Filename - Knowledge

33: 801:. If case-sensitive, then "MyName.Txt" and "myname.txt" may refer to two different files in the same directory, and each file must be referenced by the exact capitalization by which it is named. On a case-insensitive, case-preserving file system, on the other hand, only one of "MyName.Txt", "myname.txt" and "Myname.TXT" can be the name of a file in a given directory at a given time, and a file with one of these names can be referenced by any capitalization of the name. 233:, a file name was up to 44 characters, consisting of upper case letters, digits, and the period. A file name must start with a letter or number, a period must occur at least once each 8 characters, two consecutive periods could not appear in the name, and must end with a letter or digit. By convention, the letters and numbers before the first period was the account number of the owner or the project it belonged to, but there was no requirement to use this convention. 45: 1298:. Elsewhere, the period is allowed, but the last occurrence will be interpreted to be the extension separator in VMS, DOS, and Windows. In other OSes, usually considered as part of the filename, and more than one period (full stop) may be allowed. In Unix, a leading period means the file or folder is normally hidden. 626:

File names have to be exchanged between software environments for network file transfer, file system storage, backup and file synchronization software, configuration management, data compression and archiving, etc. It is thus very important not to lose file name information between applications. This

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The characters allowed in filenames depend on the file system. The letters A–Z and digits 0–9 are allowed by most file systems; many file systems support additional characters, such as the letters a–z, special characters, and other printable characters such as accented letters, symbols in non-Roman

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became a de facto standard, file systems mostly used a locale-dependent character set. By contrast, some new systems permit a filename to be composed of almost any character of the Unicode repertoire, and even some non-Unicode byte sequences. Limitations may be imposed by the file system, operating

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the first 1–7 character of the file name before the first period matched an actual account name, then that account was used, e.g. ABLE.BAKER is a file in your account, but if not there the system would search for $ TSOS.ABLE.BAKER, but if $ ABLE.BAKER was specified, the file $ TSOS.ABLE.BAKER would

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Account name, consisting of a dollar sign "$ ", a 1-7 character (letter or digit) username, and a period ("."). If not present it was presumed to be in your account, but if it was not, the operating system would look in the system manager's account $ TSOS. If you typed in a dollar sign only as the

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Disks and tape drives are addressed either using a label (up to 8 characters) or a unit specification. The HP 250 file system does not use directories, nor does it use extensions to indicate file type. Instead the type is an attribute (e.g. DATA, PROG, BKUP or SYST for data files, program files,

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A particular issue with filesystems that store information in nested directories is that it may be possible to create a file with a complete pathname that exceeds implementation limits, since length checking may apply only to individual parts of the name rather than the entire name. Many Windows

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Windows forbids the use of the MS-DOS device names AUX, COM0, ..., COM9, COM¹, ..., COM³, CON, LPT0, ..., LPT9, LPT¹, ..., LPT³, NUL and PRN. These names with an extension (for example, AUX.txt), are allowed but not recommended. The Win32 API strips trailing period (full-stop), and leading and

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Single-level directory structure with disk letters (A–Z). Maximum of 8 character file name with maximum 8 character file type, separated by whitespace. For example, a TEXT file called MEMO on disk A would be accessed as "MEMO TEXT A". (Later versions of VM introduced hierarchical filesystem

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with a maximum of an 8 byte name and a maximum of a 3 byte extension. Utilities and applications allowed users to specify filenames without trailing spaces and include a dot before the extension. The dot was not actually stored in the directory. Using only 7 bit characters allowed several

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to be included in the actual filename by using the high-order-bit; these attributes included Readonly, Archive, and System. Eventually this was too restrictive and the number of characters allowed increased. The attribute bits were moved to a special block of the file including additional

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used to create them. For example, a file created with the name "MyName.Txt" or "myname.txt" would be stored with the filename "MYNAME.TXT" (VFAT preserves the letter case). Any variation of upper and lower case can be used to refer to the same file. These kinds of file systems are called

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such as NFC, NFD. This means two separate files might be created with the same text filename and a different byte implementation of the filename, such as L"\x00C0.txt" (UTF-16, NFC) (Latin capital A with grave) and L"\x0041\x0300.txt" (UTF-16, NFD) (Latin capital A, grave combining).

522:), 44 (e.g. IBM S/370), or 255 (e.g. early Berkeley Unix) characters or bytes. Length limits often result from assigning fixed space in a filesystem to storing components of names, so increasing limits often requires an incompatible change, as well as reserving more space. 744:

Within a single directory, filenames must be unique. Since the filename syntax also applies for directories, it is not possible to create a file and directory entries with the same name in a single directory. Multiple files in different directories may have the same name.

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used in the Subversion and Apache technical communities. This solution does not normalize paths in the repository. Paths are only normalized for the purpose of comparisons. Nonetheless, some communities have patented this strategy, forbidding its use by other communities.

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Traditionally, filenames allowed any character in their filenames as long as they were file system safe. Although this permitted the use of any encoding, and thus allowed the representation of any local text on any local system, it caused many interoperability issues.

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Optional account number, which was one to four characters followed by a colon.If the account number was missing, it was presumed to be in your account, but if it was not, it was presumed to be in the *COM: pseudo-account, which is where all files marked as public were

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trailing space characters from filenames, except when UNC paths are used. These restrictions only apply to Windows; in Linux distributions that support NTFS, filenames are written using NTFS's Posix namespace, which allows any Unicode character except / and NUL.

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file system applies NFD Unicode normalization and is optionally case-sensitive (case-insensitive by default.) Filename maximum length is not standard and might depend on the code unit size. Although it is a serious issue, in most cases this is a limited one.

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Forbids the use of characters in range 1–31 (0x01–0x1F) and characters " * / : < > ? \ | unless the name is flagged as being in the Posix namespace. NTFS allows each path component (directory or filename) to be 255 characters long .

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also uses names like "...", "...." and so on to denote grandparent or great-grandparent directories. All Windows versions forbid creation of filenames that consist of only dots, although names consisting of three dots ("...") or more are legal in Unix.

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On Linux, this means the filename is not enough to open a file: additionally, the exact byte representation of the filename on the storage device is needed. This can be solved at the application level, with some tricky normalization calls.

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Some file systems on a given operating system (especially file systems originally implemented on other operating systems), and particular applications on that operating system, may apply further restrictions and interpretations. See

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encoding. Conversion was not possible as most systems did not expose a description of the encoding used for a filename as part of the extended file information. This forced costly filename encoding guessing with each file access.

588:, treat a filename as a single string; a convention often used on those file systems is to treat the characters following the last period in the filename, in a filename containing periods, as the extension part of the filename. 345:

used the same 8.3 convention as the CP/M file system. The FAT file systems supported 8-bit characters, allowing them to support non-ASCII characters in file names, and stored the attributes separately from the file name.

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Systems that have these restrictions cause incompatibilities with some other filesystems. For example, Windows will fail to handle, or raise error reports for, these legal UNIX filenames: aux.c, q"uote"s.txt, or NUL.txt.

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From its original inception, the file systems on Unix and its derivative systems were case-sensitive and case-preserving. However, not all file systems on those systems are case-sensitive; by default,

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File system utilities and naming conventions on various systems prohibit particular characters from appearing in filenames or make them problematic: Except as otherwise stated, the symbols in the

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marked Apple's adoption of Unicode 3.2 character decomposition, superseding the Unicode 2.1 decomposition used previously. This change caused problems for developers writing software for Mac OS X.

413:. This is a relative reference. One advantage of using a relative reference in program configuration files or scripts is that different instances of the script or program can use different files. 1752:$ AttrDef $ BadClus $ Bitmap $ Boot $ LogFile $ MFT $ MFTMirr pagefile.sys $ Secure $ UpCase $ Volume $ Extend $ Extend\$ ObjId $ Extend\$ Quota $ Extend\$ Reparse ($ Extend is a directory) 3196: 1428:

In Windows utilities, the space and the period are not allowed as the final character of a filename. The period is allowed as the first character, but some Windows applications, such as

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Used as a wildcard in Unix, DOS, RT-11, VMS and Windows. Marks any sequence of characters (Unix, Windows, DOS) or any sequence of characters in either the basename or extension (thus

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Nonetheless, some limited interoperability issues remain, such as normalization (equivalence), or the Unicode version in use. For instance, UDF is limited to Unicode 2.0; macOS's

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CON, CONIN$ , CONOUT$ , PRN, AUX, CLOCK$ , NUL COM0, COM1, COM2, COM3, COM4, COM5, COM6, COM7, COM8, COM9 LPT0, LPT1, LPT2, LPT3, LPT4, LPT5, LPT6, LPT7, LPT8, LPT9 LST (only in

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1–17 character file name, which could be upper case letters or digits, and the period, with the requirement it not begin or end with a period, or have two consecutive periods.

490:. In other cases, the length limits may apply to particular portions of the filename, such as the name of a file in a directory, or a directory name. For example, 9 (e.g., 1389:

require specific characters such as spaces, <, >, |, \, and sometimes :, (, ), &, ;, #, as well as wildcards such as ? and *, to be quoted or

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Other filesystems, by design, provide only one filename per file, which guarantees that alteration of one filename's file does not alter the other filename's file.

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The components required to identify a file by utilities and applications varies across operating systems, as does the syntax and format for a valid filename.

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An absolute reference includes all directory levels. In some systems, a filename reference that does not include the complete directory path defaults to the

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File name, 1–56 characters (letters and digits) separated by periods. File names cannot start or end with a period, nor can two consecutive periods appear.

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Multiple output files created by an application may use the same basename and various extensions. For example, a Fortran compiler might use the extension

832:, which must interoperate efficiently with both systems that treat uppercase and lowercase files as different and with systems that treat them the same. 715:

One issue was migration to Unicode. For this purpose, several software companies provided software for migrating filenames to the new Unicode encoding.

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users might not bother setting the clock of their camera. Internet-connected devices such as smartphones may synchronize their clock from a web server.

2017:(PDS or PDSE) are divided into members with names of up to 8 characters; the member name is placed in parenthesises after the name of the PDS, e.g. 611:. Extensions have been restricted, at least historically on some systems, to a length of 3 characters, but in general can have any length, e.g., 2346:

Flat filesystem with no subdirs. A full "file specification" includes device, filename and extension (file type) in the format: dev:filnam.ext.

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and directories). Workarounds include appending a dot when renaming the file (that is then automatically removed afterwards), using alternative

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usually feature file searching by name. In addition, files from different devices can be merged in one folder without file naming conflicts.

2751: 1496:$ Mft, $ MftMirr, $ LogFile, $ Volume, $ AttrDef, $ Bitmap, $ Boot, $ BadClus, $ Secure, $ Upcase, $ Extend, $ Quota, $ ObjId and $ Reparse 204:

optional device name (one or two characters) followed by an optional unit number, and a colon ":". If not present, it was presumed to be SY:

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hyphen must not be first character. A command line utility checking for conformance, "pathchk", is part of the IEEE 1003.1 standard and of

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Maximum 9 character base name limit for sequential files (without extension), or maximum 6 and 3 character extension for binary files; see

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Used to determine the mount point / drive on Windows; used to determine the virtual device or physical device such as a drive on AmigaOS,

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Some filesystems restrict the length of filenames. In some cases, these lengths apply to the entire file name, as in 44 characters in IBM

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Some people use the term filename when referring to a complete specification of device, subdirectories and filename such as the Windows

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In Unix-like systems, DOS, and Windows, the filenames "." and ".." have special meanings (current and parent directory respectively).

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This property was used by the move command algorithm that first creates a second filename and then only removes the first filename.

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A filename could be stored using different byte strings in distinct systems within a single country, such as if one used Japanese

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Numbered file names, on the other hand, do not require that the device has a correctly set internal clock. For example, some

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led to wide adoption of Unicode as a standard for encoding file names, although legacy software might not be Unicode-aware.

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shell would consume it as a switch character, but DOS and Windows themselves always accept it as a separator on API level.)

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Filenames may include things like a revision or generation number of the file, a numerical sequence number (widely used by

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In addition, in Windows and DOS utilities, some words are also reserved and cannot be used as filenames. For example, DOS

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a full "file specification" includes nodename, diskname, directory/ies, filename, extension and version in the format:

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Unix-like file systems allow a file to have more than one name; in traditional Unix-style file systems, the names are

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check for canonical equivalence among filenames, to avoid two canonically equivalent filenames in the same directory.

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for the listing. Although there are some common extensions, they are arbitrary and a different application might use

3401: 3002: 1799: 1440:, creating the file using the command line, or saving a file with the desired filename from within an application. 120:

alphabets, and symbols in non-alphabetic scripts. Some file systems allow even unprintable characters, including

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servers usually provide case-insensitive behavior (even when the underlying file system is case-sensitive, e.g.

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Allowed, but treated as separator by the command line interpreters COMMAND.COM and CMD.EXE on DOS and Windows.

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Allowed, but treated as separator by the command line interpreters COMMAND.COM and CMD.EXE on DOS and Windows.

1432:, forbid creating or renaming such files (despite this convention being used in Unix-like systems to describe 48:

Filename list, with long filenames containing comma and space characters as they appear in a software display.

3444: 3202: 2520:"Fixing Unix/Linux/POSIX Filenames: Control Characters (such as Newline), Leading Dashes, and Other Problems" 321:, had a 6.3 file name, with a maximum of 6 bytes in the name and a maximum of 3 bytes in the extension. The 197: 1094:. Doubled after a name on VMS, indicates the DECnet nodename (equivalent to a NetBIOS hostname preceded by 3228: 2947: 1772: 2570: 840:"Reserved characters" redirects here. For characters that cannot be used in page titles on Knowledge, see 785:

Some file systems store filenames in the form that they were originally created; these are referred to as

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Those considerations create a limitation not allowing a switch to a future encoding different from UTF-8.

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to be the character string that must be entered into a file system by a user in order to identify a file.

3638: 3578: 3377: 2484: 158:), or a comment such as the name of a subject or a location or any other text to help identify the file. 3190: 3287: 3172: 3046: 2698: 1505: 1445: 824:

on most Unix-like systems), and SMB client file systems provide case-insensitive behavior. File system

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Used as a path name component separator in Unix-like, Windows, and Amiga systems. (For as long as the

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Programs and devices may automatically assign names to files such as a numerical counter (for example

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structures, SFS and BFS, but the original flat directory "minidisk" structure is still widely used.)

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The benefit of a time stamped file name is that it facilitates searching files by date, given that

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had operating systems where files on the system were identified by a user name, or account number.

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In the classic Mac OS, however, encoding of the filename was stored with the filename attributes.

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32 per component; earlier 9 per component; latterly, 255 for a filename and 32 for an extension.

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names cannot end with a period in Windows, though the name can end with a period followed by a

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File systems have not always provided the same character set for composing a filename. Before

3417: 2474: 2152: 1336:(and compatibles) on Unix-like systems, and COMMAND.COM and CMD.EXE on DOS and Windows. See 1159: 1099: 762: 549: 495: 314: 677:

The issue of Unicode equivalence is known as "normalized-name collision". A solution is the

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in the Finder, so that it is impossible to create a file that the Finder shows as having a

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Used as the default path name component separator in DOS, OS/2 and Windows (even if the

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the account number, consisting of a bracket "". If omitted, it was presumed to be yours.

32: 3633: 3489: 3479: 3372: 1475: 1295: 1287: 543: 82: 1625:$ IDLE$ AUX COM1...COM4 CON CONFIG$ CLOCK$ KEYBD$ LPT1...LPT4 LST NUL PRN SCREEN$ 1112: 1018:(U+2047), and the black question mark ornament❓(U+2753) are allowed in all filenames. 270:$ ABLE was a valid account, then it would look for a file named BAKER in that account. 169:. Some utilities have settings to suppress the extension as with MS Windows Explorer. 3612: 3365: 2233: 2037: 1994: 1886: 856: 445: 338: 293: 151: 37: 1897:) in the filesystem, and is shown as such on the command line. Filenames containing 719:

Microsoft provided migration transparent for the user throughout the VFAT technology

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operating system, filenames were always 11 characters. This was referred to as the

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mandatory file name, consisting of 1 to 6 characters (upper-case letters or digits)

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Knowledge:Naming conventions (technical restrictions) § Forbidden characters

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system, application, or requirements for interoperability with other systems.

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This makes an absolute or relative path composed of a sequence of filenames.

385: 362: 182: 136:, to be part of a filename, although most utilities do not handle them well. 61: 444:

in later versions, for creating them. Hard links are different from Windows

68:. Different file systems impose different restrictions on filename lengths. 3600: 3573: 3563: 3355: 3309: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2621: 1917: 1848: 1645: 1606: 1571: 1437: 1372: 1329: 1140: 1068: 1028: 991: 519: 301: 2988: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 3439: 3324: 3314: 3272: 3258: 2454: 1460: 1433: 1350: 998: 923: 770: 87: 65: 3012: 2742: 2684: 530:

value of 260, but Windows file names can easily exceed this limit. From

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Uniqueness approach may differ both on the case sensitivity and on the

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with a maximum of eight plus three characters was a filename alias of "

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To limit interoperability issues, some ideas described by Sun are to:

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0x00–0x1F 0x7F " * / : < > ? \ | + , . ; =

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Maximum 8 character base name limit and 3 character extension; see

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Note 1: While they are allowed in Unix file and folder names, most

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Allowed, but treated as separator by the command line interpreters

1119: 1047: 952: 915: 553: 511: 237: 133: 3156: 2883:"Cross platform filepath naming conventions - General Programming" 3213: 2745:"Solaris presentations: File Systems, Unicode, and Normalization" 2355: 2297: 2147:

Used on CDs; 8 directory levels max (for Level 1, not level 2,3)

1929: 1875: 1837: 1734: 1699: 1664: 1333: 1193:(U+2019) and the curved double quotes left double quotation mark 981: 848: 366: 189: 3191:

Standard ECMA-208, December 1994, System-Independent Data Format

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Allowed, but the space is also used as a parameter separator in

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account, this would indicate the file was in the $ TSOS account

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A solution was to adopt Unicode as the encoding for filenames.

644: 353:, an extension to the MS-DOS FAT filesystem, was introduced in 334: 226: 218: 193: 44: 2857:"Re: git on MacOSX and files with decomposed utf-8 file names" 1889:, filenames containing / can be created, but / is stored as a 1425:

and MS-DOS/PC DOS 1.x-2.x, but can be used in later versions.

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A legacy restriction carried over from DOS. The single quotes

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The Unicode standard solves the encoding determination issue.

2791:"NonNormalizingUnicodeCompositionAwareness - Subversion Wiki" 2662:"NTFS Hard Links, Directory Junctions, and Windows Shortcuts" 2500:

Windows (Win32) File Naming Conventions (Filesystem Agnostic)

2323: 2301: 2092: 1879: 1688: 1668: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1555: 1308: 1127: 1087: 1034: 813: 805: 666: 507: 503: 499: 472:" as a way to conform to 8.3 limitations for older programs. 429: 326: 322: 859:

from appearing in filenames. In Unix-like file systems, the

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1991 O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. Sebastopol, CA pp63–64

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David Robinson; Ienup Sung; Nicolas Williams (March 2006).

2056: 1982: 1941: 1925: 1864: 1723: 1653: 1599: 984:; marks a single character. Allowed in Unix filenames, see 828:

is a considerable challenge for software such as Samba and

809: 766: 585: 581: 577: 487: 461: 433: 350: 297: 253: 108: 2835:"convmv - converts filenames from one encoding to another" 2007:

first character must be alphabetic or national ($ , #, @)

1901:

created from the command line are shown with / instead of

1421:) was not allowed as the first letter in a filename under 1061:

in DOS means "all files"). Allowed in Unix filenames, see

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in Unix, DOS and Windows; allowed in Unix filenames, see

230: 222: 3092:

POSIX Programmer's Guide: Writing Portable UNIX Programs

1071:

for many asterisk-like characters allowed in filenames.

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Apple provided "File Name Encoding Repair Utility v1.0".

3004:

MS-DOS Device Driver Names Cannot be Used as File Names

1973: 630: 71:

A filename may (depending on the file system) include:

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and DOS 1.xx) KEYBD$ , SCREEN$ (only in multitasking

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0x00–0x1F 0x7F " * / : < > ? \ |

1710:

0x00–0x1F 0x7F " * / : < > ? \ |

1675:

0x00–0x1F 0x7F " * / : < > ? \ |

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There is no general encoding standard for filenames.

27:

Text string used to uniquely identify a computer file

1977:

and file managers will not show the file by default

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old versions of Finder are limited to 31 characters

1118:(U+2236) are permitted in Windows filenames. In the 1037:; marks a single character. Not special on Windows. 2907:. Wiki.winehq.org. November 8, 2009. Archived from 2905:"CaseInsensitiveFilenames - The Official Wine Wiki" 398: 381:) or a time stamp with the current date and time. 3047:"Naming Files, Paths, and Namespaces - Win32 apps" 2144:"close to 180"(Level 2) or 200(Level 3) 1201:(U+201D) are permitted anywhere in filenames. See 1130:for the colon and the letter colon are identical. 887:for example, cannot be used in Windows filenames. 769:, store filenames as upper-case regardless of the 1618:; DOS 1/2 did not allow 0xE5 as first character) 1493:NTFS filenames that are used internally include: 3625: 2517: 1098:.) Colon is also used in Windows to separate an 835: 369:characters, in addition to classic "8.3" names. 163:C:\Program Files\Microsoft Games\Chess\Chess.exe 2984:Microsoft Windows 95 README for Tips and Tricks 1561:first character not allowed to be 0x00 or 0xFF 256:operating system had file names consisting of 1486:and higher) CONFIG$ (only in MS-DOS 7.0-8.0) 955:is set to '-'; allowed in Unix filenames, see 816:are case-insensitive but case-preserving, and 432:or equivalent. Windows supports hard links on 40:command shell showing filenames in a directory 3229: 3044: 2721:"Maximum Path Length Limitation - Win32 apps" 1851:layer in macOS; / at the Unix layer in macOS 679:Non-normalizing Unicode Composition Awareness 2931:"The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6" 1267:(U+02C3) is permitted in Windows filenames. 1236:(U+02C2) is permitted in Windows filenames. 1166:(U+2223) is permitted in Windows filenames. 965:(U+29F9) is permitted in Windows filenames. 697:do transparent code conversions on filenames 618: 936:U+29F8) is permitted in Windows filenames. 756: 657: 419: 3236: 3222: 3205:, Data Management Services, archived from 3186:2009 POSIX portable filename character set 572:used by some applications to indicate the 534:, MAX_PATH limitations have been removed. 2923: 2859:. KernelTrap. May 7, 2010. Archived from 2598: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2541: 1847:: on disk, in classic Mac OS, and at the 1197:(U+201C) and right double quotation mark 1090:and VMS; used as a pathname separator in 870: 3141:) is being considered for deletion. See 2972:(MSDN), filename restrictions on Windows 2954:, Microsoft.com. See last bulleted item. 2813:"File Name Encoding Repair Utility v1.0" 2750:. San Francisco: Sun.com. Archived from 2622:"CPM - CP/M disk and file system format" 2412:length depends on the drive, usually 16 980:Used as a wildcard in Unix, Windows and 694:use one Unicode encoding (such as UTF-8) 548:Filenames in some file systems, such as 43: 31: 2384:Directories can only go 8 levels deep. 464:allowed filename aliases. For example, 436:file systems, and provides the command 14: 3626: 3167:WikiExt - File Extensions Encyclopedia 3114:Hewlett-Packard Company Roseville, CA 3084: 3025: 2962: 2960: 2538: 1758:Paths can be up to 32,000 characters. 537: 481: 372: 60:is a name used to uniquely identify a 3217: 3173:"Naming Files, Paths, and Namespaces" 2699:"Naming Files, Paths, and Namespaces" 2495:Internationalized resource identifier 1633:status everywhere or only in virtual 2518:David A. Wheeler (August 22, 2023). 2382:OURNODE::MYDISK:FILENAME.EXTENSION;2 855:Many file system utilities prohibit 710: 631:Encoding indication interoperability 576:. Some other file systems, such as 3118:Rev 1/84 Manual Part no 45260-90063 3045:alvinashcraft (February 26, 2024). 3026:Ritter, Gunnar (January 30, 2007). 2957: 2793:. Wiki.apache.org. January 21, 2013 2013:after every 8 characters or fewer. 510:in DOS), 14 (e.g. early Unix), 21 ( 150:), a date and time (widely used by 24: 3243: 1985:classic MVS filesystem (datasets) 1500:Comparison of filename limitations 1448:for more details on restrictions. 552:and the ODS-1 and ODS-2 levels of 112:for unspecified binary data, etc.) 25: 3650: 3145:to help reach a consensus. › 3124: 2815:. Support.apple.com. June 1, 2006 2636:"Fsutil command description page" 2526:from the original on May 25, 2024 1255:, allowed in Unix filenames, see 1224:, allowed in Unix filenames, see 399:References: absolute vs relative 240:system, file names consisted of 3108: 3097: 3064: 3038: 3019: 2995: 2975: 2941: 2897: 2875: 2849: 2827: 2805: 2783: 2761: 2668:. Inv Softworks. Archived from 2638:. Microsoft.com. Archived from 2432:SPACE ", : NULL CHR$ (255) 1095: 1058: 685: 556:, are composed of two parts: a 213:optional 3-character extension. 165:. The filename in this case is 3402:Hidden file / Hidden directory 3198:Best Practices for File Naming 2713: 2654: 2628: 2614: 2581: 2563: 2511: 2228:Professional File System 1993 725:The Linux community provided " 643:encoding and another Japanese 526:applications are limited to a 13: 1: 3445:Filesystem Hierarchy Standard 3203:Stanford University Libraries 3130: 3072:"Apple File System Reference" 2571:"Data Set Naming Conventions" 2505: 836:Reserved characters and words 765:prior to the introduction of 739: 700:store no normalized filenames 198:Digital Equipment Corporation 78:– base name of the file 2948:"Windows Naming Conventions" 2590:File Transfer Protocol (FTP) 2442:backups and the OS itself). 1614:(in some environments also: 1535:Maximum length (characters) 793:. Such a file system can be 7: 3579:Comparison of file managers 3378:List of filename extensions 2987:, Microsoft, archived from 2771:. Ned Batchelder. June 2011 2485:Uniform Resource Identifier 2448: 2105:A–Z a–z 0–9 . _ - 2095:"Fully portable filenames" 317:(FAT) file system, used by 200:, files were identified by 10: 3655: 2440: 2411: 2379: 2345: 2314: 2279: 2254: 2227: 2200: 2174:Original File System 1985 2173: 2146: 2116: 2087:indicates a "hidden" file 2082: 2048: 2006: 1999:other than $ # @ - x'C0' 1966: 1916: 1858: 1820: 1793: 1757: 1718: 1683: 1642: 1568: 1506:Comparison of file systems 1503: 1446:comparison of file systems 839: 761:Some filesystems, such as 750:Unicode normalization form 599:for the object output and 541: 402: 172: 3586:File system fragmentation 3546: 3503: 3470: 3410: 3343: 3251: 3104:pathchk - check pathnames 2460:Fully qualified file name 1957: 1744: 1709: 1674: 1615: 1611: 1376: 1337: 1256: 1225: 1202: 1155: 1062: 985: 956: 619:Encoding interoperability 411:current working directory 236:On the McGill University 3390:Extended file attributes 3298:Proprietary file formats 3143:templates for discussion 2769:"Filenames with accents" 2491:Uniform Resource Locator 2280:Fast File System 2 2002 2019:PAYROLL.DEV.CBL(PROG001) 1398:five\ and\ six\<seven 961:The big reverse solidus 757:Letter case preservation 658:Unicode interoperability 532:Windows 10, version 1607 420:Number of names per file 361:. It allowed mixed-case 319:Standalone Disk BASIC-80 104:Portable Document Format 3591:File-system permissions 3116:HP 250 Syntax Reference 2937:. The Open Group. 2001. 2575:z/OS TSO/E User's Guide 2557:z/OS TSO/E User's Guide 2553:"Data Set Naming Rules" 2255:Smart File System 1998 1750:Only in root directory: 1622:Device names including: 1407:"five and six<seven" 1403:'five and six<seven' 1261:spacing modifier letter 1230:spacing modifier letter 1100:alternative data stream 899:Reason for prohibition 871:Problematic characters 863:and the path separator 595:for source input file, 518:3.2 and 3.3), 15 (e.g. 448:, classic Mac OS/macOS 229:operating systems from 196:operating systems from 177:During the 1970s, some 3157:File Extension Library 2201:Fast File System 1988 1558:(but stored as bytes) 1526:Allowed character set 1411: 1332:(and compatibles) and 1033:Used as a wildcard in 1006:inverted question mark 456:. The introduction of 49: 41: 3148:Data Formats Filename 3028:"The tale of "aux.c"" 2475:Slug (Web publishing) 2015:Partitioned data sets 2009:"Qualified" contains 1920:(10.12.4) and later, 1786:|\?*<":>/ 1409:(examples of quoting) 1400:(example of escaping) 1395: 1177:straight double quote 1160:mathematical operator 928:The big solidus 496:Standalone Disk BASIC 315:File Allocation Table 285:officially defined a 47: 35: 3606:File synchronization 3455:Semantic file system 3278:List of file formats 3181:. December 15, 2022. 2935:IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 2121:Base Specifications 2061:AT&T Corporation 1529:Reserved characters 1474:) $ IDLE$ (only in 1292:whitespace character 1013:double question mark 188:For example, on the 3435:Directory structure 3051:learn.microsoft.com 2991:on November 1, 2014 2701:. December 15, 2022 1859:Mac OS 8.1 - macOS 1152:software pipelining 1102:from the main file. 538:Filename extensions 482:Length restrictions 440:in Windows XP, and 373:File naming schemes 86:– may indicate the 3639:Records management 3373:Filename extension 2970:msdn.microsoft.com 2911:on August 18, 2010 2642:on October 6, 2013 1476:Concurrent DOS 386 1375:applications; see 1296:non-breaking space 934:Unicode code point 918:setting is set to 857:control characters 544:Filename extension 470:long file name.??? 294:personal computers 88:format of the file 50: 42: 3621: 3620: 3613:File verification 3366:Filename mangling 3293:Open file formats 3015:on March 20, 2014 2863:on March 15, 2011 2446: 2445: 2038:EBCDIC code pages 1995:EBCDIC code pages 1909:in its filename. 1383: 1382: 1111:(U+A789) and the 711:Unicode migration 339:Microsoft Windows 154:software and for 152:smartphone camera 16:(Redirected from 3646: 3569:Data compression 3450:Grid file system 3428:Temporary folder 3418:Directory/folder 3238: 3231: 3224: 3215: 3214: 3210: 3209:on July 30, 2021 3182: 3119: 3112: 3106: 3101: 3095: 3090:Lewine, Donald. 3088: 3082: 3081: 3076: 3068: 3062: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3032:Heirloom Project 3023: 3017: 3016: 3011:, archived from 2999: 2993: 2992: 2979: 2973: 2964: 2955: 2945: 2939: 2938: 2927: 2921: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2901: 2895: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2879: 2873: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2853: 2847: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2831: 2825: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2809: 2803: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2787: 2781: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2765: 2759: 2758: 2757:on July 4, 2012. 2756: 2749: 2740: 2725: 2724: 2723:. July 18, 2022. 2717: 2711: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2695: 2682: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2672:on July 11, 2011 2658: 2652: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2632: 2626: 2625: 2618: 2612: 2611: 2602: 2600:10.17487/RFC0959 2585: 2579: 2578: 2567: 2561: 2560: 2549: 2536: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2515: 2470:Path (computing) 2433: 2383: 2370: 2106: 2020: 2012: 1976: 1928:10.2 and later, 1746: 1711: 1676: 1636: 1632: 1626: 1617: 1613: 1510: 1509: 1453:Windows 95/98/ME 1430:Windows Explorer 1420: 1416: 1408: 1404: 1399: 1362: 1347: 1320: 1305: 1274: 1266: 1263:right arrowhead 1243: 1235: 1212: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1173: 1165: 1137: 1124:Windows Explorer 1117: 1110: 1097: 1078: 1060: 1044: 1025: 1017: 1010: 1003: 996: 972: 964: 943: 931: 921: 906: 890: 889: 886: 882: 867:are prohibited. 866: 826:case sensitivity 799:case-insensitive 776:case-insensitive 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 529: 514:), 31, 30 (e.g. 471: 467: 443: 439: 405:Path (computing) 380: 329:file systems in 111: 101: 93: 36:Screenshot of a 21: 3654: 3653: 3649: 3648: 3647: 3645: 3644: 3643: 3624: 3623: 3622: 3617: 3559:File comparison 3542: 3511:File descriptor 3499: 3466: 3406: 3339: 3283:File signatures 3247: 3242: 3195: 3171: 3146: 3127: 3122: 3113: 3109: 3102: 3098: 3089: 3085: 3074: 3070: 3069: 3065: 3055: 3053: 3043: 3039: 3024: 3020: 3001: 3000: 2996: 2981: 2980: 2976: 2965: 2958: 2946: 2942: 2929: 2928: 2924: 2914: 2912: 2903: 2902: 2898: 2888: 2886: 2881: 2880: 2876: 2866: 2864: 2855: 2854: 2850: 2840: 2838: 2833: 2832: 2828: 2818: 2816: 2811: 2810: 2806: 2796: 2794: 2789: 2788: 2784: 2774: 2772: 2767: 2766: 2762: 2754: 2747: 2741: 2728: 2719: 2718: 2714: 2704: 2702: 2697: 2696: 2685: 2675: 2673: 2660: 2659: 2655: 2645: 2643: 2634: 2633: 2629: 2620: 2619: 2615: 2587: 2586: 2582: 2569: 2568: 2564: 2551: 2550: 2539: 2529: 2527: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2451: 2431: 2381: 2368: 2364: 2104: 2027:CMS file system 2018: 2010: 1972: 1971:indicates that 1932:3.2 and later, 1634: 1628: 1624: 1532:Reserved words 1522: 1517: 1508: 1502: 1497: 1487: 1418: 1414: 1406: 1402: 1401: 1397: 1368: 1360: 1345: 1318: 1303: 1280: 1272: 1264: 1253:redirect output 1241: 1233: 1232:left arrowhead 1210: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1171: 1163: 1143: 1135: 1115: 1108: 1103: 1076: 1066: 1050: 1042: 1023: 1015: 1008: 1001: 994: 989: 970: 962: 960: 941: 929: 927: 919: 904: 884: 880: 873: 864: 845: 838: 791:case-preserving 780:case-preserving 759: 742: 713: 688: 660: 633: 621: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 546: 540: 527: 484: 469: 465: 441: 437: 422: 407: 401: 378: 375: 307:file attributes 175: 141:digital cameras 107: 99: 91: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3652: 3642: 3641: 3636: 3619: 3618: 3616: 3615: 3610: 3609: 3608: 3603: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3582: 3581: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3550: 3548: 3544: 3543: 3541: 3540: 3535: 3534: 3533: 3528: 3518: 3513: 3507: 3505: 3501: 3500: 3498: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3476: 3474: 3468: 3467: 3465: 3464: 3459: 3458: 3457: 3452: 3447: 3437: 3432: 3431: 3430: 3425: 3414: 3412: 3408: 3407: 3405: 3404: 3399: 3394: 3393: 3392: 3385:File attribute 3382: 3381: 3380: 3370: 3369: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3347: 3345: 3341: 3340: 3338: 3337: 3335:Zero-byte file 3332: 3330:Temporary file 3327: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3301: 3300: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3270: 3265: 3255: 3253: 3249: 3248: 3245:Computer files 3241: 3240: 3233: 3226: 3218: 3212: 3211: 3193: 3188: 3183: 3178:Microsoft Docs 3169: 3164: 3159: 3154: 3126: 3125:External links 3123: 3121: 3120: 3107: 3096: 3083: 3063: 3037: 3018: 2994: 2974: 2956: 2940: 2922: 2896: 2874: 2848: 2826: 2804: 2782: 2760: 2726: 2712: 2683: 2653: 2627: 2613: 2580: 2562: 2537: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2503: 2502: 2497: 2488: 2482: 2477: 2472: 2467: 2462: 2457: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2443: 2439: 2436: 2434: 2429: 2428:any 8-bit set 2426: 2423: 2420: 2414: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2400:any 8-bit set 2398: 2395: 2392: 2386: 2385: 2378: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2369:A–Z 0–9 $ - _ 2366: 2361: 2358: 2348: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2316: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2282: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2269:any 8-bit set 2267: 2264: 2261: 2257: 2256: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2245: 2244:any 8-bit set 2242: 2239: 2236: 2230: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2221: 2218: 2217:any 8-bit set 2215: 2212: 2209: 2203: 2202: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2190:any 8-bit set 2188: 2185: 2182: 2176: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2163:any 8-bit set 2161: 2158: 2155: 2149: 2148: 2145: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2123: 2122: 2119:The Open Group 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2089: 2088: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2072:any 8-bit set 2070: 2067: 2064: 2052: 2051: 2047: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2023: 2022: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1979: 1978: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1954: 1953:any 8-bit set 1951: 1948: 1945: 1937: 1936: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1883: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1861: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1845: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1823: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1810:any 8-bit set 1808: 1805: 1802: 1795: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1783:any 8-bit set 1781: 1778: 1775: 1768: 1767: 1756: 1753: 1747: 1742: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1720: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1707: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1685: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1672: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1650: 1649: 1641: 1638: 1627:(depending on 1619: 1609: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1576: 1575: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1540: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1504:Main article: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1465: 1413:The character 1381: 1380: 1369: 1363: 1357: 1356: 1353: 1348: 1342: 1341: 1326: 1321: 1315: 1314: 1311: 1306: 1300: 1299: 1285: 1275: 1269: 1268: 1249: 1244: 1238: 1237: 1222:redirect input 1218: 1213: 1207: 1206: 1189:(U+2018), and 1179: 1174: 1168: 1167: 1148: 1138: 1132: 1131: 1122:font, used in 1092:classic Mac OS 1084: 1079: 1073: 1072: 1055: 1045: 1039: 1038: 1031: 1026: 1020: 1019: 1011:(U+00BF), the 1004:(U+203D), the 997:(U+0294), the 978: 973: 967: 966: 949: 944: 938: 937: 912: 907: 901: 900: 897: 894: 872: 869: 861:null character 837: 834: 795:case-sensitive 787:case-retentive 758: 755: 741: 738: 731: 730: 723: 720: 712: 709: 705: 704: 701: 698: 695: 687: 684: 659: 656: 632: 629: 620: 617: 580:file systems, 542:Main article: 539: 536: 483: 480: 454:symbolic links 428:to the file's 421: 418: 403:Main article: 400: 397: 393:digital camera 374: 371: 365:(LFNs), using 363:long filenames 275: 274: 271: 250: 249: 246: 215: 214: 211: 208: 205: 174: 171: 114: 113: 79: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3651: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3631: 3629: 3614: 3611: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3598: 3597: 3596:File transfer 3594: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3580: 3577: 3576: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3551: 3549: 3545: 3539: 3538:Symbolic link 3536: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3523: 3522: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3512: 3509: 3508: 3506: 3502: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3469: 3463: 3460: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3442: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3420: 3419: 3416: 3415: 3413: 3409: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3391: 3388: 3387: 3386: 3383: 3379: 3376: 3375: 3374: 3371: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3361:Long filename 3359: 3357: 3354: 3353: 3352: 3349: 3348: 3346: 3342: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3275: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3260: 3257: 3256: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3239: 3234: 3232: 3227: 3225: 3220: 3219: 3216: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3199: 3194: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3180: 3179: 3174: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3153: 3149: 3144: 3140: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3128: 3117: 3111: 3105: 3100: 3093: 3087: 3080: 3073: 3067: 3052: 3048: 3041: 3033: 3029: 3022: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3005: 2998: 2990: 2986: 2985: 2978: 2971: 2968: 2967:Naming a file 2963: 2961: 2953: 2949: 2944: 2936: 2932: 2926: 2910: 2906: 2900: 2885:. GameDev.net 2884: 2878: 2862: 2858: 2852: 2841:September 17, 2836: 2830: 2814: 2808: 2792: 2786: 2775:September 17, 2770: 2764: 2753: 2746: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2722: 2716: 2700: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2657: 2646:September 15, 2641: 2637: 2631: 2623: 2617: 2609: 2606: 2601: 2596: 2592: 2591: 2584: 2576: 2572: 2566: 2558: 2554: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2525: 2521: 2514: 2510: 2501: 2498: 2496: 2492: 2489: 2486: 2483: 2481: 2480:Symbolic link 2478: 2476: 2473: 2471: 2468: 2466: 2465:Long filename 2463: 2461: 2458: 2456: 2453: 2452: 2437: 2435: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2415: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2391: 2390:Commodore DOS 2388: 2387: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2367: 2362: 2359: 2357: 2354: 2350: 2349: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2318: 2317: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2288: 2284: 2283: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2259: 2258: 2251: 2249: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2235: 2232: 2231: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2216: 2213: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2204: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2181: 2178: 2177: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2150: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2124: 2120: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2090: 2086: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2053: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2024: 2021: 2016: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1944:file systems 1943: 1939: 1938: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1881: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1862: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1846: 1843: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1824: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1797: 1796: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1770: 1769: 1766: 1762: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1743: 1740: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1721: 1715: 1713: 1708: 1705: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1686: 1680: 1678: 1673: 1670: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1651: 1648: 1647: 1639: 1631: 1623: 1620: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1578: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1541: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1512: 1511: 1507: 1494: 1491: 1485: 1481: 1480:Multiuser DOS 1477: 1473: 1469: 1464: 1462: 1457: 1454: 1449: 1447: 1441: 1439: 1438:file managers 1435: 1431: 1426: 1424: 1410: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1359: 1358: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1344: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1317: 1316: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1302: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1279: 1276: 1271: 1270: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1240: 1239: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1209: 1208: 1204: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1170: 1169: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1146: 1142: 1139: 1134: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1114: 1107: 1101: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1075: 1074: 1070: 1064: 1056: 1053: 1049: 1046: 1041: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1022: 1021: 1014: 1007: 1000: 993: 987: 983: 979: 977: 976:question mark 974: 969: 968: 958: 954: 950: 948: 945: 940: 939: 935: 925: 917: 913: 911: 908: 903: 902: 898: 895: 892: 891: 888: 878: 868: 862: 858: 853: 850: 843: 833: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 802: 800: 796: 792: 788: 783: 781: 777: 772: 768: 764: 754: 751: 746: 737: 735: 734:Mac OS X 10.3 728: 724: 721: 718: 717: 716: 708: 702: 699: 696: 693: 692: 691: 683: 680: 675: 671: 668: 663: 655: 652: 649: 646: 642: 637: 628: 624: 616: 589: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 545: 535: 533: 523: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 479: 476: 473: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 435: 431: 427: 417: 414: 412: 406: 396: 394: 389: 387: 386:file managers 382: 370: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 349:Around 1995, 347: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 313:The original 311: 310:information. 308: 303: 299: 295: 290: 288: 284: 280: 272: 269: 264: 259: 258: 257: 255: 247: 243: 242: 241: 239: 234: 232: 228: 224: 220: 212: 209: 206: 203: 202: 201: 199: 195: 191: 186: 184: 183:minicomputers 180: 170: 168: 164: 159: 157: 153: 149: 147: 142: 137: 135: 131: 127: 123: 117: 110: 105: 97: 89: 85: 84: 80: 77: 74: 73: 72: 69: 67: 63: 62:computer file 59: 55: 46: 39: 34: 30: 19: 3601:File sharing 3574:File manager 3564:File copying 3411:Organisation 3356:8.3 filename 3350: 3310:Sidecar file 3288:Magic number 3207:the original 3197: 3176: 3136: 3115: 3110: 3099: 3091: 3086: 3066: 3054:. Retrieved 3050: 3040: 3031: 3021: 3013:the original 3003: 2997: 2989:the original 2983: 2977: 2969: 2943: 2934: 2925: 2913:. Retrieved 2909:the original 2899: 2887:. Retrieved 2877: 2865:. Retrieved 2861:the original 2851: 2839:. Retrieved 2829: 2817:. Retrieved 2807: 2795:. Retrieved 2785: 2773:. Retrieved 2763: 2752:the original 2715: 2703:. Retrieved 2674:. Retrieved 2670:the original 2665: 2656: 2644:. Retrieved 2640:the original 2630: 2616: 2589: 2583: 2574: 2565: 2556: 2528:. Retrieved 2513: 2137:A–Z 0–9 _ . 2084: 2008: 1968: 1918:macOS Sierra 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1763: 1759: 1749: 1646:8.3 filename 1644: 1621: 1607:OEM codepage 1572:6.3 filename 1570: 1492: 1488: 1461:device files 1458: 1450: 1442: 1434:hidden files 1427: 1412: 1396: 1384: 1373:command line 1330:Bourne shell 1281: 1247:greater than 1144: 1141:vertical bar 1113:ratio symbol 1106:letter colon 1069:Star (glyph) 1051: 992:glottal stop 876: 874: 854: 846: 803: 798: 794: 790: 786: 784: 779: 778:and are not 775: 760: 747: 743: 732: 714: 706: 689: 686:Perspectives 678: 676: 672: 664: 661: 653: 650: 638: 634: 625: 622: 590: 569: 565: 561: 557: 547: 524: 520:Apple ProDOS 498:), 11 (e.g. 485: 477: 474: 466:longfi~1.??? 423: 415: 408: 390: 383: 379:IMG_0001.JPG 376: 348: 312: 302:8.3 filename 291: 286: 276: 267: 262: 251: 235: 216: 187: 176: 166: 162: 160: 145: 143:through the 138: 118: 115: 81: 75: 70: 57: 53: 51: 29: 3440:File system 3325:System file 3315:Sparse file 3273:File format 3259:Binary file 3131:‹ The 2455:File system 2260:Amiga FFS2 1924:and later, 1637:directory) 1523:preserving 1387:Unix shells 1351:equals sign 1150:Designates 999:interrobang 924:COMMAND.COM 771:letter case 252:The Univac 245:catalogued. 156:screenshots 66:file system 3628:Categories 3547:Management 3472:Operations 3423:NTFS links 3344:Properties 3079:Apple Inc. 2915:August 20, 2889:October 8, 2819:October 2, 2797:October 8, 2705:October 8, 2506:References 2493:(URL) and 2083:a leading 1967:a leading 1518:sensitive 1484:DR DOS 5.0 1472:MS-DOS 4.0 1294:such as a 1185:(U+0027), 922:, the DOS 893:Character 740:Uniqueness 426:hard links 359:Windows NT 355:Windows 95 343:Windows 95 331:IBM PC DOS 296:using the 96:plain text 3634:Filenames 3516:Hard link 3397:File size 3320:Swap file 3268:Data file 3263:text file 3009:Microsoft 2676:March 12, 2304:encoding 2272:: / null 2247:: / null 2234:Amiga SFS 2220:: / null 2207:Amiga PFS 2193:: / null 2180:Amiga FFS 2166:: / null 2153:Amiga OFS 1882:encoding 1869:Optional 1844:encoding 1831:Optional 1741:encoding 1728:Optional 1706:encoding 1671:encoding 1544:8-bit FAT 1538:Comments 1324:semicolon 1216:less than 947:backslash 877:Character 641:Shift JIS 574:file type 566:extension 558:base name 516:Apple DOS 492:8-bit FAT 446:shortcuts 341:prior to 292:On early 277:In 1985, 179:mainframe 167:Chess.exe 83:extension 58:file name 18:Filenames 3521:Shortcut 3351:Filename 3305:Metafile 3133:template 3056:June 11, 2837:. 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