Filipinos - Knowledge

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they readily intermarried and mixed with native Filipinos. Bernal, the author of the book "Mexico en Filipinas" contends, that they were middlemen, the guachinangos in contrast to the Spanish and criollos, known as Castila, that had positions in power and were isolated, the guachinangos in the meantime, had interacted with the natives of the Philippines, while in contrast, the exchanges between Castila and native were negligent. Following Bernal, these two groups—native Filipinos and the Castila—had been two "mutually unfamiliar castes" that had "no real contact." Between them, he clarifies however, were the Chinese traders and the guachinangos (Mexicans). In the 1600s, Spain deployed thousands of Mexican and Peruvian soldiers across the many cities and presidios of the Philippines.

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consistent with considerable exogamy within this group. By comparison, we do see structure in the East Asian population, correlated with nationality, reflecting continuing endogamy for these nationalities and also recent immigration. On the other hand, we did observe a substantial number of individuals who are admixed between East Asian and European ancestry, reflecting ~10% of all those reporting East Asian race/ethnicity. The majority of these reflected individuals with one East Asian and one European parent or one East Asian and three European grandparents. In addition, we noted that for self-reported Filipinos, a substantial proportion have modest levels of European genetic ancestry reflecting older admixture."

2918: 5319: 5531:(10.8%) to as low as 5% in Cebu, and non-existent in the isolated provinces. Overall the whole Philippines, even including the provinces with no Spanish settlement, as summed up, the average percentage of Spanish Filipino tributes amount to 5% of the total population. The book, "Intercolonial Intimacies Relinking Latin/o America to the Philippines, 1898–1964 By Paula C. Park" citing "Forzados y reclutas: los criollos novohispanos en Asia (1756-1808)" gave the number of later Mexican soldier-immigrants to the Philippines, pegging the number at 35,000 immigrants in the 1700s, in a Philippine population which was only around 1.5 Million, thus the Latin Americans formed 2.33% of the population. 5225: 5114:

as mestizo de español. A mestiza de español who married another blanco would keep her status as mestiza, but her status will never change from mestiza de español if she married a mestizo de español, Filipino or peninsular. In contrast, a mestizo (de sangley or español) man's status stayed the same regardless of whom he married. If a mestizo (de sangley or español) married a filipina (woman of pure Spanish descent), she would lose her status as a 'filipina' and would acquire the legal status of her husband and become a mestiza de español or sangley. If a 'filipina' married an 'indio', her legal status would change to 'India', despite being of pure Spanish descent.

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mestizos de sangley regardless of whether they married an India or a mestiza de sangley. A daughter born in such a manner, however, acquired the legal classification of her husband, i.e., she became an India if she married an indio but remained a mestiza de sangley if she married a mestizo de sangley or a sangley. In this way, a chino mestizo male descendant of a paternal sangley ancestor never lost his legal status as a mestizo de sangley no matter how little percentage of Chinese blood he had in his veins or how many generations had passed since his first Chinese ancestor; he was thus a mestizo de sangley in perpetuity.

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Sireg, Gauden; Manginsay-Tremedal, Renefe; Labos, Maria Shiela; Vilar, Richard Dian; Latiph, Acram; Saway, Rodelio Linsahay; Marte, Erwin; Magbanua, Pablito; Morales, Amor; Java, Ismael; Reveche, Rudy; Barrios, Becky; Burton, Erlinda; Salon, Jesus Christopher; Kels, Ma. Junaliah Tuazon; Albano, Adrian; Cruz-Angeles, Rose Beatrix; Molanida, Edison; Granehäll, Lena; Vicente, Mário; Edlund, Hanna; Loo, Jun-Hun; Trejaut, Jean; Ho, Simon Y. W.; Reid, Lawrence; Malmström, Helena; Schlebusch, Carina; Lambeck, Kurt; Endicott, Phillip; Jakobsson, Mattias (March 30, 2021).

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2227:– Members of the Tagalog warrior class known as maharlika had the same rights and responsibilities as the timawa, but in times of war they were bound to serve their datu in battle. They had to arm themselves at their own expense, but they did get to keep the loot they took. Although they were partly related to the nobility, the maharlikas were technically less free than the timawas because they could not leave a datu's service without first hosting a large public feast and paying the datu between 6 and 18 pesos in gold – a large sum in those days. 5043:, un-Christianized sangleys in Parían, Christianized sangleys and mestizos de sangley in Binondo and the rest of the 7,000 islands for the indios, with the exception of Cebu and several other Spanish posts. Only mestizos de sangley were allowed to enter Intramuros to work for whites (including mestizos de español) as servants and various occupations needed for the colony. Indio were native Austronesians, but as a legal classification, Indio were those who embraced Roman Catholicism and Austronesians who lived in proximity to the Spanish colonies. 5024: 2304: 1579:. They spread quickly throughout the rest of the islands of the Philippines and became the dominant ethnolinguistic group. They admixed with the earlier settlers, resulting in the modern Filipinos – which though predominantly genetically Austronesian still show varying genetic admixture with Negritos (and vice versa for Negrito ethnic groups which show significant Austronesian admixture). Austronesians possessed advanced sailing technologies and colonized the Philippines via sea-borne migration, in contrast to earlier groups. 2156: 5605: 1274: 836:, in which he wrote chapters entitled "Of the civilities, terms of courtesy, and good breeding among the Filipinos" (Chapter XVI), "Of the Letters of the Filipinos" (Chapter XVII), "Concerning the false heathen religion, idolatries, and superstitions of the Filipinos" (Chapter XXI), "Of marriages, dowries, and divorces among the Filipinos" (Chapter XXX), while also using the term "Filipino" to refer unequivocally to the non-Spaniard natives of the archipelago like in the following sentence: 2504: 6190: 15246: 2066: 5300: 4050: 15257: 9612:

put to rest with abundance of gold, crystal beads, Chinese potteries, and golden masks. These Philippine national treasures are sheltered in Museo de Iloilo and in the collections of many Ilongo old families. Early Spanish colonizers took note of the ancient civilizations in Iloilo and their organized social structure ruled by nobilities. In the late 16th century, Fray Gaspar de San Agustin in his chronicles about the ancient settlements in Panay says: "

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Eventually, many families belonging to the non-native categories from centuries ago beyond the late 19th century diminished because their descendants intermarried enough and were assimilated into and chose to self-identify as Filipinos while forgetting their ancestor's roots since during the Philippine Revolution to modern times, the term "Filipino" was expanded to include everyone born in the Philippines coming from any race, as per the

1265: 2045: 4248: 2093: 3953: 6121: 10647:"Slaves purchased by the indigenous elites, Spanish and Hokkiens of the colony seemed drawn most often from South Asia, particularly Bengal and South India, and less so, from other sources, such as East Africa, Brunei, Makassar, and Java..." Chapter 2 "Rural Ethnic Diversity" Page 164 (Translated from: "Inmaculada Alva Rodríguez, Vida municipal en Manila (siglos xvi–xvii) (Córdoba: Universidad de Córdoba, 1997), 31, 35–36." 10139:"Slaves purchased by the indigenous elites, Spanish and Hokkiens of the colony seemed drawn most often from South Asia, particularly Bengal and South India, and less so, from other sources, such as East Africa, Brunei, Makassar, and Java..." Chapter 2 "Rural Ethnic Diversity" Page 164 (Translated from: "Inmaculada Alva Rodríguez, Vida municipal en Manila (siglos xvi-xvii) (Córdoba: Universidad de Córdoba, 1997), 31, 35-36." 13557: 1283: 5072: 4007: 2488: 2219:– The timawa class were free commoners of Luzon and the Visayas who could own their own land and who did not have to pay a regular tribute to a maginoo, though they would, from time to time, be obliged to work on a datu's land and help in community projects and events. They were free to change their allegiance to another datu if they married into another community or if they decided to move. 4086:. A number of Americans settled in the islands and thousands of interracial marriages between Americans and Filipinos have taken place since then. Owing to the strategic location of the Philippines, as many as 21 bases and 100,000 military personnel were stationed there since the United States first colonized the islands in 1898. These bases were decommissioned in 1992 after the end of the 2672:'business') to build the colonial infrastructure in the islands. Many Chinese immigrants converted to Christianity, intermarried with the locals, and adopted Hispanized names and customs and became assimilated, although the children of unions between Filipinos and Chinese that became assimilated continued to be designated in official records as 5212: 3974:. That would explain the abrupt drop of otherwise high Chinese, Spanish and mestizo, percentages across the country by the time of the first American census in 1903. By the 20th century, the remaining ethnic Spaniards and ethnic Chinese, replenished by further Chinese migrants in the 20th century, now later came to compose the modern 2859:. At the end of the war the treaty signatories were not aware that Manila had been taken by the British and was being administered as a British colony. Consequently, no specific provision was made for the Philippines. Instead they fell under the general provision that all other lands not otherwise provided for be returned to the 5644:, with Spanish only being adopted by the ruling class involved in civil and judicial administration and culture. Spanish was the language of only approximately ten percent of the Philippine population when Spanish rule ended in 1898. As a lingua franca or creole language of Filipinos, major languages of the country like 865:(1738) of Juan Francisco de San Antonio, the author devoted a chapter to "The Letters, languages and politeness of the Philippinos", while Francisco Antolín argued in 1789 that "the ancient wealth of the Philippinos is much like that which the Igorots have at present". These examples prompted the historian 5109:

This legal system of racial classification based on patrilineal descent had no parallel anywhere in the Spanish-ruled colonies in the Americas. In general, a son born of a sangley male and an indio or mestizo de sangley female was classified as mestizo de sangley; all subsequent male descendants were

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was coined by the Spaniards based on their appearance. The word 'negrito' would be misinterpreted and used by future European scholars as an ethnoracial term in and of itself. Both Christianized negritos who lived in the colony and un-Christianized negritos who lived in tribes outside the colony were

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continued to migrate into the islands, most of which assimilated and avoided the local social stigma instilled by the early Spaniards against them by keeping a low profile or by trying to pass as Spanish mestizos. This was also true for the Arab and Chinese immigrants, many of whom are also post WWII

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Remains of ancient barangays in many parts of Iloilo testify to the antiquity and richness of these pre-colonial settlements. Pre-Hispanic burial grounds are found in many towns of Iloilo. These burial grounds contained antique porcelain burial jars and coffins made of hard wood, where the dead were

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However, a 'mestiza de sangley' who married a blanco ('Filipino', 'mestizo de español', 'peninsular' or 'americano') kept her status as 'mestiza de sangley'. But her children were classified as tornatrás. An 'India' who married a blanco also kept her status as India, but her children were classified

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who were born in Spanish America were classified as 'americanos'. Mestizos and africanos born in Spanish America living in the Philippines kept their legal classification as such and usually came as indentured servants to the 'americanos'. The Philippine-born children of 'americanos' were classified

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In the 1860s to 1890s, in the urban areas of the Philippines, especially at Manila, according to burial statistics, as much as 3.3% of the population were pure European Spaniards and the pure Chinese were as high as 9.9%. The Spanish Filipino and Chinese Filipino Mestizo populations also fluctuated.

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The cultural identity of the mestizos was challenged as they became increasingly aware that they were true members of neither the indio nor the Chinese community. Increasingly powerful but adrift, they linked with the Spanish mestizos, who were also being challenged because after the Latin American

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También fundó convento el Padre Fray Martin de Rada en Araut- que ahora se llama el convento de Dumangas- con la advocación de nuestro Padre San Agustín ... Está fundado este pueblo casi a los fines del río de Halaur, que naciendo en unos altos montes en el centro de esta isla (Panay) ...

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in the last decade of Spanish rule was 10% or 14%. An additional 60% is said to have spoken Spanish as a second language until World War II, but this is also disputed as to whether this percentage spoke "kitchen Spanish", which was used as marketplace lingua compared to those who were actual fluent

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Authored by Spanish Governor-General Narciso Claveria y Zaldua and Domingo Abella, the catalog was created in response to the Decree of November 21, 1849, which gave every Filipino a surname from the book. The decree in the Philippines was created to fulfill a Spanish colonial decree that sought to

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groups. Negritos today comprise a small minority of the nation's overall population, and received significant geneflow from Austronesian groups, as well as an even earlier "Basal-East Asian" group, while the modern Austronesian-speaking majority population does not, or only marginally show evidence

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ancestry were classified based on patrilineal descent; the father's ancestry determined a child's legal classification. If the father was 'negrito' and the mother was 'India' (Austronesian), the child was classified as 'negrito'. If the father was 'indio' and the mother was 'negrita', the child was

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Austronesians and Negritos who refused to live in towns and took to the hills, all of whom were considered to live outside the social order as Catholicism was a driving force in Spanish colonials everyday life, as well as determining social class in the colony. People of pure Spanish descent living

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starting from the 5th century BC, in common with its Southeast Asian neighbors. Chinese languages were also commonly spoken among the traders of the archipelago. However, with the advent of Islam, Arabic and Persian soon came to supplant Sanskrit and Tamil as holy languages. Starting in the second

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have been spoken in the Philippines for thousands of years. According to a 2014 study by Mark Donohue of the Australian National University and Tim Denham of Monash University, there is no linguistic evidence for an orderly north-to-south dispersal of the Austronesian languages from Taiwan through

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and, therefore, descent from a parent who is a citizen of the Republic of the Philippines is the primary method of acquiring national citizenship. Birth in the Philippines to foreign parents does not in itself confer Philippine citizenship, although RA9139, the Administrative Naturalization Law of

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The Spanish-Filipino population as a proportion of the provinces widely varied; with as high as 19% of the population of Tondo province (The most populous province and former name of Manila), to Pampanga 13.7%, Cavite at 13%, Laguna 2.28%, Batangas 3%, Bulacan 10.79%, Bataan 16.72%, Ilocos 1.38%,

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In the late 1700s to early 1800s, Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga, an Agustinian Friar, in his Two Volume Book: "Estadismo de las islas Filipinas" compiled a census of the Spanish-Philippines based on the tribute counts (Which represented an average family of seven to ten children and two parents, per

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Christians who fled from religious persecutions and killing fields also settled in the Philippines during the 17th until the 19th centuries. The Mexicans especially were a major source of military migration to the Philippines and during the Spanish period they were referred to as guachinangos and

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in 1867, Spain opened the Philippines for international trade. European investors of British, Dutch, German, Portuguese, Russian, Italian, and French nationality were among those who settled in the islands as business increased. More Spaniards and Chinese arrived during the next century. Many of

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The first census in the Philippines was in 1591, based on tributes collected. The tributes counted the total founding population of the Spanish Philippines as 667,612 people. 20,000 were Chinese migrant traders, at different times: around 15,600 individuals were Latino soldier-colonists who were

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Larena, Maximilian; Sanchez-Quinto, Federico; Sjödin, Per; McKenna, James; Ebeo, Carlo; Reyes, Rebecca; Casel, Ophelia; Huang, Jin-Yuan; Hagada, Kim Pullupul; Guilay, Dennis; Reyes, Jennelyn; Allian, Fatima Pir; Mori, Virgilio; Azarcon, Lahaina Sue; Manera, Alma; Terando, Celito; Jamero, Lucio;

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People classified as 'blancos' (whites) were the insulares or "Filipinos" (a person born in the Philippines of pure Spanish descent), peninsulares (a person born in Spain of pure Spanish descent), Español mestizos (a person born in the Philippines of mixed Austronesian and Spanish ancestry) and

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The 2000 survey states that Islam is the largest minority religion, constituting approximately 5 percent of the population. A 2012 estimate by the National Commission on Muslim Filipinos (NCMF), however, states that there are 10.7 million Muslims, which is approximately 11 percent of the total

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Subsection: (Discussion) "For the non-Hispanic white individuals, we see a broad spectrum of genetic ancestry ranging from northern Europe to southern Europe and the Middle East. Within that large group, with the exception of Ashkenazi Jews, we see little evidence of distinct clusters. This is

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Augustinian Friar, Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga, in the 1800s, measured varying ratios of Spanish-Mestizos as percentages of the populations of the various provinces, with ranges such as: 19.5% of the population of Tondo (The most populous province), to Pampanga (13.7%), Cavite (13%) and Bulacan

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2000, does provide a path for administrative naturalization of certain aliens born in the Philippines. Since many of the above historical groups came to the Philippines before its establishment as an independent state, many have also gained citizenship before the founding of either the

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The indigenous (native) Philippine languages spoken around the country that have the largest number of speakers in a particular region with Tagalog being the largest. Note that on regions marked with black diamonds, the language with the most speakers denotes a minority of the

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By the 15th century, Arab and Indian missionaries and traders from Malaysia and Indonesia brought Islam to the Philippines, where it both replaced and was practiced together with indigenous religions. Before that, indigenous tribes of the Philippines practiced a mixture of

2235:– Commonly described as "servant" or "slave". However, this is inaccurate. The concept of the alipin relied on a complex system of obligation and repayment through labor in ancient Philippine society, rather than on the actual purchase of a person as in Western and Islamic 12650:"Los censos norteamericanos de 1903 y 1905, dicen de soslayo que los Hispano-hablantes de este archipiélago nunca han rebasado, en su número, a más del diez por ciento (10%) de la población durante la última década de los mil ochocientos (1800s). Esto quiere decir que 3948:

40%. According to the data, in the Archdiocese of Manila which administers much of Luzon under it, about 10% of the population was Spanish-Filipino. Across the whole Philippines, as estimated, the total ratio of Spanish Filipino tributes amount to 5% of the totality.

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provides clues to prehistoric migration patterns of the Philippines, with Sinodont dental patterns occurring in East Asia, Central Asia, North Asia, and the Americas. Sundadont patterns occur in Southeast Asia as well as the bulk of Oceania. Filipinos exhibit

1391:, at around 26,000 to 24,000 years ago. The Tabon Cave complex also indicates that the caves were inhabited by humans continuously from at least 47,000 ± 11,000 years ago to around 9,000 years ago. The caves were also later used as a burial site by unrelated 4527:. However, in common popular parlance, mestizos usually refer to Filipinos mixed with Spanish or any other European ancestry. Filipinos mixed with any other foreign ethnicities are named depending on the non-Filipino part. Historically though, it was the 1169:) by English-speaking regions or Tagalas by Spanish-speakers during the colonial era. They were mostly sailors and pearl-divers and established communities in various ports around the world. One of the notable settlements of Manilamen is the community of 12658:." (Emphasis added.) The same author writes: "Por otro lado, unos recientes estudios por el Dr. Rafael Rodríguez Ponga señalan, sin embargo, que los Filipinos de habla española, al liquidarse la presencia peninsular en este archipiélago, llegaban al 5194: 6969: 6819: 1153:. An online dictionary made an entry of the term, applying it to all Filipinos within the Philippines or in the diaspora. In actual practice, however, the term is unknown among and not applied to Filipinos living in the Philippines, and 7379: 4600:), despite assuming many of the important roles in the economic, social and political life of the nation, would readily assimilate into the fabric of Philippine society or sometimes falsely claim Spanish descent due to this situation. 5318: 9000:

Jinam, Timothy A.; Phipps, Maude E.; Aghakhanian, Farhang; Majumder, Partha P.; Datar, Francisco; Stoneking, Mark; Sawai, Hiromi; Nishida, Nao; Tokunaga, Katsushi; Kawamura, Shoji; Omoto, Keiichi; Saitou, Naruya (August 2017).

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of 80,000 Filipino people by the National Geographic in 2008–2009, found that the average Filipino's genes are around 53% Southeast Asia and Oceania, 36% East Asian, 5% Southern European, 3% South Asian and 2% Native American.

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to refer to all those born in the Philippines, including the Indios. When ordered to sign the notification of his death sentence, which described him as a Chinese mestizo, Rizal refused. He went to his death saying that he was

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resulted in the deaths of at least 200,000 Filipino civilians. Some estimates for total civilian dead reach up to 1,000,000. After the Philippine–American War, the United States civil governance was established in 1901, with

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Larena, Maximilian; McKenna, James; Sanchez-Quinto, Federico; Bernhardsson, Carolina; Ebeo, Carlo; Reyes, Rebecca; Casel, Ophelia; Huang, Jin-Yuan; Hagada, Kim Pullupul; Guilay, Dennis; Reyes, Jennelyn (October 11, 2021).

6845: 4122:. In addition, numerous Filipino men enlisted in the US Navy and made careers in it, often settling with their families in the United States. Some of their second- or third-generation families returned to the country. 11060:

revolutions broke the Spanish Empire, many of the settlers from the New World, Caucasian Creoles born in Mexico or Peru, became suspect in the eyes of the Iberian Spanish. The Spanish Empire had lost its universality.

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set sail between 1565 and 1815, during the Philippines trade with Mexico. Until 1593, three or more ships would set sail annually from each port bringing with them the riches of the archipelago to Spain. European

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in the United States, and more than 300,000 American citizens in the Philippines. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, immigrants from the Philippines made up the second largest group after Mexico that sought

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off the coast of Africa. The current predominant theory on Austronesian expansion holds that Austronesians settled the Philippine islands through successive southward and eastward seaborne migrations from the

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itself is already treated as gender-neutral. The dictionary entry resulted in confusion, backlash and ridicule from Filipinos residing in the Philippines who never identified themselves with the foreign term.

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c. At the same time, person-to-person contacts are widespread: Some 600,000 Americans live in the Philippines and there are 3 million Filipino-Americans, many of whom are devoting themselves to typhoon

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AGI, México, leg. 25, núm. 62; AGI, Filipinas, leg. 8, ramo 3, núm. 50; leg. 10, ramo 1, núm. 6; leg. 22, ramo 1, núm. 1, fos. 408 r –428 v; núm. 21; leg. 32, núm. 30; leg. 285, núm. 1, fos. 30 r –41 v

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cumulatively sent from Peru and Mexico and they were shipped to the Philippines annually, 3,000 were Japanese residents, and 600 were pure Spaniards from Europe. There was a large but unknown number of

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have such family background. Meanwhile, the colonial-era Sangley's pure ethnic Chinese descendants of which, replenished by later migrants in the 20th century, that preserved at least some of their

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Following its independence, the Philippines has seen both small and large-scale immigration into the country, mostly involving American, European, Chinese and Japanese peoples. After World War II,

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area until the 19th century. However, they eventually spread all over the islands and became traders, landowners and moneylenders. Today, their descendants still comprise a significant part of the

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were the nobility social class among various cultures of the pre-colonial Philippines. Among the Visayans, the tumao were further distinguished from the immediate royal families or a ruling class.

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Including others such as Latin-Americans and Chinese-Mestizos, pure Chinese paid tribute but were not Philippine citizens as they were transients who returned to China, and Spaniards were exempt

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After the Philippines' independence from Spain in 1898 and the word Filipino "officially" expanded to include the entire population of the Philippines regardless of racial ancestry, as per the

1348:, c. 67,000 years old. The remains were initially identified as modern human, but after the discovery of more specimens in 2019, they have been reclassified as being members of a new species – 7275: 6143:

There are currently more than 10 million Filipinos who live overseas. Filipinos form a minority ethnic group in the Americas, Europe, Oceania, the Middle East, and other regions of the world.

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wrote that a 19th century edict prohibited the use of the word "Filipino" to refer to indios. This reflected popular belief, although no such edict has been found. The idea that the term

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and educated Filipinos in general. Significant disagreements exist, however, on the extent Spanish use beyond that. It has been argued that the Philippines were less hispanized than

5495:(KP) Research Program on Genes, Environment, and Health (RPGEH), most self-identified Filipinos sampled, have "modest" amounts of European ancestry consistent with older admixture. 5058:

who lived in the towns were classified as 'salvajes' (savages) or 'infieles' (the unfaithful). 'Remontados' (Spanish for 'situated in the mountains') and 'tulisanes' (bandits) were

1528:) people, they entered the Philippines at around 15,000 and 12,000 years ago, respectively. Like the Negritos, they entered the Philippines during the lowered sea levels during the 10637: 10129: 6778: 11183: 8840: 8349: 7075: 5895:, they managed to convert a vast majority of Filipinos, resulting in the Philippines becoming the largest predominantly catholic country in Asia. There are also large groups of 12496: 6837: 5853:, adopted in 1987, is the official writing system. In addition, each ethnicity's language has their own writing scripts and set of alphabets, many of which are no longer used. 2789:

traders also migrated to the Philippines and assimilated into the local population. Many were assimilated throughout the centuries, especially through the tumultuous period of

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La primera i ultima diligencia que los Filipinos usavan en caso de enfermedad era, como avemos dicho, ofrecer algunos sacrificios a sus Anitos, o Diuatas, que eran sus dioses.

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classified as 'indio'. Persons of Negrito descent were viewed as being outside the social order as they usually lived in tribes outside the colony and resisted conversion to

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Stephanie Mawson, 'Between Loyalty and Disobedience: The Limits of Spanish Domination in the Seventeenth Century Pacific' (Univ. of Sydney M.Phil. thesis, 2014), appendix 3.

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address colonial subjects who did not have a last name. This explains why most Filipinos share the same surnames as many Hispanics today, without having Spanish ancestry.

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Détroit, Florent; Mijares, Armand Salvador; Corny, Julien; Daver, Guillaume; Zanolli, Clément; Dizon, Eusebio; Robles, Emil; Grün, Rainer; Piper, Philip J. (April 2019).

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social stratification system based on class that continues to this day in the country had its beginnings in the Spanish colonial area with a discriminating caste system.

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estimates there are 52,000 Amerasians scattered throughout the Philippines. However, according to the center of Amerasian Research, there might be as many as 250,000

1100:. Locally, some still use "Filipino" to refer to the people and "Pilipino" to refer to the language, but in international use "Filipino" is the usual form for both. 7129: 6306: 1684:

Since at least the 3rd century, various ethnic groups established several communities. These were formed by the assimilation of various native Philippine kingdoms.

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used in the islands by the elite class before and during the American colonial regime. Following the American occupation of the Philippines and the imposition of

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A Spaniard and Criollo talking, while Indios are cockfight with Aetas in the background. detail from Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Yslas Filipinas.

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education system in the early 20th century, the term "Malay race" is still used incorrectly in the Philippines to refer to the Austronesian peoples, leading to

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Peter Bellwood; Alicia Sánchez-Mazas (June 2005). "Human Migrations in Continental East Asia and Taiwan: Genetic, Linguistic, and Archaeological Evidence".

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and the major Spanish posts were classified as such: 'Naturales' were Catholic Austronesians of the lowland and coastal towns. The un-Catholic Negritos and

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of the Spanish colonies in the Americas, which were free people and legally barred from being used as slaves, unlike those from the Philippines. The term

5717:, creating free public schooling in Spanish, yet it was never implemented, even before the advent of American annexation. It was also the language of the 13186: 13123: 13094: 11368: 7415: 7211: 5458: 12260: 6913: 6879: 2065: 1224:

from the 1880s to the 1940s. A genetic study in 2018 has also revealed that around one-third of the population of Guerrero have 10% Filipino ancestry.

12284:"Characterizing Race/Ethnicity and Genetic Ancestry for 100,000 Subjects in the Genetic Epidemiology Research on Adult Health and Aging (GERA) Cohort" 12025: 9131: 6385: 1088:", though the alphabets or writing scripts of some non-Tagalog ethnic groups included the letter "F". Upon official adoption of the modern, 28-letter 7709: 7267: 5283: 5243: 9234: 8109: 6582: 5626:

half of the 16th century, Spanish was the official language of the country for the more than three centuries that the islands were governed through

5090:

classified as 'negritos'. Christianized negritos who lived in Manila were not allowed to enter Intramuros and lived in areas designated for indios.

15195: 9639: 9598: 9425: 8213: 6991: 6738: 12523:"200,000–250,000 or More Military Filipino Amerasians Alive Today in Republic of the Philippines according to USA-RP Joint Research Paper Finding" 11265:"200,000–250,000 or More Military Filipino Amerasians Alive Today in Republic of the Philippines according to USA-RP Joint Research Paper Finding" 9669: 9660:

Philippine History by Maria Christine N. Halili. "Chapter 3: Precolonial Philippines" (Published by Rex Bookstore; Manila, Sampaloc St. Year 2004)

4975: 4923: 4911: 4850: 4838: 4826: 4803: 4776: 4741: 1801:

Even scattered barangays, through the development of inter-island and international trade, became more culturally homogeneous by the 4th century.

15060: 14749: 14520: 12533: 12065: 11275: 7616: 6489: 6065: 1812:

In the period between the 7th to the beginning of the 15th centuries, numerous prosperous centers of trade had emerged, including the Kingdom of

12339:

Handbook of Paleoanthropology: Vol I:Principles, Methods and Approaches Vol II:Primate Evolution and Human Origins Vol III:Phylogeny of Hominids

11246: 8621: 7790: 6277: 14838: 14826: 13582: 12788: 12662:. Es decir, el 14% de una población de nueve millones (9,000,000), que serían un millón (1,260,000) y dos cientos sesenta mil de Filipinos que 9705: 1054:. However, the term has been rejected as an identification in some instances by minorities who did not come under Spanish control, such as the 10682: 9192: 8898:""Small Size" in the Philippine Human Fossil Record: Is it Meaningful for a Better Understanding of the Evolutionary History of the Negritos?" 1878:

In the years leading up to 1000 AD, there were already several maritime societies existing in the islands but there was no unifying political

1700:

to the native tribes of the Philippines. Most of these people stayed in the Philippines where they were slowly absorbed into local societies.

873:

the people of the Philippines were called Filipinos when they were practicing their own culture—or, to put it another way, before they became

14583: 14391: 7245: 7155: 2724: 12924: 8323: 6935: 14588: 14282: 13072: 12988: 12469: 6029:, having some strong adherents and some who mix beliefs originating from the indigenous religions with beliefs from Christianity or Islam. 5425:

Other hypotheses have also been put forward based on linguistic, archeological, and genetic studies. These include an origin from mainland

2890:. Most were assimilated into the local population. Even before the British invasion, there were already also a large but unknown number of 1031: 11958: 11577: 9955: 9523:

Curaming, Rommel (2011). "The Filipino as Malay: historicizing an identity". In Mohamad, Maznah; Aljunied, Syed Muhamad Khairudin (eds.).

15080: 14653: 14546: 14510: 13332: 11582: 11580: 11529: 10338: 8590: 7583: 6774: 6331: 6263: 6137: 6111: 1665: 13161: 12238: 11682: 11247:"Women and children, militarism, and human rights: International Women's Working Conference – Off Our Backs – Find Articles at BNET.com" 11167: 10999: 10930: 10528: 10377: 10295: 14626: 14488: 14386: 14381: 14366: 14361: 13561: 8498: 5916: 5255: 4301: 4211: 4207: 4184: 2814: 2691: 1035: 947: 734: 8401: 8345: 7071: 6411: 4142:, and other Southeast Asians have contributed to the enrichment of the country's ethnic landscape, language and culture. Centuries of 15286: 14794: 14493: 14353: 13575: 12488: 7347: 6727: 2283:(Lesser nobles, royal warriors and aristocrats). These Royals and Nobles are descended from native Filipinos with varying degrees of 11625: 10059: 10037: 9470: 8933: 7679: 7516: 6555: 5068:

as 'Ins'. The Philippine-born children of mestizos and Africanos from Spanish America were classified based on patrilineal descent.

1418: 14621: 10559: 10105: 9501: 5904: 5538:

concluded that 1/3rd of Luzon which holds half of the Philippines' population had varying degrees of Spanish and Mexican ancestry.

1637: 12452: 12412: 7465: 7041: 5299: 3000:

Geographic distribution and year of settlement of the Latin-American immigrant soldiers assigned to the Philippines in the 1600s.

15070: 14911: 14500: 12637: 12079:

Albert Min-Shan Ko; Chung-Yu Chen; Qiaomei Fu; Frederick Delfin; Mingkun Li; Hung-Lin Chiu; Mark Stoneking; Ying-Chin Ko (2014).

9081:

Lipson, Mark; Loh, Po-Ru; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya; Ko, Ying-Chin; Stoneking, Mark; Berger, Bonnie; Reich, David (2014).

5892: 4948: 12717: 11084: 9550: 6639: 898:, to distinguish them from the Spaniards born in Spain, they themselves resented the term, preferring to identify themselves as 14744: 14451: 14373: 14204: 8521: 7019: 5908: 5345: 4027: 9817: 9258:"Genetic Evidence for the Proto-Austronesian Homeland in Asia: mtDNA and Nuclear DNA Variation in Taiwanese Aboriginal Tribes" 9059: 8755: 8060:

Relacion de las islas Filippinas i de lo que in ellas an trabaiado los padres dae la Compania de Iesus. Del p. Pedro Chirino .

8015:

Relacion de las islas Filippinas i de lo que in ellas an trabaiado los padres dae la Compania de Iesus. Del p. Pedro Chirino .

6802: 5511:, and are regarded as having a more generalised dental morphology and having a longer ancestry than its offspring, Sinodonty. 15075: 14933: 14809: 14424: 14240: 14143: 13619: 13539: 13517: 13470: 13452: 13428: 13367: 13253: 12889: 12838: 12774: 12754: 12388: 12351: 11676: 11633: 11602: 11560: 11177: 11138: 11105: 11040: 10993: 10898: 10625: 10594: 10567: 10522: 10492: 10464: 10439: 10411: 10371: 10289: 10210: 9869: 9534: 9322: 9228: 8738: 8699: 8682: 8584: 8492: 8432: 8294: 8225: 8184: 8146: 8103: 7988: 7872: 7834: 7757: 6518: 5570:

Recent studies during 2015, record around 220,000 to 600,000 American citizens living in the country. There are also 250,000

4998: 2155: 143: 11339: 11224: 11144: 11046: 10904: 10600: 10257: 10216: 9989: 9793: 8874: 8190: 8152: 8064: 8035: 7878: 7840: 7641: 7538: 6757: 6437: 2983:

and Portuguese, French and Mexican descent from the Americas, mostly from Latin America came in contact with the Filipinos.

1692:

people together with the people of the Indonesian archipelago and the Malay Peninsula, traded with Filipinos and introduced

15132: 15115: 14967: 14950: 14814: 14561: 14483: 14330: 14235: 12849: 8371: 7189: 6859: 6359: 6014: 5888: 5747: 5407: 4916: 4714: 2704: 2324: 1135:

appeared; a demonym applied only to those of Filipino heritage in the diaspora and specifically referring to and coined by

828:

identified instances in Spanish writing where "Filipino" did refer to "indio" natives. Instances of such usage include the

597: 12129: 11959:"A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-speaking Peoples of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania" 11594: 7325: 1485:). This indicates that Philippine Negritos, Papuans, and Indigenous Australians share a common ancestor that admixed with 840:

The first and last concern of the Filipinos in cases of sickness was, as we have stated, to offer some sacrifice to their

15147: 14904: 14857: 14670: 14614: 14325: 14320: 14230: 12691: 10955:

Doeppers, Daniel F. (1994). "Tracing the Decline of the Mestizo Categories in Philippine Life in the Late 19th Century".

10860: 9585:

Estado Geografico, Topografico, Estadistico, Historico-Religioso de la Santa y Apostolica Provincia de San Gregorio Magno

6298: 6081: 6057: 5995: 2739:

community, who currently play a leading role in the Philippine business sector and contribute a significant share of the

2291:, which is evident in today's DNA analysis among South East Asian Royals. This tradition continued among the Spanish and 587: 11391: 6696: 5406:

and southern East Asia, but through ancient migrations can be found as indigenous peoples stretching as far east as the

15110: 14955: 14471: 14189: 12552: 12413:"The Unlucky Country The Republic of the Philippines in the 21st Century" By Duncan Alexander McKenzie (2012)(page xii) 11294: 10931:"Supplementary Information for Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years (Appendix, Page 35)" 9732: 9615:

Es el pueblo muy hermoso, ameno y muy lleno de palmares de cocos. Antiguamente era el emporio y corte de la más lucida

8454:

Aguilar, Filomeno V. (November 2012). "Manilamen and seafaring: engaging the maritime world beyond the Spanish realm".

6674: 6350:"ASIAN ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH ONE OR MORE OTHER RACES, AND WITH ONE OR MORE ASIAN CATEGORIES FOR SELECTED GROUPS" 6125: 4902: 4865: 4720: 4679: 4665: 1384: 775: 559: 11208: 9834: 7299: 2113: 14916: 14833: 14505: 14461: 14439: 13157: 13054:

McCoy, A. W. (1982). Baylan: Animist Religion and Philippine Peasant Ideology. University of San Carlos Publications.

12766: 11492: 10617: 10251: 10157: 9983: 9787: 8531: 5130:

to refer to Spaniards born in the Philippines. The use of the term was later extended to include Spanish and Chinese

4287: 2459: 7437: 5872: 1402: 992:

to refer to all inhabitants of the Philippines. Father Jose Burgos earlier called all natives of the archipelago as

14928: 14921: 14779: 14774: 14665: 14478: 14466: 14275: 13598: 9758: 7928:

Aguilar, Filomeno V. (2005). "Tracing Origins: "Ilustrado" Nationalism and the Racial Science of Migration Waves".

6089: 5896: 5353: 4499: 4422: 4400: 2473: 2328: 2263:

were populated by locals called Timawa (Middle Class/freemen) and Alipin (servants and slaves). They were ruled by

2134: 677: 567: 12343: 11456: 9922: 9683: 15236: 15165: 15040: 14992: 14889: 14784: 14682: 14566: 14551: 14419: 13438: 6259: 5884: 5880: 5349: 2917: 2683: 882: 866: 825: 220: 31: 17: 12203: 11169:

The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History

11071:

Tracing the Decline of the Mestizo Categories in Philippine Life in the Late 19th Century By Daniel F. Doeppers)

9943:

The Unlucky Country: The Republic of the Philippines in the 21st Century By Duncan Alexander McKenzie (page xii)

5630:

on behalf of the Spanish Empire. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, Spanish was the preferred language among

14962: 14764: 14739: 14571: 14340: 14315: 14169: 14116: 6171: 5920: 5565: 5480: 4269: 1205: 592: 13183: 12670: 11362: 11102:"American Conquest of the Philippines – War and Consequences: Benevolent Assimilation and the 1899 PhilAm War" 10890: 8262: 8031: 8027: 8023: 8019: 7405: 7215: 5186:, Diccionario De Filipinismos: Con La Revisión De Lo Que Al Respecto Lleva Publicado La Real Academia Española 2239:. Members of the alipin class who owned their own houses were more accurately equivalent to medieval European 1026:, Diccionario De Filipinismos: Con La Revisión De Lo Que Al Respecto Lleva Publicado La Real Academia Española 15185: 15090: 14879: 14874: 14598: 14456: 14348: 14138: 12268: 11659: 6909: 6256:"Urban Population in the Philippines (Results of the 2015 Census of Population), Release Date: 21 March 2019" 6077: 4898: 4861: 2403: 1525: 1244: 1221: 1042:

to refer to the native inhabitants of the archipelago, but despite this, it became the official term for all

12023: 10638:

Peasants, Servants, and Sojourners: Itinerant Asians in Colonial New Spain, 1571–1720 By Furlong, Matthew J.

10130:

Peasants, Servants, and Sojourners: Itinerant Asians in Colonial New Spain, 1571-1720 By Furlong, Matthew J.

8290:

Diccionario de filipinismos, con la revisión de lo que al respecto lleva publicado la Real academia española

6961: 6887: 2002: 1469:, although they are highly genetically divergent from each other. Philippine Negritos show a high degree of 15012: 15007: 14977: 14940: 14899: 14843: 14660: 14636: 14556: 14407: 14133: 12048: 10871: 9082: 5932: 5595: 5474: 4058: 2832: 1882:

encompassing the entire Philippine archipelago. Instead, the region was dotted by numerous semi-autonomous

681: 7701: 6467: 5690:

in Asia. Its vocabulary is 90 percent Spanish, and the remaining 10 percent is a mixture of predominantly

5027: 2589:, maritime trade flourished during the Spanish period, especially as Manila was connected to the ports of 2450:

castes (royals and nobles) in the Philippines prior to the arrival of the Spaniards formed the privileged

2044: 2023: 1844:

which specialized in trade with most of what is now known as Southeast Asia and with China, Japan and the

1582: 15002: 14997: 14869: 14804: 14759: 14643: 14534: 14515: 14444: 14268: 14199: 14174: 13477:

John Edward Terrell (December 2004). "Introduction: 'Austronesia' and the great Austronesian migration".

12958: 12607: 12403:"Intercolonial Intimacies Relinking Latin/o America to the Philippines, 1898–1964 Paula C. Park" Page 100 12026:"Austronesian prehistory and Polynesian genetics: A molecular view of human migration across the Pacific" 10659:"Intercolonial Intimacies Relinking Latin/o America to the Philippines, 1898–1964 Paula C. Park" Page 100 9218: 8093: 6703: 6354: 6069: 6010: 6006: 5862: 5781:

Other Philippine languages in the country with at least 1,000,000 native and indigenous speakers include

5622: 5426: 4799: 4074: 4066: 2798: 2319: 1969: 1661: 1047: 9635: 9625:, Manuel Merino, O.S.A., ed., Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas: Madrid 1975, pp. 374–375. 7981:

A local church living for dialogue: Muslim-Christian relations in Mindanao-Sulu (Philippines), 1965–2000

6735: 2092: 15231: 15032: 14987: 14894: 14821: 14727: 14631: 14609: 14434: 14429: 14300: 14225: 14184: 14179: 14074: 14041: 12369:

The Anthropology of Modern Human Teeth: Dental Morphology and Its Variation in Recent Human Populations

10985:

Philippine Politics and Society in the Twentieth Century: Colonial Legacies, Post-Colonial Trajectories

10514:

Essential Outsiders: Chinese and Jews in the Modern Transformation of Southeast Asia and Central Europe

10363:

Essential Outsiders: Chinese and Jews in the Modern Transformation of Southeast Asia and Central Europe

10281:

Essential Outsiders: Chinese and Jews in the Modern Transformation of Southeast Asia and Central Europe

9861: 9003:"Discerning the Origins of the Negritos, First Sundaland People: Deep Divergence and Archaic Admixture" 5952: 5151: 5010: 4265: 4227: 4223: 4195: 4169: 3983: 3971: 2911: 2740: 2732: 2728: 1945: 1502: 1450: 1233: 1051: 951: 12522: 11264: 10735:

Convicts or Conquistadores? Spanish Soldiers in the Seventeenth-Century Pacific By Stephanie J. Mawson

10150:

VIIème Congrès d'Etudes Basques = Eusko Ikaskuntzaren VII. Kongresua = VII Congreso de Estudios Vascos

9426:"Rethinking history, conserving heritage: archaeology and community engagement in Ifugao, Philippines" 9256:

Melton, Terry; Clifford, Stephanie; Martinson, Jeremy; Batzer, Mark; Stoneking, Mark (December 1998).

7608: 737:, natives of the Philippine islands were usually known in the Philippines itself by the generic terms 726: 15127: 15050: 14945: 14799: 14769: 14754: 14648: 11250: 8613: 7782: 6159: 6032:

As of 2013, religious groups together constituting less than five percent of the population included

5726: 5542: 4180: 2716: 133: 35: 12811: 10084: 9702: 6332:"Remittances from Filipinos abroad reach 2.9 bln USD in August 2019 – Xinhua | English.news.cn" 15281: 15105: 15095: 15065: 15017: 14982: 14884: 14194: 12425: 11900:"Reconstruction of human evolution: Bringing together genetic, archaeological, and linguistic data" 11897: 10670: 9972:

Bao Jiemin (2005). "Chinese in Thailand". In Carol R. Ember; Melvin Ember; Ian A. Skoggard (eds.).

9200: 5967: 5508: 4019: 2992: 2430:

ancestry, settled in the islands to govern their territory. Most settlers married the daughters of

1965: 1059: 693: 572: 285: 7159: 5891:. The latter was introduced by the Spanish beginning in 1521, and during their more than 330-year 5035:

tornatrás (a person born in the Philippines of mixed Austronesian, Chinese and Spanish ancestry).

981: 15170: 15045: 14702: 12905: 12873: 8317: 6860:

Commission on Filipinos Overseas Stock estimate of overseans Filipinos As of December 2013 (xlsx)

6049: 5705:

In sharp contrast, another view is that the ratio of the population which spoke Spanish as their

5403: 5384: 4258: 2566: 1904:

or by upland agricultural societies ruled by "petty plutocrats". Nations such as the Wangdoms of

1602: 1598: 1586: 272: 13064: 12980: 12472:(Press release). PRIB, Office of the Senate Secretary, Senate of the Philippines. Archived from 5235: 3982:

community respectively, where families of such background contribute a significant share of the

2937: 2481: 15200: 14709: 14578: 11999: 9952: 6045: 5956: 5798: 5613: 5438: 5367: 4358:, whereas the Spaniards born in the Philippines themselves called the Spaniards from Spain as " 4039: 2907: 2856: 2522: 2364: 2303: 1552: 1478: 1411: 1341: 968: 577: 433: 262: 231: 13806: 13340: 12881: 12558:. 9th International Conference On the Philippines, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI. 12380: 12376: 12372: 11509: 11300:. 9TH International Conference On the Philippines, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI. 10861:

ESTADISMO DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS TOMO SEGUNDO By Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga (Original Spanish)

10793:

ESTADISMO DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS TOMO PRIMERO By Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga (Original Spanish)

10318: 9156:

Spriggs, Matthew (May 2011). "Archaeology and the Austronesian expansion: where are we now?".

8568: 7564: 6335: 6255: 1888:(settlements ranging in size from villages to city-states) under the sovereignty of competing 15085: 13149: 12987:(Report). United States Department of State. July 28, 2014. SECTION I. RELIGIOUS DEMOGRAPHY. 12877: 12740: 12587: 12473: 12226: 12059: 11650: 10983: 10936:. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. p. 35 10512: 10361: 10279: 10071: 8480: 5944: 5928: 5915:

is currently the single largest church whose headquarters is in the Philippines, followed by

5718: 4151: 2712: 2402:. Early Spanish settlers were mostly explorers, soldiers, government officials and religious 1864: 1714: 1454: 1182: 1170: 943: 163: 8482: 8134:

The Spanish Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia

6349: 5838: 2537:

The arrival of the Spaniards to the Philippines, especially through the commencement of the

2508: 64: 15260: 15100: 14687: 14675: 13220: 12024:

Stephen J. Marshall; Adele L. H. Whyte; J. Frances Hamilton; Geoffrey K. Chambers1 (2005).

11911: 11852: 11784: 11718: 9097: 8774: 8397: 6152: 6085: 5940: 5822: 5814: 5802: 5767: 5722: 5673: 5657: 5599: 5419: 5363: 5098: 4926: 4853: 4829: 4806: 4779: 4744: 4159: 2926: 2708: 2342: 2198: 1913: 1633: 1407: 1254: 933: 665: 653: 625: 546: 358: 316: 295: 153: 13263:

Peter Bellwood (1998). "Taiwan and the Prehistory of the Austronesians-speaking Peoples".

9340:"The beautiful skull and Blumenbach's errors: the birth of the scientific concept of race" 7354: 6724: 6667:"Demographic Balance and Resident Population by sex and citizenship on 31st December 2017" 8: 15210: 15122: 12137:

Proceedings of the International Symposium of Anthropological Studies at Fudan University

12078: 10734: 10063: 10021: 9462: 7671: 6163: 6115: 5834: 5806: 5790: 5714: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5669: 5661: 5454: 5399: 5134:

or those born of mixed Chinese-indio or Spanish-indio descent. Late in the 19th century,

4978: 4511: 4079: 3945: 2964: 2870:

troops and their British captains mutinied and were left in Manila and some parts of the

2836: 2379: 2313: 1961: 1953: 1470: 1422:

The Negritos are descendants of one of the earliest groups of modern humans to reach the

1376: 669: 305: 251: 184: 13690: 13409: 13224: 11915: 11856: 11788: 11722: 11668: 9493: 9193:"The Early Austronesian Migration To Luzon: Perspectives From The Peñablanca Cave Sites" 9101: 8897: 8778: 7156:"8 Folkemengde, etter norsk / utenlandsk statsborgerskap og landbakgrunn 1. januar 2009" 6415: 4360: 15250: 14972: 14069: 14064: 14056: 13844: 13700: 13685: 13494: 13293: 12447: 12308: 12283: 12177: 12105: 12080: 11986: 11875: 11840: 11815: 11772: 11747: 11706: 10964: 10098: 9914: 9718: 9592: 9406: 9366: 9339: 9282: 9257: 9173: 9118: 9027: 9002: 8925: 8798: 7961: 7953: 7541:. Finnish-Philippine Society co-operates with the migrant organizations. Archived from 7462: 6486:"No foreign workers' layoffs in Malaysia – INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos" 6214: 6195: 6105: 5826: 5759: 5734: 5462: 5434: 5077: 4470: 4155: 3884: 3820: 2903: 2887: 2751: 2644: 2562: 2375: 2360: 2284: 1925: 1849: 1178: 1136: 821: 809: 730: 722: 661: 621: 530: 526: 241: 209: 199: 173: 122: 111: 13232: 13211:

Peter Bellwood (July 1991). "The Austronesian Dispersal and the Origin of Languages".

12633: 11934: 11899: 11091:

specifically associated the $ 20 million payment with the transfer of the Philippines.

6838:"Les nouveaux Misérables: the lives of Filipina workers in the playground of the rich" 5023: 4483: 2657: 1465:

at around 50,000 to 40,000 years ago. Their descendants are collectively known as the

1220:, which led to the confusion of early Filipino immigrants with that of the much later 820:

until the 19th century has also been mentioned by historians such as Salah Jubair and

15190: 13829: 13801: 13753: 13695: 13535: 13513: 13498: 13466: 13448: 13424: 13363: 13297: 13249: 12916: 12885: 12770: 12762: 12750: 12713: 12384: 12347: 12313: 12110: 12040: 11991: 11939: 11880: 11820: 11802: 11752: 11734: 11672: 11629: 11598: 11566: 11556: 11488: 11173: 11134: 11081: 11036: 10989: 10894: 10792: 10621: 10613: 10590: 10563: 10518: 10488: 10460: 10435: 10407: 10367: 10285: 10247: 10206: 10163: 10153: 9979: 9906: 9865: 9783: 9713: 9558: 9530: 9524: 9371: 9318: 9287: 9224: 9177: 9123: 9032: 8982: 8917: 8802: 8790: 8734: 8678: 8580: 8567:

Holt, Thomas Cleveland; Green, Laurie B.; Wilson, Charles Reagan (October 21, 2013).

8537: 8527: 8488: 8221: 8180: 8142: 8099: 7994: 7984: 7965: 7945: 7905: 7868: 7830: 7763: 7753: 7575: 6381: 6147: 6073: 6061: 6053: 5912: 5850: 5771: 5763: 5755: 5751: 5492: 5380: 5331: 5059: 4628: 4597: 4585: 4564: 4552: 4546: 4541: 4529: 4436: 4427: 4414: 4405: 3986:

today, where most in the current list of the Philippines' richest each year comprise

3957: 3548: 2942: 2759: 2743:

today, where most in the current list of the Philippines' richest each year comprise

2531: 2292: 2288: 2205: 1949: 1860: 1845: 1791: 1732: 1657: 1568: 1541: 1089: 918: 913: 657: 637: 582: 538: 86: 9975:

Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures around the World, Volume 1

8929: 8896:

Détroit, Florent; Corny, Julien; Dizon, Eusebio Z.; Mijares, Armand S. (June 2013).

7814:

Seijas, Tatiana, Asian Slaves in Colonial Mexico (2014), Cambridge University Press.

7011: 6820:"Das bedeutet der Besuch des philippinischen Präsidenten Marcos Jr. für Deutschland" 5523:

contains 141 pages of surnames with both Spanish and Hispanicized indigenous roots.

5305: 4042:

formally ended the war, with Spain ceding the Philippines and other colonies to the

2959: 2308: 15160: 15055: 14245: 14159: 13927: 13796: 13763: 13567: 13486: 13405: 13339:. Canberra, Australia: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies. Archived from 13285: 13228: 12803: 12303: 12295: 12181: 12169: 12100: 12092: 11981: 11973: 11929: 11919: 11870: 11860: 11810: 11792: 11742: 11726: 11664: 11521: 11414: 11406: 11028: 10330: 10029: 9898: 9814: 9398: 9361: 9351: 9310: 9277: 9269: 9165: 9113: 9105: 9055: 9022: 9014: 8972: 8909: 8782: 8463: 7937: 6799: 6542: 6209: 6204: 5975: 5936: 5818: 5786: 5782: 5677: 5653: 5649: 5549: 5430: 5388: 5183: 5155: 4959: 4955: 4930: 4894: 4890: 4883: 4857: 4843: 4795: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4737: 4730: 4710: 4698: 4683: 4594: 4580: 4561: 4556: 4538: 4523: 4473: 4458: 4444: 4440: 4418: 4409: 4396: 4339: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4203: 4191: 4163: 4099: 4062: 4054: 4023: 4011: 3995: 3991: 3979: 3975: 3961: 2954: 2949: 2891: 2755: 2736: 2647: 2598: 2466: 2374:

The Philippines was colonized by the Spaniards. The arrival of Portuguese explorer

2352: 2335: 2189: 1933: 1641: 1618: 1345: 1077: 1073: 1023: 997: 963: 925: 673: 542: 13859: 12835: 12160:

Mark Donohue; Tim Denham (2010). "Farming and Language in Island Southeast Asia".

11898:

Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza; Alberto Piazza; Paolo Menozzi; Joanna Mountain (1988).

11101: 9733:"Akeanon Online – Aton Guid Ra! – Aklan History Part 3 – Confederation of Madyaas" 8288: 6511: 5604: 4387: 4374: 4367: 15180: 15175: 15155: 15137: 14789: 14697: 14692: 14164: 14013: 13897: 13786: 13738: 13733: 13644: 13527: 13507: 13442: 13357: 13190: 12867: 12853: 12842: 12744: 12674: 12456: 12337: 12196:"New DNA evidence overturns population migration theory in Island Southeast Asia" 11619: 11588: 11327: 11128: 11088: 11022: 10884: 10644: 10584: 10241: 10200: 10196: 10136: 10062:. Philippines: Google map of Paco district of Manila, Philippines. Archived from 10022:"Convicts or Conquistadores? Spanish Soldiers in the Seventeenth Century Pacific" 9973: 9959: 9821: 9777: 9709: 9690: 9687: 9676: 8866: 8174: 8132: 8058: 8013: 7862: 7824: 7542: 7469: 7303: 6998: 6866: 6806: 6761: 6754: 6742: 6731: 6299:"Asia Times | Duterte's 'golden age' comes into clearer view | Article" 6284: 5924: 5846: 5830: 5775: 5687: 5665: 5484: 5274: 4822: 4815: 4143: 2984: 2879: 2786: 2775: 2582: 1993: 1941: 1879: 1771: 1728: 1572: 1520:

After the Negritos, were two early Paleolithic migrations from East Asian (basal

1498: 1350: 1306: 1296: 771: 649: 13490: 12846: 12299: 9356: 5729:, albeit a temporary official language. Spanish continued to be the predominant 4478: 2652: 2386:) in 1521 began a period of European colonization. During the period of Spanish 14220: 13990: 13980: 13922: 13849: 13791: 13758: 13743: 13728: 13710: 13670: 13660: 13655: 12140: 12096: 11777:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

8644:"Re-imagining Australia – Voices of Indigenous Australians of Filipino Descent" 8481:

Catholic Church. United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (December 2001).

6386:"Ethnic Origin, both sexes, age (total), Canada, 2016 Census – 25% Sample data" 6129: 6005:

Historically, ancient Filipinos held animist religions that were influenced by

5842: 5794: 5641: 5637: 5617:

the Philippines and into Island Southeast Asia (ISEA). Many adopted words from

5579: 5450: 4646: 4638: 4107: 4031: 3346: 2971: 2860: 2844: 2779: 2700: 2538: 2527: 2512: 2140: 2119: 2098: 2050: 2029: 2008: 1973: 1736: 1533: 1510: 1466: 1461:, with only one 3km sea crossing. They entered the Philippines from Borneo via 1380: 1337: 1325: 1213: 942:

to one which refers to everyone born in the Philippines, especially during the

890:

While the Philippine-born Spaniards during the 19th century began to be called

30:

This article is about the people of the Philippines. For the demographics, see

12807: 12741:"3. Nationalism and the rise of the hegemonic Imposition of Tagalog 1936–1973" 12687: 11730: 11707:"Philippine Ayta possess the highest level of Denisovan ancestry in the world" 11570: 11410: 10457:

Overseas Chinese Entrepreneurship and Capitalist Development in Southeast Asia

9169: 8786: 8541: 8467: 7941: 6017:

continue to be present among the populace, with some communities, such as the

5326: 4753: 4505: 4449: 4349: 4345: 4214:. Likewise, many other modern expatriates from various countries, such as the 2452: 1532:, when the only water crossings required were less than 3km wide (such as the 15275: 14084: 13912: 13907: 13902: 13889: 13839: 13834: 13748: 13705: 13680: 13665: 13393: 13241: 12920: 12044: 11806: 11738: 10237: 9910: 8986: 8095:

The Blood of Government: Race, Empire, the United States, and the Philippines

7998: 7949: 7909: 7579: 5900: 5737:, the overall use of Spanish declined gradually, especially after the 1940s. 5730: 5055: 4215: 4174: 4043: 3940:

Pangasinan 3.49%, Albay 1.16%, Cebu 2.17%, Samar 3.27%, Iloilo 1%, Capiz 1%,

3836: 3516: 3067: 2988: 2930: 2883: 2864: 2590: 2503: 1977: 1889: 1795: 1673: 1560: 1537: 1311: 1273: 1186: 1055: 955: 853: 833: 13318:

Robert Blust (1985). "The Austronesian Homeland: A Linguistic Perspective".

12906:"Table 1.10; Household Population by Religious Affiliation and by Sex; 2010" 11924: 11865: 11797: 10167: 8977: 8960: 8675:

Re-imagining Australia: Voices of Indigenous Australians of Filipino Descent

7767: 7565:"Table 1.10; Household Population by Religious Affiliation and by Sex; 2010" 7483:"The Philippines To Sign Agreement with Morocco to Protect Filipino workers" 6666: 5135: 4333: 4328: 2922: 1300:. ; CCH1, a third metatarsal bone (MT3) discovered on May 5, 2007, in 973: 13995: 13950: 13932: 13917: 13864: 13768: 12317: 12114: 11995: 11884: 11824: 11756: 11525: 10540: 10334: 10099:"Spanish Settlers in the Philippines (1571–1599) By Antonio Garcia-Abasalo" 10033: 9842: 9580: 9375: 9127: 9036: 8921: 8794: 7296: 6096:, who are indigenous peoples of various animistic and syncretic religions. 5979: 5575: 5103: 4982: 4615: 4111: 4095: 4049: 3941: 2839:. However, the only part of the Philippines which the British held was the 2802: 2790: 1747: 1645: 1529: 1359: 1174: 977: 950:

and the term shifting from a geographic designation to a national one as a

11943: 11621:

The Star-entangled Banner: One Hundred Years of America in the Philippines

11032: 11021:

Steinberg, David Joel (2018). "Chapter – 3 A Singular and a Plural Folk".

10181:

Rodao, Florentino. "The Spanish Community in the Philippines, 1935–1939".

9291: 8523:

Struggling to be heard: the Unmet Needs of Asian Pacific American Children

6002:(albeit the two groups have little cultural connection other than Islam). 5923:(also known as the Aglipayan Church) was an earlier development, and is a 5534:

In relation to this, a population survey conducted by German ethnographer

4353: 3952: 1173:, founded at around 1763 to 1765 by escaped slaves and deserters from the 14291: 14031: 13816: 12654:

de los dados nueve millones citados por el Fray Manuel Arellano Remondo,

12553:"The Case for Categorization of Military Filipino Amerasians as Diaspora" 11295:"The Case for Categorization of Military Filipino Amerasians as Diaspora" 9083:"Reconstructing Austronesian population history in Island Southeast Asia" 9018: 8913: 8614:"Mabuhay Pilipino! (Long Life!): Filipino Culture in Southeast Louisiana" 7410: 6884:

Republic of The Philippines; Embassy of The Philippines; Manama, Bahrain.

6809:. Korean Culture and Information Service (KOIS). Retrieved July 21, 2009. 5978:

which, though part of the Philippines, are very close to the neighboring

5680:

assimilated many different words and expressions from Castilian Spanish.

5627: 5546: 5535: 5064: 4968: 4515: 4454: 4219: 3987: 3852: 3315: 3098: 2822: 2747: 2720: 2687: 2542: 2411: 2399: 2387: 2171: 2147: 2126: 2105: 2084: 2076: 2057: 2036: 2015: 1754:

had established their own independent system of rule. Trading links with

1606: 1551:

The last wave of prehistoric migrations to reach the Philippines was the

1490: 1438: 1423: 1388: 1372: 1364: 1333: 1315: 1301: 1062: 1043: 786: 744: 645: 617: 12261:"Genographic Project – Reference Populations – Geno 2.0 Next Generation" 10968: 9762: 7957: 6442:

Positively Filipino | Online Magazine for Filipinos in the Diaspora

6278:

TABLE 1 Population Enumerated in Various Censuses by Region: 1960 – 2015

5178:

All those born in the Philippines without distinction of origin or race.

2355:, as the majority of the slaves imported into the archipelago were from 1018:

All those born in the Philippines without distinction of origin or race.

805:

appears as a term of self-identification beginning in the 18th century.

721:, the name given to the archipelago in 1543 by the Spanish explorer and 14260: 14036: 13854: 13824: 13239: 11703: 11553:

PHILIPPINE POLITICS: possibilities and problems in a localist democracy

11448: 9918: 9886: 9680: 9410: 9216: 9109: 7380:"11rv – Syntyperä ja taustamaa sukupuolen mukaan kunnittain, 1990–2018" 5742: 5632: 5411: 5392: 5330:

family of the late 19th century. Exhibit in the Villa Escudero Museum,

5040: 5006: 4568: 4272: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4139: 4103: 3900: 3676: 3481: 3160: 2852: 2840: 2810: 2570: 2492: 2427: 1837: 1817: 1685: 1653: 1649: 1626: 1614: 1610: 1494: 1486: 1482: 1396: 1329: 1118: 13955: 12869:

Contemporary Asian American communities: intersections and divergences

9314: 6992:

Papua New Guinea thumbs down Philippine request for additional flights

6962:"Population; sex, age, generation and migration background, 1 January" 6775:"2018 Census totals by topic – national highlights – updated 30-04-20" 6013:, which were brought by traders from neighbouring Asian states. These 5867: 2609:). The Spaniards recruited thousands of Chinese migrant workers from " 12366: 12195: 11841:"Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years" 11773:"Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years" 11418: 10586:

Manila Ransomed: The British Assault on Manila in the Seven Years War

8961:"Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years" 6777:. Stats NZ. April 30, 2020. Table 5: Ethnic group (total responses). 6133: 5987: 5810: 5683: 5645: 5571: 5503: 5446: 5416: 5051: 4675: 4661: 4651: 4622: 4576: 4305: 4231: 4091: 3756: 3708: 3222: 2806: 2794: 2771: 2696: 2630: 2622: 2602: 2578: 2395: 2280: 2223: 1989: 1985: 1884: 1775: 1724: 1717: 1689: 1669: 1644:

and linguistic similarities of various peoples of the islands of the

1622: 1556: 1517:. Today they comprise just 0.03% of the total Philippine population. 1458: 1446: 1430: 1392: 1368: 1209: 1113:"), which is a slang word formed by taking the last four letters of " 907: 12426:"Forzados y reclutas: los criollos novohispanos en Asia (1756-1808)" 11510:"The Chinese Mestizos and the Formation of the Filipino Nationality" 10671:"Forzados y reclutas: los criollos novohispanos en Asia (1756–1808)" 10319:"The Chinese Mestizos and the Formation of the Filipino Nationality" 9902: 9779:

Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula

9402: 8346:"'Filipinx,' 'Pinxy' among new nonbinary words in online dictionary" 8319:

The Philippine Islands, 1493–1898: Relating to China and the Chinese

4247: 1713:

jurisprudence of one of several neighboring empires, among them the

1489:

at around 44,000 years ago. Negritos include ethnic groups like the

14102: 14094: 14079: 13778: 13720: 13649: 13396:(1993). "Austronesian historical linguistics and culture history". 13289: 13118: 13116: 12667: 12173: 11977: 11130:

Filipinos in the U.S. Navy & Coast Guard During the Vietnam War

9722:) mentions that Luzon first sent tribute to Yongle Emperor in 1406. 9670:

The Kingdom of Namayan and Maytime Fiesta in Sta. Ana of new Manila

9616: 9273: 8254: 8214:"3. From Indio to Filipino : Emergence of a Nation, 1863-1898" 6614:"Coronavirus: Filipino front-line workers pay ultimate price in UK" 6041: 6037: 5983: 5971: 5618: 5583: 5174:

todos los nacidos en Filipinas sin distincion de origen ni de raza.

5119: 5039:

was racially segregated, with blancos living in the walled city of

4689: 4199: 4188: 4147: 4135: 4119: 4087: 3644: 3612: 3564: 3284: 2763: 2614: 2574: 2550: 2516: 2496: 2469: 2415: 2368: 2256: 2252: 2072: 1957: 1937: 1905: 1841: 1833: 1806: 1767: 1705: 1697: 1693: 1545: 1514: 1264: 1197: 1014:

todos los nacidos en Filipinas sin distincion de origen ni de raza.

782: 13275: 13016:"Anitism: a survey of religious beliefs native to the Philippines" 8130: 6720:資料截止日期：2021年11月30日 J95:K95 (PHILIPPINES) Male 58,229 Female 88,663 6644:, Philippines: The Embassy Of The Philippines, November 14, 2018, 6120: 2894:

as majority of the slaves imported into the archipelago were from

2818: 14046: 14023: 14005: 13985: 13965: 11837: 11769: 8957: 8833:"Archaeologists unearth 67000-year-old human bone in Philippines" 6033: 5553: 5437:, later displaced or assimilated by the expansion of speakers of 5375: 5309: 5131: 5094: 5014: 4991: 4938: 4873: 4788: 4670: 4656: 4589: 4533: 4464: 4431: 4131: 3740: 3692: 3596: 3580: 3129: 2945: 2875: 2744: 2679: 2674: 2639: 2594: 2463: 2407: 2391: 2332: 2276: 2248: 2236: 2193: 2167: 2162: 1981: 1929: 1872: 1813: 1755: 1521: 1506: 1474: 1462: 1250: 922: 703: 602: 13444:

Prehispanic Source Materials for the study of Philippine History

13377: 13113: 9389:

Ross M (1996). "On the Origin of the Term 'Malayo-Polynesian'".

3497:

Data reported for the 1800 as divided by ethnicity and province

1809:

culture and religion flourished among the noblemen in this era.

13975: 13675: 13556: 12950: 12660:

catorce (14%) por ciento de la población de la década 1891–1900

12227:"The Pre-Sa Huynh-Kalanay Pottery of Taiwan and Southeast Asia" 12155: 12153: 7268:"Philippines, Indonesia affirm strong decades-long partnership" 6158:

Filipinos make up over a third of the entire population of the

6022: 5966:, estimated in 2014 to account for 5% to 8% of the population. 5899:

denominations, which either grew or were founded following the

5746:, there are about 180 languages spoken in the Philippines. The 5290: 5047: 5036: 5030:, the only Spanish prime minister of mestizo (Filipino) descent 4115: 3804: 3660: 3628: 3532: 3253: 3191: 3036: 2895: 2871: 2848: 2826: 2767: 2606: 2586: 2554: 2546: 2477: 2439: 2356: 2272: 2231: 2215: 2080: 1921: 1917: 1901: 1829: 1825: 1802: 1759: 1743: 1564: 1434: 1201: 1193: 1141: 534: 13248:. Department of Anthropology, Australian National University. 12668:

La persecución del uso oficial del idioma español en Filipinas

12599: 11957:

Capelli, Cristian; Wilson, James F.; Richards, Martin (2001).

10243:

The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China

8999: 5402:, a linguistic and genetic group whose historical ties lay in 5071: 4521:

Filipinos of mixed ethnic origins are still referred today as

4006: 1282: 936:. These writings are also credited with transforming the term 15205: 15022: 13970: 13960: 13942: 13636: 13614: 12470:"Senate declares Chinese New Year as special working holiday" 9255: 6175: 6093: 6026: 5999: 5963: 4572: 4309: 3868: 3788: 3772: 3724: 2899: 2867: 2634: 2558: 2487: 2431: 2419: 2406:

born in Spain and Mexico. Most Spaniards who settled were of

2264: 1897: 1868: 1856: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1739: 1709:(tribal municipalities) were, to a varying extent, under the 1576: 1121: 1105: 1050:, including non-native inhabitants of the country as per the 12150: 11221:"The Philippines – A History of Resistance and Assimilation" 9309:. Asia-Pacific Linguistics. Australian National University. 7158:. Statistisk sentralbyra (Statistics Norway). Archived from 2298: 1984:. Some of these regions were part of the Malayan empires of 885:, Barangay- Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society 644:) are citizens or people identified with the country of the 8487:. United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. p. 8. 8218:

History of the Philippines: From Indios Bravos to Filipinos

6167: 6018: 5552:

within the Philippine population, while Filipinos with any

5277:, mostly of Indio descent. Painting by José Honorato Lozano 5002: 4126: 2754:

descent, where most still trace their roots back to mostly

2435: 2268: 2240: 2184: 1909: 1893: 1821: 1763: 1721: 1594: 1442: 1145:, itself a recently coined gender-inclusive alternative to 1103:

A number of Filipinos refer to themselves colloquially as "

13246:

The Austronesians: Historical and comparative perspectives

13197:. Migration Policy Institute. Retrieved December 17, 2009. 9220:

The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives

9217:

Peter Bellwood; James J. Fox; Darrell Tryon, eds. (2006).

9080: 8255:"Filipino Philosophy: A Critical Bibliography (1774–1997)" 7750:

Barangay: sixteenth-century Philippine culture and society

5374:

The aboriginal settlers of the Philippines were primarily

5203:

Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Yslas Filipinas

2295:

traders who also intermarried with the local populations.

793:

was sometimes added by Spanish writers to distinguish the

13391: 12336:

Henke, Winfried; Tattersall, Ian; Hardt, Thorolf (2007).

10872:"How big were families in the 1700s?" By Keri Rutherford 10246:, Berkeley: University of California Press, p. 205, 9543: 9424:

Acabado, Stephen; Martin, Marlon; Lauer, Adam J. (2014).

7672:"Do People In The Philippines Speak Spanish? (Not Quite)" 12847:

The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines

11487:. Quezon City: R. P. GARCIA Publishing Co. p. 130. 10886:

Conquest and Pestilence in the Early Spanish Philippines

9891:

Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient

8895: 8753: 7182:"President Aquino to meet Filipino community in Beijing" 6886:(in English and Filipino). July 19, 2021. Archived from 6764:

Hong Kong Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved June 30, 2009.

4338:

in relation to those born in Hispanic America called in

2921:

Leaders of the reform movement in Spain: left to right:

1493:(including the Agta, Arta, Dumagat, etc.) of Luzon, the 1481:, in contrast to Malaysian and Andamanese Negritos (the 958:

has suggested that the first documented use of the word

27:

Natives and citizens and/or nationals of the Philippines

13532:

Filipino Prehistory: Rediscovering Precolonial Heritage

12656:

tenían al idioma español como su primera y única lengua

8731:

Asian slaves in colonial Mexico: from chinos to Indians

8700:"Latin America's lost histories revealed in modern DNA" 6072:; and the following domestically established churches: 3965:(Spanish Mestizos), by Jean Mallat de Bassilan, c. 1846 2694:

in the late 19th century, produced a major part of the

12666:. (Vea Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos, enero de 2003)". ( 12331: 12329: 12159: 6706:, Ministry of the Interior, Taiwan. January 25, 2021. 6090:

The Kingdom of Jesus Christ, the Name Above Every Name

5621:

and Tamil were incorporated during the strong wave of

1648:, leading to the designation of Austronesians as the " 1593:

Austronesians from the Philippines also later settled

1177:. There were also significant numbers of Manilamen in 12796:

Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development

12749:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 27–29. 12224: 11956: 10485:

Ethnic Business: Chinese Capitalism in Southeast Asia

7214:. Office of the Press Secretary. 2007. Archived from 6583:"Economic diplomacy is as important as OFW diplomacy" 6276:(Total population 110,573,715 in 2015, per detail in 5778:

shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis.

4318:

Spaniards born in the Philippines (Spanish Filipinos)

4130:

arrivals. More recent migrations into the country by

1629:, in addition to Maritime Southeast Asia and Taiwan. 1559:

at around 4,500 to 3,500 years ago, when a branch of

869:

to conclude that during the Spanish colonial period:

13597: 12789:"The Language Planning Situation in the Philippines" 12335: 9887:"The Spanish 'Impact' on the Philippines, 1565-1770" 9636:"Arab and native intermarriage in Austronesian Asia" 8953: 8951: 8390: 8322:. Vol. 23. A.H. Clark Company. pp. 85–87. 7297:

Welcome to Embassy of Kazakhstan in Malaysia Website

6185: 5479:

The results of a massive DNA study conducted by the

5081:

woman in a photograph by Francisco Van Camp, c. 1875

2678:. The Chinese mestizos were largely confined to the 2561:, as Manila was already previously connected to the 648:. The majority of Filipinos today are predominantly 13476: 13182:

Castles, Stephen and Mark J. Miller. (July 2009). "

12489:"Why the Philippines Is America's Forgotten Colony" 12326: 10183:

Department of Area Studies, the University of Tokyo

9197:

Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association

7752:. Ateneo de Manila University Press. pp. 6–7. 7438:"Manila and Moscow Inch Closer to Labour Agreement" 5698:, and some English. Chavacano is considered by the 5459:

Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network

13416: 12551:Kutschera, P.C.; Caputi, Marie A. (October 2012). 11293:Kutschera, P.C.; Caputi, Marie A. (October 2012). 9423: 8252: 8098:. University of North Carolina Press. p. 79. 6689: 5774:. The constitution also provides that Spanish and 5541:Meanwhile, according to older records held by the 5001:pre-Austronesian descent, such as a member of the 2707:, that were very influential with the creation of 2442:to reinforce the colonization of the islands. The 1976:; existed alongside the highland societies of the 13126:. Australian Bureau of Statistics. June 6, 2001. 13097:. Australian Bureau of Statistics. June 6, 2001. 13013: 12342:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 11364:From Indio to Filipino: And Some Historical Works 11239: 10928: 8948: 8871:UNESCO World Heritage Convention, Tentative Lists 8830: 8520:Pang, Valerie Ooka; Cheng, Li-Rong Lilly (1999). 7212:"Backgrounder: Overseas Filipinos in Switzerland" 7072:"pinoys-sweden-protest-impending-embassy-closure" 6380: 5457:(c. 10,000 BC); or a combination of the two (the 3493:tribute) and came upon the following statistics: 2821:plantations or from workers of the Benguet Road ( 2778:, the Philippines' historical trade partner with 2725:list of the political families in the Philippines 1536:). They retain partial genetic signals among the 1128:". Or the non-gender or gender fluid form Pinxy. 988:in print. Apolinario Mabini (1896) used the term 15273: 13124:"Population Composition: Asian-born Australians" 12367:George Richard Scott; Christy G. Turner (2000). 12130:"Rethinking the Origins of Taiwan Austronesians" 10547: 9529:. Singapore University Press. pp. 241–274. 9058:. U.S. Department of State Diplomacy in Action. 8847: 7983:. Ed. Pont. Univ. Gregoriana. pp. 221–222. 7353:. Hellenic Statistical Authority. Archived from 7348:"Statistical Yearbook of Greece 2009 & 2010" 6543:https://www.paci.gov.kw/stat/StatIndicators.aspx 5725:proclaimed it as the "official language" of the 3489:and assimilated with the indigenous population. 1855:From the 9th century onwards, a large number of 932:arose whose writings are credited with building 12786: 12550: 11891: 11845:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 11292: 10856: 10854: 10852: 10850: 10848: 10846: 10844: 10842: 10840: 10838: 10836: 10834: 10832: 10830: 10828: 10826: 10824: 10822: 10820: 10788: 10786: 10784: 10782: 10780: 10778: 10776: 10774: 10772: 10770: 10768: 10766: 10764: 10655: 10653: 10202:1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created 10195: 9526:Melayu: Politics, Poetics and Paradoxes of Race 8965:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 8566: 8425:"NOLA Filipino History Stretches for Centuries" 8211: 8063:(in Spanish). por Estevan Paulino. p. 75. 6166:, and a large proportion of the populations of 6066:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 1798:had thus emerged based on international trade. 824:. However, in a 1994 publication the historian 13262: 13210: 13069:2013 Report on International Religious Freedom 12985:2013 Report on International Religious Freedom 12898: 12634:"Estadisticas: El idioma español en Filipinas" 12461: 12397: 10818: 10816: 10814: 10812: 10810: 10808: 10806: 10804: 10802: 10800: 10762: 10760: 10758: 10756: 10754: 10752: 10750: 10748: 10746: 10744: 10511:Chirot, Daniel; Reid, Anthony (October 2011). 10366:. University of Washington Press. p. 50. 10284:. University of Washington Press. p. 54. 9712:of A study of the Eastern and Western Oceans ( 8573:The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture: Race 7923: 7921: 7919: 7090: 5962:The second largest religion in the country is 5379:for admixture, and cluster closely with other 5339: 4439:) and the mix of all of the above or a mix of 4038:of the Philippines. On December 10, 1898, the 797:native of the Philippine archipelago from the 672:, only around 2–4% of Filipinos are fluent in 53: 14276: 13583: 12281: 12081:"Early Austronesians: Into and Out Of Taiwan" 11651:"Genetics and the Origins of the Polynesians" 11590:Routledge Handbook of Southeast Asian History 11024:The Philippines A Singular and a Plural Place 10730: 10728: 10726: 10724: 10722: 10720: 9623:Conquistas de las Islas Filipinas (1565–1615) 9587:. Binondo: Imprenta de M. Sanchez y Compañia. 8760:from the Late Pleistocene of the Philippines" 8672: 8364: 8131:H. Micheal Tarver Ph.D.; Emily Slape (2016), 8011: 7867:. Cambridge University Press. June 23, 2014. 7829:. Cambridge University Press. June 23, 2014. 7748:Scott, William Henry (1994). "Introduction". 7306:. Kazembassy.org.my. Retrieved July 28, 2013. 5249:Native riding a horse by José Honorato Lozano 5172: 2785:In the 16th and 17th centuries, thousands of 1589:, connecting the Philippines to its neighbors 1012: 748: 707: 684:, identity, culture, tradition, and history. 13330: 13317: 12631: 12127: 11950: 11655:Encyclopedia of Life Sciences, 20 Volume Set 10718: 10716: 10714: 10712: 10710: 10708: 10706: 10704: 10702: 10700: 10650: 9759:"Sultanate of Sulu, The Unconquered Kingdom" 9628: 9597:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 9050: 9048: 9046: 8733:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. 8673:Ruiz-Wall, Deborah; Choo, Christine (2016). 8484:Asian and Pacific Presence: Harmony in Faith 7743: 7741: 7739: 7737: 7735: 7733: 7731: 7729: 7727: 7406:"No Filipino casualty in Turkey quake – DFA" 7238:"Labour Force Indicators by Sex, 2014- 2019" 6553: 5883:as of 2010, over 92% of the population were 4206:families that trace back to either the late 4194:who had relatives in the Philippines attain 2456:(nobility) during the early Spanish period. 1859:traders from the Middle East settled in the 13534:. Quezon City: Punlad Research House, Inc. 13071:. U.S. Department of State. July 28, 2014. 12064:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 11763: 11392:"The Chinese Mestizo in Philippine History" 10981: 10957:Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society 10797: 10741: 10589:. University of Exeter Press. p. 109. 9551:"About Pasay – History: Kingdom of Namayan" 9184: 8474: 8423:Welch, Michael Patrick (October 27, 2014). 7916: 7615:. Government of the Philippines. Preamble. 7557: 7001:. InterAksyon.com. Retrieved July 28, 2013. 6641:Overview of Philippines-Singapore Relations 6112:Filipinos in the New York metropolitan area 5465:rather than a series of linear migrations. 4583:to the peak, while most descendants of the 4493: 2667: 2398:, which was governed and administered from 1212:during the 16th and 17th centuries via the 1185:in the late 1800s who were employed in the 14283: 14269: 13590: 13576: 13355: 13304: 12583: 10510: 10359: 10277: 10205:, Random House Digital, pp. 149–150, 9971: 9557:. City Government of Pasay. Archived from 9074: 8867:"The Tabon Cave Complex and all of Lipuun" 8309: 8166: 7609:"The 1987 Constitution of the Philippines" 6556:"Qatar Population and Expat Nationalities" 6438:"Know Your Diaspora: United Arab Emirates" 5917:United Church of Christ in the Philippines 5623:Indian (Hindu-Buddhist) cultural influence 5556:comprised 22.8 million of the population. 2750:of Chinese Filipino background, mostly of 2410:ancestry, but there were also settlers of 1679: 1038:also started to colloquially use the term 63: 14597: 13305:David Blundell. "Austronesian Disperal". 12780: 12307: 12104: 11985: 11933: 11923: 11874: 11864: 11814: 11796: 11746: 11482: 11367:. Milagros Romuáldez-Abella. p. 30. 11020: 10697: 10506: 10504: 10478: 10476: 10434:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. p. 6. 10406:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. p. 3. 10397: 10395: 9516: 9485: 9365: 9355: 9298: 9281: 9117: 9043: 9026: 8976: 8666: 8519: 8416: 8087: 8085: 7724: 6697:"2021.12Foreign Residents by Nationality" 6659: 5491:According to a genetic study done by the 5398:The majority population of Filipinos are 5126:The Spanish colonizers reserved the term 4288:Learn how and when to remove this message 4237: 4172:is currently based upon the principle of 2723:. Today, the bulk of the families in the 2557:, attracted new waves of immigrants from 2299:Spanish colonization and rule (1521–1898) 2178: 1605:. From there, they colonized the rest of 14290: 13378:"Homepage of linguist Dr. Lawrence Reid" 13356:Penny, Ralph; Penny, Ralph John (2002). 13154:Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs 13142: 12973: 12738: 12467: 12449:The Former Philippines thru Foreign Eyes 12218: 11648: 11617: 11389: 10954: 10924: 10922: 10560:Continuum International Publishing Group 10425: 10423: 9522: 9491: 8889: 7978: 7972: 7904:. Islamic Research Academy. p. 10. 7810: 7808: 6912:. Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics. 6119: 5959:have a visible presence in the country. 5866: 5603: 5545:, there were approximately 1.35 million 5483:'s, "The Genographic Project", based on 5357: 5070: 5022: 4502:were usually known by the generic term " 4364:" with themselves also referred to as " 4226:, ensuring their future children attain 4048: 4005: 3994:background or the old elite families of 3951: 2936: 2916: 2521: 2502: 2486: 2458: 2341: 2318: 2302: 1581: 1417: 1401: 905:In the latter half of the 19th century, 13007: 12627: 12625: 12371:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 12275: 11831: 11354: 11325: 11204: 11126: 10982:Hedman, Eva-Lotta; Sidel, John (2005). 10876: 10448: 10271: 9992:from the original on September 27, 2023 9884: 9858:The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia 9855: 9782:. Editions Didier Millet. p. 171. 9417: 9190: 9155: 9149: 8747: 8453: 8447: 8404:from the original on September 17, 2020 8056: 7927: 7078:from the original on September 14, 2015 6736:2021.12Foreign Residents by Nationality 6620:from the original on September 22, 2020 6580: 6342: 6326: 6324: 5970:is mostly concentrated in southwestern 5200:Native Filipinos as illustrated in the 3485:these migrants intermarried with local 2835:between 1762 and 1764 as a part of the 2817:, where many had roots starting out in 1429:The Tabon Cave remains (along with the 14: 15274: 13526: 13101:from the original on December 15, 2018 12499:from the original on February 18, 2015 12486: 12423: 12241:from the original on February 18, 2015 12188: 11478: 11476: 11474: 11446: 11371:from the original on February 18, 2023 11360: 11342:from the original on February 18, 2023 11326:Nolasco, Clarita T. (September 1970). 11186:from the original on February 18, 2023 11165: 11147:from the original on February 18, 2023 11049:from the original on February 18, 2023 11002:from the original on February 18, 2023 10929:Maximilian Larena (January 21, 2021). 10882: 10668: 10603:from the original on February 18, 2023 10531:from the original on February 18, 2023 10501: 10473: 10392: 10380:from the original on February 18, 2023 10360:Chirot, Daniel; Reid, Anthony (1997). 10298:from the original on February 18, 2023 10278:Chirot, Daniel; Reid, Anthony (1997). 10260:from the original on February 18, 2023 10219:from the original on February 18, 2023 10019: 9796:from the original on February 18, 2023 9579: 9454: 9442:from the original on February 13, 2023 9337: 9331: 9262:The American Journal of Human Genetics 9249: 9237:from the original on February 17, 2017 9212: 9210: 8877:from the original on February 10, 2021 8859: 8728: 8654:from the original on December 11, 2020 8593:from the original on February 18, 2023 8548:from the original on February 18, 2023 8501:from the original on February 18, 2023 8326:from the original on February 18, 2023 8286: 8265:from the original on February 13, 2023 8234:from the original on February 18, 2023 8193:from the original on February 18, 2023 8172: 8155:from the original on February 18, 2023 8112:from the original on February 18, 2023 8091: 8082: 8067:from the original on February 18, 2023 8038:from the original on February 18, 2023 7899: 7881:from the original on February 13, 2023 7843:from the original on February 13, 2023 7793:from the original on December 11, 2020 7652:from the original on December 27, 2023 7629:We, the sovereign Filipino people, ... 7489:from the original on December 10, 2017 7278:from the original on September 5, 2022 7110:from the original on November 13, 2012 6910:"Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics" 6524:from the original on November 10, 2023 6309:from the original on September 8, 2019 5559: 5346:Models of migration to the Philippines 4100:Pearl S. Buck International Foundation 2731:, integrated together with mainstream 1867:, Bruneian, Malaysian, Indonesian and 1357:The oldest indisputable modern human ( 1332:" specimens discovered in 2007 in the 14264: 13571: 13505: 13437: 13164:from the original on January 22, 2017 13130:from the original on October 19, 2018 12930:from the original on October 11, 2016 12865: 12720:from the original on January 25, 2013 12664:eran primordialmente de habla hispana 12565:from the original on November 1, 2013 12539:from the original on November 1, 2013 12487:Cooper, Matthew (November 15, 2013). 12017: 11685:from the original on January 17, 2019 11550: 11532:from the original on October 20, 2021 11459:from the original on October 21, 2021 11428:from the original on October 20, 2021 11307:from the original on November 1, 2013 11281:from the original on November 1, 2013 11108:from the original on October 11, 2018 10919: 10582: 10553: 10454: 10420: 10353: 10341:from the original on October 20, 2021 10236: 10152:. Donostia : Eusko Ikaskuntza. 2003. 10111:from the original on January 17, 2021 9775: 9739:from the original on January 26, 2009 9642:from the original on February 1, 2009 9460: 9304: 9062:from the original on January 22, 2017 8993: 8853: 8812:from the original on October 13, 2022 8611: 8422: 8378:from the original on October 23, 2020 8352:from the original on January 15, 2022 8315: 8297:from the original on October 21, 2021 8282: 8280: 8259:De la Salle University Press (E-book) 8057:Chirino, Pedro (1604). "Cap. XXIII". 7805: 7747: 7682:from the original on January 24, 2024 7589:from the original on October 11, 2016 7052:from the original on December 5, 2019 6990:Amojelar, Darwin G. (April 26, 2013) 6942:from the original on October 19, 2020 6781:from the original on January 24, 2022 6725:immigration.gov.tw list of statistics 6710:from the original on October 19, 2022 6632: 6448:from the original on December 9, 2018 6392:from the original on October 27, 2017 6296: 6068:(Mormons), and Philippine (Southern) 5931:. Other Christian groups such as the 4018:After the defeat of Spain during the 2886:and the ones in the north settled in 2719:and subsequent sovereign independent 2426:(governors born in Spain), mostly of 1457:at the time of lowered sea levels of 1196:(especially in the Mexican states of 984:was the first to describe himself as 680:in the Philippines each with its own 676:. Currently, there are more than 185 13184:Migration in the Asia-Pacific Region 12913:2015 Philippine Statistical Yearbook 12652:900,000 Filipinos, el diez porciento 12640:from the original on August 24, 2013 12622: 12468:Macrohon, Pilar (January 21, 2013). 12430:Bolotin Archivo General de la Nación 12206:from the original on October 8, 2012 11586: 11447:Perdon, Renato (December 31, 2013). 11328:"The Creoles in Spanish Philippines" 11223:. voices.cla.umn.edu. Archived from 10685:from the original on August 12, 2022 10675:Bolotin Archivo General de la Nación 10482: 10429: 10401: 10020:Mawson, Stephanie J. (August 2016). 9769: 9492:Palatino, Mong (February 27, 2013). 9388: 9382: 9191:Mijares, Armand Salvador B. (2006). 8831:Henderson, Barney (August 3, 2010). 8710:from the original on August 12, 2022 8697: 8691: 7780: 7774: 7712:from the original on August 12, 2012 7619:from the original on January 5, 2019 7572:2015 Philippine Statistical Yearbook 7022:from the original on October 1, 2023 6412:"Distribution on Filipinos Overseas" 6360:United States Department of Commerce 6334:. Xinhua News Agency. Archived from 6321: 6146:There are an estimated four million 6015:indigenous Philippine folk religions 5748:1987 Constitution of the Philippines 5713:In 1863 a Spanish decree introduced 5498: 5383:. There were also immigrations from 4461:) were historically referred to as " 4270:adding citations to reliable sources 4241: 4098:from the United States in 1946. The 2735:, are now in the form of the modern 2515:, connecting the Philippines to the 1912:as well as Ma-i's subordinates, the 1840:, the Kingdom of Luzon now known as 1632:The connections between the various 1328:remains in the Philippines are the " 668:. Despite formerly being subject to 598:Indigenous Philippine folk religions 94:Regions with significant populations 13815: 13410:10.1146/annurev.an.22.100193.002233 12948: 12866:Linda Trinh Võ; Rick Bonus (2002). 12532:(Press release). November 5, 2012. 12121: 12072: 11669:10.1002/9780470015902.a0020808.pub2 11507: 11471: 11274:(Press release). November 5, 2012. 10883:Newson, Linda A. (April 16, 2009). 10316: 10310: 9953:Demography Philippine Yearbook 2011 9461:Lasco, Gideon (December 28, 2017). 9207: 8650:. Government of Western Australia. 8431:. New Orleans: WWNO. Archived from 7315: 7309: 7136:from the original on March 18, 2015 6611: 6562:from the original on March 31, 2021 6468:"2021 Census QuickStats: Australia" 6082:Members Church of God International 6058:Episcopal Church in the Philippines 5514: 5261:Cuadrillero by José Honorato Lozano 2955:Sangley Chinese or Chinese Mestizos 2851:, both of which are located by the 928:, especially Chinese mestizos) and 588:Members Church of God International 102:figures below are for various years 24: 13420:The Inhabitants of the Philippines 12961:from the original on April 7, 2016 12694:from the original on June 13, 2011 12610:from the original on March 3, 2010 12085:American Journal of Human Genetics 11966:American Journal of Human Genetics 11399:Journal of Southeast Asian History 10907:from the original on March 8, 2023 10517:. University of Washington Press. 10459:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 33. 9815:Background Note: Brunei Darussalam 9504:from the original on June 15, 2022 9473:from the original on July 22, 2022 9137:from the original on June 29, 2014 8277: 7444:from the original on March 7, 2022 7418:from the original on June 15, 2010 7074:. ABS-CBN.com. February 29, 2012. 6880:"Overview of RP-Bahrain Relations" 6848:from the original on March 7, 2022 6677:from the original on June 13, 2018 6648:from the original on March 1, 2023 6488:. February 9, 2009. Archived from 6266:from the original on April 4, 2018 6126:Philippine Independence Day Parade 5758:and designates it, along with the 5420:Austronesian populations of Taiwan 4230:and their Filipino spouses ensure 2793:. Today, there is a small growing 2390:, the Philippines was part of the 1340:. They were dated in 2010 through 1161:Native Filipinos were also called 25: 15298: 13549: 13359:A History of the Spanish Language 13233:10.1038/scientificamerican0791-88 13158:United States Department of State 13075:from the original on May 26, 2019 13036:from the original on July 7, 2018 12991:from the original on May 26, 2019 10180: 10040:from the original on June 3, 2018 9621:" Gaspar de San Agustin, O.S.A., 9338:Bhopal, Raj (December 22, 2007). 8971:(13): supplementary information. 8936:from the original on July 1, 2022 8624:from the original on May 18, 2018 7781:Cruz, Elfren S. (July 29, 2018). 7646:United States Department of State 7188:. August 30, 2011. Archived from 6972:from the original on May 28, 2019 6916:from the original on May 25, 2017 6593:from the original on May 26, 2023 6297:Times, Asia (September 2, 2019). 5234:" (A Native Filipino Mestizo) by 4500:natives of the Philippine islands 4185:Third Republic of the Philippines 4158:made most Filipinos accepting of 4069:settlers in the Philippines, 1900 2715:as part of the foundation of the 2346:Depiction of Filipino celebration 1524:, an ethnic group which includes 856:, Relación de las Islas Filipinas 15287:Ethnic groups in the Philippines 15256: 15255: 15244: 13599:Ethnic groups in the Philippines 13555: 13509:The Philippines: A Unique Nation 13176: 13087: 13057: 13048: 12942: 12859: 12829: 12732: 12706: 12680: 12632:Gómez Rivera, Guillermo (2005). 12592: 12577: 12530:Amerasian Research Network, Ltd. 12515: 12480: 12440: 12417: 12406: 12360: 12267:. April 13, 2005. Archived from 12253: 11697: 11642: 11611: 11544: 11501: 11440: 11383: 11319: 11272:Amerasian Research Network, Ltd. 11257: 11213: 11198: 11159: 11120: 11094: 11074: 11065: 11014: 10975: 10948: 10865: 10662: 10631: 10576: 10230: 10189: 10174: 10142: 10123: 10091: 10052: 10028:(232). Oxford Academic: 87–125. 10013: 10004: 9965: 9946: 9937: 9925:from the original on May 7, 2021 9878: 9849: 9827: 9808: 9751: 9725: 9696: 9663: 9654: 9605: 9573: 8526:. NetLibrary, Inc. p. 287. 6228: 6188: 5881:National Statistics Office (NSO) 5702:to be a Spanish-based language. 5521:Catalogo Alfabetico de Apellidos 5354:Ethnic groups in the Philippines 5317: 5298: 5282: 5266: 5254: 5242: 5223: 5211: 5193: 5138:popularized the use of the term 4575:hierarchy that usually elevated 4246: 2847:and the principal naval port of 2154: 2133: 2112: 2091: 2064: 2043: 2022: 2001: 1863:and intermarried with the local 1609:, which in modern times include 1449:People", the earliest branch of 1281: 1272: 1263: 1072:" in the 1940–1987 standardized 13307:Newsletter of Chinese Ethnology 13204: 12424:Garcia, María Fernanda (1998). 10669:Garcia, María Fernanda (1998). 9735:. Akeanon.com. March 27, 2008. 8824: 8722: 8698:Wade, Lizzie (April 12, 2018). 8636: 8605: 8560: 8513: 8372:"Leave the Filipinx Kids Alone" 8338: 8246: 8205: 8124: 8050: 8005: 7893: 7864:Asian Slaves in Colonial Mexico 7855: 7826:Asian Slaves in Colonial Mexico 7817: 7694: 7664: 7634: 7601: 7531: 7501: 7475: 7456: 7430: 7398: 7372: 7340: 7290: 7260: 7230: 7204: 7174: 7148: 7122: 7064: 7034: 7012:"Wachtregister asiel 2012–2021" 7004: 6984: 6954: 6928: 6902: 6872: 6830: 6812: 6793: 6767: 6748: 6605: 6581:Nicolas, Jino (June 24, 2018). 6574: 6547: 6536: 6504: 6260:Philippine Statistics Authority 6162:, an American territory in the 5449:continental shelf prior to the 5350:Demographics of the Philippines 4544:) that numbered the most among 4498:'business'), while the 4488: 4395:), specifically those of mixed 4257:needs additional citations for 4106:scattered across the cities of 4090:, but left behind thousands of 4046:in exchange for $ 20 million. 2662: 1636:have also been known since the 894:, logically contracted to just 830:Relación de las Islas Filipinas 781:of the Spanish colonies in the 32:Demographics of the Philippines 13362:. Cambridge University Press. 13150:"Background Note: Philippines" 12714:"Languages of the Philippines" 12225:Wilhelm G. Solheim II (2002). 11663:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 11485:History of the Filipino people 11483:Agoncillo, Teodoro A. (1960). 11332:Far Eastern University Journal 9978:. Springer. pp. 759–785. 9056:"Background note: Philippines" 8569:"Pacific Worlds and the South" 8018:por Estevan Paulino. pp. 7902:A nation under endless tyranny 6554:Davies Krish (April 9, 2019). 6478: 6460: 6430: 6404: 6374: 6290: 6248: 6172:British Indian Ocean Territory 6148:Americans of Filipino ancestry 5990:. The Muslims call themselves 5921:Iglesia Filipina Independiente 5873:Basilica Minore del Santo Niño 5566:Immigration to the Philippines 5293:vendor by José Honorato Lozano 4001: 2833:British forces occupied Manila 952:citizenship nationality by law 593:Iglesia Filipina Independiente 13: 1: 13398:Annual Review of Anthropology 13240:Bellwood, Peter; Fox, James; 12446:Jagor, Fëdor, et al. (1870). 11555:. ROUTLEDGE. pp. 18–19. 10556:Interracial Intimacy in Japan 9555:Pasay City Government website 9433:The SAA Archaeological Record 8293:. New York: Wentworth Press. 8287:Retaña, Wenceslao E. (1921). 6936:"Immigrants in Brazil (2022)" 6241: 6078:Philippine Independent Church 4094:children. The country gained 3480:With the inauguration of the 2539:Manila-Acapulco galleon trade 2513:Manila-Acapulco galleon trade 2279:(royals) and defended by the 1245:Prehistory of the Philippines 1238: 1046:of the sovereign independent 82: 14750:Business process outsourcing 13195:Migration Information Source 12746:Filipino English and Taglish 11904:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 11436:– via KU ScholarWorks. 9007:Genome Biology and Evolution 7930:The Journal of Asian Studies 7316:Tan, Lesley (June 6, 2006). 5927:directly resulting from the 5772:auxiliary official languages 5596:Languages of the Philippines 5589: 5475:Genetic studies on Filipinos 5461:hypothesis) which advocates 2705:Spanish Colonial Philippines 1406:Migration of the sea-faring 1371:" fossils discovered in the 1294:: Five teeth attributed to 1222:Chinese immigrants to Mexico 727:Ruy López de Villalobos 706:, was derived from the term 7: 13491:10.1080/0043824042000303764 13417:Frederic H. Sawyer (1900). 12739:Thompson, Roger M. (2003). 12300:10.1534/genetics.115.178616 11551:WHITE, LYNN T. III (2018). 11390:Wickberg, E. (March 1964). 11133:. AuthorHouse. p. 14. 10891:University of Hawaiʻi Press 9776:Munoz, Paul Michel (2006). 9675:September 26, 2008, at the 9357:10.1136/bmj.39413.463958.80 9199:(26): 72–78. Archived from 8253:Rolando M Gripaldo (2001). 7706:Online Etymology Dictionary 6704:National Immigration Agency 6355:United States Census Bureau 6283:September 26, 2019, at the 6181: 6099: 5893:colonization of the islands 5863:Religion in the Philippines 5856: 5468: 5381:East/Southeast Asian people 5340:Origins and genetic studies 5160:Diccionario de filipinismos 4198:for their children through 4022:in 1898, Filipino general, 2906:speaking South Indians and 2855:. The war was ended by the 2526:Global trade routes of the 2363:speaking South Indians and 2359:and Southern India, adding 1816:which flourished alongside 1662:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach 1571:-speakers) migrated to the 1092:alphabet in 1987, the term 1048:Republic of the Philippines 1002:Diccionario de filipinismos 962:to refer to Indios was the 10: 15303: 13512:. All-Nations Publishing. 13014:Stephen K. Hislop (1971). 12852:December 28, 2016, at the 12841:November 10, 2007, at the 12677:. Retrieved July 8, 2010.) 12097:10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.02.003 12033:New Zealand Science Review 9862:Cambridge University Press 9856:Tarling, Nicholas (1999). 9307:The Austronesian languages 8316:Blair, Emma Helen (1915). 8173:Ocampo, Ambeth R. (1995). 7979:Larousse, William (2001). 7302:November 11, 2013, at the 6865:February 27, 2022, at the 6824:Friedrich Naumann Stiftung 6512:"令和５年１２月末現在における在留外国人数について" 6109: 6103: 5929:1898 Philippine Revolution 5860: 5686:is the only Spanish-based 5593: 5563: 5472: 5343: 5152:Philippine nationality law 4417:), whereas those of mixed 4181:First Philippines Republic 4170:Philippine nationality law 4034:became the first American 3972:Philippine nationality law 2259:. Native villages, called 1451:anatomically modern humans 1387:. These were dated to the 1248: 1242: 1234:History of the Philippines 1231: 1227: 1052:Philippine nationality law 774:to differentiate from the 691: 99:Philippines c. 100 million 29: 15227: 15146: 15031: 14865: 14856: 14735: 14726: 14542: 14533: 14415: 14406: 14339: 14308: 14299: 14213: 14152: 14126: 14115: 14093: 14055: 14022: 14004: 13941: 13888: 13881: 13777: 13719: 13635: 13628: 13605: 13562:People of the Philippines 13506:Zaide, Sonia M. (1999) . 13423:. Library of Alexandria. 13095:"National Summary Tables" 12808:10.1080/01434639808666365 12688:"Philippines – EDUCATION" 12673:January 18, 2017, at the 11731:10.1016/j.cub.2021.07.022 11618:Delmendo, Sharon (2005). 11411:10.1017/S0217781100002222 11172:. ABC-CLIO. p. 478. 11027:. Routledge. p. 47. 10988:. Routledge. p. 71. 10487:. Routledge. p. 93. 10455:Gambe, Annabelle (2000). 9958:October 24, 2021, at the 9717: 9708:October 10, 2017, at the 9467:Philippine Daily Inquirer 9305:Blust, Robert A. (2013). 9170:10.1017/S0003598X00067910 8787:10.1038/s41586-019-1067-9 8648:Western Australian Museum 8468:10.1017/S1740022812000241 8456:Journal of Global History 8179:. Anvil Pub. p. 21. 7942:10.1017/S002191180500152X 7468:October 20, 2011, at the 7103:. Census Office Ireland. 7042:"Macau Population Census" 6741:October 19, 2022, at the 6730:October 19, 2022, at the 6160:Northern Marianas Islands 6124:Spectators at the annual 6092:. In addition, there are 5875:during the novena Masses. 5727:First Philippine Republic 5543:Senate of the Philippines 5046:People who lived outside 5028:Marcelo Azcárraga Palmero 4477: 4030:on June 12 while General 3508:Spanish Mestizo Tributes 2717:First Philippine Republic 2651: 2383: 1597:and the other islands of 1445:) are part of the "First 1084:" to be substituted for " 902:("sons of the country"). 816:was not used to refer to 762:, while the generic term 656:, all typically speaking 616: 611: 557: 552: 525: 520: 512: 504: 496: 488: 480: 472: 464: 456: 448: 440: 429: 421: 413: 405: 397: 389: 381: 373: 365: 354: 346: 338: 330: 322: 312: 301: 291: 281: 268: 258: 247: 237: 227: 216: 205: 195: 180: 169: 159: 149: 139: 129: 118: 107: 98: 93: 76: 71: 62: 51: 36:Filipino (disambiguation) 14654:House of Representatives 14547:Administrative divisions 13337:Reading the Full Picture 12787:Andrew Gonzalez (1998). 12455:January 9, 2021, at the 11649:Chambers, Geoff (2013). 11587:Owen, Norman G. (2014). 11508:Tan, Antonio S. (1986). 11449:"The origin of Filipino" 11361:Abella, Domingo (1978). 11166:Tucker, Spencer (2009). 11127:Burdeos, Ray L. (2008). 10583:Tracy, Nicholas (1995). 10317:Tan, Antonio S. (1986). 9824:, U.S. State Department. 8729:Seijas, Tatiana (2014). 8212:Luis H. Francia (2013). 8092:Kramer, Paul A. (2006). 7783:"From indio to Filipino" 6805:January 5, 2010, at the 6800:Filipinos in South Korea 6221: 5998:word that refers to the 5968:Islam in the Philippines 5909:American Colonial period 5887:, with 80.6% professing 5813:(Spanish-based creole), 4625:descent born in Spain (" 2972:Manila-Acapulco galleons 2841:Spanish colonial capital 2815:American colonial period 2809:in Mintal or Calinan in 2711:and the sparking of the 1960:; and the Sultanates of 1875:indigenous populations. 1672:with the non-indigenous 1068:The lack of the letter " 848:, which were their gods. 743:("Indian (native of the 694:Names of the Philippines 687: 13333:"Asia Pacific Research" 12874:Temple University Press 12139:: 17–19. Archived from 11925:10.1073/pnas.85.16.6002 11866:10.1073/pnas.2026132118 11798:10.1073/pnas.2026132118 10643:April 29, 2022, at the 10554:Leupp, Gary P. (2003). 10135:April 29, 2022, at the 9885:Pearson, M. N. (1969). 9839:Mangyan Heritage Center 9494:"Are Filipinos Malays?" 8978:10.1073/pnas.2026132118 8398:"Filipino or Filipinx?" 6997:April 27, 2013, at the 6050:United Church of Christ 5849:. The 28-letter modern 5519:Published in 1849, The 5404:Maritime Southeast Asia 4425:descent were known as " 4403:descent were known as " 4302:Spanish colonial period 4075:Philippine–American War 4053:A native Filipina with 1680:Archaic epoch (to 1565) 1603:Mainland Southeast Asia 1599:Maritime Southeast Asia 1131:In 2020, the neologism 976:. Writer and publisher 972:, published in 1879 by 911:, an educated class of 766:("Chinese"), short for 735:Spanish colonial period 731:Philip II of Spain 641: 54: 15251:Philippines portal 14795:Science and technology 13447:. New Day Publishers. 12915:: 1–30. October 2015. 12836:Article XIV, Section 6 12584:Penny & Penny 2002 12282:Yambazi Banda (2015). 11526:10.3406/arch.1986.2316 10335:10.3406/arch.1986.2316 10079:Cite journal requires 9686:July 18, 2011, at the 8843:on September 15, 2012. 8400:. September 15, 2020. 8012:Pedro Chirino (1604). 7900:Jubair, Salah (1997). 7574:: 1–30. October 2015. 7539:"Filipinos in Finland" 7509:"Filipinos in Iceland" 7485:. Morocco World News. 7318:"A tale of two states" 7046:Census Bureau of Macau 6968:. September 17, 2021. 6760:June 13, 2018, at the 6755:Filipinos in Hong Kong 6140: 6046:Seventh-day Adventists 5876: 5871:Devotees flock to the 5614:Austronesian languages 5610: 5439:Sino-Tibetan languages 5371: 5189: 5173: 5082: 5031: 4343: 4325: 4238:Social classifications 4082:as the first American 4070: 4015: 4014:dress, (Manila, 1899). 3966: 2967: 2934: 2857:Treaty of Paris (1763) 2805:with roots to the old 2690:, who during the late 2534: 2519: 2500: 2484: 2347: 2339: 2316: 2179:Historic caste systems 1590: 1553:Austronesian expansion 1479:Indigenous Australians 1426: 1415: 1399:cultures in the area. 1029: 1013: 969:A la juventud filipina 934:Philippine nationalism 888: 859: 749: 716:the Philippine Islands 708: 678:ethnolinguistic groups 652:and come from various 34:. For other uses, see 15206:Sport and martial art 14622:Executive departments 13343:on September 27, 2011 13331:Peter Fuller (2002). 13265:Review of Archaeology 12146:on February 18, 2015. 12128:Chuan-Kun Ho (2002). 11717:(19): 4219–4230.e10. 11593:. Routledge. p. 11087:July 8, 2012, at the 11033:10.4324/9780429494383 9897:(2). Brill: 165–186. 9845:on February 13, 2008. 9820:June 4, 2019, at the 9619:de toda aquella isla. 9090:Nature Communications 8618:Folklife in Louisiana 8374:. September 7, 2020. 8348:. September 7, 2020. 8137:, ABC-CLIO, pp. 7186:Ang Kalatas-Australia 6890:on September 29, 2022 6472:censusdata.abs.gov.au 6123: 6110:Further information: 5945:Jesus Miracle Crusade 5870: 5719:Philippine Revolution 5607: 5429:(linking them to the 5361: 5324:Typical costume of a 5170: 5074: 5026: 4650:(pure or almost pure 4581:Christianized natives 4573:colonial caste system 4212:American Colonial Era 4052: 4009: 3955: 3434:Total Reinforcements 2940: 2920: 2914:into the ethnic mix. 2882:in Manila settled at 2713:Philippine Revolution 2684:Philippine population 2525: 2506: 2490: 2462: 2371:into the ethnic mix. 2353:South Asian Filipinos 2345: 2323:Economic life in the 2322: 2306: 2083:at the time), c.1590 1938:Kedatuans of Madja-as 1656:") during the age of 1585: 1555:which started in the 1455:Island Southeast Asia 1421: 1405: 1342:uranium-series dating 1183:Torres Strait Islands 1171:Saint Malo, Louisiana 1080:) caused the letter " 1036:American colonial era 1010: 982:Luis Rodríguez Varela 948:American Colonial Era 944:Philippine Revolution 871: 838: 612:Related ethnic groups 563:Minority others are: 15071:Fashion and clothing 14912:Environmental issues 14839:Water and sanitation 14676:Regional Trial Court 14521:World Heritage Sites 13564:at Wikimedia Commons 13439:Scott, William Henry 13278:Current Anthropology 13189:27 July 2011 at the 12600:"El Torno Chabacano" 12162:Current Anthropology 12005:on February 14, 2010 11624:. UP Press. p. 11253:on February 3, 2009. 10889:. Honolulu, Hawaii: 10483:Folk, Brian (2003). 10060:"Japanese Christian" 10034:10.1093/pastj/gtw008 9765:on December 1, 2008. 9561:on November 20, 2007 9463:"Waves of migration" 8914:10.3378/027.085.0303 8839:. UK. Archived from 8429:New Orleans & Me 7472:, The Joshua Project 7360:on December 13, 2013 7328:on February 22, 2013 7218:on September 7, 2008 6844:. October 12, 2020. 6587:BusinessWorld Online 6384:(October 25, 2017). 6338:on October 15, 2019. 6153:family reunification 6086:Jesus Is Lord Church 6076:(Church of Christ), 5941:Jesus Is Lord Church 5723:Malolos Constitution 5600:Philippine languages 5364:Austronesian peoples 5236:José Honorato Lozano 5154:and as described by 4958:descent who was not 4929:descent who was not 4899:Spanish missionaries 4862:Spanish missionaries 4860:, usually under the 4713:descent born in the 4266:improve this article 4228:Filipino citizenship 4218:, often come to the 4208:Spanish Colonial Era 4196:Filipino citizenship 4187:. For example, many 4160:interracial marriage 4020:Spanish–American War 2927:Marcelo H. del Pilar 2709:Filipino nationalism 2692:Spanish Colonial Era 2511:return route of the 2482:José Honorato Lozano 2125:(tattooed), c. 1590 1948:; the Rajahnates of 1634:Austronesian peoples 1408:Austronesian peoples 1255:Austronesian peoples 1032:American authorities 666:Philippine languages 654:Austronesian peoples 626:Austronesian peoples 547:indigenous languages 140:United Arab Emirates 15061:Cultural properties 14827:Tourist attractions 14374:Japanese occupation 13225:1991SciAm.265a..88B 13213:Scientific American 12949:Victory, Outreach. 12604:Instituto Cervantes 12265:National Geographic 11916:1988PNAS...85.6002C 11857:2021PNAS..11826132L 11851:(13): e2026132118. 11789:2021PNAS..11826132L 11783:(13): e2026132118. 11723:2021CBio...31E4219L 11540:– via Persée. 11227:on February 8, 2006 10349:– via Persée. 9391:Oceanic Linguistics 9350:(7633): 1308–1309. 9102:2014NatCo...5.4689L 8837:The Daily Telegraph 8779:2019Natur.568..181D 8435:on January 18, 2021 7519:on December 3, 2012 7130:"Statistic Austria" 6492:on February 9, 2009 6164:North Pacific Ocean 6116:Filipinos in Hawaii 5957:Jehovah's Witnesses 5715:universal education 5700:Instituto Cervantes 5560:Current immigration 5481:National Geographic 5455:last glacial period 5410:and as far west as 5312:soldier and artist. 5184:Wenceslao E. Retaña 5162:, where he defined 4316:mainly referred to 4080:William Howard Taft 3498: 3001: 2965:Justiniano Asuncion 2675:mestizos de sangley 2541:that connected the 2384:Fernão de Magalhães 2325:Spanish Philippines 2314:Justiniano Asuncion 1471:Denisovan Admixture 1206:Filipino immigrants 1096:was preferred over 1024:Wenceslao E. Retaña 892:españoles filipinos 883:William Henry Scott 867:William Henry Scott 826:William Henry Scott 709:las Islas Filipinas 670:Spanish colonialism 578:Mga Saksi ni Jehova 189:(December 31, 2020) 48: 15076:Historical markers 14934:Indigenous peoples 14810:Telecommunications 14584:Political families 14425:Biosphere reserves 13620:Indigenous peoples 13320:Asian Perspectives 12951:"Victory Outreach" 12054:on April 25, 2012. 10430:Chua, Amy (2003). 10402:Chua, Amy (2003). 10026:Past & Present 9110:10.1038/ncomms5689 9019:10.1093/gbe/evx118 8756:"A new species of 8612:Westbrook, Laura. 7676:www.mezzoguild.com 7414:. August 3, 2010. 6215:Filipino Americans 6196:Philippines portal 6141: 6106:Overseas Filipinos 5879:According to then 5877: 5770:are designated as 5768:Regional languages 5764:official languages 5710:Spanish speakers. 5611: 5463:cultural diffusion 5453:at the end of the 5435:Tapengkeng culture 5372: 5093:A person of mixed 5083: 5078:mestiza de sangley 5032: 4789:Mestizo de Sangley 4731:Mestizo de Español 4721:Philippine Islands 4682:) descent born in 4453:". Meanwhile, the 4232:property ownership 4156:cultural diversity 4071: 4016: 4010:Filipina women in 3984:Philippine economy 3967: 3496: 2999: 2968: 2935: 2799:Japanese Filipinos 2741:Philippine economy 2569:, as shown in the 2567:Maritime Jade Road 2563:Maritime Silk Road 2535: 2532:Portuguese Empires 2520: 2501: 2485: 2376:Ferdinand Magellan 2348: 2340: 2317: 2146:(slaves), c. 1590 1924:; the Kingdoms of 1591: 1587:Maritime Jade Road 1427: 1416: 1179:Northern Australia 1137:Filipino Americans 980:has asserted that 822:Renato Constantino 810:Agnes Newton Keith 46: 15269: 15268: 15223: 15222: 15219: 15218: 15133:Traditional games 14968:Income inequality 14951:Human trafficking 14852: 14851: 14815:Telephone numbers 14722: 14721: 14718: 14717: 14589:Political parties 14562:Foreign relations 14529: 14528: 14402: 14401: 14387:Marcos presidency 14378:Postcolonial era 14258: 14257: 14254: 14253: 14111: 14110: 14103:Suludnon/Tumandok 13877: 13876: 13873: 13872: 13560:Media related to 13541:978-971-622-006-3 13519:978-971-642-071-5 13479:World Archaeology 13471:978-971-10-0226-8 13454:978-971-10-0227-5 13430:978-1-4655-1185-0 13369:978-0-521-01184-6 13255:978-0-7315-2132-6 12891:978-1-56639-938-8 12802:(5, 6): 487–488. 12775:978-90-272-4891-6 12756:978-90-272-4891-6 12390:978-0-521-78453-5 12353:978-3-540-32474-4 11910:(16): 6002–6006. 11678:978-0-470-01617-6 11635:978-971-542-484-4 11604:978-1-135-01878-8 11562:978-1-138-49233-2 11179:978-1-85109-951-1 11140:978-1-4343-6141-7 11042:978-0-8133-3755-5 10995:978-1-134-75421-2 10900:978-0-8248-6197-1 10626:978-0-85989-426-5 10596:978-0-85989-426-5 10569:978-0-8264-6074-5 10562:. pp. 52–3. 10524:978-0-295-80026-4 10494:978-1-138-81107-2 10466:978-0-312-23496-6 10441:978-0-385-72186-8 10413:978-0-385-72186-8 10373:978-0-295-80026-4 10291:978-0-295-80026-4 10212:978-0-307-59672-7 9871:978-0-521-66370-0 9581:Huerta, Felix, de 9536:978-9971-69-555-2 9324:978-1-922185-07-5 9230:978-1-920942-85-4 8773:(7751): 181–186. 8740:978-1-107-47784-1 8684:978-0-9923241-5-5 8677:. Keeaira Press. 8586:978-1-4696-0724-5 8494:978-1-57455-449-6 8227:978-1-4683-1545-5 8186:978-971-27-0418-5 8148:978-1-61069-422-3 8105:978-0-8078-7717-3 7990:978-88-7652-879-8 7874:978-1-107-06312-9 7836:978-1-107-06312-9 7759:978-971-550-135-4 6858:(cites data from 6826:. March 11, 2024. 6673:. June 13, 2018. 6612:Gostoli, Ylenia. 6418:on April 27, 2017 6382:Statistics Canada 6074:Iglesia ni Cristo 6062:Assemblies of God 6054:United Methodists 5980:Islamic countries 5939:-founded and led 5913:Iglesia ni Cristo 5889:Roman Catholicism 5851:Filipino alphabet 5756:national language 5752:Filipino language 5504:Dental morphology 5499:Dental morphology 5493:Kaiser Permanente 5362:Migration of the 5332:San Pablo, Laguna 5021: 5020: 4897:, usually by the 4816:Mestizo de Bombay 4767:descent or mixed 4629:Iberian Peninsula 4496: 4459:Chinese Filipinos 4298: 4297: 4290: 3937: 3936: 3478: 3477: 2670: 2597:(the old port of 2275:, a class called 1861:Malay Archipelago 1846:Kingdom of Ryukyu 1832:, the Kingdom of 1666:colonial American 1658:scientific racism 1569:Malayo-Polynesian 1542:Sama-Bajau people 1363:) remains in the 1117:" and adding the 900:"hijo/s del país" 631: 630: 622:Native Indonesian 583:Iglesia ni Cristo 560:Roman Catholicism 277: 191: 87:Filipino diaspora 85:11–12 million in 16:(Redirected from 15294: 15259: 15258: 15249: 15248: 15247: 15029: 15028: 14983:Overseas workers 14905:Higher education 14863: 14862: 14733: 14732: 14671:Court of Appeals 14627:Executive office 14595: 14594: 14540: 14539: 14413: 14412: 14354:Pre-colonial era 14306: 14305: 14285: 14278: 14271: 14262: 14261: 14124: 14123: 13886: 13885: 13813: 13812: 13633: 13632: 13592: 13585: 13578: 13569: 13568: 13559: 13545: 13528:Jocano, F. Landa 13523: 13502: 13465: 13463: 13461: 13434: 13413: 13388: 13386: 13384: 13373: 13352: 13350: 13348: 13327: 13314: 13301: 13272: 13259: 13236: 13198: 13180: 13174: 13173: 13171: 13169: 13160:. June 3, 2011. 13146: 13140: 13139: 13137: 13135: 13120: 13111: 13110: 13108: 13106: 13091: 13085: 13084: 13082: 13080: 13061: 13055: 13052: 13046: 13045: 13043: 13041: 13035: 13020: 13011: 13005: 13004: 12998: 12996: 12977: 12971: 12970: 12968: 12966: 12955:Victory Outreach 12946: 12940: 12939: 12937: 12935: 12929: 12910: 12902: 12896: 12895: 12863: 12857: 12833: 12827: 12826: 12824: 12822: 12817:on June 16, 2007 12816: 12810:. Archived from 12793: 12784: 12778: 12760: 12736: 12730: 12729: 12727: 12725: 12710: 12704: 12703: 12701: 12699: 12684: 12678: 12649: 12647: 12645: 12629: 12620: 12619: 12617: 12615: 12596: 12590: 12581: 12575: 12574: 12572: 12570: 12564: 12557: 12548: 12546: 12544: 12538: 12527: 12519: 12513: 12512: 12506: 12504: 12493:National Journal 12484: 12478: 12477: 12476:on May 16, 2021. 12465: 12459: 12444: 12438: 12437: 12421: 12415: 12410: 12404: 12401: 12395: 12394: 12364: 12358: 12357: 12333: 12324: 12321: 12311: 12294:(4): 1285–1295. 12279: 12273: 12272: 12271:on May 22, 2019. 12257: 12251: 12250: 12248: 12246: 12222: 12216: 12215: 12213: 12211: 12202:. May 23, 2008. 12192: 12186: 12185: 12157: 12148: 12147: 12145: 12134: 12125: 12119: 12118: 12108: 12076: 12070: 12069: 12063: 12055: 12053: 12047:. Archived from 12030: 12021: 12015: 12014: 12012: 12010: 12004: 11998:. Archived from 11989: 11963: 11954: 11948: 11947: 11937: 11927: 11895: 11889: 11888: 11878: 11868: 11835: 11829: 11828: 11818: 11800: 11767: 11761: 11760: 11750: 11701: 11695: 11694: 11692: 11690: 11646: 11640: 11639: 11615: 11609: 11608: 11584: 11575: 11574: 11548: 11542: 11541: 11539: 11537: 11505: 11499: 11498: 11480: 11469: 11468: 11466: 11464: 11444: 11438: 11437: 11435: 11433: 11427: 11396: 11387: 11381: 11380: 11378: 11376: 11358: 11352: 11351: 11349: 11347: 11323: 11317: 11316: 11314: 11312: 11306: 11299: 11290: 11288: 11286: 11280: 11269: 11261: 11255: 11254: 11249:. Archived from 11243: 11237: 11236: 11234: 11232: 11217: 11211: 11202: 11196: 11195: 11193: 11191: 11163: 11157: 11156: 11154: 11152: 11124: 11118: 11117: 11115: 11113: 11098: 11092: 11078: 11072: 11069: 11063: 11062: 11056: 11054: 11018: 11012: 11011: 11009: 11007: 10979: 10973: 10972: 10952: 10946: 10945: 10943: 10941: 10935: 10926: 10917: 10916: 10914: 10912: 10880: 10874: 10869: 10863: 10858: 10795: 10790: 10739: 10732: 10695: 10694: 10692: 10690: 10666: 10660: 10657: 10648: 10635: 10629: 10612: 10610: 10608: 10580: 10574: 10573: 10551: 10545: 10544: 10538: 10536: 10508: 10499: 10498: 10480: 10471: 10470: 10452: 10446: 10445: 10427: 10418: 10417: 10399: 10390: 10389: 10387: 10385: 10357: 10351: 10350: 10348: 10346: 10314: 10308: 10307: 10305: 10303: 10275: 10269: 10268: 10267: 10265: 10234: 10228: 10227: 10226: 10224: 10193: 10187: 10186: 10178: 10172: 10171: 10146: 10140: 10127: 10121: 10120: 10118: 10116: 10110: 10103: 10095: 10089: 10088: 10082: 10077: 10075: 10067: 10056: 10050: 10049: 10047: 10045: 10017: 10011: 10008: 10002: 10001: 9999: 9997: 9969: 9963: 9950: 9944: 9941: 9935: 9934: 9932: 9930: 9882: 9876: 9875: 9853: 9847: 9846: 9841:. Archived from 9831: 9825: 9812: 9806: 9805: 9803: 9801: 9773: 9767: 9766: 9761:. Archived from 9755: 9749: 9748: 9746: 9744: 9729: 9723: 9721: 9700: 9694: 9681:Traveler On Foot 9667: 9661: 9658: 9652: 9651: 9649: 9647: 9638:. ColorQ World. 9632: 9626: 9609: 9603: 9602: 9596: 9588: 9577: 9571: 9570: 9568: 9566: 9547: 9541: 9540: 9520: 9514: 9513: 9511: 9509: 9489: 9483: 9482: 9480: 9478: 9458: 9452: 9451: 9449: 9447: 9441: 9430: 9421: 9415: 9414: 9386: 9380: 9379: 9369: 9359: 9335: 9329: 9328: 9302: 9296: 9295: 9285: 9268:(6): 1807–1823. 9253: 9247: 9246: 9244: 9242: 9214: 9205: 9204: 9203:on July 7, 2014. 9188: 9182: 9181: 9164:(328): 510–528. 9153: 9147: 9146: 9144: 9142: 9136: 9121: 9087: 9078: 9072: 9071: 9069: 9067: 9052: 9041: 9040: 9030: 9013:(8): 2013–2022. 8997: 8991: 8990: 8980: 8955: 8946: 8945: 8943: 8941: 8893: 8887: 8886: 8884: 8882: 8863: 8857: 8856:, pp. 14–15 8851: 8845: 8844: 8828: 8822: 8821: 8819: 8817: 8811: 8764: 8751: 8745: 8744: 8726: 8720: 8719: 8717: 8715: 8695: 8689: 8688: 8670: 8664: 8663: 8661: 8659: 8640: 8634: 8633: 8631: 8629: 8609: 8603: 8602: 8600: 8598: 8564: 8558: 8557: 8555: 8553: 8517: 8511: 8510: 8508: 8506: 8478: 8472: 8471: 8451: 8445: 8444: 8442: 8440: 8420: 8414: 8413: 8411: 8409: 8394: 8388: 8387: 8385: 8383: 8368: 8362: 8361: 8359: 8357: 8342: 8336: 8335: 8333: 8331: 8313: 8307: 8306: 8304: 8302: 8284: 8275: 8274: 8272: 8270: 8250: 8244: 8243: 8241: 8239: 8209: 8203: 8202: 8200: 8198: 8176:Bonifacio's bolo 8170: 8164: 8163: 8162: 8160: 8128: 8122: 8121: 8119: 8117: 8089: 8080: 8079: 8074: 8072: 8054: 8048: 8047: 8045: 8043: 8009: 8003: 8002: 7976: 7970: 7969: 7925: 7914: 7913: 7897: 7891: 7890: 7888: 7886: 7859: 7853: 7852: 7850: 7848: 7821: 7815: 7812: 7803: 7802: 7800: 7798: 7778: 7772: 7771: 7745: 7722: 7721: 7719: 7717: 7698: 7692: 7691: 7689: 7687: 7668: 7662: 7661: 7659: 7657: 7638: 7632: 7631: 7626: 7624: 7613:Official Gazette 7605: 7599: 7598: 7596: 7594: 7588: 7569: 7561: 7555: 7554: 7552: 7550: 7535: 7529: 7528: 7526: 7524: 7515:. Archived from 7505: 7499: 7498: 7496: 7494: 7479: 7473: 7463:People: Filipino 7460: 7454: 7453: 7451: 7449: 7434: 7428: 7427: 7425: 7423: 7402: 7396: 7395: 7393: 7391: 7386:on July 22, 2019 7382:. Archived from 7376: 7370: 7369: 7367: 7365: 7359: 7352: 7344: 7338: 7337: 7335: 7333: 7324:. Archived from 7313: 7307: 7294: 7288: 7287: 7285: 7283: 7264: 7258: 7257: 7255: 7253: 7248:on March 7, 2022 7244:. Archived from 7234: 7228: 7227: 7225: 7223: 7208: 7202: 7201: 7199: 7197: 7178: 7172: 7171: 7169: 7167: 7152: 7146: 7145: 7143: 7141: 7126: 7120: 7119: 7117: 7115: 7109: 7102: 7098:"CSO Emigration" 7094: 7088: 7087: 7085: 7083: 7068: 7062: 7061: 7059: 7057: 7038: 7032: 7031: 7029: 7027: 7008: 7002: 6988: 6982: 6981: 6979: 6977: 6958: 6952: 6951: 6949: 6947: 6932: 6926: 6925: 6923: 6921: 6906: 6900: 6899: 6897: 6895: 6876: 6870: 6857: 6855: 6853: 6834: 6828: 6827: 6816: 6810: 6797: 6791: 6790: 6788: 6786: 6771: 6765: 6752: 6746: 6722: 6717: 6715: 6701: 6693: 6687: 6686: 6684: 6682: 6663: 6657: 6656: 6655: 6653: 6636: 6630: 6629: 6627: 6625: 6609: 6603: 6602: 6600: 6598: 6578: 6572: 6571: 6569: 6567: 6551: 6545: 6540: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6529: 6523: 6516: 6508: 6502: 6501: 6499: 6497: 6482: 6476: 6475: 6464: 6458: 6457: 6455: 6453: 6434: 6428: 6427: 6425: 6423: 6414:. Archived from 6408: 6402: 6401: 6399: 6397: 6378: 6372: 6371: 6369: 6367: 6346: 6340: 6339: 6328: 6319: 6318: 6316: 6314: 6294: 6288: 6275: 6273: 6271: 6252: 6235: 6232: 6210:Chinese Filipino 6205:Spanish Filipino 6198: 6193: 6192: 6191: 5976:Sulu Archipelago 5937:Eddie Villanueva 5911:. The homegrown 5901:disestablishment 5762:, as one of the 5760:English language 5547:ethnic (or pure) 5515:Historic reports 5485:genetic testings 5445:origin from the 5431:Liangzhu culture 5321: 5302: 5286: 5270: 5258: 5246: 5227: 5215: 5197: 5187: 5176: 5156:Wenceslao Retana 4981:descent who was 4893:descent who was 4856:descent who was 4821:Person of mixed 4794:Person of mixed 4759:Person of mixed 4736:Person of mixed 4603: 4602: 4514:, native of the 4497: 4494: 4490: 4481: 4437:Chinese Mestizos 4415:Spanish Mestizos 4314:Hispanic America 4293: 4286: 4282: 4279: 4273: 4250: 4242: 4224:Filipino citizen 4222:to marry with a 4204:Chinese Filipino 4192:Chinese migrants 4164:multiculturalism 4084:Governor-General 4024:Emilio Aguinaldo 3996:Spanish Filipino 3992:Chinese Filipino 3980:Chinese Filipino 3976:Spanish Filipino 3505:Native Tributes 3499: 3495: 3002: 2998: 2963:, watercolor by 2892:Indian Filipinos 2880:Indian Filipinos 2837:Seven Years' War 2737:Chinese Filipino 2733:Filipino culture 2671: 2668: 2664: 2655: 2385: 2158: 2137: 2116: 2095: 2068: 2047: 2026: 2005: 1642:material culture 1619:Island Melanesia 1375:in the 1960s by 1346:Late Pleistocene 1285: 1276: 1267: 1027: 1016: 998:Wenceslao Retaña 964:Spanish-language 926:Chinese mestizos 919:Spanish mestizos 886: 857: 761: 758: 755: 752: 720: 717: 714: 711: 347:Papua New Guinea 275: 223:(2021 uk census) 188: 103: 84: 72:Total population 67: 57: 49: 45: 21: 15302: 15301: 15297: 15296: 15295: 15293: 15292: 15291: 15282:Filipino people 15272: 15271: 15270: 15265: 15245: 15243: 15215: 15142: 15111:Public holidays 15027: 14956:Sex trafficking 14848: 14714: 14632:Law enforcement 14593: 14525: 14489:Protected areas 14398: 14367:American period 14335: 14295: 14289: 14259: 14250: 14209: 14148: 14118: 14107: 14089: 14051: 14018: 14000: 13937: 13869: 13811: 13773: 13715: 13624: 13601: 13596: 13552: 13542: 13520: 13459: 13457: 13455: 13431: 13382: 13380: 13376: 13370: 13346: 13344: 13256: 13207: 13202: 13201: 13191:Wayback Machine 13181: 13177: 13167: 13165: 13148: 13147: 13143: 13133: 13131: 13122: 13121: 13114: 13104: 13102: 13093: 13092: 13088: 13078: 13076: 13063: 13062: 13058: 13053: 13049: 13039: 13037: 13033: 13018: 13012: 13008: 12994: 12992: 12979: 12978: 12974: 12964: 12962: 12947: 12943: 12933: 12931: 12927: 12908: 12904: 12903: 12899: 12892: 12864: 12860: 12854:Wayback Machine 12843:Wayback Machine 12834: 12830: 12820: 12818: 12814: 12791: 12785: 12781: 12757: 12737: 12733: 12723: 12721: 12712: 12711: 12707: 12697: 12695: 12686: 12685: 12681: 12675:Wayback Machine 12643: 12641: 12630: 12623: 12613: 12611: 12598: 12597: 12593: 12582: 12578: 12568: 12566: 12562: 12555: 12549: 12542: 12540: 12536: 12525: 12521: 12520: 12516: 12502: 12500: 12485: 12481: 12466: 12462: 12457:Wayback Machine 12445: 12441: 12422: 12418: 12411: 12407: 12402: 12398: 12391: 12365: 12361: 12354: 12334: 12327: 12280: 12276: 12259: 12258: 12254: 12244: 12242: 12223: 12219: 12209: 12207: 12194: 12193: 12189: 12158: 12151: 12143: 12132: 12126: 12122: 12077: 12073: 12057: 12056: 12051: 12028: 12022: 12018: 12008: 12006: 12002: 11961: 11955: 11951: 11896: 11892: 11836: 11832: 11768: 11764: 11711:Current Biology 11702: 11698: 11688: 11686: 11679: 11647: 11643: 11636: 11616: 11612: 11605: 11585: 11578: 11563: 11549: 11545: 11535: 11533: 11506: 11502: 11495: 11481: 11472: 11462: 11460: 11445: 11441: 11431: 11429: 11425: 11394: 11388: 11384: 11374: 11372: 11359: 11355: 11345: 11343: 11324: 11320: 11310: 11308: 11304: 11297: 11291: 11284: 11282: 11278: 11267: 11263: 11262: 11258: 11245: 11244: 11240: 11230: 11228: 11219: 11218: 11214: 11203: 11199: 11189: 11187: 11180: 11164: 11160: 11150: 11148: 11141: 11125: 11121: 11111: 11109: 11100: 11099: 11095: 11089:Wayback Machine 11079: 11075: 11070: 11066: 11052: 11050: 11043: 11019: 11015: 11005: 11003: 10996: 10980: 10976: 10953: 10949: 10939: 10937: 10933: 10927: 10920: 10910: 10908: 10901: 10881: 10877: 10870: 10866: 10859: 10798: 10791: 10742: 10733: 10698: 10688: 10686: 10667: 10663: 10658: 10651: 10645:Wayback Machine 10636: 10632: 10606: 10604: 10597: 10581: 10577: 10570: 10552: 10548: 10534: 10532: 10525: 10509: 10502: 10495: 10481: 10474: 10467: 10453: 10449: 10442: 10428: 10421: 10414: 10400: 10393: 10383: 10381: 10374: 10358: 10354: 10344: 10342: 10315: 10311: 10301: 10299: 10292: 10276: 10272: 10263: 10261: 10254: 10235: 10231: 10222: 10220: 10213: 10197:Charles C. Mann 10194: 10190: 10179: 10175: 10160: 10148: 10147: 10143: 10137:Wayback Machine 10128: 10124: 10114: 10112: 10108: 10101: 10097: 10096: 10092: 10080: 10078: 10069: 10068: 10066:on May 7, 2010. 10058: 10057: 10053: 10043: 10041: 10018: 10014: 10009: 10005: 9995: 9993: 9986: 9970: 9966: 9960:Wayback Machine 9951: 9947: 9942: 9938: 9928: 9926: 9903:10.2307/3596057 9883: 9879: 9872: 9864:. p. 149. 9854: 9850: 9835:"tribal groups" 9833: 9832: 9828: 9822:Wayback Machine 9813: 9809: 9799: 9797: 9790: 9774: 9770: 9757: 9756: 9752: 9742: 9740: 9731: 9730: 9726: 9710:Wayback Machine 9701: 9697: 9688:Wayback Machine 9677:Wayback Machine 9668: 9664: 9659: 9655: 9645: 9643: 9634: 9633: 9629: 9610: 9606: 9590: 9589: 9578: 9574: 9564: 9562: 9549: 9548: 9544: 9537: 9521: 9517: 9507: 9505: 9490: 9486: 9476: 9474: 9459: 9455: 9445: 9443: 9439: 9428: 9422: 9418: 9403:10.2307/3623036 9387: 9383: 9336: 9332: 9325: 9303: 9299: 9254: 9250: 9240: 9238: 9231: 9223:. ANU E Press. 9215: 9208: 9189: 9185: 9154: 9150: 9140: 9138: 9134: 9085: 9079: 9075: 9065: 9063: 9054: 9053: 9044: 8998: 8994: 8956: 8949: 8939: 8937: 8894: 8890: 8880: 8878: 8865: 8864: 8860: 8852: 8848: 8829: 8825: 8815: 8813: 8809: 8762: 8752: 8748: 8741: 8727: 8723: 8713: 8711: 8696: 8692: 8685: 8671: 8667: 8657: 8655: 8642: 8641: 8637: 8627: 8625: 8610: 8606: 8596: 8594: 8587: 8565: 8561: 8551: 8549: 8534: 8518: 8514: 8504: 8502: 8495: 8479: 8475: 8452: 8448: 8438: 8436: 8421: 8417: 8407: 8405: 8396: 8395: 8391: 8381: 8379: 8370: 8369: 8365: 8355: 8353: 8344: 8343: 8339: 8329: 8327: 8314: 8310: 8300: 8298: 8285: 8278: 8268: 8266: 8261:: 16 (note 1). 8251: 8247: 8237: 8235: 8228: 8210: 8206: 8196: 8194: 8187: 8171: 8167: 8158: 8156: 8149: 8129: 8125: 8115: 8113: 8106: 8090: 8083: 8070: 8068: 8055: 8051: 8041: 8039: 8010: 8006: 7991: 7977: 7973: 7926: 7917: 7898: 7894: 7884: 7882: 7875: 7861: 7860: 7856: 7846: 7844: 7837: 7823: 7822: 7818: 7813: 7806: 7796: 7794: 7787:PhilStar Global 7779: 7775: 7760: 7746: 7725: 7715: 7713: 7700: 7699: 7695: 7685: 7683: 7670: 7669: 7665: 7655: 7653: 7640: 7639: 7635: 7622: 7620: 7607: 7606: 7602: 7592: 7590: 7586: 7567: 7563: 7562: 7558: 7548: 7546: 7537: 7536: 7532: 7522: 7520: 7507: 7506: 7502: 7492: 7490: 7481: 7480: 7476: 7470:Wayback Machine 7461: 7457: 7447: 7445: 7440:. May 6, 2012. 7436: 7435: 7431: 7421: 7419: 7404: 7403: 7399: 7389: 7387: 7378: 7377: 7373: 7363: 7361: 7357: 7350: 7346: 7345: 7341: 7331: 7329: 7322:Cebu Daily News 7314: 7310: 7304:Wayback Machine 7295: 7291: 7281: 7279: 7266: 7265: 7261: 7251: 7249: 7236: 7235: 7231: 7221: 7219: 7210: 7209: 7205: 7195: 7193: 7192:on May 25, 2017 7180: 7179: 7175: 7165: 7163: 7162:on May 15, 2009 7154: 7153: 7149: 7139: 7137: 7128: 7127: 7123: 7113: 7111: 7107: 7100: 7096: 7095: 7091: 7081: 7079: 7070: 7069: 7065: 7055: 7053: 7040: 7039: 7035: 7025: 7023: 7010: 7009: 7005: 6999:Wayback Machine 6989: 6985: 6975: 6973: 6966:Statline.cbs.nl 6960: 6959: 6955: 6945: 6943: 6934: 6933: 6929: 6919: 6917: 6908: 6907: 6903: 6893: 6891: 6878: 6877: 6873: 6867:Wayback Machine 6851: 6849: 6836: 6835: 6831: 6818: 6817: 6813: 6807:Wayback Machine 6798: 6794: 6784: 6782: 6773: 6772: 6768: 6762:Wayback Machine 6753: 6749: 6743:Wayback Machine 6732:Wayback Machine 6713: 6711: 6699: 6695: 6694: 6690: 6680: 6678: 6665: 6664: 6660: 6651: 6649: 6638: 6637: 6633: 6623: 6621: 6610: 6606: 6596: 6594: 6579: 6575: 6565: 6563: 6558:. OnlineQatar. 6552: 6548: 6541: 6537: 6527: 6525: 6521: 6514: 6510: 6509: 6505: 6495: 6493: 6484: 6483: 6479: 6466: 6465: 6461: 6451: 6449: 6436: 6435: 6431: 6421: 6419: 6410: 6409: 6405: 6395: 6393: 6379: 6375: 6365: 6363: 6348: 6347: 6343: 6330: 6329: 6322: 6312: 6310: 6295: 6291: 6285:Wayback Machine 6269: 6267: 6254: 6253: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6238: 6233: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6194: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6118: 6108: 6102: 5925:national church 5905:Catholic Church 5865: 5859: 5721:, and the 1899 5688:creole language 5602: 5594:Main articles: 5592: 5568: 5562: 5554:Chinese descent 5517: 5501: 5477: 5471: 5408:Pacific Islands 5356: 5342: 5335: 5322: 5313: 5308:, A mestizo de 5303: 5294: 5287: 5278: 5275:Gobernadorcillo 5271: 5262: 5259: 5250: 5247: 5238: 5232:Mestizo de luto 5228: 5219: 5216: 5207: 5198: 5188: 5182: 5177: 4997:Person of pure 4974:Person of pure 4954:Person of pure 4949:Unchristianized 4922:Person of pure 4917:Unchristianized 4903:Catholic Church 4889:Person of pure 4866:Catholic Church 4849:Person of pure 4709:Person of pure 4684:Spanish America 4680:Native American 4666:Native American 4621:Person of pure 4569:social prestige 4567:) carried more 4447:were known as " 4423:native Filipino 4401:native Filipino 4294: 4283: 4277: 4274: 4263: 4251: 4240: 4040:Treaty of Paris 4004: 2970:A total of 110 2776:Southern Fujian 2729:Chinese culture 2686:especially its 2591:Southern Fujian 2583:Southern Fujian 2474:Native Filipina 2301: 2243:and commoners. 2181: 2174: 2159: 2150: 2138: 2129: 2117: 2108: 2096: 2087: 2069: 2060: 2048: 2039: 2027: 2018: 2006: 1914:Barangay states 1890:thalassocracies 1772:Malay Peninsula 1682: 1601:, and parts of 1573:Batanes Islands 1567:(the ancestral 1499:Western Visayas 1385:National Museum 1351:Homo luzonensis 1322: 1321: 1320: 1319: 1310:, a species of 1307:Homo luzonensis 1304:, belonging to 1297:Homo luzonensis 1288: 1287: 1286: 1278: 1277: 1269: 1268: 1257: 1247: 1241: 1236: 1230: 1214:Manila galleons 1028: 1022: 1017: 887: 881: 858: 852: 776:Native American 772:Spanish America 759: 756: 753: 718: 715: 712: 696: 690: 607: 562: 190: 187: 101: 100: 80: 58: 44: 39: 28: 23: 22: 18:Filipino People 15: 12: 11: 5: 15300: 15290: 15289: 15284: 15267: 15266: 15264: 15263: 15253: 15240: 15239: 15234: 15228: 15225: 15224: 15221: 15220: 15217: 15216: 15214: 15213: 15208: 15203: 15198: 15193: 15188: 15183: 15178: 15173: 15168: 15163: 15158: 15152: 15150: 15144: 15143: 15141: 15140: 15135: 15130: 15125: 15120: 15119: 15118: 15108: 15103: 15098: 15093: 15088: 15083: 15078: 15073: 15068: 15063: 15058: 15053: 15048: 15043: 15037: 15035: 15026: 15025: 15020: 15015: 15010: 15005: 15000: 14995: 14990: 14985: 14980: 14975: 14970: 14965: 14960: 14959: 14958: 14948: 14943: 14938: 14937: 14936: 14926: 14925: 14924: 14919: 14917:Climate change 14909: 14908: 14907: 14897: 14892: 14887: 14882: 14877: 14872: 14866: 14860: 14854: 14853: 14850: 14849: 14847: 14846: 14841: 14836: 14834:Transportation 14831: 14830: 14829: 14819: 14818: 14817: 14807: 14802: 14800:Stock exchange 14797: 14792: 14787: 14782: 14777: 14772: 14767: 14762: 14757: 14752: 14747: 14742: 14736: 14730: 14724: 14723: 14720: 14719: 14716: 14715: 14713: 14712: 14707: 14706: 14705: 14700: 14695: 14690: 14680: 14679: 14678: 14673: 14668: 14658: 14657: 14656: 14651: 14641: 14640: 14639: 14634: 14629: 14624: 14619: 14618: 14617: 14603: 14601: 14592: 14591: 14586: 14581: 14576: 14575: 14574: 14564: 14559: 14554: 14549: 14543: 14537: 14531: 14530: 14527: 14526: 14524: 14523: 14518: 14513: 14508: 14503: 14498: 14497: 14496: 14494:National parks 14486: 14481: 14476: 14475: 14474: 14464: 14462:Extreme points 14459: 14454: 14449: 14448: 14447: 14442: 14440:Climate change 14432: 14427: 14422: 14416: 14410: 14404: 14403: 14400: 14399: 14397: 14396: 14395: 14394: 14392:Fifth Republic 14389: 14384: 14382:Third Republic 14376: 14371: 14370: 14369: 14364: 14362:Spanish period 14356: 14351: 14345: 14343: 14337: 14336: 14334: 14333: 14328: 14323: 14318: 14312: 14310: 14303: 14297: 14296: 14294: articles 14288: 14287: 14280: 14273: 14265: 14256: 14255: 14252: 14251: 14249: 14248: 14243: 14238: 14233: 14228: 14223: 14217: 14215: 14211: 14210: 14208: 14207: 14202: 14197: 14192: 14187: 14182: 14177: 14172: 14167: 14162: 14156: 14154: 14150: 14149: 14147: 14146: 14141: 14136: 14130: 14128: 14121: 14119:or expatriates 14113: 14112: 14109: 14108: 14106: 14105: 14099: 14097: 14091: 14090: 14088: 14087: 14082: 14077: 14072: 14067: 14061: 14059: 14053: 14052: 14050: 14049: 14044: 14039: 14034: 14028: 14026: 14020: 14019: 14017: 14016: 14010: 14008: 14002: 14001: 13999: 13998: 13993: 13988: 13983: 13978: 13973: 13968: 13963: 13958: 13953: 13947: 13945: 13939: 13938: 13936: 13935: 13930: 13925: 13920: 13915: 13910: 13905: 13900: 13894: 13892: 13883: 13879: 13878: 13875: 13874: 13871: 13870: 13868: 13867: 13862: 13857: 13852: 13847: 13842: 13837: 13832: 13827: 13821: 13819: 13810: 13809: 13804: 13799: 13794: 13789: 13783: 13781: 13775: 13774: 13772: 13771: 13766: 13761: 13756: 13751: 13746: 13741: 13736: 13731: 13725: 13723: 13717: 13716: 13714: 13713: 13708: 13703: 13698: 13693: 13688: 13683: 13678: 13673: 13668: 13663: 13658: 13653: 13647: 13641: 13639: 13630: 13626: 13625: 13623: 13622: 13617: 13612: 13606: 13603: 13602: 13595: 13594: 13587: 13580: 13572: 13566: 13565: 13551: 13550:External links 13548: 13547: 13546: 13540: 13524: 13518: 13503: 13485:(4): 586–591. 13474: 13453: 13435: 13429: 13414: 13392:Malcolm Ross; 13389: 13374: 13368: 13353: 13328: 13315: 13302: 13290:10.1086/430018 13284:(3): 480–485. 13273: 13260: 13254: 13242:Tryon, Darrell 13237: 13206: 13203: 13200: 13199: 13175: 13141: 13112: 13086: 13056: 13047: 13029:(2): 144–156. 13006: 12972: 12941: 12897: 12890: 12858: 12828: 12779: 12755: 12731: 12716:. Ethnologue. 12705: 12679: 12621: 12591: 12576: 12514: 12479: 12460: 12439: 12416: 12405: 12396: 12389: 12359: 12352: 12325: 12274: 12252: 12217: 12187: 12174:10.1086/650991 12168:(2): 223–256. 12149: 12120: 12091:(3): 426–436. 12071: 12016: 11978:10.1086/318205 11972:(2): 432–443. 11949: 11890: 11830: 11762: 11696: 11677: 11641: 11634: 11610: 11603: 11576: 11561: 11543: 11500: 11493: 11470: 11439: 11382: 11353: 11318: 11256: 11238: 11212: 11197: 11178: 11158: 11139: 11119: 11104:. oovrag.com. 11093: 11073: 11064: 11041: 11013: 10994: 10974: 10947: 10918: 10899: 10875: 10864: 10796: 10740: 10696: 10661: 10649: 10630: 10595: 10575: 10568: 10546: 10523: 10500: 10493: 10472: 10465: 10447: 10440: 10419: 10412: 10391: 10372: 10352: 10309: 10290: 10270: 10252: 10238:Brook, Timothy 10229: 10211: 10188: 10173: 10158: 10141: 10122: 10090: 10081:|journal= 10051: 10012: 10003: 9984: 9964: 9945: 9936: 9877: 9870: 9848: 9826: 9807: 9788: 9768: 9750: 9724: 9695: 9691:self-published 9662: 9653: 9627: 9604: 9572: 9542: 9535: 9515: 9484: 9453: 9416: 9397:(1): 143–145. 9381: 9330: 9323: 9297: 9274:10.1086/302131 9248: 9229: 9206: 9183: 9148: 9073: 9042: 8992: 8947: 8908:(1–3): 45–66. 8888: 8858: 8846: 8823: 8746: 8739: 8721: 8690: 8683: 8665: 8635: 8604: 8585: 8559: 8532: 8512: 8493: 8473: 8462:(3): 364–388. 8446: 8415: 8389: 8363: 8337: 8308: 8276: 8245: 8226: 8204: 8185: 8165: 8147: 8123: 8104: 8081: 8049: 8004: 7989: 7971: 7936:(3): 605–637. 7915: 7892: 7873: 7854: 7835: 7816: 7804: 7773: 7758: 7723: 7693: 7663: 7633: 7600: 7556: 7545:on May 1, 2013 7530: 7513:Iceland Review 7500: 7474: 7455: 7429: 7397: 7371: 7339: 7308: 7289: 7259: 7229: 7203: 7173: 7147: 7121: 7089: 7063: 7033: 7003: 6983: 6953: 6927: 6901: 6871: 6829: 6811: 6792: 6766: 6747: 6702:(in Chinese). 6688: 6658: 6631: 6616:. Al Jazeera. 6604: 6573: 6546: 6535: 6503: 6477: 6459: 6429: 6403: 6373: 6341: 6320: 6289: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6237: 6236: 6226: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6201: 6200: 6199: 6183: 6180: 6130:Madison Avenue 6104:Main article: 6101: 6098: 5933:Victory Church 5861:Main article: 5858: 5855: 5591: 5588: 5564:Main article: 5561: 5558: 5516: 5513: 5500: 5497: 5473:Main article: 5470: 5467: 5451:sea level rise 5427:southern China 5341: 5338: 5337: 5336: 5334:, Philippines. 5323: 5316: 5314: 5306:Damián Domingo 5304: 5297: 5295: 5288: 5281: 5279: 5272: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5241: 5239: 5229: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5210: 5208: 5199: 5192: 5180: 5019: 5018: 4995: 4987: 4986: 4972: 4964: 4963: 4952: 4935: 4934: 4920: 4907: 4906: 4887: 4870: 4869: 4847: 4834: 4833: 4819: 4811: 4810: 4792: 4784: 4783: 4757: 4749: 4748: 4734: 4726: 4725: 4707: 4695: 4694: 4642: 4634: 4633: 4619: 4611: 4610: 4607: 4455:ethnic Chinese 4296: 4295: 4254: 4252: 4245: 4239: 4236: 4032:Wesley Merritt 4003: 4000: 3978:community and 3935: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3913: 3912: 3909: 3906: 3903: 3897: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3887: 3881: 3880: 3877: 3874: 3871: 3865: 3864: 3861: 3858: 3855: 3849: 3848: 3845: 3842: 3839: 3833: 3832: 3829: 3826: 3823: 3817: 3816: 3813: 3810: 3807: 3801: 3800: 3797: 3794: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3781: 3778: 3775: 3769: 3768: 3765: 3762: 3759: 3753: 3752: 3749: 3746: 3743: 3737: 3736: 3733: 3730: 3727: 3721: 3720: 3717: 3714: 3711: 3705: 3704: 3701: 3698: 3695: 3689: 3688: 3685: 3682: 3679: 3673: 3672: 3669: 3666: 3663: 3657: 3656: 3653: 3650: 3647: 3641: 3640: 3637: 3634: 3631: 3625: 3624: 3621: 3618: 3615: 3609: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3593: 3592: 3589: 3586: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3573: 3570: 3567: 3561: 3560: 3557: 3554: 3551: 3545: 3544: 3541: 3538: 3535: 3529: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3519: 3513: 3512: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3476: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3431: 3430: 3427: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3409: 3406: 3403: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3390: 3387: 3384: 3381: 3378: 3374: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3364: 3361: 3358: 3355: 3352: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3324: 3321: 3318: 3312: 3311: 3308: 3305: 3302: 3299: 3296: 3293: 3290: 3287: 3281: 3280: 3277: 3274: 3271: 3268: 3265: 3262: 3259: 3256: 3250: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3225: 3219: 3218: 3215: 3212: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3197: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3184: 3181: 3178: 3175: 3172: 3169: 3166: 3163: 3157: 3156: 3153: 3150: 3147: 3144: 3141: 3138: 3135: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3101: 3095: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3082: 3079: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3064: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3033: 3032: 3029: 3026: 3023: 3020: 3017: 3014: 3011: 3008: 2960:Tipos del País 2861:Spanish Empire 2780:Mainland China 2701:intelligentsia 2309:Tipos del País 2300: 2297: 2180: 2177: 2176: 2175: 2160: 2153: 2151: 2139: 2132: 2130: 2118: 2111: 2109: 2097: 2090: 2088: 2075:women (likely 2070: 2063: 2061: 2049: 2042: 2040: 2028: 2021: 2019: 2007: 2000: 1681: 1678: 1640:due to shared 1526:Austroasiatics 1467:Negrito people 1381:anthropologist 1338:Northern Luzon 1290: 1289: 1280: 1279: 1271: 1270: 1262: 1261: 1260: 1259: 1258: 1243:Main article: 1240: 1237: 1232:Main article: 1229: 1226: 1109:" (feminine: " 1020: 879: 850: 803:Indio Filipino 729:, in honor of 689: 686: 629: 628: 614: 613: 609: 608: 606: 605: 600: 595: 590: 585: 580: 575: 570: 564: 558:Predominantly 555: 554: 550: 549: 523: 522: 518: 517: 514: 510: 509: 506: 502: 501: 498: 494: 493: 490: 486: 485: 482: 478: 477: 474: 470: 469: 466: 462: 461: 458: 454: 453: 450: 446: 445: 442: 438: 437: 431: 427: 426: 423: 422:Cayman Islands 419: 418: 415: 411: 410: 407: 403: 402: 399: 395: 394: 391: 387: 386: 383: 379: 378: 375: 371: 370: 367: 363: 362: 356: 352: 351: 348: 344: 343: 340: 336: 335: 332: 328: 327: 324: 320: 319: 314: 310: 309: 303: 299: 298: 293: 289: 288: 283: 279: 278: 270: 266: 265: 260: 256: 255: 249: 245: 244: 239: 235: 234: 229: 225: 224: 218: 217:United Kingdom 214: 213: 207: 203: 202: 197: 193: 192: 182: 178: 177: 171: 167: 166: 161: 157: 156: 151: 147: 146: 141: 137: 136: 131: 127: 126: 120: 116: 115: 109: 105: 104: 96: 95: 91: 90: 78:c. 115 million 74: 73: 69: 68: 60: 59: 52: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15299: 15288: 15285: 15283: 15280: 15279: 15277: 15262: 15254: 15252: 15242: 15241: 15238: 15235: 15233: 15230: 15229: 15226: 15212: 15209: 15207: 15204: 15202: 15201:Sign language 15199: 15197: 15194: 15192: 15189: 15187: 15184: 15182: 15179: 15177: 15174: 15172: 15169: 15167: 15164: 15162: 15159: 15157: 15154: 15153: 15151: 15149: 15145: 15139: 15136: 15134: 15131: 15129: 15126: 15124: 15121: 15117: 15114: 15113: 15112: 15109: 15107: 15104: 15102: 15099: 15097: 15094: 15092: 15089: 15087: 15084: 15082: 15079: 15077: 15074: 15072: 15069: 15067: 15064: 15062: 15059: 15057: 15054: 15052: 15049: 15047: 15044: 15042: 15039: 15038: 15036: 15034: 15030: 15024: 15021: 15019: 15016: 15014: 15011: 15009: 15006: 15004: 15001: 14999: 14996: 14994: 14991: 14989: 14986: 14984: 14981: 14979: 14976: 14974: 14971: 14969: 14966: 14964: 14961: 14957: 14954: 14953: 14952: 14949: 14947: 14944: 14942: 14939: 14935: 14932: 14931: 14930: 14929:Ethnic groups 14927: 14923: 14922:Deforestation 14920: 14918: 14915: 14914: 14913: 14910: 14906: 14903: 14902: 14901: 14898: 14896: 14893: 14891: 14888: 14886: 14883: 14881: 14878: 14876: 14873: 14871: 14868: 14867: 14864: 14861: 14859: 14855: 14845: 14842: 14840: 14837: 14835: 14832: 14828: 14825: 14824: 14823: 14820: 14816: 14813: 14812: 14811: 14808: 14806: 14803: 14801: 14798: 14796: 14793: 14791: 14788: 14786: 14783: 14781: 14780:National debt 14778: 14776: 14775:Fiscal policy 14773: 14771: 14768: 14766: 14763: 14761: 14758: 14756: 14753: 14751: 14748: 14746: 14743: 14741: 14738: 14737: 14734: 14731: 14729: 14725: 14711: 14708: 14704: 14701: 14699: 14696: 14694: 14691: 14689: 14686: 14685: 14684: 14681: 14677: 14674: 14672: 14669: 14667: 14666:Supreme Court 14664: 14663: 14662: 14659: 14655: 14652: 14650: 14647: 14646: 14645: 14642: 14638: 14635: 14633: 14630: 14628: 14625: 14623: 14620: 14616: 14613: 14612: 14611: 14608: 14607: 14605: 14604: 14602: 14600: 14596: 14590: 14587: 14585: 14582: 14580: 14577: 14573: 14570: 14569: 14568: 14565: 14563: 14560: 14558: 14555: 14553: 14550: 14548: 14545: 14544: 14541: 14538: 14536: 14532: 14522: 14519: 14517: 14514: 14512: 14509: 14507: 14504: 14502: 14499: 14495: 14492: 14491: 14490: 14487: 14485: 14482: 14480: 14477: 14473: 14470: 14469: 14468: 14467:Island groups 14465: 14463: 14460: 14458: 14455: 14453: 14450: 14446: 14443: 14441: 14438: 14437: 14436: 14433: 14431: 14428: 14426: 14423: 14421: 14418: 14417: 14414: 14411: 14409: 14405: 14393: 14390: 14388: 14385: 14383: 14380: 14379: 14377: 14375: 14372: 14368: 14365: 14363: 14360: 14359: 14358:Colonial era 14357: 14355: 14352: 14350: 14347: 14346: 14344: 14342: 14338: 14332: 14329: 14327: 14324: 14322: 14319: 14317: 14314: 14313: 14311: 14307: 14304: 14302: 14298: 14293: 14286: 14281: 14279: 14274: 14272: 14267: 14266: 14263: 14247: 14244: 14242: 14239: 14237: 14234: 14232: 14229: 14227: 14224: 14222: 14219: 14218: 14216: 14212: 14206: 14203: 14201: 14198: 14196: 14193: 14191: 14188: 14186: 14183: 14181: 14178: 14176: 14173: 14171: 14168: 14166: 14163: 14161: 14158: 14157: 14155: 14151: 14145: 14142: 14140: 14137: 14135: 14132: 14131: 14129: 14125: 14122: 14120: 14114: 14104: 14101: 14100: 14098: 14096: 14092: 14086: 14083: 14081: 14078: 14076: 14073: 14071: 14068: 14066: 14063: 14062: 14060: 14058: 14054: 14048: 14045: 14043: 14040: 14038: 14035: 14033: 14030: 14029: 14027: 14025: 14021: 14015: 14012: 14011: 14009: 14007: 14003: 13997: 13994: 13992: 13989: 13987: 13984: 13982: 13979: 13977: 13974: 13972: 13969: 13967: 13964: 13962: 13959: 13957: 13954: 13952: 13949: 13948: 13946: 13944: 13940: 13934: 13931: 13929: 13926: 13924: 13921: 13919: 13916: 13914: 13911: 13909: 13906: 13904: 13901: 13899: 13896: 13895: 13893: 13891: 13887: 13884: 13880: 13866: 13863: 13861: 13858: 13856: 13853: 13851: 13848: 13846: 13843: 13841: 13838: 13836: 13833: 13831: 13828: 13826: 13823: 13822: 13820: 13818: 13814: 13808: 13805: 13803: 13800: 13798: 13795: 13793: 13790: 13788: 13785: 13784: 13782: 13780: 13776: 13770: 13767: 13765: 13762: 13760: 13757: 13755: 13752: 13750: 13747: 13745: 13742: 13740: 13737: 13735: 13732: 13730: 13727: 13726: 13724: 13722: 13718: 13712: 13709: 13707: 13704: 13702: 13699: 13697: 13694: 13692: 13689: 13687: 13684: 13682: 13679: 13677: 13674: 13672: 13669: 13667: 13664: 13662: 13659: 13657: 13654: 13651: 13648: 13646: 13643: 13642: 13640: 13638: 13634: 13631: 13627: 13621: 13618: 13616: 13613: 13611: 13608: 13607: 13604: 13600: 13593: 13588: 13586: 13581: 13579: 13574: 13573: 13570: 13563: 13558: 13554: 13553: 13543: 13537: 13533: 13529: 13525: 13521: 13515: 13511: 13510: 13504: 13500: 13496: 13492: 13488: 13484: 13480: 13475: 13472: 13468: 13456: 13450: 13446: 13445: 13440: 13436: 13432: 13426: 13422: 13421: 13415: 13411: 13407: 13403: 13399: 13395: 13394:Andrew Pawley 13390: 13379: 13375: 13371: 13365: 13361: 13360: 13354: 13342: 13338: 13334: 13329: 13325: 13321: 13316: 13312: 13308: 13303: 13299: 13295: 13291: 13287: 13283: 13279: 13274: 13270: 13266: 13261: 13257: 13251: 13247: 13243: 13238: 13234: 13230: 13226: 13222: 13218: 13214: 13209: 13208: 13196: 13192: 13188: 13185: 13179: 13163: 13159: 13155: 13151: 13145: 13129: 13125: 13119: 13117: 13100: 13096: 13090: 13074: 13070: 13066: 13065:"Philippines" 13060: 13051: 13040:September 10, 13032: 13028: 13024: 13023:Asian Studies 13017: 13010: 13003: 12990: 12986: 12982: 12976: 12960: 12956: 12952: 12945: 12926: 12922: 12918: 12914: 12907: 12901: 12893: 12887: 12883: 12879: 12875: 12871: 12870: 12862: 12855: 12851: 12848: 12844: 12840: 12837: 12832: 12813: 12809: 12805: 12801: 12797: 12790: 12783: 12776: 12772: 12768: 12767:90-272-4891-5 12764: 12758: 12752: 12748: 12747: 12742: 12735: 12719: 12715: 12709: 12693: 12689: 12683: 12676: 12672: 12669: 12665: 12661: 12657: 12653: 12639: 12635: 12628: 12626: 12609: 12605: 12601: 12595: 12589: 12585: 12580: 12561: 12554: 12535: 12531: 12524: 12518: 12511: 12498: 12494: 12490: 12483: 12475: 12471: 12464: 12458: 12454: 12451: 12450: 12443: 12435: 12431: 12427: 12420: 12414: 12409: 12400: 12392: 12386: 12382: 12378: 12374: 12370: 12363: 12355: 12349: 12345: 12341: 12340: 12332: 12330: 12319: 12315: 12310: 12305: 12301: 12297: 12293: 12289: 12285: 12278: 12270: 12266: 12262: 12256: 12240: 12236: 12232: 12228: 12221: 12205: 12201: 12197: 12191: 12183: 12179: 12175: 12171: 12167: 12163: 12156: 12154: 12142: 12138: 12131: 12124: 12116: 12112: 12107: 12102: 12098: 12094: 12090: 12086: 12082: 12075: 12067: 12061: 12050: 12046: 12042: 12038: 12034: 12027: 12020: 12001: 11997: 11993: 11988: 11983: 11979: 11975: 11971: 11967: 11960: 11953: 11945: 11941: 11936: 11931: 11926: 11921: 11917: 11913: 11909: 11905: 11901: 11894: 11886: 11882: 11877: 11872: 11867: 11862: 11858: 11854: 11850: 11846: 11842: 11834: 11826: 11822: 11817: 11812: 11808: 11804: 11799: 11794: 11790: 11786: 11782: 11778: 11774: 11766: 11758: 11754: 11749: 11744: 11740: 11736: 11732: 11728: 11724: 11720: 11716: 11712: 11708: 11700: 11684: 11680: 11674: 11670: 11666: 11662: 11661: 11656: 11652: 11645: 11637: 11631: 11627: 11623: 11622: 11614: 11606: 11600: 11596: 11592: 11591: 11583: 11581: 11572: 11568: 11564: 11558: 11554: 11547: 11531: 11527: 11523: 11519: 11515: 11511: 11504: 11496: 11494:971-1024-15-2 11490: 11486: 11479: 11477: 11475: 11458: 11454: 11453:Munting Nayon 11450: 11443: 11424: 11420: 11416: 11412: 11408: 11404: 11400: 11393: 11386: 11370: 11366: 11365: 11357: 11341: 11338:(1 & 2). 11337: 11333: 11329: 11322: 11303: 11296: 11277: 11273: 11266: 11260: 11252: 11248: 11242: 11226: 11222: 11216: 11210: 11206: 11201: 11185: 11181: 11175: 11171: 11170: 11162: 11146: 11142: 11136: 11132: 11131: 11123: 11107: 11103: 11097: 11090: 11086: 11083: 11080:Article 3 of 11077: 11068: 11061: 11048: 11044: 11038: 11034: 11030: 11026: 11025: 11017: 11001: 10997: 10991: 10987: 10986: 10978: 10970: 10966: 10962: 10958: 10951: 10932: 10925: 10923: 10906: 10902: 10896: 10892: 10888: 10887: 10879: 10873: 10868: 10862: 10857: 10855: 10853: 10851: 10849: 10847: 10845: 10843: 10841: 10839: 10837: 10835: 10833: 10831: 10829: 10827: 10825: 10823: 10821: 10819: 10817: 10815: 10813: 10811: 10809: 10807: 10805: 10803: 10801: 10794: 10789: 10787: 10785: 10783: 10781: 10779: 10777: 10775: 10773: 10771: 10769: 10767: 10765: 10763: 10761: 10759: 10757: 10755: 10753: 10751: 10749: 10747: 10745: 10736: 10731: 10729: 10727: 10725: 10723: 10721: 10719: 10717: 10715: 10713: 10711: 10709: 10707: 10705: 10703: 10701: 10684: 10680: 10676: 10672: 10665: 10656: 10654: 10646: 10642: 10639: 10634: 10627: 10623: 10619: 10618:0-85989-426-6 10615: 10607:September 23, 10602: 10598: 10592: 10588: 10587: 10579: 10571: 10565: 10561: 10557: 10550: 10542: 10530: 10526: 10520: 10516: 10515: 10507: 10505: 10496: 10490: 10486: 10479: 10477: 10468: 10462: 10458: 10451: 10443: 10437: 10433: 10432:World On Fire 10426: 10424: 10415: 10409: 10405: 10404:World On Fire 10398: 10396: 10379: 10375: 10369: 10365: 10364: 10356: 10340: 10336: 10332: 10328: 10324: 10320: 10313: 10297: 10293: 10287: 10283: 10282: 10274: 10259: 10255: 10253:0-520-21091-3 10249: 10245: 10244: 10239: 10233: 10218: 10214: 10208: 10204: 10203: 10198: 10192: 10184: 10177: 10169: 10165: 10161: 10159:84-8419-917-7 10155: 10151: 10145: 10138: 10134: 10131: 10126: 10107: 10100: 10094: 10086: 10073: 10065: 10061: 10055: 10044:September 11, 10039: 10035: 10031: 10027: 10023: 10016: 10007: 9991: 9987: 9985:9780306483219 9981: 9977: 9976: 9968: 9961: 9957: 9954: 9949: 9940: 9924: 9920: 9916: 9912: 9908: 9904: 9900: 9896: 9892: 9888: 9881: 9873: 9867: 9863: 9860:. Cambridge: 9859: 9852: 9844: 9840: 9836: 9830: 9823: 9819: 9816: 9811: 9795: 9791: 9789:9799814155679 9785: 9781: 9780: 9772: 9764: 9760: 9754: 9738: 9734: 9728: 9720: 9715: 9711: 9707: 9704: 9699: 9692: 9689: 9685: 9682: 9678: 9674: 9671: 9666: 9657: 9641: 9637: 9631: 9624: 9620: 9618: 9608: 9600: 9594: 9586: 9582: 9576: 9560: 9556: 9552: 9546: 9538: 9532: 9528: 9527: 9519: 9503: 9499: 9495: 9488: 9472: 9468: 9464: 9457: 9438: 9434: 9427: 9420: 9412: 9408: 9404: 9400: 9396: 9392: 9385: 9377: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9349: 9345: 9341: 9334: 9326: 9320: 9316: 9312: 9308: 9301: 9293: 9289: 9284: 9279: 9275: 9271: 9267: 9263: 9259: 9252: 9236: 9232: 9226: 9222: 9221: 9213: 9211: 9202: 9198: 9194: 9187: 9179: 9175: 9171: 9167: 9163: 9159: 9152: 9133: 9129: 9125: 9120: 9115: 9111: 9107: 9103: 9099: 9095: 9091: 9084: 9077: 9061: 9057: 9051: 9049: 9047: 9038: 9034: 9029: 9024: 9020: 9016: 9012: 9008: 9004: 8996: 8988: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8970: 8966: 8962: 8954: 8952: 8935: 8931: 8927: 8923: 8919: 8915: 8911: 8907: 8903: 8902:Human Biology 8899: 8892: 8876: 8872: 8868: 8862: 8855: 8850: 8842: 8838: 8834: 8827: 8808: 8804: 8800: 8796: 8792: 8788: 8784: 8780: 8776: 8772: 8768: 8761: 8759: 8750: 8742: 8736: 8732: 8725: 8709: 8705: 8701: 8694: 8686: 8680: 8676: 8669: 8653: 8649: 8645: 8639: 8623: 8619: 8615: 8608: 8592: 8588: 8582: 8578: 8574: 8570: 8563: 8547: 8543: 8539: 8535: 8533:0-585-07571-9 8529: 8525: 8524: 8516: 8500: 8496: 8490: 8486: 8485: 8477: 8469: 8465: 8461: 8457: 8450: 8434: 8430: 8426: 8419: 8403: 8399: 8393: 8377: 8373: 8367: 8351: 8347: 8341: 8325: 8321: 8320: 8312: 8296: 8292: 8291: 8283: 8281: 8264: 8260: 8256: 8249: 8233: 8229: 8223: 8219: 8215: 8208: 8192: 8188: 8182: 8178: 8177: 8169: 8154: 8150: 8144: 8140: 8136: 8135: 8127: 8111: 8107: 8101: 8097: 8096: 8088: 8086: 8078: 8066: 8062: 8061: 8053: 8037: 8033: 8029: 8025: 8021: 8017: 8016: 8008: 8000: 7996: 7992: 7986: 7982: 7975: 7967: 7963: 7959: 7955: 7951: 7947: 7943: 7939: 7935: 7931: 7924: 7922: 7920: 7911: 7907: 7903: 7896: 7880: 7876: 7870: 7866: 7865: 7858: 7842: 7838: 7832: 7828: 7827: 7820: 7811: 7809: 7792: 7788: 7784: 7777: 7769: 7765: 7761: 7755: 7751: 7744: 7742: 7740: 7738: 7736: 7734: 7732: 7730: 7728: 7711: 7707: 7703: 7697: 7681: 7677: 7673: 7667: 7651: 7647: 7643: 7642:"Philippines" 7637: 7630: 7618: 7614: 7610: 7604: 7585: 7581: 7577: 7573: 7566: 7560: 7544: 7540: 7534: 7518: 7514: 7510: 7504: 7493:September 13, 7488: 7484: 7478: 7471: 7467: 7464: 7459: 7443: 7439: 7433: 7417: 7413: 7412: 7407: 7401: 7385: 7381: 7375: 7356: 7349: 7343: 7327: 7323: 7319: 7312: 7305: 7301: 7298: 7293: 7277: 7273: 7269: 7263: 7247: 7243: 7239: 7233: 7217: 7213: 7207: 7191: 7187: 7183: 7177: 7161: 7157: 7151: 7135: 7131: 7125: 7106: 7099: 7093: 7077: 7073: 7067: 7051: 7047: 7043: 7037: 7021: 7017: 7013: 7007: 7000: 6996: 6993: 6987: 6971: 6967: 6963: 6957: 6941: 6937: 6931: 6915: 6911: 6905: 6889: 6885: 6881: 6875: 6868: 6864: 6861: 6852:September 14, 6847: 6843: 6839: 6833: 6825: 6821: 6815: 6808: 6804: 6801: 6796: 6780: 6776: 6770: 6763: 6759: 6756: 6751: 6744: 6740: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6726: 6721: 6709: 6705: 6698: 6692: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6662: 6647: 6643: 6642: 6635: 6619: 6615: 6608: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6577: 6561: 6557: 6550: 6544: 6539: 6520: 6513: 6507: 6491: 6487: 6481: 6473: 6469: 6463: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6433: 6417: 6413: 6407: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6377: 6361: 6357: 6356: 6351: 6345: 6337: 6333: 6327: 6325: 6308: 6304: 6300: 6293: 6286: 6282: 6279: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6251: 6247: 6231: 6227: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6202: 6197: 6186: 6179: 6177: 6173: 6170:, Palau, the 6169: 6165: 6161: 6156: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6138:New York City 6135: 6131: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6113: 6107: 6097: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6080:(Aglipayan), 6079: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6030: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6003: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5960: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5938: 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5292: 5285: 5280: 5276: 5269: 5264: 5257: 5252: 5245: 5240: 5237: 5233: 5226: 5221: 5214: 5209: 5205: 5204: 5196: 5191: 5190: 5185: 5179: 5175: 5169: 5167: 5166: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5148: 5146: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5124: 5122: 5121: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5105: 5100: 5096: 5091: 5088: 5080: 5079: 5073: 5069: 5066: 5061: 5057: 5056:Austronesians 5053: 5049: 5044: 5042: 5038: 5029: 5025: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4994: 4993: 4989: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4977: 4973: 4971: 4970: 4966: 4965: 4961: 4960:Christianized 4957: 4953: 4950: 4946: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4936: 4932: 4931:Christianized 4928: 4925: 4921: 4918: 4914: 4913: 4909: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4895:Christianized 4892: 4888: 4885: 4884:Christianized 4881: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4858:Christianized 4855: 4852: 4848: 4845: 4844:Christianized 4841: 4840: 4836: 4835: 4831: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4818: 4817: 4813: 4812: 4808: 4805: 4802:descent with 4801: 4797: 4793: 4791: 4790: 4786: 4785: 4781: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4756: 4755: 4751: 4750: 4746: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4733: 4732: 4728: 4727: 4723: 4722: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4706: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4696: 4692: 4691: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4672: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4658: 4653: 4649: 4648: 4643: 4641: 4640: 4636: 4635: 4631: 4630: 4624: 4620: 4618: 4617: 4613: 4612: 4608: 4605: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4592: 4591: 4587: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4563: 4559: 4558: 4554: 4550:, though the 4549: 4548: 4543: 4540: 4536: 4535: 4531: 4526: 4525: 4519: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4508: 4507: 4501: 4491: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4472: 4468: 4467: 4466: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4451: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4433: 4429: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4411: 4407: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4389: 4384: 4380: 4379: 4377: 4371: 4370: 4369: 4363: 4362: 4361:Peninsular/es 4357: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4341: 4337: 4335: 4331: 4330: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4292: 4289: 4281: 4271: 4267: 4261: 4260: 4255:This section 4253: 4249: 4244: 4243: 4235: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4177: 4176: 4175:jus sanguinis 4171: 4167: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4076: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4051: 4047: 4045: 4044:United States 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4013: 4008: 3999: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3964: 3963: 3959: 3954: 3950: 3947: 3943: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3914: 3910: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3898: 3894: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3882: 3878: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3866: 3862: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3850: 3846: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3837:Negros Island 3835: 3834: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3818: 3814: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3802: 3798: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3786: 3782: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3770: 3766: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3754: 3750: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3738: 3734: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3722: 3718: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3706: 3702: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3690: 3686: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3674: 3670: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3658: 3654: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3642: 3638: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3626: 3622: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3610: 3606: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3594: 3590: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3578: 3574: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3562: 3558: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3546: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3530: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3514: 3511:All Tributes 3510: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3500: 3494: 3490: 3488: 3483: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3433: 3432: 3428: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3416: 3413: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3404: 3400: 3397: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3359: 3356: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3344: 3340: 3337: 3334: 3331: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3313: 3309: 3306: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3294: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3282: 3278: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3266: 3263: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3251: 3247: 3244: 3241: 3238: 3235: 3232: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3220: 3216: 3213: 3210: 3207: 3204: 3201: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3189: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3176: 3173: 3170: 3167: 3164: 3162: 3159: 3158: 3154: 3151: 3148: 3145: 3142: 3139: 3136: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3127: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3114: 3111: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3096: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3077: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3068:Fort Santiago 3066: 3065: 3061: 3058: 3055: 3052: 3049: 3046: 3043: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3034: 3030: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3015: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3003: 2997: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2973: 2966: 2962: 2961: 2956: 2952: 2951: 2947: 2944: 2939: 2932: 2931:Mariano Ponce 2928: 2924: 2919: 2915: 2913: 2909: 2908:Indo-European 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2884:Cainta, Rizal 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2797:community of 2796: 2792: 2788: 2783: 2781: 2777: 2774:, all within 2773: 2769: 2766:or sometimes 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2699: 2698: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2676: 2665: 2659: 2654: 2649: 2646: 2642: 2641: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2533: 2529: 2524: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2505: 2498: 2495:, connecting 2494: 2489: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2455: 2454: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2422:descent. The 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2381: 2377: 2372: 2370: 2366: 2365:Indo-European 2362: 2358: 2354: 2344: 2337: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2321: 2315: 2311: 2310: 2305: 2296: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2233: 2228: 2226: 2225: 2220: 2218: 2217: 2212: 2210: 2207: 2203: 2200: 2196: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2186: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2164: 2157: 2152: 2149: 2145: 2142: 2136: 2131: 2128: 2124: 2121: 2115: 2110: 2107: 2103: 2100: 2094: 2089: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2067: 2062: 2059: 2055: 2052: 2046: 2041: 2038: 2034: 2031: 2025: 2020: 2017: 2013: 2010: 2004: 1999: 1998: 1997: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1853: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1808: 1804: 1799: 1797: 1796:thalassocracy 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1748:Khmer empires 1745: 1741: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1723: 1719: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1707: 1701: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1677: 1675: 1674:Melayu people 1671: 1667: 1664:. Due to the 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1561:Austronesians 1558: 1554: 1549: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1538:Manobo people 1535: 1534:Sibutu strait 1531: 1527: 1523: 1518: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1473:, similar to 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1425: 1420: 1413: 1409: 1404: 1400: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1377:Robert B. Fox 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1361: 1355: 1353: 1352: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1326:archaic human 1317: 1313: 1312:archaic human 1309: 1308: 1303: 1299: 1298: 1293: 1292:Left to right 1284: 1275: 1266: 1256: 1252: 1246: 1235: 1225: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1190: 1188: 1187:pearl hunting 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1159: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1143: 1138: 1134: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1107: 1101: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1025: 1019: 1015: 1009: 1007: 1004:, he defined 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 970: 965: 961: 957: 956:Ambeth Ocampo 953: 949: 945: 941: 940: 935: 931: 927: 924: 920: 916: 915: 910: 909: 903: 901: 897: 893: 884: 878: 876: 870: 868: 864: 855: 854:Pedro Chirino 849: 847: 843: 837: 835: 834:Pedro Chirino 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 806: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 777: 773: 769: 765: 751: 746: 742: 741: 736: 733:. During the 732: 728: 724: 710: 705: 701: 695: 685: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 627: 623: 619: 615: 610: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 568:Protestantism 566: 565: 561: 556: 551: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 357: 353: 349: 345: 342:25,365 (2021) 341: 337: 334:30,368 (2022) 333: 329: 325: 321: 318: 315: 311: 307: 304: 300: 297: 294: 290: 287: 284: 280: 274: 271: 267: 264: 261: 257: 253: 250: 246: 243: 240: 236: 233: 230: 226: 222: 219: 215: 211: 208: 204: 201: 198: 194: 186: 183: 179: 175: 172: 168: 165: 162: 158: 155: 152: 148: 145: 142: 138: 135: 132: 128: 124: 121: 117: 113: 110: 108:United States 106: 97: 92: 88: 79: 75: 70: 66: 61: 56: 50: 41: 37: 33: 19: 15237:Bibliography 15166:Coat of arms 15138:Value system 15041:Architecture 14993:Prostitution 14890:Demographics 14760:Central bank 14703:Marine Corps 14683:Armed Forces 14567:Human rights 14552:Constitution 14501:Ramsar sites 13807:Zamboangueño 13609: 13531: 13508: 13482: 13478: 13458:. Retrieved 13443: 13419: 13401: 13397: 13381:. Retrieved 13358: 13345:. Retrieved 13341:the original 13336: 13323: 13319: 13310: 13306: 13281: 13277: 13268: 13264: 13245: 13219:(1): 88–93. 13216: 13212: 13205:Publications 13194: 13178: 13166:. Retrieved 13153: 13144: 13132:. Retrieved 13103:. Retrieved 13089: 13077:. Retrieved 13068: 13059: 13050: 13038:. Retrieved 13026: 13022: 13009: 13000: 12993:. Retrieved 12984: 12975: 12963:. Retrieved 12954: 12944: 12932:. Retrieved 12912: 12900: 12868: 12861: 12831: 12819:. Retrieved 12812:the original 12799: 12795: 12782: 12745: 12734: 12724:November 18, 12722:. Retrieved 12708: 12696:. Retrieved 12682: 12663: 12659: 12655: 12651: 12642:. Retrieved 12614:November 14, 12612:. Retrieved 12603: 12594: 12579: 12567:. Retrieved 12541:. Retrieved 12529: 12517: 12508: 12501:. 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Retrieved 6250: 6230: 6157: 6145: 6142: 6031: 6004: 5991: 5961: 5878: 5780: 5750:imposed the 5741: 5739: 5712: 5706: 5704: 5682: 5631: 5612: 5576:Angeles City 5569: 5540: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5520: 5518: 5502: 5490: 5478: 5442: 5424: 5397: 5373: 5325: 5231: 5201: 5171: 5168:as follows, 5164: 5163: 5159: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5127: 5125: 5118: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104:Christianity 5099:Austronesian 5092: 5086: 5084: 5076: 5045: 5033: 4990: 4979:Austronesian 4967: 4943: 4939: 4927:Austronesian 4910: 4878: 4874: 4854:Austronesian 4837: 4830:Austronesian 4814: 4807:Austronesian 4787: 4780:Austronesian 4752: 4745:Austronesian 4729: 4718: 4703: 4699: 4687: 4669: 4655: 4645: 4637: 4626: 4616:Peninsulares 4614: 4584: 4551: 4545: 4528: 4522: 4520: 4504: 4503: 4487: 4463: 4462: 4448: 4426: 4404: 4392: 4386: 4382: 4375: 4373: 4366: 4365: 4359: 4327: 4299: 4284: 4275: 4264:Please help 4259:verification 4256: 4189:Cold-War-era 4173: 4168: 4152:assimilation 4127:South Asians 4124: 4112:Angeles City 4096:independence 4072: 4028:independence 4017: 3998:background. 3988:billionaires 3968: 3956: 3938: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3491: 3486: 3479: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3447: 3442: 3437: 3005: 2980: 2976: 2969: 2958: 2941: 2912:Bangladeshis 2898:or Southern 2831: 2807:Little Japan 2791:World War II 2784: 2748:billionaires 2703:of the late 2695: 2673: 2661: 2638: 2626: 2618: 2610: 2536: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2424:Peninsulares 2423: 2404:missionaries 2373: 2349: 2307: 2260: 2245: 2230: 2229: 2222: 2221: 2214: 2213: 2208: 2201: 2192: 2183: 2182: 2161: 2143: 2122: 2101: 2053: 2032: 2011: 1883: 1877: 1854: 1836:situated in 1811: 1800: 1751: 1710: 1704: 1703:Many of the 1702: 1683: 1646:Indo-Pacific 1638:colonial era 1631: 1592: 1550: 1530:last ice age 1519: 1428: 1360:Homo sapiens 1358: 1356: 1349: 1323: 1305: 1295: 1291: 1217: 1216:were called 1208:arriving to 1191: 1189:industries. 1175:Spanish Navy 1166: 1162: 1160: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1140: 1132: 1130: 1125: 1114: 1110: 1104: 1102: 1097: 1093: 1085: 1081: 1069: 1067: 1039: 1030: 1011: 1008:as follows, 1005: 1001: 993: 989: 985: 978:Nick Joaquin 967: 959: 954:. Historian 938: 937: 929: 912: 906: 904: 899: 895: 891: 889: 874: 872: 862: 860: 845: 841: 839: 829: 817: 813: 807: 802: 798: 794: 790: 778: 770:was used in 767: 763: 739: 738: 699: 697: 642:Mga Pilipino 633: 632: 545:, and other 130:Saudi Arabia 77: 55:Mga Pilipino 43:Ethnic group 40: 14963:Immigration 14765:Child labor 14740:Agriculture 14710:Coast Guard 14644:Legislative 14579:Legal codes 14452:Earthquakes 14316:Archaeology 14292:Philippines 14117:Immigrants 13845:Maguindanao 13701:Romblomanon 13686:Kapampangan 13404:: 425–459. 13002:population. 12981:Philippines 12876:. pp. 12586:, pp. 12503:January 28, 12245:January 13, 12210:February 3, 11689:January 16, 11536:October 21, 11463:October 21, 11432:October 21, 11375:December 6, 11346:December 6, 11231:February 3, 11190:November 5, 11112:February 3, 10911:February 3, 10384:October 26, 10345:October 21, 10329:: 141–162. 10302:October 21, 10264:November 9, 10223:November 9, 9565:February 5, 9096:(1): 4689. 9066:February 3, 8714:November 4, 8330:October 21, 8301:October 21, 8116:December 6, 8071:December 3, 8042:December 3, 7716:February 3, 7686:January 24, 7656:January 24, 7222:October 23, 7166:February 3, 7114:January 29, 6714:October 19, 6624:October 15, 6422:October 22, 5907:during the 5823:Maguindanao 5815:Albay Bikol 5803:Kapampangan 5674:Waray-Waray 5658:Kapampangan 5628:Mexico City 5609:population. 5536:Fedor Jagor 5393:South Asian 5327:Principalía 5065:Philippines 4715:Philippines 4609:Definition 4571:due to the 4516:East Indies 4350:Americana/s 4346:Americano/s 4300:During the 4220:Philippines 4012:Filipiniana 4002:Late modern 3761:28,112-1/2 3713:19,686-1/2 3665:44,852-1/2 3617:16,604-1/2 3601:16,586-1/2 3553:14,392-1/2 3521:14,437-1/2 2957:), c. 1841 2823:Kennon Road 2813:during the 2721:Philippines 2543:Philippines 2453:Principalía 2400:Mexico City 2392:Viceroyalty 2388:colonialism 2199:Kapampangan 2172:Boxer Codex 2148:Boxer Codex 2127:Boxer Codex 2106:Boxer Codex 2085:Boxer Codex 2058:Boxer Codex 2037:Boxer Codex 2016:Boxer Codex 1966:Maguindanao 1750:, although 1686:South Asian 1652:" (or the " 1607:Austronesia 1441:remains of 1439:Tam Pa Ling 1433:remains of 1424:Philippines 1389:Paleolithic 1373:Tabon Caves 1365:Philippines 1334:Callao Cave 1324:The oldest 1316:Callao Cave 1302:Callao Cave 1034:during the 795:indio chino 789:. The term 787:West Indies 768:indio chino 745:East Indies 664:, or other 646:Philippines 618:Indonesians 414:Switzerland 339:Netherlands 282:South Korea 269:New Zealand 15276:Categories 15186:Great Seal 15123:Psychology 15086:Literature 15081:Inventions 14880:Corruption 14875:Censorship 14745:Automotive 14606:Executive 14599:Government 14457:Ecoregions 14349:Prehistory 14341:Chronology 14170:Indonesian 13830:Banguingui 13802:Surigaonon 13754:Hiligaynon 13696:Pangasinan 12934:August 15, 11571:1013594469 11207:, p. 11082:the treaty 9743:January 2, 9693:l journal. 9315:1885/10191 8940:August 23, 8873:. UNESCO. 8854:Scott 1984 8816:August 23, 8542:1053003694 8269:August 17, 8238:January 3, 8220:. ABRAMS. 7885:January 2, 7847:January 2, 7702:"Filipino" 7593:August 15, 7390:August 20, 7242:www.eso.ky 6946:August 20, 6303:Asia Times 6242:References 5955:, and the 5897:Protestant 5885:Christians 5835:Surigaonon 5807:Pangasinan 5791:Hiligaynon 5743:Ethnologue 5696:Hiligaynon 5692:Portuguese 5670:Hiligaynon 5662:Pangasinan 5633:Ilustrados 5578:, Manila, 5572:Amerasians 5509:Sundadonty 5412:Madagascar 5366:and their 5344:See also: 5145:indio puro 5136:José Rizal 5060:indigenous 5041:Intramuros 4999:indigenous 4644:Person of 4579:blood and 4484:Pe̍h-ōe-jī 4465:Sangley/es 4457:migrants ( 4368:Insular/es 4352:" (f) or " 4334:Filipina/s 4332:" (m) or " 4329:Filipino/s 4140:Brazilians 4104:Amerasians 3990:of either 3932:424,992-16 3901:Calamianes 3677:Pangasinan 3537:5,724-1/2 3482:Suez Canal 3161:Calamianes 2923:José Rizal 2853:Manila Bay 2811:Davao City 2770:(Amoy) or 2658:Pe̍h-ōe-jī 2593:, such as 2571:Selden Map 2493:Selden Map 2412:Andalusian 2380:Portuguese 2293:Portuguese 2285:Indo-Aryan 2170:, c. 1590 1906:Pangasinan 1838:Pangasinan 1818:Manila Bay 1690:East Asian 1654:Brown race 1650:Malay race 1627:Madagascar 1615:New Guinea 1613:, coastal 1611:Micronesia 1509:, and the 1487:Denisovans 1483:Orang Asli 1410:and their 1330:Callao Man 1314:. ; 1249:See also: 1239:Prehistory 1167:Manila men 1139:imitating 1119:diminutive 1076:alphabet ( 974:José Rizal 908:ilustrados 832:(1604) of 757:indigenous 692:See also: 441:Kazakhstan 15116:Festivals 15101:Mythology 15013:Squatting 15008:Sexuality 14978:Languages 14900:Education 14844:ZIP codes 14688:Air Force 14637:President 14557:Elections 14511:Volcanoes 14484:Mountains 14408:Geography 14331:Political 14309:Overviews 14185:Malaysian 14139:Brazilian 14065:Agutaynen 13928:Kankanaey 13797:Sangirese 13764:Porohanon 13691:Masbateño 13652:(Ilongot) 13610:Filipinos 13499:162244203 13460:August 5, 13298:145495386 12965:April 10, 12921:0118-1564 12821:March 24, 12237:: 39–66. 12045:0028-8667 11807:0027-8424 11739:0960-9822 11419:1808/1129 10963:(2): 82. 10940:March 23, 9911:0022-4995 9593:cite book 9435:: 13–17. 9178:162491927 9158:Antiquity 8987:0027-8424 8803:106411053 7999:615447903 7966:162939450 7950:0021-9118 7910:223003865 7580:0118-1564 7549:March 25, 7523:March 25, 7422:March 26, 7332:April 11, 7140:August 3, 7082:March 25, 7026:April 12, 7016:npdata.be 6566:August 8, 6528:March 30, 6313:April 10, 6134:Manhattan 5988:Indonesia 5953:Orthodoxy 5949:Mormonism 5839:Masbateño 5827:Kinaray-a 5811:Chavacano 5684:Chavacano 5646:Chavacano 5590:Languages 5447:Sundaland 5417:Neolithic 5395:peoples. 5368:languages 5165:Filipinos 5085:The term 4983:Islamized 4832:descent. 4809:descent. 4782:descent. 4754:Tornatrás 4747:descent. 4719:from the 4704:Insulares 4700:Filipinos 4688:from the 4639:Americano 4627:from the 4510:" (lit. " 4450:Tornatrás 4428:Mestizo/s 4406:Mestizo/s 4388:Mestiza/s 4354:Criollo/s 4348:" (m) / " 4306:Spaniards 4278:July 2020 4144:migration 4092:Amerasian 4026:declared 3946:Zamboanga 3944:20%, and 3709:Camarines 3703:11,244-6 3623:27,358-1 3607:25,760-5 3575:21,579-7 3559:19,448-6 3527:27,897-7 3502:Province 3347:Zamboanga 2993:Cambodian 2933:(c. 1890) 2910:speaking 2904:Dravidian 2902:, adding 2772:Zhangzhou 2697:ilustrado 2688:bourgeois 2631:Guangzhou 2623:Zhangzhou 2619:Chiõ Chiu 2603:Zhangzhou 2579:Zhangzhou 2499:to Manila 2448:Maharlika 2428:Castilian 2396:New Spain 2367:speaking 2361:Dravidian 2312:works by 2289:Dravidian 2281:Maharlika 2261:barangays 2224:Maharlika 2104:, c.1590 2056:, c.1590 2035:, c.1590 2014:, c.1590 2012:maharlika 1990:Majapahit 1986:Srivijaya 1892:ruled by 1885:barangays 1776:Indochina 1725:Majapahit 1718:Srivijaya 1670:confusion 1623:Polynesia 1557:Neolithic 1459:Sundaland 1453:to reach 1447:Sundaland 1431:Niah Cave 1412:languages 1397:Metal Age 1393:Neolithic 1383:from the 1369:Tabon Man 1367:are the " 1210:New Spain 1163:Manilamen 1006:Filipinos 994:Filipinos 808:In 1955, 723:Dominican 698:The name 634:Filipinos 521:Languages 430:Indonesia 259:Hong Kong 228:Singapore 150:Australia 112:4,466,918 47:Filipinos 15261:Category 15191:Language 15003:Religion 14998:Refugees 14941:Genetics 14870:Abortion 14805:Taxation 14661:Judicial 14535:Politics 14516:Wildlife 14445:Typhoons 14326:Military 14190:Nepalese 14175:Japanese 14134:American 14127:Americas 14095:Suludnon 14080:Tagbanua 14070:Palawano 14057:Palaweño 14014:Ratagnon 13961:Higaonon 13956:Bukidnon 13933:Tinguian 13898:Balangao 13882:Highland 13787:Butuanon 13779:Mindanao 13739:Capiznon 13734:Boholano 13650:Bugkalot 13645:Bicolano 13530:(2001). 13441:(1984). 13383:July 28, 13347:July 28, 13326:: 46–67. 13271:: 39–48. 13244:(1995). 13187:Archived 13162:Archived 13128:Archived 13099:Archived 13073:Archived 13031:Archived 12989:Archived 12959:Archived 12925:Archived 12850:Archived 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3958:Mestizos 3716:154-1/2 3684:719-1/2 3645:Zambales 3613:Pampanga 3591:4,000-8 3565:Batangas 3543:9,132-4 3487:mestizos 3285:Moluccas 3006:Location 2985:Japanese 2981:mestizos 2977:criollos 2943:Mestizos 2787:Japanese 2764:Quanzhou 2756:Jinjiang 2640:sangleys 2615:Quanzhou 2611:Chinchew 2599:Haicheng 2575:Quanzhou 2551:Acapulco 2545:through 2517:Americas 2509:Urdaneta 2497:Quanzhou 2470:merchant 2369:Bengalis 2257:Buddhism 2253:Hinduism 2204:and the 2123:pintados 2073:commoner 2054:kadatuan 1958:Sanmalan 1842:Pampanga 1834:Sanfotsi 1807:Buddhist 1768:Cambodia 1752:de facto 1722:Javanese 1706:barangay 1698:Buddhism 1694:Hinduism 1546:Mindanao 1540:and the 1515:Mindanao 1437:and the 1198:Guerrero 1181:and the 1155:Filipino 1133:Filipinx 1115:Filipino 1098:Pilipino 1094:Filipino 1090:Filipino 1044:citizens 1040:Filipino 1021:— 990:Filipino 986:Filipino 960:Filipino 939:Filipino 914:mestizos 896:Filipino 880:— 863:Crónicas 851:— 814:Filipino 791:Filipino 785:and the 783:Americas 750:indigena 700:Filipino 682:language 650:Catholic 638:Filipino 553:Religion 539:Filipino 160:Malaysia 15232:Outline 15148:Symbols 15056:Cuisine 15033:Culture 14988:Poverty 14973:Kinship 14895:Divorce 14858:Society 14822:Tourism 14728:Economy 14610:Cabinet 14472:islands 14435:Climate 14430:Borders 14321:Economy 14301:History 14246:Spanish 14241:Russian 14221:English 14200:Iranian 14160:Chinese 14144:Mexican 14047:Mamanwa 14024:Negrito 14006:Mangyan 13991:Teduray 13986:Tasaday 13981:Subanon 13971:Mandaya 13966:Mamanwa 13923:Kalinga 13850:Maranao 13792:Kalagan 13759:Karay-a 13744:Cebuano 13729:Aklanon 13721:Visayas 13711:Tagalog 13671:Ilocano 13661:Gaddang 13656:Cuyunon 13629:Lowland 13313:: 1–26. 13221:Bibcode 13168:June 8, 13134:June 6, 13105:June 6, 13079:May 22, 12995:May 22, 12510:relief. 12381:283-284 12309:4574246 12182:4815693 12106:3951936 11987:1235276 11944:3166138 11912:Bibcode 11876:8020671 11853:Bibcode 11816:8020671 11785:Bibcode 11748:8596304 11719:Bibcode 11520:: 142. 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