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photographing or recording for a story, they are photographing or recording for their "personal use", or sometimes auditors do not answer questions. Frequently, local law enforcement is called and the auditor is sometimes reported as a suspicious person and are often also identified as having been on private property. Some officers will approach the auditors and request their identification and an explanation of their conduct. Auditors refusing to identify sometimes results in officers arresting auditors for obstruction of justice, disorderly conduct, or other potential or
20:
253:, "he act of making an audio or audiovisual recording is necessarily included within the First Amendment's guarantee of speech and press rights as a corollary of the right to disseminate the resulting recording. The right to publish or broadcast an audio or audiovisual recording would be insecure, or largely ineffective, if the antecedent act of making the recording is wholly unprotected."
328:, have also ruled that filming protections are subject to time, place, and manner restrictions, including in the majority of public buildings. Limitations include trespassing on private property, entering a marked crime scene, or materially interfering with police activities. The United States Supreme Court case of
103:
authority to "audit" anything, but do have theoretical constitutional rights to record from open public spaces. The laws regarding public forums come into play in these situations, and are often the flashpoint of contention. Sometimes, auditors will tell property owners upon questioning that they are
311:
Specifically, Mr. Cordova was convicted of "failure to comply with official signs and lawful directions (in violation of Case No. 1:22-po-07015-MEH Document 23 filed 07/07/23 USDC Colorado pg 1 of 11 2 41 C.F.R. Β§ 102.74-385) and unlawful photography (in violation of 41 C.F.R. Β§ 102.74-420)." He was
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article, one auditor stated that the goal of an audit is to "put yourself in places where you know chances are the cops are going to be called. Are they going to uphold the constitution, uphold the law ... or break the law?" Auditors state that they seek to educate the public that photography is not
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wrote a federal appeals decision in favor of an auditor who was detained for filming police officers; "Filming the police contributes to the public's ability to hold the police accountable, ensure that police officers are not abusing their power, and make informed decisions about police policy." In
347:
An auditor in San
Antonio was prosecuted and convicted of disorderly conduct after an audit where he "chased, jostled and shouted insults at three officers on duty". After the trial, the Chief of Police for the City of San Antonio stated " puts a dagger in the heart of their First Amendment excuse
343:
Insulting the police is consistently treated as constitutionally protected speech. According to a guide published by the IACP, "verbal criticism and derisive comments made by recording parties or others from a location that has no direct impact on police operations or safety are not actionable by
315:
Mr. Cordova appealed the verdict and sentence, and the appeal was heard on June 7, 2024. The appeals court's decision is - as of
September 13, 2024 - still pending. This proceeding and conviction established case law that in the view of many makes virtually all first amendment auditing on federal
256:
Bystanders may object to being filmed in public, but courts have generally held that when people are in public spaces they do not have a reasonable expectation that they will not be recorded on video. There are, however, some limitations to this such as mental health, correctional and juvenile
291:
that "Based on First
Amendment principles and relevant precedents, we conclude there is a First Amendment right to film the police performing their duties in public." Following this ruling, the right to film police performing their duties in public is now expressly recognized under the First
248:
amendment rights. Though the
Supreme Court has yet to affirm a right to record government employees, it has stated that there is a "paramount public interest in a free flow of information to the people concerning public officials." As the 7th Circuit Federal Court of Appeals explained in
173:
Auditing has been controversial due to the tactics auditors have used in attempting to elicit potential reactions from police officers and private citizens alike. Many of these tactics have been criticized as they include the use of intimidation, harassment and even criminal instigation.
177:
Critics argue that audits are often confrontational in nature, as auditors often refuse to self-identify or explain their activities. Some auditors yell insults, derogatory language, and vulgarities at police officers who attempt to stop them from recording and insist on identification.
334:
clarifies and defines the parameters of time, place, and manner restrictions and is often cited when removing First
Amendment auditors who are in violation of its guidelines. Conversely, it is also cited when protecting First Amendment auditors who are acting within its parameters.
111:
An auditor selects a public facility and then films the entire encounter with staff and customers alike. If no confrontation or attempt to stop the filming occurs, then the facility "passes" the audit; if an employee attempts to stop a filming event, it "fails" the audit.
273:
has yet to decide on a case regarding a right to film government officials engaged in public duties, several of the U.S. Courts of
Appeals have ruled that the recording of public officials, including the police, is protected under the First Amendment. In 2017, Judge
308:", was convicted on two counts in the Denver Division of the Federal District of Colorado. The case was heard by the Honorable Chief Magistrate Judge Michael E. Hegarty, Chief Magistrate Judge of the Federal District of Colorado.
145:, and have been shot while video recording in a public place. Such events have prompted police officials to release information on the proper methods of handling such an activity. For example, a document sponsored by the
312:
sentenced to 15 days in the custody of the
Federal Bureau of Prisons, 2 years probation, and a $ 3,000.00 fine. He was also required to obtain and maintain full time employment and refrain from any recording.
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property, and by extension state government property, illegal per se. The appellate decision of Mr. Cordova's federal appeal will influence the effect of this case law on auditing's legality in the future.
465:
806:
185:
firearms (a right covered by the Second
Amendment, not the First), leading to accusations that auditors are engaged in intimidation, harassment and domestic terrorism. While not all are members of the
64:
The practice is predominantly a US concept (since the First
Amendment is a part of US law), but it has also been seen in other countries, including Australia, the United Kingdom, Canada, and Russia.
99:
In the case of sidewalk or easement audits, the conflict arises when a property owner or manager states, in substance, that photography of their property is not allowed. Auditors of course have no
703:
329:
1142:
542:
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1565:"epeated verbal attacks against us simply for wearing a uniform and performing our duties does not represent the spirit of the law," San Antonio Police Chief William McManus
198:, the growing popularity of auditing videos online has led to "ruthless competition" between auditors, which incentivizes more dramatic, confrontational and abusive videos.
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to record people and use their name, likeness or image without written permission from each person in the video if that video is used to produce profit of any kind.
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social movement that usually involves photographing or filming from a public space. It is often categorized by its practitioners, known as auditors, as
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46:). Auditors have tended to film or photograph government buildings, equipment, and access control points, as well as any personnel present.
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that tests constitutional rights, in particular the right to photograph and video record in a public space (a right normally covered by the
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Critics have also noted that many auditors profit from the videos they publish on YouTube and other platforms. According to a report by
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Auditors have been detained, arrested, assaulted, had camera equipment confiscated, weapons aimed at them, their homes raided by a
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https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2021/11/09/michigan-first-amendment-auditors-video-public-buildings/6350167001/
234:
The legality of recording police in public was first clearly established in a United States jurisdiction following the case of
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Amendment in at least the 32 states covered by the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th, 9th, 10th, and 11th
Circuit Federal Court of Appeals.
1501:
949:
653:
382:
270:
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1339:"There Is a Constitutional Right of the Public to Film the Official Activities of Police Officers in a Public Place"
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81:
149:(IACP) states that the use of a recording device alone is not grounds for arrest, unless other laws are violated.
19:
182:
96:
or other government buildings, and visibly and openly photograph and record buildings and persons in their view.
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in the First Circuit, which confirmed that restricting a person's right to film in public would violate their
1551:"City of San Antonio Successfully Prosecutes Individual for Disrupting Police Officers during Course of Duty"
677:
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53:, while critics have argued that audits are typically confrontational, criticizing some tactics as forms of
1338:
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411:
128:
Online videos of audits can also generate income for auditors through advertising revenue and donations.
1364:"Right to Videorecord Police Clearly Established, Violated by Blocking Camera and Shining Light Into It"
189:, a number are either members or express certain philosophies shared by these anarchic oriented groups.
357:
186:
181:
Some auditors have also been known to enter public buildings asserting that they have a legal right to
807:""First Amendment auditor" claims sheriff deputy attacked him at Lebanon County courthouse - witf.org"
61:. Many opponents of the tactics and legal theories of auditors refer to auditors as "frauditors".
125:
a crime by publicizing cases where officers illegally stop what is perceived as illegal conduct.
1413:
https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cod.219724/gov.uscourts.cod.219724.23.0.pdf
1143:"Documents Show 100 Officers From 28 Law Enforcement Agencies Accessed A Photographer's Records"
950:"First Amendment Audits and How to Respond β’ California Association of Labor Relations Officers"
383:"First Amendment Audits and How to Respond β’ California Association of Labor Relations Officers"
165:
and pressures government agencies to train their employees to respect First Amendment rights.
275:
1283:
8:
1579:"McManus: YouTubers confronting officers use first amendment as 'guise' to attack police"
704:"Online group gives Foxboro Police Dept. high marks on preserving First Amendment rights"
304:
first amendment auditor Christopher J. Cordova, operating under the YouTube channel of "
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1118:"They roam public buildings, making videos. Terrorism experts say they may be dangerous"
1117:
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789:"Lawmaker Who Pushed Bill to Protect People Filming Police Arrested for Filming Police"
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delivered a decision in favor of an auditor on similar grounds, holding in the case of
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162:
1312:"Responding to First Amendment Audits: Is Filming Protected by the First Amendment?"
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https://taskandpurpose.com/news/2-men-entered-police-station-rifle-audit-response/
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491:"Filming in Public: How should the police respond to UK Auditors? β Police Hour"
93:
89:
517:"YouTuber gets police payout after stop and search for filming police station"
1619:
1042:"Courting arrest for online clicks and the First Amendment - ExpressNews.com"
872:
Panzar, Javier; Reyes-Velarde, Alejandra; Queally, James (15 February 2019).
31:
953:
874:"YouTube personality 'Furry Potato' shot and wounded outside L.A. synagogue"
775:"Blind Justice escorted out of meeting by police in latest free speech test"
390:
628:"Cop-watchers are now YouTube celebrities. They've changed how police work"
54:
1390:"First Amendment Protects The Right To Film Cops, Federal Court Reaffirms"
968:"You're on camera: How police should respond to a 'First Amendment audit'"
754:"Online activists' 'First Amendment audits' -- patriotism or provocation?"
1095:
Story about second amendment auditors who behaved the same essential way.
85:
1217:"Responding to First Amendment "Audits" in the Local Government Context"
730:. Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction. 2019-01-09. Archived from
58:
1436:
https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/66664962/united-states-v-cordova/
1424:
https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/66664962/united-states-v-cordova/
35:
926:"See Boulder Jail Cops Bust Men for Taking Video on Public Sidewalk"
1070:"What is 'auditing,' and why did a YouTuber get shot for doing it?"
1013:"First Amendment videotaped audit of police leads to investigation"
543:"ΠΠ»ΠΎΠ³Π΅Ρ MrRissso ΡΠ½ΡΠ» ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎ Ρ ΡΡΠ·Π°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π³Π°ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ"
362:
121:
77:
549:. October 14, 2019. Archived from the original on August 15, 2020.
466:"A group who claims to care about free speech harasses the Weekly"
600:"Earl David Worden: Another Case of Videographers vs. the Police"
1167:"Alabama Cop Snatches Camera from Man Recording Police Station"
900:"How a team of YouTubers went to war with a Texas police chief"
836:"Viral video of Ohio police causes outrage, crashes phone line"
855:"Man Recording Police Files Complaint After Officer Draws Gun"
295:
1238:"American Civil Liberties Union of Illinois v. Anita Alvarez"
445:"The Insane New Path to YouTube Fame: Taunt Cops and Film It"
157:
Auditors believe that the movement promotes transparency and
49:
Auditors believe that the movement promotes transparency and
1460:"Public Recording of Police Activities; Instructor's Guide"
728:"Candid Cameras: How to Respond to a First Amendment Audit"
142:
72:
Self-styled Auditors typically travel to places considered
1526:"Court: First Amendment protects profanity against police"
871:
1215:
Nickodem, Kristi; Wilson, Kristina (November 9, 2022).
319:
678:"It didn't have to be this way - The Wetumpka Herald"
23:
Thumbnail of a First Amendment audit video on YouTube
201:
387:California Association of Labor Relations Officers
1631:First Amendment to the United States Constitution
1487:"Richard GRAYNED, Appellant, v. CITY OF ROCKFORD"
257:probation facilities. It is a violation of one's
1617:
654:"GPD sergeant indicted in videographer's arrest"
1555:The City of San Antonio - Official City Website
412:""First Amendment Audits" Coming to Your Town?"
324:Numerous court cases, most notably the case of
161:. They argue that auditing raises awareness of
1214:
1502:"Everyone Has the Right to Mouth Off to Cops"
1467:International Association of Chiefs of Police
1446:Glik v. Cunniffe, 655 F.3d 78 (1st Cir. 2011)
147:International Association of Chiefs of Police
1596:"Local YouTuber speaks out after conviction"
296:The United States v. Christopher J. Cordova
1626:Freedom of expression in the United States
1593:
751:
514:
285:U.S. Court of Appeals for the 10th Circuit
348:and verbally attacking police officers".
280:U.S. Court of Appeals for the 5th Circuit
206:The rights cited typically in audits are
1309:
701:
651:
488:
84:, or places open to the public, such as
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652:WILLIAMS, SCOTT E. (13 February 2016).
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1316:Coatesβ Canons NC Local Government Law
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136:
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1452:
1333:
1331:
1305:
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852:
702:Peterson, Stephen (20 October 2019).
622:
620:
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214:in the First Amendment, freedom from
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438:
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320:Time, place and manner restrictions
229:
226:of the United States Constitution.
13:
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1328:
1300:
617:
575:"Uptick in First Amendment Audits"
331:Grayned v. City of Rockford (1972)
216:unreasonable searches and seizures
14:
1657:
515:Brinkworth, Alison (2021-08-16).
429:
218:in the Fourth Amendment, and the
202:Legal status in the United States
1594:Caltabiano, David (2019-03-10).
952:. 24 August 2017. Archived from
853:Heinz, Frank (6 February 2018).
752:Mikelionis, Lukas (2019-02-16).
16:Largely American social movement
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1500:Denvir, Daniel (24 July 2015).
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1310:Nickodem, Kristi (2022-11-14).
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1141:Cushing, Tim (August 5, 2014).
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924:Roberts, Michael (2019-02-05).
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489:Sherwood, Trevor (2021-02-17).
1577:Ramirez, Quixem (2019-03-06).
1245:United States Court of Appeals
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1224:Local Government Law Bulletin
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1646:Criticism of law enforcement
1019:. 2015-03-26. Archived from
813:. 2018-04-10. Archived from
389:. 2017-08-24. Archived from
168:
131:
67:
7:
579:American Libraries Magazine
443:Sommer, Will (2019-01-24).
351:
10:
1662:
1171:Photography is Not a Crime
464:Rubin, Sara (2023-05-18).
358:Photography Is Not a Crime
338:
187:sovereign citizen movement
152:
115:
1107:Fifth paragraph of story.
986:"PROP Instructor's Guide"
559:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
302:United States vs. Cordova
1641:Internet-based activism
859:NBC 5 Dallas-Fort Worth
1288:The Free Speech Center
470:Monterey County Weekly
220:right to remain silent
28:First Amendment audits
24:
22:
300:In the 2022 case of
212:freedom of the press
82:public right-of-ways
682:The Wetumpka Herald
306:Denver Metro Audits
137:Government response
1636:Citizen journalism
1284:"Misappropriation"
1195:ACLU Massachusetts
1191:"Glik v. Cunniffe"
271:U.S. Supreme Court
40:citizen journalism
25:
1530:The Seattle Times
1259:"ACLU v. Alvarez"
879:Los Angeles Times
708:The Sun Chronicle
208:freedom of speech
163:police misconduct
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842:. 14 March 2018.
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326:Glik v. Cunniffe
289:Irizarry v Yehia
259:publicity rights
237:Glik v. Cunniffe
230:Public recording
106:perceived crimes
94:public libraries
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251:ACLU v. Alvarez
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224:Fifth Amendment
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159:open government
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90:police stations
74:public property
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51:open government
44:First Amendment
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956:on 2020-02-06.
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