392:. Between 1020 and 1025 Hugh wrote or possibly dictated a complaint against William and his vassals describing the unjust treatment he had received at the hands of both. Hugh describes a convoluted intermingling of loyalties that was characteristic of the period and instrumental in developing strain between nobles that resulted in competition for each other's land. According to Hugh's account, William wronged him on numerous occasions, often to the benefit of William's vassals. Many of his properties suffered similar fates: seized by opponents and divided between them and William. William neglected to send military aid to Hugh when necessary and dealt most unfairly in the exchange of
77:
36:
179:
350:, that is to say under his management using simple employees. It would also have been possible and not uncommon for a situation where Robert of Stafford was a vassal of Henry elsewhere, creating the condition of mutual lordship/vassalage between the two. These complex relationships invariably create loyalty problems through conflicts of interest. To resolve this the concept of a
430:: And when I shall have sworn fidelity to you, you will demand Chizes castle of me, and if I should not turn it over to you, you will say that it is not right that I deny you the castle which I hold from you, and if I should turn it over to you, you and your son will seize it because you have given nothing in pledge except the mercy of God and yourself.
964:
scholars have pointed out key differences that make the comparison contested and only limited evidence from that period is available for study. Scholar Geoff Samuel further argued that Tibet even in the early 20th century did not constitute a single state but rather a collection of districts and a legal system of
794:. In modern times historians have become very reluctant to classify other societies into European models and today it is rare for Zamindari to be described as feudal by academics; it is still done in popular usage, however, but only for pejorative reasons to express disfavor, typically by critics of the system.
963:
Whether Tibet constituted a feudal social system or if peasants could be considered serfs is still debated. Studied districts of Tibet between the 17th and 20th-century show evidence of a striated society with land ownership laws and tax responsibility that resemble
European feudal systems. However,
1037:
would make a grant of land in return for military or other services and the grantees would in turn make sub-grants for other services and so on. Those making grants – the "superiors" – retained a legal interest in the land ("dominium directum"), and so a hierarchical structure was created with each
680:
where feudalism created a strong central power, it took a strong central power to develop feudalism in Russia. A lack of true central power weakened and doomed the
Russians to outside domination. The Russians developed its system of land/lord/worker, loosely called feudalism, after it had created a
696:
there was a lack of vassalage and loyalty to the lord whose land the serfs worked. It took a much longer period for feudalism to develop but when it did it took on a much harsher form than elsewhere in Europe. Serfs had no rights whatsoever; they could be traded like livestock by their lords. They
650:, makes a useful contrast to feudal tenure in the European West. Another distinction between the European West can be made in that paroiki (people who lived and farmed on the land of the Pronoiars) owed no debt or loyalty to the pronoiars (the recipients of the Pronoia). This system was adopted by
857:
shared several similarities with later
Western feudalism, the local chiefs were afforded greater autonomy in their own territories, but the king owed them no mutual defense. The matter was further complicated by a bifurcation in territorial administration, where the western heartland of the Zhou
1856:
I did not argue in the paper in question that the
Tibetan political system of the 20th century should be categorized as a feudal system, and in fact, have specifically rejected that argument in dissertation and in a later paper in which I argued that Tibet possessed a centralized type of
358:
From the perspective of the smallest landholder, multiple networks of tenancy were layered on the same small plot of land. A chronicle of the time says "Different lordships lay on the land in different respects". Each tenant laid claim to a certain aspect of the service from the land.
932:
maintained the vast majority of Qin's bureaucratic reforms, establishing them as the new standard of government for the next two thousand years of imperial
Chinese history. Han dynasty scholarship would decry the First Emperor as a tyrant whose crimes included deconstructing the
1024:
It is a law of Roman and feudal origin which has been adapted in eight centuries by legislation and by judicial decisions to the needs of the
Scottish people, and during the last century has, little by little, been combined with the English law by a slow operation of
943:. While most Chinese dynasties began with imperial relatives being granted control of some local territories, and there were many instances of aristocratic clans surpassing the power of the imperial house, officially devolved power for a military elite present in the
245:
and feudal society. Feudalism was practiced in many different ways, depending on location and period, thus a high-level encompassing conceptual definition does not always provide a reader with the intimate understanding that detailed historical examples provide.
781:
system is often referred to as a feudal or feudal-like system. Originally the system was introduced in the pre-colonial period to collect taxes from peasants, and it continued during colonial
British rule. After independence Zamindari was abolished in
738:
were each taken from individual noble houses. However, Armenian feudalism differs from the feudalism of most of Europe as the estates were owned by families, not lords, and could not be split or given without the family's permission. Also, if a
897:, the political power of the Zhou royal house fell sharply. The collapse of central authority led to a geopolitical situation marked by considerable infighting by the landed aristocracy and their successors, often ministerial lineages.
545:
in 1139, cutting definitively all feudal bonds with the
Kingdom of LeĂłn. Upon seeing the weakness of feudal society due to the Muslim invasion, Portugal became independent from the Kingdom of LeĂłn as Castile had done a century earlier.
267:- providing services and paying homage. This continued until 1204 when Normandy once again became part of France, except for the Channel Islands where fiefs would in future be held for the English Crown in right of the ducal title.
354:
existed, which meant that the vassal was loyal to his liege lord above all others, except the king himself, no matter what. However, even this sometimes broke down when a vassal would pledge himself to more than one liege lord.
1061:
and coming into force was caused by the great number of transitional arrangements needed to be put into place before final abolition and because of the close relation that the 2000 Act has to the Title
Conditions Act 2003.
400:
in succession yet Hugh continued to put faith in his lord's word, to his ruin. In his last contract with
William, over possession of his uncle's castle at Chiza, Hugh dealt in no uncertain terms and with frank language:
415:: Give up all those claims over which you have quarreled with me in the past and swear fidelity to me and my son and I will give you your uncle's honor or something else of equal value in exchange for it.
845:
was governed independently with taxes, currency, and laws set by the aristocratic clan chief in charge of the territory, but the nobles were required to pay regular homage to the Zhou kings as an act of
305:
as the knight's fee was the primary basis for assessing certain types of taxation, for example, feudalism is the exchange of land for military service, thus everything was based on what was called the
999:
notes that in the 21st century, historians of Japan rarely invoke feudalism; instead of looking at similarities, specialists attempting comparative analysis concentrate on fundamental differences.
822:(which means to allocate a region or piece of land to an individual, establishing him as the ruler of that region), a term used to designate the multi-state system which existed in China under the
991:. While modern historians have become very reluctant to classify other societies into European models, in Japan, the system of land tenure and a vassal receiving tenure in exchange for an oath of
420:: My lord, I beg you through God and this blessed crucifix which is made in the figure of Christ that you do not make me do this if you and your son were intending to threaten me with trickery.
381:
would be honored, and feudal contracts saw little enforcement from those with greater authority. This often resulted in the wealthier and more powerful party taking advantage of the weaker.
1053:
owns the land outright, and superiority interests disappeared. The right of feudal superiors to enforce conditions was ended, subject to certain saving provisions of a restricted nature.
1124:. Sark's ruling body voted on 4 October 2006 to replace the remaining tenement seats in Chief Pleas with a fully-elected democratic government, which was implemented on April 9, 2008.
987:
was a feudal military dictatorship of Japan established in the 17th century lasting until 1868. It marks a period often referred to loosely as 'feudal Japan', otherwise known as the
263:— in absolute ownership, allowing Duke Rollo as seigneur to give everyday use of portions of land to his followers, in exchange for recognition of the lords' rights and agreeing to
1049:
abolished the feudal system of land tenure in Scotland and replaced it with a system of outright ownership of land. Since the Act became fully effective on 28 November 2004, the
700:
Another major difference was the lack of independent principalities; this was due to the lack of vassalage. Separate lords did not command their troops to protect their lands.
336:, over 30 fees elsewhere that had been granted to him directly by the king. Thus while Henry was the vassal of his overlord Robert, Henry was himself a lord of his manors held
882:
in early China came from the aristocratic meaning of "chief housekeeper" or "butler" of a noble household, in a similar way to the development of such European titles as "
751:, had a system even closer to Western feudalism. The economic and political systems of medieval Europe in which people exchanged loyalty and labor for a lord's protection
876:, many local lords were established with the title of "king"; in imperial China, the character is thus more normally rendered as "prince". The notion of "prime minister"
872:. As the Zhou dynasty's control weakened, the regional magnates caused further title inflation by referring to themselves as Kings; the inflation was such that under the
841:, each lord was given land, and his power was legitimized by nominal allegiance to the central Zhou king; politics thus revolved around these noble households. Each
1515:
Khayutina, Maria (2014). "Marital alliances and affinal relatives (sheng 甥 and 婚購) in the society and politics of Zhou China in the light of bronze inscriptions".
1749:
Barnett, Robert (2008). "What were the conditions regarding human rights in Tibet before democratic reform?". In Blondeau, Anne-Marie; Buffetrille, Katia (eds.).
321:
held a barony containing 60 knight's fees. Often lords were not so much lords presiding over great estates, but managers of a network of tenants and sub-leases.
918:
system, replacing it with a bureaucratized system of literate civil servants. Despite the rapid collapse of the Qin and an abortive attempt at reinstitution of
200:
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royals was more directly governed, but certain lineages enjoyed greater independence from the royal house, which was junior to their own lineages within the
285:
was among the better structured and established in Europe at the time. However, it could be structurally complex, which is illustrated by the example of the
1046:
626:
396:. Each time Hugh reclaimed one of his properties, William ordered him to return it to whoever had recently taken it from him. William broke multiple
1112:, was arguably the last feudal state in Europe which ended after 450 years on 9 April 2008. The island was a fiefdom of the larger nearby island of
1092:
created 900 years ago still exist for around 500 commoners who exercise their rights to graze certain animals and collect wood for fuel. Managed by
365:
was used in 1215 by the barons to force King John to respect feudal rights, limiting the power of the King by defying his rights under feudal law.
1544:
Khayutina, Maria (2015). "King Wen, a Settler of Disputes or Judge? The "Yu–Rui case" in the Historical Records and its Historical Background".
2006:
809:
441:
While perhaps an embellishment of the truth for the sake of Hugh's cause, and not necessarily a microcosm of the feudal system everywhere, the
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530:
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loyalty made it impossible for any prince, early on, to gain enough influence and power to project a strong force against any invaders.
187:
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and acknowledgement of the king's ritual authority. In times of war, the nobles were required to provide armed service to the king.
141:
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system, which was misunderstood in anachronistic overly systematized form as an integral component of the idealized society of the
113:
1418:
975:, for the 20th century, the Tibetan political system can not be categorized as feudal since Tibet possessed a centralized state.
448:
The feudal system was almost completely wiped out in France by the revolution in 1789 by eliminating the rights of the seigneur.
574:
94:
49:
1774:
1762:
1458:
1389:
120:
1626:(2008). "Transmitting Antiquity: The Origin and Paradigmization of the 'Five Ranks'". In Kuhn, Dieter; Stahl, Helga (eds.).
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is very close to what happened in parts of medieval Europe, and thus the term is sometimes used in connection with Japan.
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373:
From the 11th century, among the complexities of feudal arrangements, there existed no guarantee that contracts between
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457:
127:
1971:
1733:
1430:
1355:
1324:
225:
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63:
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The system of land tenure in Scotland was until recently feudal. In theory, this meant that the land was held under
582:(now Canada), which was abolished in 1854 under British rule, though transitional rent payments persisted until 1970
579:
743:
died heirless, he was succeeded by a different branch of the family, rather than by a noble who was sworn to him.
726:
has often been described as feudal, with hereditary houses of nobles owning large estates, each headed by its own
591:
Outside of a medieval European historical context, the concept of feudalism is generally used by analogy (called '
109:
1082:. The feudal court now meets only annually, with its authority now restricted to the management of the farmland.
17:
408:: You are my lord, I will not accept a pledge from you, but I will simply rely on the mercy of God and yourself.
1754:
1193:
98:
519:
2020:
297:. This was a roll of parchment or several such, recording the quantity and tenant of each knight's fee held
259:
When Rollo took Normandy from the French King Charles the Simple in 911 the ownership of Normandy was given
958:
827:
651:
1947:
370-91, quoted in Hector MacQueen, "Private Law, National Identity and the Case of Scotland" (2012) p 12
1121:
1645:(2018). "Where is King Ping? The History and Historiography of the Zhou Dynasty's Eastward Relocation".
1381:
1347:
1341:
1287:
1137:
55:
1948:
1141:
1117:
1803:
1721:
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continues to retain some vestiges of the feudal system in which the land is still farmed using the
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507:
134:
2065:
1015:
1071:
1042:, has what in normal language would be regarded as ownership of the property ("dominium utile").
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were a mixture of political and kinship terms, and did not attain systematization until the late
697:
had no ownership of anything, including their own families, all of which belonged to their lord.
192:
87:
1217:
842:
498:, the local counts' dynasty, was suppressed in 1071, but twenty-two years later, in 1093, King
389:
1961:
1725:
1375:
1801:
Samuel, Geoffrey (February 1982). "Tibet as a Stateless Society and Some Islamic Parallels".
1422:
1243:
1093:
1020:
Scots law is quite different from English law. One scholar explained it in 1924 as follows:
865:
764:
499:
329:
314:
286:
1940:
1713:
613:. However, some have taken the feudalism analogy further, seeing it in places as diverse as
1912:
Friday, Karl (2010). "The Futile Paradigm: In Quest of Feudalism in Early Medieval Japan".
1623:
1474:
1446:
905:
534:
276:
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link, Henry had remarkable autonomy, especially after his father-in-law died in 1109. The
8:
1786:
Childs, Geoff (2003). "Polyandry and population growth in a Historical Tibetan Society".
491:
385:
1194:"Jersey & Guernsey Law Review – June 2008 THE CUSTOMARY LAW about THE FORESHORE (1)"
730:, and with the estates themselves divided amongst the family. For Armenia as a whole, a
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2000:
1894:
1886:
1828:
1820:
1654:
1532:
1494:
1136:. Regular citizens can be seen as peasants, soldiers as knights, higher members at the
984:
760:
487:
318:
2089:
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after the fall of the Byzantine Empire at their hands, which called their land grants
468:
1967:
1927:
1898:
1832:
1770:
1758:
1729:
1714:
1709:
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1351:
1320:
1291:
1158:
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1054:
719:
542:
538:
483:
325:
1923:
1878:
1812:
1677:
1602:
1578:
1569:
Goldin, Paul R. (2021). "Etymological Notes on Early Chinese Aristocratic Titles".
1524:
1486:
1275:
1038:
property having several owners, co-existing simultaneously. Only one of these, the
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723:
647:
622:
511:
437:: We will not do that, but if we should demand it of you, don't turn it over to us.
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1914:
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North Korea has been described as a feudal state because of its caste system,
2098:
1691:
1163:
614:
570:
1977:
1395:
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1057:
duty was abolished although compensation may be payable. The delay between
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838:
823:
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310:
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with particular land and tax laws did not extend over the entire country.
332:. Henry D'Oilly, who held 3 fees from Robert de Stafford, also held, as a
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515:
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787:
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as described in a survey of knight's fees made in 1166 and recorded in
1890:
1490:
1413:
China-An Interpretive History: From the Beginnings to the Fall of Han
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China and Historical Capitalism: Genealogies of Sinological Knowledge
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they held from him, which is altogether different from their being
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643:
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562:
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347:
1869:
Whitney Hall, John (1962). "Feudalism in Japan—a reassessment".
1846:
Goldstein, Melvyn (1988). "On the Nature of Tibetan Peasantry".
1630:. Würzberg: Würzburger Sinologische Schriften. pp. 103–134.
178:
2066:"North Korea begins journey from feudalism to crony capitalism"
1050:
1039:
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682:
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378:
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Lord and Peasant in Russia: From the 9th to the 19th Century
1477:(2003). ""Feudalism" and Western Zhou China: a criticism".
1105:
397:
374:
1313:
An Eye for an Eye A Global History of Crime and Punishment
425:: On my honor and my son I will do this without trickery.
808:
Feudalism is the model that modern Chinese Marxists and
317:
contained several knight's fees, for example, the baron
1993:
A History of Laxton: England's Last Open Field Village
1751:
Authenticating Tibet: Answers to China's 100 Questions
482:
Portugal has its roots in a feudal state in northern
1284:
Economic Expansion in the Byzantine Empire, 900–1200
1047:
Abolition of Feudal Tenure etc. (Scotland) Act 2000
445:is evidence at least of corruption in feudal rule.
101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2064:
1593:(2020). "Names and Titles in Eastern Zhou Texts".
1410:
1374:Brook, Timothy; Blue, Gregory (5 September 2002).
1408:
754:
681:strong central power. Lacking a feudal system of
2096:
1628:Perceptions of Antiquity in Chinese Civilization
1523:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 39–99.
1453:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 235–270.
1096:, who uphold the law in the Court of Verderers.
949:system would not again be implemented in China.
812:historians use to identify China's recent past,
646:, the 11th-century system of land grants in the
1369:
1367:
1255:
1253:
1033:as the ultimate feudal superior. Historically,
558:in some European settlements in North America:
1640:
587:"Semi-feudal" (non-Western European) feudalism
1698:. Indianapolis: Hackett. pp. 21, 37, 41.
944:
934:
919:
913:
249:
2043:
1868:
1742:
1552:. München: Ruhr-Universität Bochum: 261–276.
1364:
1250:
1120:, who was a vassal to the land's owner, the
912:, he formally abolished the largely defunct
2044:Ewen, A. H.; Carteret, Allan R. de (1969).
1794:
1409:Levenson, Joseph; Schurmann, Franz (1969).
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2005:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1871:Comparative Studies in Society and History
1485:(1). Harvard-Yenching Institute: 115–144.
908:, defeated his rival states, founding the
549:
2021:"HISTORY OF THE NEW FOREST NATIONAL PARK"
1845:
1674:Ancient China – from beginnings to Empire
1543:
1514:
1373:
1188:
1186:
1184:
537:when, after defeating the Muslims at the
346:many of his manors which he did not keep
226:Learn how and when to remove this message
161:Learn how and when to remove this message
1451:Bureaucracy and the State in Early China
627:American South of the nineteenth century
254:
203:of all important aspects of the article.
1990:
1748:
1473:
1419:Regents of the University of California
688:In contrast to other European forms of
664:and the recipients of the land grants "
14:
2097:
2062:
1911:
1800:
1785:
1716:The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han
1671:
1568:
1281:
1181:
301:. It was a record commissioned by the
199:Please consider expanding the lead to
1959:
1708:
1696:The Government of Qin and Han Empires
1690:
1589:
1546:Bochum Yearbook of East Asian Studies
1237:
734:(supreme commander), King, and chief
1339:
1310:
1116:and administered independently by a
790:), but it is still present today in
451:
172:
99:adding citations to reliable sources
70:
29:
1333:
632:
609:and, sometimes, nineteenth-century
467:Portugal, originally a part of the
24:
1622:
1479:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
1445:
1070:Unique in England, the village of
458:Feudalism in the Holy Roman Empire
25:
2116:
2083:
1259:
443:Agreement Between Lord and Vassal
384:Such was (allegedly) the case of
324:Stafford tenants were themselves
45:This article has multiple issues.
1966:. Hart Publishing. p. 287.
1943:"The Law of Scotland" (1925) 37
1928:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2009.00664.x
1002:
595:), most often in discussions of
580:Seigneurial system of New France
554:Semi-feudal systems accompanied
500:Alphonse VI of LĂ©on and Castille
490:, established in 868 within the
388:and his relations with his lord
241:are helpful to fully understand
177:
75:
34:
2056:
2037:
2013:
1984:
1953:
1934:
1905:
1862:
1839:
1779:
1702:
1684:
1680:. pp. 99, 105–6, 115, 122.
1665:
1634:
1616:
1601:(5/6). Leiden: Brill: 714–720.
1577:(3/4). Leiden: Brill: 475–480.
1559:
1505:
1467:
1439:
786:and East Pakistan (present day
522:, the king's natural daughter.
295:The Black Book of the Exchequer
191:may be too short to adequately
86:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
2063:Harris, Bryan (21 June 2017).
1755:University of California Press
1402:
1304:
1210:
1127:
755:Pakistan, India and Bangladesh
281:Feudalism in the 12th century
201:provide an accessible overview
27:Societies practising feudalism
13:
1:
1653:(1). Academica Sinica: 1–27.
1174:
575:New York Constitution of 1846
514:who was participating in the
1720:. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
1242:(Fourth ed.). Toronto:
1240:Readings in Medieval History
1065:
959:Serfdom in Tibet controversy
904:, known to posterity as the
816:from the Chinese concept of
7:
1147:
1122:Queen of the United Kingdom
1007:
889:At the transition from the
462:
10:
2121:
1963:Human Rights and Scots Law
1382:Cambridge University Press
1348:Princeton University Press
1288:Cambridge University Press
956:
801:
758:
707:
703:
636:
455:
274:
270:
250:Western European feudalism
1883:10.1017/S001041750000150X
1607:10.1163/15685322-10656P06
1583:10.1163/15685322-10703005
1311:Roth, Mitchel P. (2014).
878:
828:Qin's wars of unification
671:
569:, which lasted until the
533:was obtained by his son,
368:
1804:Journal of Asian Studies
1722:Harvard University Press
1672:Gernet, Jacques (1964).
1218:"Magna Carta in context"
1013:For full discussion, see
978:
952:
870:Spring and Autumn period
832:commandery–county system
797:
309:, which is a fiefdom or
261:quasi fundum et allodium
1991:Beckett, J. V. (1989).
1960:Boyle, Alan E. (2002).
1138:Workers' Party of Korea
1099:
900:After the last King of
826:, eradicated following
747:, through contact with
550:North American colonies
531:Portuguese independence
110:"Examples of feudalism"
1995:. Oxford. p. 271.
1282:Harvey, Allen (1989).
971:However, according to
945:
935:
920:
914:
471:, was an example of a
439:
390:William V of Aquitaine
1788:History of the Family
1340:Blum, Jerome (1961).
1271:& Kegan Paul Ltd.
1244:University of Toronto
765:Feudalism in Pakistan
541:, proclaimed himself
502:gave the county as a
403:
255:10th century Normandy
239:Examples of feudalism
1641:Chen Minzhen (陳民鎮);
906:First Emperor of Qin
866:Early Chinese titles
535:Afonso I of Portugal
277:Feudalism in England
95:improve this article
1790:. pp. 423–428.
1417:. London, England:
1104:The tiny island of
860:Ji ancestral temple
718:system used by the
518:), when he married
492:Kingdom of Asturias
326:lords of the manors
2090:Robert de Stafford
1757:. pp. 81–83.
1710:Lewis, Mark Edward
1529:10.1017/eac.2014.7
1238:Geary, P. (2010).
1140:as nobles and the
985:Tokugawa shogunate
761:Feudalism in India
488:County of Portugal
319:Robert de Stafford
1848:The Tibet Journal
1775:978-0-520-24928-8
1764:978-0-520-24464-1
1678:Faber & Faber
1460:978-0-521-88447-1
1391:978-0-521-52591-6
1290:. pp. 1–13.
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1941:H LĂ©vy-Ullmann
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2027:. Retrieved
2015:
1992:
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1978:Google Books
1976:– via
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1955:
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1877:(1): 15–51.
1874:
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1394:– via
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1059:royal assent
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93:Please help
88:verification
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
1643:Pines, Yuri
1591:Pines, Yuri
1517:Early China
1421:. pp.
1261:Bloch, Marc
1142:Kim dynasty
1128:North Korea
997:Karl Friday
930:Han dynasty
874:Han dynasty
862:community.
843:local state
837:During the
722:throughout
593:semi-feudal
556:colonialism
516:reconquista
510:(a younger
363:Magna Carta
1724:. p.
1676:. London:
1647:Asia Major
1595:T'oung Pao
1571:T'oung Pao
1175:References
1087:New Forest
989:Edo period
814:neologized
788:Bangladesh
625:, and the
599:under the
565:system in
477:Marc Bloch
352:liege lord
348:in demesne
339:in capital
299:in capital
151:March 2008
121:newspapers
50:improve it
2105:Feudalism
2001:cite book
1899:145750386
1833:163321743
1269:Routledge
1108:, in the
1094:Verderers
1035:The Crown
1031:The Crown
884:constable
779:Zamindari
771:Taluqdari
694:feudalism
666:timariots
243:feudalism
193:summarize
56:talk page
2099:Category
1712:(2007).
1694:(2006).
1659:26571325
1537:24392462
1499:25066693
1449:(2008).
1148:See also
1118:Seigneur
1114:Guernsey
1008:Scotland
946:fengjian
936:fengjian
926:Xiang Yu
921:fengjian
915:fengjian
855:fengjian
819:fengjian
804:Fengjian
792:Pakistan
775:Jotedari
732:Sparapet
716:Nakharar
710:Nakharar
611:Ethiopia
573:and the
463:Portugal
394:hostages
303:Treasury
291:Stafford
2029:22 June
1825:2054940
1624:Li Feng
1475:Li Feng
1447:Li Feng
1223:22 June
1202:21 June
1134:Songbun
1085:In the
1066:England
1025:fusion.
893:to the
741:tanuter
728:tanuter
704:Armenia
690:serfdom
644:Pronoia
639:Pronoia
607:sakdina
605:, Thai
602:shĹŤguns
563:Patroon
520:Theresa
504:fiefdom
435:William
423:William
413:William
271:England
135:scholar
1970:
1949:online
1897:
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993:fealty
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683:vassal
672:Russia
652:Serbia
617:, the
527:vassal
494:. The
486:, the
484:Iberia
379:vassal
369:France
330:barons
137:
130:
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116:
108:
2024:(PDF)
1895:S2CID
1887:JSTOR
1829:S2CID
1821:JSTOR
1655:JSTOR
1533:JSTOR
1495:JSTOR
1423:34–36
1197:(PDF)
979:Japan
966:Lhasa
953:Tibet
798:China
784:India
736:Aspet
661:timar
623:India
597:Japan
512:Capet
398:oaths
142:JSTOR
128:books
2031:2023
2007:link
1968:ISBN
1852:XIII
1771:ISBN
1759:ISBN
1730:ISBN
1455:ISBN
1427:ISBN
1386:ISBN
1352:ISBN
1321:ISBN
1292:ISBN
1225:2023
1204:2023
1106:Sark
1100:Sark
1045:The
983:The
769:The
763:and
714:The
692:and
428:Hugh
418:Hugh
406:Hugh
377:and
375:lord
342:and
313:. A
114:news
1924:doi
1879:doi
1813:doi
1603:doi
1599:106
1579:doi
1575:107
1525:doi
1487:doi
1074:in
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1481:.
1425:.
1380:.
1366:^
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1263:.
1252:^
1183:^
879:太宰
834:.
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1930:.
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