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The new arrangements proved no more workable than the old. Within months, government overspending had led to the accumulation of another unmanageable debt. In 1872, following continuing economic and social unrest, Thurston approached the
British government, at Cakobau's request, with another offer to
670:
sailed into Levuka. Unable to pay his debt, and faced with increasing encroachments onto Viti Levu's south coast from Ma'afu, Cakobau approached the
British consul with an offer to cede the islands to the United Kingdom, if only they would assume responsibility for his debt in return for 5,000 square
659:
This initial claim was supplemented by further claims totalling 45,000 pounds. Cakobau was faced with a dilemma. To disclaim responsibility for the debt, he would have to deny his self-proclaimed and still far-from-universally accepted sovereignty. To admit responsibility, he would have to undertake
707:
The
Polynesia Company settlers were joined by a further several thousand planters throughout the 1860s and 1870s. Often fraudulently, they obtained Fijian land, often in exchange for weapons or alcohol. Competing land claims followed, with no unified government to settle the disputes. Frustrations
700:(1861–1865) had interested the Polynesia Company in acquiring land in Fiji for planting. In return for 5,000 km², the company agreed to pay Cakobau's debt. Australian settlers landed on 575 km (222 sq mi) of land in Viti Levu, near what was then a Fijian village called
626:
gained its first foothold in Fiji. Most chiefs in the west regarded the
Wesleyan missionaries, aligned as they were seen to be with Ma'afu, as a threat to their power, refused conversion, and resisted missionary attempts to set up outposts in their villages.
682:, who had come to the conclusion, after interviewing every Paramount Chief in Fiji, that Cakobau's title was self-assumed and by no means universally accepted by his fellow chiefs, and that he did not have the authority to cede the islands.
400:
639:. His trading store had been looted by Fijian natives following an intentional fire, caused by what was said to be stray cannon fire during a Fourth of July celebration in 1849. When his
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Two
British commissioners were sent to Fiji to investigate the possibility of an annexation. The question was complicated by manoeuvrings for power between Cakobau and his old rival,
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Cakobau's claimed position was also undermined by international developments. The United States threatened intervention following a number of incidents involving their consul,
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proved unacceptable to the
British government, which turned his offer down after four years of consideration in 1862. This followed a report from Colonel
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to pay the debt, or else face punishment from the United States Navy. He chose the latter course, hoping that the United States was only bluffing.
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The formal cession took place on 10 October 1874, when
Cakobau, Ma'afu, and some of the senior Chiefs of Fiji signed two copies of the
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cede the islands. The
British were much more sympathetic to annexing Fiji this time than they had been almost two decades earlier.
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had provoked public outrage, which was compounded by the massacre by crew members of more than 150 Fijians on board the brig
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Cakobau next turned to the
Australian-based Polynesia Company. The rising price of cotton in the wake of the
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878:
Spurway, John (1 June 2004). "'Ma'afu's word is in the hills': The Role of Tui Lau in the
Cession of Fiji".
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596:, fought to consolidate Bauan domination throughout the 1850s and 1860s, and started calling himself the
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The first three-quarters of the 19th century were marked by tribal warfare, incursions from neighbouring
371:
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and received Cakobau with a royal 21-gun salute. After some vacillation, Cakobau agreed to renounce his
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peaked following the collapse of cotton prices and the destruction of the crop by hurricanes in 1870.
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Spurway, John (1 June 2002). "Hiki Mo e Faliki: Why Ma'afu Brought his Floor Mats to Fiji in 1847".
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dominated by settlers. The Legislative Assembly met for the first time in Levuka in November 1871.
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On 21 March 1874, Cakobau made a final offer, which the British accepted. On 23 September,
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Ma 'afu, Prince of Tonga, Chief of Fiji: the life and times of Fiji's first Tui Lau
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demanded compensation amounting to 5000 pounds for Williams from Cakobau, as the
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or King of Fiji. He faced opposition from local chiefs who saw him at best as
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A Christian, Ma'afu brought Wesleyan missionaries from Tonga, and the
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house was subjected to an arson attack in 1855, the commander of the
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His insistence on being allowed to retain his questionable title of
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was established as the first modern town in Fiji, on the island of
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in 1830, led to increasingly serious wars among the native Fijian
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The Journal of Thomas Williams, Missionary in Fiji, 1840-1853
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The Journal of Thomas Williams, Missionary in Fiji, 1840-1853
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with Cakobau as king, but with real power in the hands of a
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Williams, Thomas (1931). Henderson, George Cockburn (ed.).
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Williams, Thomas (1931). Henderson, George Cockburn (ed.).
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Reality began to catch up with Cakobau in 1858, when the
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589:and succeeded in subduing much of western Fiji.
498:the first nation-state covering all of modern Fiji
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804:was founded; 96 years of British rule followed.
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16:First tribal warfare of Fiji in the 19th century
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611:, who had established himself on the Island of
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916:. Vol. 2. Angus & Robertson Limited.
905:. Vol. 1. Angus & Robertson Limited.
769:, with both men vacillating for many months.
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55:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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119:Learn how and when to remove this message
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842:. Australian National University Press.
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506:ceding it to the United Kingdom in 1874
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155:5 June 1871 – 10 October 1874
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512:Tribal warfare and Tongan intrusions
53:adding citations to reliable sources
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776:, soon to be appointed the British
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607:, and also from the Tongan Prince
362:Proposed Reconciliation Commission
14:
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532:Interior of a hut in Levuka, 1842
68:"Fiji during the time of Cakobau"
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25:
880:The Journal of Pacific History
859:The Journal of Pacific History
631:Trouble with the United States
1:
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814:Category:19th century in Fiji
731:Cession to the United Kingdom
450:Constitutional crisis of 2009
296:Constitutional crisis of 1977
1521:Former monarchies of Oceania
892:10.1080/00223340410001684822
686:Establishment of the kingdom
268:The rise and fall of Cakobau
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645:United States naval frigate
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552:. Supplied with weapons by
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1019:Reconciliation Commission
1009:Military–church relations
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871:10.1080/00223340220139243
819:Category:Monarchy of Fiji
577:often translated also as
573:(a chiefly title meaning
306:Military–church relations
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1228:Leader of the Opposition
1147:Great Council of Chiefs
747:John Coleridge Patteson
717:constitutional monarchy
619:archipelago in 1848.
836:Spurway, John (2015).
671:kilometres of land.
587:Burebasaga Confederacy
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500:(except the island of
401:International reaction
774:Sir Hercules Robinson
745:The murder of Bishop
735:Further information:
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1506:19th century in Fiji
594:Seru Epenisa Cakobau
536:In the early 1820s,
494:Seru Epenisa Cakobau
164:Seru Epenisa Cakobau
49:improve this article
713:John Bates Thurston
637:John Brown Williams
411:Crisis of 2005–2006
389:Military opposition
384:Qualified positions
187:John Bates Thurston
183:George Austin Woods
1282:Telecommunications
751:Melanesian Mission
698:American Civil War
605:first among equals
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311:COVID-19 pandemic
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34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
1410:
1395:Coat of arms
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1376:Architecture
1328:Indo-Fijians
1313:Demographics
1259:Central bank
1159:Human rights
1122:Constitution
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441:Coup of 2006
320:Coup of 2000
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195:Nominated by
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109:January 2009
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47:Please help
35:
18:
1066:Earthquakes
1034:2009 crisis
999:1977 crisis
886:(1): 3–21.
865:(1): 5–23.
800:. Thus the
725:Legislature
704:, in 1868.
680:W.J. Smythe
520:Village of
237:History of
1495:Categories
1420:Literature
1271:(currency)
1203:Parliament
1004:1987 coups
825:References
650:John Adams
583:Bau Island
372:Supporters
79:newspapers
1430:Mythology
1400:Festivals
1353:Squatting
1338:Languages
1318:Education
1287:Transport
1264:Companies
1213:President
1191:Commander
1171:Judiciary
1137:Elections
1086:Volcanoes
1071:Provinces
1044:Geography
1029:2006 coup
1014:2000 coup
987:Governors
655:Tui Viti.
648:USS
557:mercenary
377:Opponents
36:does not
1480:Category
1343:Religion
1198:Monarchy
1186:Military
1152:Chairman
1105:Politics
1091:Wildlife
956:articles
808:See also
790:Tui Viti
676:Tui Viti
667:Vandalia
599:Tui Viti
575:Warlord,
571:Vunivalu
426:Reaction
421:Timeline
335:Mutinies
330:Timeline
228:a series
226:Part of
1464:Outline
1414:(dance)
1363:Culture
1301:Society
1247:Economy
1127:Cabinet
964:History
793:title.
757:in the
749:of the
721:cabinet
615:in the
554:Swedish
172:Premier
160:Monarch
93:scholar
57:removed
42:sources
1440:Sports
1390:Cinema
1371:Anthem
1333:Health
1081:Rotuma
1076:Rivers
954:
846:
767:Ma'afu
755:Nukapu
613:Lakeba
569:, the
546:Tahiti
542:Ovalau
538:Levuka
524:, 1842
522:Levuka
502:Rotuma
347:Trials
230:on the
210:Levuka
95:
88:
81:
74:
66:
1471:Index
1425:Music
763:Carl.
581:) of
490:Tonga
100:JSTOR
86:books
1411:Meke
1405:Flag
1382:bure
1164:LGBT
952:Fiji
844:ISBN
784:Dido
782:HMS
723:and
702:Suva
665:USS
564:Ratu
239:Fiji
205:Seat
72:news
40:any
38:cite
888:doi
867:doi
753:at
617:Lau
51:by
1497::
884:39
882:.
863:37
861:.
562:,
508:.
1385:)
1379:(
944:e
937:t
930:v
894:.
890::
873:.
869::
852:.
601:,
477:e
470:t
463:v
122:)
116:(
111:)
107:(
97:·
90:·
83:·
76:·
59:.
45:.
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