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impracticable or undesirable. The signals from the speakers are used to direct the occupant's response. The fire alarm system automatically actuates speakers in a fire event. Following a pre-alert tone, selected groups of speakers may transmit one or more prerecorded messages directing the occupants to safety. These messages may be repeated in one or more languages. The system may be controlled from one or more locations within the building, known as "fire warden stations", or from a single location designated as the building's "fire command center". From these control locations, trained personnel activating and speaking into a dedicated microphone can suppress the replay of automated messages to initiate or relay real-time voice instructions.
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capabilities to support new requirements for mass notification. These expanded capabilities include support for multiple types of emergency messaging (i.e., inclement weather emergency, security alerts, amber alerts). The major requirement of a mass notification system is to provide prioritized messaging according to the local facilities' emergency response plan, and the fire alarm system must support the promotion and demotion of notifications based on this emergency response plan. In the United States,
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515:) to alert the occupants of the need to evacuate or take action in the event of a fire or other emergency. Evacuation signals may consist of simple appliances that transmit uncoded information, coded appliances that transmit a predetermined pattern, and/or appliances that transmit audible and visible information such as live or prerecorded instructions and illuminated message displays. Some notification appliances are a combination of fire alarm and general
500:
312:
560:, 18.4.2 (2010 Edition), Temporal Code 3 is the standard audible notification in a modern system. It consists of a repeated three-pulse cycle (0.5 s on, 0.5 s off, 0.5 s on, 0.5 s off, 0.5 s on, 1.5 s off). Voice evacuation is the second most common audible notification in modern systems. Legacy systems, typically found in older schools and buildings, have used continuous tones alongside other audible notifications.
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different tones, either low, medium, or high, depending on the country and manufacturer of the device. Most fire alarm systems in Europe sound like a siren with alternating frequencies. Fire alarm electronic devices are known as horns in the United States and Canada and can be continuous or set to different codes. Fire alarm warning devices can also be set to different volume levels.
206:
components, arrangements, and interfaces necessary to accomplish these requirements. Equipment specifically manufactured for these purposes is selected, and standardized installation methods are anticipated during the design. There are several commonly referenced standards for fire protection requirements, including:
810:. There are many types of fire alarm systems, each suited to different building types and applications. A fire alarm system can vary dramatically in price and complexity, from a single panel with a detector and sounder in a small commercial property to an addressable fire alarm system in a multi-occupancy building.
779:
level—used when the fire alarm initiation occurred on the primary level), illumination of the "fire hat" indicator when an alarm occurs in the elevator hoistway or associated control room, and in some cases shunt trip (disconnect) of elevator power (generally used where the control room or hoistway is protected by
439:, manual pull stations, or simply pull stations, break glass stations, and (in Europe) call points, are installed to be readily located (usually near the exits of a floor or building), identified, and operated. They are usually actuated using physical interaction, such as pulling a lever or breaking glass.
881:
This category is designed to give early warnings to everyone. Detectors should be placed in all escape routes and all rooms that open onto escape routes. Category 3 systems provide more extensive cover than
Category 4. The objective is to warn the occupants of the building early enough to ensure that
535:
Audible textual appliances can be employed as part of a fire alarm system that includes EVAC capabilities. High-reliability speakers notify the occupants of the need for action concerning a fire or other emergency. These speakers are employed in large facilities where general undirected evacuation is
845:
The system is installed throughout the building—the objective is to automatically call the fire brigade as early as possible to minimize any damage caused by the fire. Small low-risk areas can be excepted from the system, such as toilets and cupboards less than one square meter (11 sq ft).
205:
Fire alarm systems are designed after fire protection requirements in a location are established, which is usually done by referencing the minimum levels of security mandated by the appropriate model building code, insurance agencies, and other authorities. A fire alarm designer will detail specific
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systems (EVAC) to provide prerecorded and manual voice messages. Voice alarm systems are typically used in high-rise buildings, arenas, and other large "defend-in-place" occupancies such as hospitals and detention facilities where total evacuation is difficult to achieve. Voice-based systems allow
863:
A category L1 system is designed for the protection of life and which has automatic detectors installed throughout all areas of the building (including roof spaces and voids) to provide the earliest possible warning. A category L1 system is likely to be appropriate for the majority of residential
507:
Alarms can take many forms, but are most often either motorized bells or wall-mountable sounders or horns. They can also be speaker strobes that sound an alarm, followed by a voice evacuation message for clearer instructions on what to do. Fire alarm sounders can be set to certain frequencies and
329:
Remote annunciator: a device that connects directly to the panel; the annunciator's main purpose is to allow emergency personnel to view the system status and take command from outside the electrical room the panel is located in. Usually, annunciators are installed by the front door, the door the
872:
A category L2 system is designed for the protection of life and has automatic detectors installed in escape routes, rooms adjoining escape routes and high-hazard rooms. In medium-sized premises (sleeping no more than ten residents), category L2 system are often used. These fire alarm systems are
836:
Manual systems, e.g., handbells, gongs, etc. These may be purely manual or manual electric, the latter may have call points and sounders. They rely on the occupants of the building discovering the fire and acting to warn others by operating the system. Such systems form the basic requirement for
568:
In the United
Kingdom, fire alarm evacuation signals generally consist of a two-tone siren with visual notifications in all public and common-use areas. Some fire alarm devices can emit an alert signal, which is generally used in schools for lesson changes, the start of morning break, the end of
890:
Category 4 systems cover escape routes and circulation areas only. Therefore, detectors will be placed in escape routes, although this may not be suitable depending on the risk assessment or if the size and complexity of a building are increased. Detectors might be located in other areas of the
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response teams and to ensure that cabs do not return to the floor of fire incidence, as well as preventing people from becoming trapped in the elevators. Phases of operation include primary recall (typically the ground level), alternate/secondary recall (typically a floor adjacent to the ground
739:
to allow automatic closure of the door on command from the fire control or upon failure of the power source, interconnection, or controlling element. Stored energy in the form of a spring or gravity can then close the door to restrict the passage of smoke from one space to another in order to
577:
New codes and standards introduced around 2010, especially the new UL Standard 2572, the US Department of
Defense's UFC 4-021-01 Design and O&M Mass Notification Systems, and NFPA 72 2010 edition Chapter 24, have led fire alarm system manufacturers to expand their systems voice evacuation
854:
Detection should be provided in parts of the building where the risk of ignition is high and/or the contents are precious. Category 2 systems provide fire detection in specified parts of the building where there is either high risk or where business disruption must be minimized.
417:
Building safety interfaces: This interface allows the fire alarm system to control aspects of the built environment, prepare the building for fire, and control the spread of smoke fumes by influencing air movement, lighting, process control, human transport, and availability of
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This is the "all other situations" category, e.g., computer rooms, which may be protected with an extinguishing system triggered by automatic detection. Category 5 systems are the "custom" category and relate to special requirements that other categories cannot cover.
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In the United States, fire alarm evacuation signals generally consist of a standardized audible tone, with visual notification in all public and common-use areas. Emergency signals are intended to be distinct and understandable to avoid confusion with other signals.
1179:
235:
is a technical specification (CEN/TS) for fire detection and fire alarm systems (Part 14: Guidelines for planning, design, installation, commissioning, use, and maintenance). Technical
Committee CEN/TC72 has prepared this document as part of the
792:
can be interfaced with a fire alarm system by adding a signaling control relay module to either the rack's power supply unit or the main amplifier driving the rack. The purpose of the fire alarm system interface is usually to "mute" the
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buildings, different evacuation messages may be played on each floor, depending on the location of the fire. The floor the fire is on along with ones above it may be told to evacuate while floors much lower may be asked to stand by.
1101:
481:
603:
Mass notification systems often extend the notification appliances of a standard fire alarm system to include PC-based workstations, text-based digital signage, and a variety of remote notification options including
632:
systems. In the United States, a residential fire alarm system is required in buildings where more than 12 smoke detectors are needed. Residential systems generally have fewer parts compared to commercial systems.
349:
is connected to the fire alarm system and its constituents in non-residential applications. "Dedicated branch circuits" should not be confused with "Individual branch circuits" which supply energy to a single
287:, the following standards outline the requirements, test methods, and performance criteria for fire detection control and indicating equipment utilised in building fire detection and fire alarm systems:
482:
244:
There are national codes in each
European country for planning, design, installation, commissioning, use, and maintenance of fire detection systems with additional requirements that are mentioned on
213:, the international standard for the design, installation, commissioning, and service of fire detection and fire alarm systems in and around a building. This standard was published in August 2013.
1474:
181:, or other fire-related emergencies. Fire alarm systems are required in most commercial buildings. They may include smoke detectors, heat detectors, and manual fire alarm activation devices (
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identical to an L3 system but with additional detection in areas with a high chance of ignition (e.g., kitchens) or where the risk to people is particularly increased (e.g., sleeping risk).
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operation are used for emergency elevator functions, such as the recall of associated elevator cab(s). The recall will cause the elevator cabs to return to the ground level for use by
442:
Automatically actuated devices can take many forms, and are intended to respond to any number of detectable physical changes associated with fire: convected thermal energy for a
1127:
1071:
361:, are used to supply energy during a primary power failure. The batteries can be either inside the bottom of the panel or inside a separate battery box installed near the panel.
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care premises. In practice, detectors should be placed in nearly all spaces and voids. With category 1 systems, the whole of a building is covered apart from minor exceptions.
1032:
ISO 7240-14:2013 | Fire detection and alarm systems — Part 14: Design, installation, commissioning and service of fire detection and fire alarm systems in and around buildings
1513:
2291:
483:
382:: This component uses energy supplied from the fire alarm system or other stored energy source to inform the proximate persons of the need to take action, usually to
1180:"Fire detection and fire alarm systems for buildings - Code of practice for design, installation, commissioning, and maintenance of systems in non-domestic premises"
466:
and computer algorithms to analyze and respond to the visible effects of fire and movement in applications inappropriate for or hostile to other detection methods.
326:(FACP), or fire alarm control unit (FACU): This component, the hub of the system, monitors inputs and system integrity, controls outputs, and transmits information.
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from a central controller connected to a fire panel, or acoustic, which learns the sound of the fire alarm and releases the door upon hearing this exact sound.
1299:
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facilitate evacuation and firefighting efforts. Electromagnetic fire door holders may also be hard-wired into the fire panel, radio-controlled, triggered by
1367:
Dunnings, A.; Breckon, T.P. (2018). "Experimentally
Defined Convolutional Neural Network Architecture Variants for Non-temporal Real-time Fire Detection".
922:
Where addressable systems are in place, two faults should not remove protection from an area greater than 10,000 square meters (110,000 sq ft).
435:
Initiating devices used to activate a fire alarm system are either manually or automatically actuated devices. Manually actuated devices, also known as
931:
Stairwells, lift shafts or other vertical shafts (nonstop risers) within a single fire compartment should be considered as one or more separate zones.
2086:
761:
spaces. As part of the fire alarm system, these detectors may be connected to the fan motor control circuits in order to stop air movement, close
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In the United
Kingdom, fire alarm systems in non-domestic premises are generally designed and installed in accordance with the guidance given in
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Where the floor space exceeds 300 square meters (3,200 sq ft) then all zones should be restricted to a single floor level.
1612:
1298:
Chenebert, A.; Breckon, T.P.; Gaszczak, A. (September 2011). "A Non-temporal
Texture Driven Approach to Real-time Fire Detection".
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also have requirements for visible notification in coordination with any audible notification activities to meet the needs of the
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583:
911:
An important consideration when designing fire alarms is that of individual "zones". The following recommendations are found in
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Various equipment may be connected to a fire alarm system to facilitate evacuation or to control a fire, directly or indirectly:
189:. Fire alarm control panels are usually found in an electrical or panel room. Fire alarm systems generally use visual and audio
109:
1521:
938:
The NFPA recommends placing a list for reference near the fire alarm control panel showing the devices contained in each zone.
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1255:"AS AS 7240.2:2018 – Fire Detection and Alarm Systems Fire detection control and indicating equipment (ISO 7240-2:2017, MOD)"
1254:
2303:
2297:
1450:
1419:
1400:
1395:
National Fire
Protection Association (February 2001). "Chapter 3 Fundamental Fire Protection Program and Design Elements".
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controlled by a fire alarm system or detection component that magnetically secures spring-loaded self-closing smoke-tight
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A building may be viewed as a single zone if the floor space is less than 300 square meters (3,200 sq ft).
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Residential fire alarm systems are commonplace. Typically, residential fire alarm systems are installed along with
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response personnel to conduct orderly evacuation and notify building occupants of changing event circumstances.
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1230:"AS 4428.1998 – Fire detection, warning, control and intercom systems - Control and indicating equipment Fire"
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to the fire alarm control unit and are manually or automatically activated. Examples include pull stations,
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2194:
983:
182:
1397:
NFPA 805 Performance-Based
Standard for Fire Protection for Light Water Reactor Electric Generating Plants
817:"M" manual systems (no automatic fire detectors, so the building is fitted with call points and sounders).
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1976:
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The maximum distance traveled within a zone to locate the fire should not exceed 60 meters (200 ft).
31:
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is a building system designed to detect, alert occupants, and alert emergency forces of the presence of
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Primary power supply: Commonly, a commercial power utility supplies a non-switched 120 or 240-volt
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places of employment with no sleeping risk; e.g., a fire cannot occur while occupants are asleep.
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morning break, the start of lunch break, the end of lunch break, and when the school day is over.
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1205:"AS 1603.4-1987 – Automatic fire detection and alarm systems - Control and indicating equipment"
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fire department responds by, or in a fire command center. Annunciators typically have the same
102:
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and generally prevent the recirculation of toxic smoke and fumes from fire in occupied spaces.
749:
Duct-mounted smoke detectors may be mounted in such a manner as to sample the airflow through
519:
notification appliances, allowing both types of emergency notifications from a single device.
511:
Notification appliances utilize audible, visible, tactile, textual or even olfactory stimuli (
462:, and operation of sprinklers for a water-flow detector. Automatic initiating devices may use
223:, an established and widely used installation standard from the United States. In Canada, the
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2351:
1966:
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A single zone should not exceed 2,000 square meters (22,000 sq ft) in floor space.
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1981:
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986:- a way to warn people through audible and visual devices when peoples lives are in danger.
383:
27:
A system, that works using multiple devices to warn of a fire or other types of emergencies
8:
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Categories for automatic systems are further subdivided into L1 to L5 and P1 to P2.
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Tier 2 systems are out of the building and provide the middle level of survivability
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to warn the occupants of the building. Some fire alarm systems may also disable
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Tier 3 systems are "At Your Side" and provide the lowest level of survivability
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386:. This is done using a variety of audio and visual means, ranging from pulsing
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Tier 1 systems are in-building and provide the highest level of survivability
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building, but the objective of an L4 system is to protect the escape route.
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2011:
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1814:
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1072:"VdS Guidelines for Planning and Installation of Fire Protection Systems"
972:
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1996:
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303:
291:
1475:"What's the maximum amount of hardwired smoke alarms I can install?"
1435:. National Fire Alarm Association, 2009, Page 118, Subsection 24.4.1
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44:
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2006:
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512:
294:
AS 1603.4 (superseded), AS 4428.1 (superseded), and AS 7240.2:2018.
194:
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1414:
National Fire Protection Association (2011). "Chapter 4 Annex A".
882:
all can exit the building before escape routes become impassable.
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fabricated explicitly for the transport of environmental air into
197:, which are unsafe to use during a fire under most circumstances.
557:
338:
screen, although some annunciators allow for full system control.
284:
240:
series of standards. This standard was published in October 2018.
427:
1433:
NFPA 72 – National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code – 2010 Edition
463:
190:
153:
823:"P" automatic systems intended for the protection of property.
522:
2382:
2336:
977:
605:
237:
174:
710:
185:). All components of a fire alarm system are connected to a
2331:
2292:
National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying
732:
723:
Magnetic smoke door holders and retainers are wall-mounted
589:
Mass notification system categories include the following:
487:
The standard fire alarm sound used in most of North America
407:
319:
Fire alarm systems are composed of several distinct parts:
170:
820:"L" automatic systems intended for the protection of life.
1366:
613:
335:
1416:
NFPA 12 Standard on Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems
801:
1403:. standard: Gaseous Fire Suppression Systems 3.10.7.
227:
or ULC provides fire system installation standards.
145:A fire alarm horn strobe, pull station, and remote
69:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1370:Proc. International Conference on Image Processing
1301:Proc. International Conference on Image Processing
1281:"The Components Of A Commercial Fire Alarm System"
813:BS 5839 Part 1 categorizes fire alarm systems as:
572:
2087:Penetrant (mechanical, electrical, or structural)
30:"Fire alarm" redirects here. For other uses, see
2474:
1553:Authoritative guide to fire alarm systems in UK
1291:
1360:
1578:
770:Automatic initiating devices associated with
636:
503:A fire alarm notification appliance in Sweden
161:as widely used under North American standards
1438:
364:Initiating devices: These components act as
1447:Fire Protection Handbook eighteenth edition
675:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
620:-based telephone text-to-speech messaging.
523:Emergency voice alarm communication systems
1895:Hypoxic air technology for fire prevention
1585:
1571:
1514:"Fire Industry Association Fact File 0058"
469:
353:Secondary (backup) power supplies: Sealed
2280:Fire Equipment Manufacturers' Association
695:Learn how and when to remove this message
149:connected together in a fire alarm system
129:Learn how and when to remove this message
1613:Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion
1388:
709:
563:
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310:
302:
152:
140:
2259:Listing and approval use and compliance
1407:
1278:
547:
14:
2475:
980:– European Standard for Fire detection
623:
357:or other emergency sources, including
2304:Society of Fire Protection Engineers
1566:
1518:the Fire Industry Association ("FIA")
1003:
422:
2455:
2298:National Fire Protection Association
1451:National Fire Protection Association
1444:
1420:National Fire Protection Association
1401:National Fire Protection Association
1006:"Lift safety in the event of a fire"
958:National Fire Protection Association
802:British fire alarm system categories
673:adding citations to reliable sources
640:
414:, or a combination of these devices.
334:as those available from the panel's
225:Underwriters' Laboratories of Canada
67:adding citations to reliable sources
38:
1592:
529:emergency voice alarm communication
315:Fire alarm speaker and pull station
24:
1800:Condensed aerosol fire suppression
1285:Commercial Fire And Communications
718:below a 10-inch (25 cm) bell.
25:
2499:
2175:Fire alarm notification appliance
1548:Section 283100 Fire Alarm Systems
1540:
1279:Mariani, Michael (8 April 2020).
1047:"CEN Community - List of members"
735:in the open position. The device
476:Fire alarm notification appliance
380:Fire alarm notification appliance
159:fire alarm notification appliance
2454:
2443:
2442:
1773:
645:
527:Some fire alarm systems utilize
43:
1936:Vehicle fire suppression system
1624:Combustibility and flammability
1506:
1481:
1467:
1426:
1272:
1247:
1222:
584:Americans with Disabilities Act
580:emergency communication systems
573:Emergency communication systems
446:, products of combustion for a
54:needs additional citations for
1445:Cote, Arthur E. (March 2000).
1197:
1172:
1146:
1120:
1094:
1064:
1039:
1023:
997:
948:Fire Safety Equivalency System
13:
1:
2286:Institution of Fire Engineers
2243:Fire Safety Evaluation System
1915:Personal protective equipment
1489:"Fire Door Holders - Geofire"
990:
495:A speaker with a remote light
2357:GHS precautionary statements
2195:Manual fire alarm activation
1307:. IEEE. pp. 1781–1784.
1004:Davis, Jemma (11 May 2018).
984:Emergency population warning
221:The National Fire Alarm Code
7:
2228:Fire protection engineering
2160:Explosive gas leak detector
1977:Electromagnetic door holder
1810:External water spray system
941:
355:lead-acid storage batteries
32:Fire alarm (disambiguation)
10:
2504:
2404:Harry C. Bigglestone Award
1795:Automatic fire suppression
1735:K-factor (fire protection)
637:Building safety interfaces
473:
307:A fire alarm control panel
29:
2438:
2412:
2391:
2319:
2310:Underwriters Laboratories
2272:
2208:
2145:Aspirating smoke detector
2135:
1944:
1805:Detonation flame arrester
1782:
1771:
1600:
1313:10.1109/ICIP.2011.6115796
906:
458:, combustion gases for a
200:
2483:Fire detection and alarm
2254:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
2170:Fire alarm control panel
2150:Carbon monoxide detector
2127:Standpipe (firefighting)
1890:Gaseous fire suppression
1655:Enthalpy of vaporization
1422:. standard: A.4.5.6.2.2.
797:in case of an emergency.
324:Fire alarm control panel
298:
187:fire alarm control panel
2097:Pressurisation ductwork
2062:Firewall (construction)
1910:Passive fire protection
1860:Fire suppression system
1259:infostore.saiglobal.com
1234:infostore.saiglobal.com
1209:infostore.saiglobal.com
1051:standards.cencenelec.eu
716:fire alarm pull station
470:Notification appliances
431:Fire alarm pull station
2273:Industry organizations
2238:Fire-resistance rating
2117:Smoke exhaust ductwork
2092:Penetration (firestop)
2082:Packing (firestopping)
1790:Active fire protection
1750:Spontaneous combustion
1546:Example Specification
719:
504:
496:
488:
432:
372:, duct detectors, and
316:
308:
162:
150:
2425:Template:Firefighting
2399:Arthur B. Guise Medal
2352:GHS hazard statements
1855:Fire sprinkler system
1835:Fire-retardant fabric
713:
564:In the United Kingdom
502:
494:
486:
430:
314:
306:
156:
144:
2209:Professions, trades,
2122:Smokeproof enclosure
1982:Electromagnetic lock
1690:Flammability diagram
1601:Fundamental concepts
790:public address racks
669:improve this section
548:In the United States
345:source. A dedicated
63:improve this article
2488:American inventions
2165:Fire alarm call box
2072:Heat and smoke vent
1524:on 20 February 2015
1154:"UNE 23007-14:2014"
953:Multiple-alarm fire
624:Residential systems
388:incandescent lights
343:alternating current
78:"Fire alarm system"
2137:Fire alarm systems
1952:Annulus (firestop)
1880:Flashback arrestor
1845:Fire-safe polymers
1840:Fire retardant gel
1695:Flammability limit
1082:on 29 January 2019
720:
505:
497:
489:
433:
423:Initiating devices
317:
309:
163:
151:
2470:
2469:
2378:Safety data sheet
2373:List of S-phrases
2368:List of R-phrases
2264:Sprinkler fitting
2155:Circuit integrity
2027:Fire extinguisher
1865:Firefighting foam
1760:Thermal radiation
1330:978-1-4577-1303-3
1184:shop.bsigroup.com
904:
903:
705:
704:
697:
484:
460:fire gas detector
167:fire alarm system
139:
138:
131:
113:
16:(Redirected from
2495:
2458:
2457:
2446:
2445:
2362:Life Safety Code
1967:Compartmentation
1777:
1700:Flammable liquid
1587:
1580:
1573:
1564:
1563:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1520:. Archived from
1510:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1453:. pp. 5–8.
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1375:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1348:on 13 March 2020
1347:
1341:. Archived from
1306:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1078:. Archived from
1068:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1001:
830:
829:
795:background music
700:
693:
689:
686:
680:
649:
641:
485:
437:fire alarm boxes
276:United Kingdom,
134:
127:
123:
120:
114:
112:
71:
47:
39:
21:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2434:
2408:
2387:
2315:
2268:
2210:
2204:
2131:
2057:Firestop pillow
1992:Emergency light
1945:Building design
1940:
1931:Tank blanketing
1900:Inerting system
1875:Flame retardant
1825:Fire protection
1820:Fire prevention
1778:
1769:
1634:Dangerous goods
1596:
1594:Fire protection
1591:
1543:
1538:
1537:
1527:
1525:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1497:
1495:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1461:
1443:
1439:
1431:
1427:
1412:
1408:
1393:
1389:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1365:
1361:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1331:
1304:
1296:
1292:
1277:
1273:
1263:
1261:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1238:
1236:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1213:
1211:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1188:
1186:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1163:
1161:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1137:
1135:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1111:
1109:
1102:"UNI 9795:2013"
1100:
1099:
1095:
1085:
1083:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1055:
1053:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1014:
1012:
1002:
998:
993:
944:
909:
804:
781:fire sprinklers
701:
690:
684:
681:
666:
650:
639:
626:
575:
566:
550:
525:
480:
478:
472:
425:
374:smoke detectors
301:
203:
179:carbon monoxide
135:
124:
118:
115:
72:
70:
60:
48:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2501:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2452:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2223:Fire insurance
2220:
2214:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2200:Smoke detector
2197:
2192:
2187:
2185:Flame detector
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2141:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2047:Fire sprinkler
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1987:Emergency exit
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1957:Area of refuge
1954:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1926:Spark arrestor
1923:
1918:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1870:Flame arrester
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1830:Fire retardant
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1765:Water pressure
1762:
1757:
1755:Structure fire
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1650:Dust explosion
1647:
1642:
1637:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1590:
1589:
1582:
1575:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1558:NFPA Standards
1555:
1550:
1542:
1541:External links
1539:
1536:
1535:
1505:
1480:
1466:
1459:
1437:
1425:
1406:
1387:
1359:
1329:
1290:
1271:
1246:
1221:
1196:
1171:
1145:
1132:Afnor EDITIONS
1119:
1093:
1063:
1038:
1022:
995:
994:
992:
989:
988:
987:
981:
975:
970:
965:
963:Smoke detector
960:
955:
950:
943:
940:
936:
935:
932:
929:
926:
923:
920:
913:BS 5839 Part 1
908:
905:
902:
901:
897:
893:
892:
888:
884:
883:
879:
875:
874:
870:
866:
865:
861:
857:
856:
852:
848:
847:
843:
839:
838:
834:
825:
824:
821:
818:
808:BS 5839 Part 1
803:
800:
799:
798:
785:
784:
767:
766:
746:
745:
729:electromagnets
703:
702:
653:
651:
644:
638:
635:
630:security alarm
625:
622:
601:
600:
597:
594:
574:
571:
565:
562:
549:
546:
524:
521:
474:Main article:
471:
468:
456:flame detector
452:radiant energy
448:smoke detector
424:
421:
420:
419:
415:
377:
370:heat detectors
362:
351:
347:branch circuit
339:
327:
300:
297:
296:
295:
281:
280:
278:BS 5839 Part 1
274:
268:
262:
256:
242:
241:
229:
228:
214:
202:
199:
137:
136:
51:
49:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2500:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2463:
2462:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2431:
2430:Template:HVAC
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2420:Template:Fire
2418:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2218:Duct cleaning
2216:
2215:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2190:Heat detector
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2107:Smoke control
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1725:Heat transfer
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1715:Friction loss
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1685:Fire triangle
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1629:Conflagration
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1583:
1581:
1576:
1574:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1494:
1490:
1484:
1476:
1470:
1462:
1460:0-87765-377-1
1456:
1452:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1429:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1372:
1371:
1363:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1303:
1302:
1294:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1210:
1206:
1200:
1185:
1181:
1175:
1159:
1155:
1149:
1133:
1129:
1123:
1107:
1106:store.uni.com
1103:
1097:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1067:
1052:
1048:
1042:
1034:
1033:
1026:
1011:
1007:
1000:
996:
985:
982:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
945:
939:
933:
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
917:
916:
914:
898:
895:
894:
889:
886:
885:
880:
877:
876:
871:
868:
867:
862:
859:
858:
853:
850:
849:
844:
841:
840:
835:
832:
831:
828:
822:
819:
816:
815:
814:
811:
809:
796:
791:
787:
786:
782:
777:
773:
769:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
747:
743:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
721:
717:
712:
708:
699:
696:
688:
678:
674:
670:
664:
663:
659:
654:This section
652:
648:
643:
642:
634:
631:
621:
619:
615:
611:
607:
598:
595:
592:
591:
590:
587:
585:
581:
570:
561:
559:
554:
545:
542:
537:
533:
530:
520:
518:
514:
509:
501:
493:
477:
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
444:heat detector
440:
438:
429:
416:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
392:strobe lights
389:
385:
381:
378:
375:
371:
367:
363:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
337:
333:
328:
325:
322:
321:
320:
313:
305:
293:
290:
289:
288:
286:
279:
275:
273:
269:
267:
263:
261:
257:
255:
251:
250:
249:
247:
239:
234:
231:
230:
226:
222:
218:
215:
212:
209:
208:
207:
198:
196:
192:
191:signalization
188:
184:
183:pull stations
180:
176:
172:
168:
160:
155:
148:
143:
133:
130:
122:
111:
108:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80: –
79:
75:
74:Find sources:
68:
64:
58:
57:
52:This article
50:
46:
41:
40:
37:
33:
19:
2460:
2448:
2347:Flame spread
2233:Fireproofing
2211:and services
2136:
2112:Smoke damper
2102:Safety glass
2037:Fire hydrant
2002:Fire curtain
1962:Booster pump
1921:Relief valve
1885:Fusible link
1675:Fire loading
1670:Fire control
1640:Deflagration
1526:. Retrieved
1522:the original
1508:
1496:. Retrieved
1492:
1483:
1469:
1446:
1440:
1432:
1428:
1415:
1409:
1396:
1390:
1378:. Retrieved
1369:
1362:
1350:. Retrieved
1343:the original
1300:
1293:
1284:
1274:
1262:. Retrieved
1258:
1249:
1237:. Retrieved
1233:
1224:
1212:. Retrieved
1208:
1199:
1187:. Retrieved
1183:
1174:
1162:. Retrieved
1160:(in Spanish)
1157:
1148:
1136:. Retrieved
1131:
1128:"NF S61-936"
1122:
1110:. Retrieved
1108:(in Italian)
1105:
1096:
1084:. Retrieved
1080:the original
1075:
1066:
1054:. Retrieved
1050:
1041:
1031:
1025:
1013:. Retrieved
1010:Coopers Fire
1009:
999:
937:
910:
826:
812:
805:
776:fire service
737:demagnetizes
706:
691:
685:January 2011
682:
667:Please help
655:
627:
610:text message
602:
588:
576:
567:
555:
551:
538:
534:
528:
526:
510:
506:
441:
434:
412:loudspeakers
318:
282:
272:UNE 23007-14
243:
220:
204:
166:
164:
125:
116:
106:
99:
92:
85:
73:
61:Please help
56:verification
53:
36:
2067:Grease duct
2022:Fire escape
2012:Fire damper
1905:Intumescent
1850:Fire safety
1815:Fire bucket
1710:Flash point
1528:20 February
1158:www.une.org
1134:(in French)
973:False alarm
759:conditioned
742:radio waves
390:, flashing
211:ISO 7240-14
147:annunciator
18:Fire alarms
2477:Categories
2364:(NFPA 101)
2327:CE marking
2180:Fire drill
1783:Technology
1680:Fire point
1665:Fire class
1645:Detonation
991:References
968:Fire drill
753:and other
359:generators
350:appliance.
266:NF S61-936
119:March 2024
89:newspapers
2320:Standards
2249:Fire test
2077:Occupancy
2042:Fire pump
2032:Fire hose
2017:Fire door
1997:Exit sign
1972:Crash bar
1745:Pyrolysis
1740:Pool fire
1705:Flashover
1660:Explosive
1608:Backdraft
1321:1826/7588
725:solenoids
656:does not
517:emergency
513:odorizers
292:Australia
252:Germany,
246:TS 54 -14
233:TS 54 -14
195:elevators
2449:Category
2413:See also
2342:EN 16034
2052:Firestop
2007:Fire cut
1730:Jet fire
1720:Gas leak
1636:(HAZMAT)
1619:Boilover
1498:21 March
1380:9 August
1339:11394788
1264:27 April
1239:27 April
1214:27 April
1189:26 March
1164:26 March
1138:26 March
1112:26 March
1086:26 March
1056:26 March
942:See also
772:elevator
751:ductwork
614:RSS feed
541:highrise
384:evacuate
332:commands
264:France,
260:UNI 9795
254:Vds 2095
2461:Commons
2294:(NCEES)
1615:(BLEVE)
1493:Geofire
1352:8 April
1015:12 July
763:dampers
755:plenums
677:removed
662:sources
558:NFPA 72
556:As per
464:cameras
285:Oceania
283:Across
270:Spain,
258:Italy,
103:scholar
2392:Awards
2306:(SFPE)
2300:(NFPA)
2282:(FEMA)
2245:(FSES)
1457:
1376:. IEEE
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907:Zoning
788:Audio
714:Coded
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404:chimes
400:sirens
366:inputs
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2383:UL 94
2337:EN 54
2288:(IFE)
1917:(PPE)
1374:(PDF)
1346:(PDF)
1335:S2CID
1305:(PDF)
978:EN 54
733:doors
616:, or
606:email
408:bells
396:horns
299:Parts
238:EN 54
175:smoke
110:JSTOR
96:books
2332:EN 3
2312:(UL)
1530:2015
1500:2018
1455:ISBN
1382:2018
1354:2013
1325:ISBN
1266:2023
1241:2023
1216:2023
1191:2022
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1140:2022
1114:2022
1088:2022
1058:2022
1017:2023
660:any
658:cite
219:72,
217:NFPA
171:fire
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1317:hdl
1309:doi
1076:VdS
896:L5
887:L4
878:L3
869:L2
860:L1
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