony Day
4699:Suffragette Memorial
4304:District of Columbia
4074:Non-resident citizen
3973:Boundary commissions
3569:The Great Reform Act
3451:(Random House, 2010)
3200:10.1093/past/37.1.87
3004:, (1961) 5#1 pp 7–34
2991:Gash (1952), p. xii.
2735:Rodney Mace (1999).
2418:Norman Gash (1990).
1188:motion of confidence
939:Sir Charles Wolseley
907:abuses of the system
709:Canvassing for Votes
481:knights of the shire
5061:1832 in British law
4805:Hunger Strike Medal
4482:Black Friday (1910)
3781:Constituency reform
3347:Foot, Paul (2005).
3139:May, Thomas Erskine
3078:Blackstone, William
2218:Rover (1967), p. 3.
1469:Parliament Act 1911
1465:Jewish emancipation
1397:Marquess of Chandos
1336:Scottish Reform Act
927:Sir Francis Burdett
855:Glorious Revolution
824:Thomas Rainsborough
778:Movement for reform
583:vote multiple times
320:(also known as the
287:St Stephen's Chapel
37:
4948:(1999 documentary)
4815:Suffrage jewellery
4039:Universal suffrage
3905:Elections Act 2022
3843:Other related Acts
3414:London: Macmillan.
3059:A Book of Prefaces
2170:London: R. Hunter.
2060:, pp. 166–167
2026:Retail Price Index
1778:Berwick-upon-Tweed
1536:John Wilson Croker
1493:universal suffrage
1453:Thomas Erskine May
1324:voter registration
1250:
1236:Abolition of seats
1184:
1086:Second Reform Bill
1021:
796:
723:
457:Acts of Union 1800
453:
409:The full title is
314:
272:
35:
5043:
5042:
4954:Iron Jawed Angels
4876:Umbrella Movement
4820:Suffragette penny
4734:Millicent Fawcett
4705:Portrait Monument
4613:
4612:
4467:WSPU march (1906)
4284:African Americans
4202:Spain (Civil War,
4094:Compulsory voting
3991:
3990:
3968:Corrupt practices
3749:
3748:
3619:Representation of
3002:Victorian Studies
2741:Sutton Publishing
2315:978-1-4051-6276-0
2058:Blackstone (1765)
1912:978-1-4214-1209-2
1729:Regina v. Harrald
1725:Chorlton v. Lings
1567:Second Reform Act
1501:Second Reform Act
1491:, which demanded
1489:Chartist movement
1434:Chartist Movement
1167:Third Reform Bill
1135:Bishop of Bristol
1119:Nottingham Castle
1008:First Reform Bill
964:Lord John Russell
944:Peterloo Massacre
887:French Revolution
743:T. H. B. Oldfield
563:freehold property
419:2 & 3 Will. 4
350:England and Wales
342:2 & 3 Will. 4
301:on the left; and
283:Sir George Hayter
252:
251:
229:Other legislation
190:Act of Parliament
175:
174:
135:Other legislation
100:England and Wales
76:2 & 3 Will. 4
41:Act of Parliament
18:First Reform Bill
16:(Redirected from
5098:
5081:June 1832 events
5071:1832 in politics
4866:Age of candidacy
4799:Holloway Jingles
4773:Pankhurst Centre
4744:(2008 sculpture)
4667:Leser v. Garnett
4472:Mud March (1907)
4356:
4355:
4289:Native Americans
4099:Disfranchisement
4018:
4011:
4004:
3995:
3994:
3941:Women's suffrage
3754:Municipal Reform
3626:
3625:
3606:
3599:
3592:
3583:
3582:
3527:
3485:Whitfield, Bob.
3447:Pearce, Edward.
3244:
3237:Trevelyan, G. M.
3232:
3223:
3211:
3192:Past and Present
3186:
3177:
3148:
3134:
3113:
3097:
3085:
3063:
3062:
3054:
3048:
3041:
3035:
3024:
3018:
3017:(1993) pp 72–76.
3011:
3005:
2998:
2992:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2974:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2944:
2938:
2931:
2925:
2918:
2912:
2903:
2897:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2875:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2812:
2806:
2799:
2793:
2790:
2784:
2781:Northern History
2777:
2771:
2770:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2732:
2726:
2723:
2717:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2684:
2678:
2669:Johnston, Neil.
2667:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2590:
2584:
2581:
2575:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2547:
2541:
2538:
2532:
2529:
2523:
2520:
2514:
2513:, pp. 97–98
2508:
2502:
2499:
2493:
2490:
2484:
2481:
2475:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2460:. Ginn. p.
2451:
2445:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2415:
2409:
2406:
2400:
2397:
2391:
2388:
2382:
2379:
2373:
2370:
2364:
2361:
2355:
2352:
2346:
2343:
2337:
2334:
2328:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2270:
2264:
2261:
2255:
2252:
2246:
2243:
2237:
2234:
2228:
2225:
2219:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2186:
2180:
2177:
2171:
2168:
2162:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2144:
2141:
2135:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2022:
2005:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1945:
1936:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1883:
1881:
1867:
1861:
1846:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1816:
1807:
1804:
1795:
1791:
1785:
1766:
1760:
1757:
1751:
1748:
1742:
1739:
1733:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1659:
1654:
1653:
1645:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1631:
1626:
1625:
1559:
1340:Irish Reform Act
1212:run on the banks
1029:general election
891:Radical Movement
863:our Constitution
812:Parliamentarians
735:Earl of Lonsdale
672:William Thompson
658:Women's suffrage
346:electoral system
330:First Reform Act
326:Great Reform Act
247:Status: Repealed
199:
198:
185:
180:
179:
163:Status: Repealed
115:
96:
89:, Prime Minister
50:
49:
38:
34:
21:
5106:
5105:
5101:
5100:
5099:
5097:
5096:
5095:
5046:
5045:
5044:
5039:
5004:(upcoming film)
4930:Votes for Women
4886:
4880:
4854:
4793:Holloway brooch
4788:Holloway banner
4619:
4609:
4578:Night of Terror
4511:
4455:
4347:
4108:
4027:
4022:
3992:
3987:
3909:
3855:Ballot Act 1872
3838:
3775:
3745:
3672:
3621:the People Acts
3620:
3613:
3610:
3549:1832 Reform Act
3518:
3514:
3509:
3351:London: Viking.
3252:
3250:Further reading
3247:
3166:10.2307/2169005
3131:
3072:
3067:
3066:
3055:
3051:
3043:Eric J. Evans,
3042:
3038:
3025:
3021:
3012:
3008:
2999:
2995:
2990:
2986:
2981:
2977:
2972:
2968:
2961:
2945:
2941:
2932:
2928:
2919:
2915:
2904:
2900:
2891:
2887:
2882:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2855:
2851:
2838:
2834:
2824:
2822:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2800:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2778:
2774:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2751:
2733:
2729:
2724:
2720:
2711:
2707:
2697:
2695:
2685:
2681:
2668:
2664:
2654:
2652:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2629:
2627:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2607:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2578:
2573:
2569:
2562:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2530:
2526:
2521:
2517:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2432:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2298:
2294:
2287:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2206:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2121:
2117:
2110:
2094:
2090:
2081:
2079:
2068:
2064:
2056:
2052:
2042:
2040:
2023:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1928:
1913:
1897:
1893:
1879:
1877:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1832:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1810:
1805:
1798:
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1772:(cap. 70). The
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1629:Politics portal
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1562:Sir Erskine May
1557:
1554:G. M. Trevelyan
1550:
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1517:
1477:
1441:rotten boroughs
1429:
1421:1867 Reform Act
1401:Sir Robert Peel
1392:pocket boroughs
1388:
1348:
1331:fifteen days.)
1312:tenants-at-will
1304:
1267:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1216:withhold supply
1169:
1161:national level.
1107:riots broke out
1100:Lords Spiritual
1088:
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960:
883:
874:King George III
836:Oliver Cromwell
785:
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756:
745:claimed in his
731:Duke of Norfolk
727:pocket boroughs
713:William Hogarth
702:
700:Pocket boroughs
660:
638:, which had 13
611:pocket boroughs
555:
514:disenfranchised
510:rotten boroughs
493:
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404:rotten boroughs
322:Reform Act 1832
268:Le Roy le veult
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156:Reform Act 1867
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4997:(2022 musical)
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4989:(2018 musical)
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4225:United Kingdom
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3914:Related topics
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3643:Scotland, 1832
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3194:(37): 87–102.
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3160:(2): 411–436.
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2924:(2013) p.124
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2864:. p. 253.
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1079:Isaac Gascoyne
1074:second reading
1038:Thomas Attwood
1025:King George IV
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4964:(2013 sitcom)
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4943:
4941:
4940:(1974 series)
4939:
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4280:
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4274:United States
4272:
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4187:Liechtenstein
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4084:Demeny voting
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3841:
3835:
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3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3772:
3771:Ireland, 1840
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3675:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3663:Ireland, 1868
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3648:Ireland, 1832
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3616:
3607:
3602:
3600:
3595:
3593:
3588:
3587:
3584:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3565:
3562:
3559:BBC Radio 4,
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3550:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3516:
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3498:
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3477:
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3470:
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3427:
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3413:
3409:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3384:
3383:
3380:
3376:
3373:Halévy Élie.
3372:
3371:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3346:
3343:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3329:
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3320:
3317:
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3312:
3308:
3304:
3301:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3258:Public Choice
3255:
3254:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3188:
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3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3150:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3130:9780415256933
3126:
3122:
3121:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3106:Austin, Sarah
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3074:
3060:
3053:
3046:
3040:
3033:
3029:
3023:
3016:
3010:
3003:
2997:
2988:
2979:
2970:
2962:
2956:
2952:
2951:
2943:
2936:
2930:
2923:
2917:
2911:
2908:
2902:
2896:(1998) p. 50.
2895:
2892:Norman Lowe,
2889:
2880:
2871:
2863:
2862:
2853:
2845:
2844:
2836:
2821:
2820:UK Parliament
2817:
2811:
2804:
2798:
2789:
2782:
2776:
2768:
2767:
2760:
2752:
2746:
2742:
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2715:
2709:
2694:
2690:
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2676:
2672:
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2651:
2647:
2641:
2626:
2622:
2616:
2608:
2606:9781134816033
2602:
2598:
2597:
2589:
2580:
2571:
2563:
2557:
2553:
2546:
2537:
2528:
2519:
2512:
2507:
2498:
2489:
2480:
2471:
2463:
2459:
2458:
2450:
2441:
2433:
2431:9780719029745
2427:
2423:
2422:
2414:
2405:
2396:
2387:
2378:
2369:
2360:
2351:
2342:
2333:
2324:
2317:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2296:
2288:
2286:9780857717078
2282:
2278:
2277:
2269:
2260:
2251:
2242:
2233:
2224:
2215:
2207:
2205:9781412826792
2201:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2190:Bruce Mazlish
2185:
2176:
2167:
2158:
2149:
2140:
2131:
2125:, p. 413
2124:
2119:
2111:
2109:9780748626724
2105:
2101:
2100:
2092:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2054:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2001:
1994:
1989:
1980:
1971:
1963:
1961:9780199230792
1957:
1953:
1952:
1944:
1942:
1935:
1930:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1895:
1888:
1876:
1875:UK Parliament
1872:
1866:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1841:
1824:
1815:
1813:
1803:
1801:
1790:
1783:
1782:Monmouthshire
1779:
1775:
1771:
1765:
1756:
1747:
1738:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1716:
1707:
1703:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1652:
1647:
1644:
1633:
1630:
1624:
1619:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1603:H. L. Mencken
1600:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1555:
1544:
1543:persecutions.
1539:
1537:
1531:
1526:
1512:
1510:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1497:secret ballot
1494:
1490:
1485:
1483:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1447:in Devon and
1446:
1442:
1437:
1435:
1424:
1422:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1386:Tenant voters
1383:
1379:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1299:
1297:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1247:
1242:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1181:
1180:George Hayter
1177:
1173:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1123:Wollaton Hall
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1101:
1095:
1093:
1083:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1023:The death of
1018:
1014:
1000:
997:
993:
989:
984:
982:
978:
974:
969:
965:
955:
953:
949:
945:
940:
934:
932:
931:Lord Cochrane
928:
924:
920:
917:(named after
916:
915:Hampden Clubs
911:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
878:
875:
871:
866:
864:
860:
856:
852:
847:
845:
841:
837:
832:
827:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
793:
789:
775:
773:
769:
765:
761:
751:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
720:
719:
714:
710:
706:
697:
692:
688:
686:
682:
677:
673:
669:
665:
655:
653:
649:
646:(32 voters),
645:
641:
640:burgage plots
637:
633:
628:
622:
619:
615:
612:
608:
605:
601:
598:
594:
591:
590:
589:
586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
553:The franchise
550:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
461:
458:
450:
445:
440:
430:
428:
424:
420:
416:
413:. Its formal
412:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
380:
378:
374:
370:
366:
361:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
293:(1764–1845),
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
269:
266:marked above
265:
261:
256:
244:
241:
238:
236:
232:
227:
223:
221:
217:
213:
211:
207:
203:
193:
188:
181:
171:
167:
160:
157:
154:
150:
147:
144:
142:
138:
133:
129:
127:
123:
118:
114:
112:
108:
101:
98:
92:
88:
85:
83:Introduced by
81:
77:
74:
72:
68:
64:
62:
58:
54:
44:
39:
30:
19:
5001:
4992:
4984:
4977:
4969:
4962:Up the Women
4961:
4953:
4945:
4937:
4929:
4909:(1947 opera)
4906:
4825:Suffrage Oak
4810:Justice Bell
4797:
4755:
4748:
4741:
4733:
4725:
4718:
4710:
4703:
4691:
4678:
4665:
4365:conferences
4254:
4032:Basic topics
3637:
3567:
3548:
3540:
3533:The Peel Web
3532:
3523:
3500:
3493:
3486:
3479:
3472:
3462:
3455:
3448:
3437:
3425:
3418:
3411:
3404:
3393:
3386:
3374:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3341:
3331:
3322:
3315:
3306:
3299:
3289:
3280:
3270:
3257:
3240:
3228:
3219:
3216:Smith, E. A.
3191:
3182:
3157:
3153:
3143:
3119:
3109:
3102:Lady Holland
3093:
3090:Gash, Norman
3081:
3070:Bibliography
3058:
3052:
3044:
3039:
3027:
3022:
3014:
3009:
3001:
2996:
2987:
2978:
2969:
2949:
2942:
2934:
2929:
2921:
2916:
2907:The Peel Web
2906:
2901:
2893:
2888:
2879:
2870:
2860:
2858:May (1895).
2852:
2842:
2840:May (1895).
2835:
2823:. Retrieved
2819:
2810:
2802:
2797:
2788:
2780:
2775:
2765:
2759:
2736:
2730:
2721:
2713:
2708:
2696:. Retrieved
2692:
2682:
2670:
2665:
2653:. Retrieved
2649:
2640:
2630:14 September
2628:. Retrieved
2624:
2615:
2595:
2588:
2579:
2570:
2551:
2545:
2536:
2527:
2518:
2506:
2497:
2488:
2479:
2470:
2456:
2449:
2440:
2420:
2413:
2404:
2395:
2386:
2377:
2368:
2359:
2350:
2341:
2332:
2323:
2301:
2295:
2275:
2268:
2259:
2250:
2241:
2232:
2223:
2214:
2194:
2184:
2175:
2166:
2157:
2148:
2139:
2130:
2118:
2098:
2091:
2080:, retrieved
2075:
2065:
2053:
2041:. Retrieved
2035:
2000:
1992:
1988:
1979:
1970:
1950:
1929:
1901:
1894:
1885:
1878:. Retrieved
1874:
1865:
1844:
1823:
1789:
1764:
1755:
1746:
1737:
1728:
1724:
1715:
1706:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1587:
1579:Ultra-Tories
1575:
1551:
1541:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1505:
1486:
1478:
1457:
1438:
1430:
1417:
1390:Most of the
1389:
1380:
1376:
1364:Berwickshire
1357:
1353:
1349:
1333:
1321:
1317:
1305:
1292:
1268:
1251:
1220:royal assent
1205:
1201:
1185:
1178:(painted by
1162:
1151:
1104:
1096:
1089:
1071:
1067:
1063:Charles Grey
1055:
1050:
1042:
1022:
996:ultra-Tories
985:
981:East Retford
961:
935:
919:John Hampden
912:
899:Charles Grey
884:
867:
848:
831:Henry Ireton
828:
810:against the
802:that pitted
797:
772:Lord Chatham
760:New Shoreham
757:
746:
739:Sydney Smith
724:
716:
708:
694:
690:
687:had stated:
679:
676:Anna Wheeler
667:
661:
629:
626:
597:scot and lot
587:
556:
494:
467:
454:
410:
408:
381:
362:
358:women voting
354:able to vote
340:(indexed as
329:
325:
321:
317:
315:
260:royal assent
126:Royal assent
104:
29:
4980:(2015 film)
4978:Suffragette
4972:(2014 film)
4956:(2004 film)
4932:(1912 film)
4768:Eagle House
4621:(memorials)
4309:Puerto Rico
4220:Switzerland
4197:New Zealand
4089:Suffragette
4069:Non-citizen
3630:Reform Acts
3561:In Our Time
3547:Spartacus.
3440:Princeton:
2511:Rudé (1967)
1850:short title
1680:Reform Acts
1571:Norman Gash
1427:Limitations
1308:copyholders
1208:Days of May
768:West Indies
632:Westminster
618:potwalloper
449:lower house
415:short title
235:Repealed by
141:Repealed by
130:7 June 1832
5050:Categories
4757:Resilience
4299:foreigners
4205:Francoist)
4135:aboriginal
4113:By country
4079:Voting age
3269:. (1973).
2856:Quoted in
2750:0750921587
2698:19 January
2655:19 January
1836:References
1657:Law portal
1515:Assessment
1372:Manchester
1231:Provisions
1192:William IV
1115:Nottingham
840:Manchester
711:, part of
685:James Mill
681:Government
650:(25), and
498:Winchelsea
455:After the
279:A painting
264:William IV
210:Long title
152:Relates to
61:Long title
4778:Paulsdale
4210:Sri Lanka
4167:Hong Kong
4125:Australia
1921:867050216
1246:Sheffield
1176:Lord Grey
1036:, led by
973:Yorkshire
968:Grampound
808:Royalists
800:civil war
648:Camelford
636:Old Sarum
579:Yorkshire
485:Grampound
332:) was an
87:Lord Grey
4240:Scotland
4157:Colombia
4025:Suffrage
3921:Chartism
3239:(1922).
3218:(1992).
3141:(1895).
3108:(1855).
3092:(1952).
3080:(1765).
2192:(1988).
2082:16 March
1828:elector.
1615:See also
1608:chandala
1449:Midhurst
1338:and the
1196:prorogue
1147:Somerset
1129:, where
948:Six Acts
851:James II
806:and the
575:Anglesey
559:Henry VI
539:Monmouth
523:Abingdon
491:Boroughs
475:and the
469:Counties
464:Counties
365:boroughs
262:of King
220:Citation
71:Citation
5002:Lioness
4887:culture
4885:Popular
4859:Related
4719:Forward
4162:Ecuador
4120:Austria
3564:podcast
3465:(2014)
3377:(1923)
3325:(1971).
3174:2169005
2825:22 July
1887:voting.
1346:Effects
1281:ridings
1226:Results
1127:Bristol
754:Bribery
644:Dunwich
604:burgage
571:Rutland
531:Bewdley
527:Banbury
502:Dunwich
477:militia
392:Pittite
78:. c. 45
4986:Sylvia
4736:statue
4721:statue
4694:statue
4352:Events
4314:states
4294:felons
4215:Sweden
4192:Mexico
4182:Kuwait
4147:Canada
3505:online
3430:online
3379:online
3367:online
3336:online
3294:online
3275:online
3262:online
3208:650024
3206:
3172:
3127:
3032:online
2957:
2910:online
2747:
2693:ECPPEC
2603:
2558:
2428:
2312:
2283:
2202:
2106:
1958:
1919:
1909:
1880:3 July
1445:Totnes
1143:Dorset
977:Penryn
897:, and
764:nabobs
652:Gatton
541:. The
518:Newark
473:courts
377:hearth
307:Tories
4994:Suffs
4970:Selma
4618:Women
4279:women
4251:laws
4245:Wales
4230:women
4177:Japan
4172:India
4152:Chile
4140:women
4064:Youth
4059:Black
4049:Women
3946:Wales
3204:JSTOR
3170:JSTOR
2043:7 May
1732:made.
1698:Notes
1194:, to
1111:Derby
844:Leeds
654:(7).
384:Whigs
299:Whigs
120:Dates
4434:14th
4429:13th
4424:12th
4419:11th
4414:10th
4336:26th
4332:24th
4328:23rd
4324:19th
4320:15th
4265:1928
4260:1918
4255:1832
3741:2000
3736:1993
3731:1991
3726:1990
3721:1989
3716:1985
3711:1983
3706:1981
3701:1969
3696:1949
3691:1948
3686:1928
3681:1918
3668:1884
3125:ISBN
2955:ISBN
2827:2022
2745:ISBN
2700:2024
2657:2024
2632:2021
2601:ISBN
2556:ISBN
2426:ISBN
2310:ISBN
2281:ISBN
2200:ISBN
2104:ISBN
2084:2016
2045:2024
1956:ISBN
1917:OCLC
1907:ISBN
1882:2020
1780:and
1480:the
1413:1841
1409:1837
1407:and
1405:1835
979:and
842:and
573:and
537:and
500:and
316:The
109:and
4409:9th
4404:8th
4399:7th
4394:6th
4389:5th
4384:4th
4379:3rd
4374:2nd
4369:1st
4326:,
4054:Men
3196:doi
3162:doi
3158:100
2462:680
2306:189
2024:UK
1611:."
1370:in
1109:in
715:'s
506:MPs
348:of
336:of
334:Act
328:or
281:by
5052::
4639:US
4516:US
4460:UK
4334:,
4330:,
4322:,
3566:,
3522:.
3403:"
3202:.
3168:.
3156:.
3104:;
2818:.
2739:.
2691:.
2648:.
2623:.
2308:,
2074:,
2034:.
2009:^
1940:^
1915:.
1884:.
1873:.
1811:^
1799:^
1784:".
1585:.
1503:.
1436:.
1415:.
1374:.
1362:,
1298:.
1149:.
678:,
533:,
529:,
525:,
487:.
324:,
4897:"
4893:"
4017:e
4010:t
4003:v
3605:e
3598:t
3591:v
3571:,
3444:.
3210:.
3198::
3176:.
3164::
3133:.
3034:.
2963:.
2829:.
2753:.
2702:.
2677:.
2659:.
2634:.
2609:.
2564:.
2464:.
2434:.
2289:.
2208:.
2112:.
2047:.
1964:.
1923:.
1860:.
1558:"
270:.
20:)
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