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1342:, Princess of Éboli. Against the Albistas' urging, King Philip II himself publicly acknowledged that "it is not possible to carry Flanders forward by way of war." Political concessions by Luis de Requesens failed to end the rebellion in the Netherlands and hostilities soon resumed. These failures of the Ebolistas to end the Dutch revolt raised the distrust of the king, and Philip II again granted the Duke of Alba an important position in court.
1230:", popularly known in the Netherlands as the "Court of Blood," to prosecute those responsible for the riots of 1566, especially those deemed heretics. Alba also targeted the local Catholic nobles who favoured dialogue and who opposed outside intervention. Two of the three heads of Flemish nobility, the
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was unsuccessful however: it was the first defeat in a full scale engagement for the
Spanish troops during the Dutch revolt. The prolonged military campaigns and the harsh repression of the rebel citizenry earned the 3rd Duke of Alba the nickname "The Iron Duke" in the Netherlands, and he became an
1306:
In spite of continuous military action, the political situation in the
Netherlands had not turned in favour of the Spanish crown. After five years of repression, more than 5,000 executions and numerous complaints to the Spanish court, Philip II decided to change policy and relieve the Duke. The
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were other famous victims of the bloody repression, along with a large group of other apostates. Those condemned were executed on 5 June 1568 in the Town Hall Square in
Brussels. Alba had little confidence in conventional Flemish justice, which he perceived as sympathetic to the defendants, and
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also a grandson of Manuel I, did not recognize
Antonio as king of Portugal. The king appointed Fernando, Duke of Alba, as captain general of his army. The duke was 73 years old and ill at the time. Fernando mustered his forces, estimated at 20,000 men, in Badajoz, and in June 1580 crossed the
920:
throughout his travels in Europe. The special access that De La Vega had as a close companion to Alba, coupled with his skilled craft as a writer, allows the historian to delve into the deepest emotions expressed by the Duke of Alba through the poetry of De La Vega, specifically concerning the
872:. The following year he was released so he could go to Flanders with his father to serve in the military. In 1578 Philip II ordered the case against Fadrique reopened. It was discovered that in order to avoid marriage, Fadrique had secretly married María de Toledo, daughter of
2219:"Los escritos de Herrera Casado. Artículos y comentarios sobre Guadalajara. Diciembre 2010. La boda de Felipe II en Guadalajara – 1560. (Herrera Casado's writings. Articles and opinions on Guadalajara. December 2010. The wedding of Felipe II in Guadalajara – 1560"
880:, using a permit issued for that purpose by his father the Duke of Alba. Fadrique was sent to prison, in the Castle of La Mota. Fernando, Duke of Alba was banished from the court for one year for "breaking the strict court protocol." The Duke went into exile in
1326:, the House of Pimentel, the Duke de Alburquerque and other members of the House of Álvarez de Toledo. The Albistas advised the king to take a firm stand in the Netherlands. The Albistas' hardline position was hotly contested by the liberal
2081:
De
Atienza y Navajas, Julio (barón de Cobos de Belchite). La obra de Julio de Atienza y Navajas, barón de Cobos de Belchite y marqués del Vado Glorioso en "Hidalguía". Instituto Salzar y castro. Madrid. Hidalguía. 1993. p. 196.
831:, and he named Duke of Alba mayordomo mayor of his son to prepare Philip for his new role. Fernando took Philip on a tour around Europe that lasted until 1551. Fernando accompanied Philip to England to attend his marriage to
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In 1541 Fernando Álvarez de Toledo was named
Mayordomo Mayor del Rey de España (High Steward to the King of Spain) by Charles I of Spain. Alba kept this office in court until the death of the monarch in 1556.
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When his grandfather
Fadrique died in 1531, the ducal title passed to Fernando as the firstborn son of Garcia. Throughout his adulthood, he served the Spanish monarchs Charles I and his successor Philip II.
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on July 18, 1580. With these titles
Fernando represented the Spanish monarch in Portugal and was second in hierarchy only after the king in Portugal. Fernando held both titles until his death in 1582.
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king, as head of the civil jurisdiction. He decided that the local nobility was in open rebellion against the king and supported the new
Protestant teachings, heresy in the Catholic view.
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mobs attacked and destroyed numerous
Catholic monasteries and churches, ransacking tombs and destroying statues. To tackle the civil and religious rebels, King Philip II sent Alba to
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1290:, characterized by brutality and savagery on both sides, culminated in the surrender of the city and the execution of all the garrison, estimated at 2,000 men. The subsequent
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Marqués de Pidal. Marqués de Miraflores. Salvá, Miguel. Colección de documentos inéditos para la historia de España. Academia de la Historia. Tomo XL. Madrid. 1862. p. 230.
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The maintenance of the troops in Flanders entailed substantial economic costs. The Duke imposed new taxes on the population and reformed its laws. Some cities, including
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during the first stages of the Eighty Years' War but failed to extinguish the rebellion, and in 1573 he was recalled to Spain. Alba's last military successes were in the
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witnessed the executions in person. He would later become equally mistrustful of the local helpers of the Council of Troubles as possibly having their own agendas.
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H.L. Zwitzer (1989). "DAALEN, Gotfried Coenraad Ernst van (1863–1930)". Huygens Institute for the History of the Netherlands (in Dutch). Retrieved 26 January 2022.
1041:. Alba did not hesitate and marched on Rome at the head of 12,000 Spanish soldiers. He financed the campaign, in part, by obtaining a loan of 430,000 ducats from
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and started to actively support the rebellion. William and the Huguenots took many Dutch cities. The Spanish troops advanced under banners with the Latin legend
793:
1061:. Without French support, the papal troops were overwhelmed by the Spanish and the Duke of Alba entered Rome in September 1557. The pope had to sue for peace.
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1538:. Some of van Daalen's detractors compared his conduct with the atrocities committed by the Duke of Alba, still well remembered in Dutch historical memory.
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Falcó y Osorio, María del Rosario. Duquesa de Berwick y de Alba. Catálogo de las colecciones expuestas en las vitrinas del Palacio de Liria. Madrid. 1898.
2683:-, as well as other family members, of nobiliary houses, the mausolum author, the mayor of the Salamanca duchal villages, and other guests standt out the
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and Constable of Navarre by his marriage, held on 24 March 1565, with Brianda Beaumont (1540–1588), daughter of Luis de Beaumont. He was succeeded by
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to expel the Spanish from Italy. Papal troops joined the French for this aim. In July 1556 the Pope declared Philip II was removed from the title
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702:, which led to the condemnations of thousands and came to be known as the "Council of Blood". Militarily, Alba repeatedly defeated the troops of
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John Huxtable Elliott. España en Europa: Estudios de historia comparada: escritos seleccionados. Universitat de València. 2002. pp. 79–80.
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Documents about the causes that motivated the prission of D. Fadrique, son of the duke of Alba, and that the same time, the duke himself,
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2368:"El duque de Alba en la conciencia colectiva de los flamencos – Foro Hispánico. Revista Hispánica de los Países Bajos. 3 (1992) 31–43"
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to replace him. De Requesens tried to appease the situation by giving concessions to the rebels. Alba returned to Spain in 1573.
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in Africa in 1510. At the age of six, Fernando accompanied his grandfather, the second Duke of Alba, on a military mission to
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In later years, the focus of conflict between France and Spain had moved to the Italian peninsula. Alba was sent to Italy as
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Great Economic Thinkers from Antiquity to the Historical School: Translations from the series Klassiker der Nationalökonomie
1334:, prince of Éboli and his secretary Francisco de Eraso. After the death of the prince of Éboli in 1573, the royal secretary
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as part of a long conflict for predominance over the western Mediterranean Sea. He then commanded the Spanish troops at the
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After the death of Charles, the new King Philip II maintained Alba as mayordomo mayor until the death of the Duke in 1582.
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Nevertheless, the Duke still had influence in the Royal Council. Alba belonged to the conservative Spanish faction called
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De Baena Parada, Juan. Epítome de la vida, y hechos de don Sebastián Dezimo Sexto Rey de Portugal. 1692. pp. 113, 120.
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appointed Alba governor of the Netherlands and tasked him with the suppression of Dutch rebels. Alba instituted the
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987:. A flanking attack by Alba's Tercios was largely responsible for the imperial army's decisive victory against the
800:, then occupied by France and Navarre. For his role in the siege, Fernando was appointed governor of Fuenterrabía.
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2797:. Prólogo Jacobo Siruela, traducción Eva Rodríguez Halffter. Segunda edición. Ediciones Atalanta. Vilaür. 2007.
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Alba died in Lisbon on 11 December 1582, at the age of seventy-five; he was given the last rites by the famous
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Beatriz Álvarez de Toledo y Enríquez de Guzmán (died 1637), married Álvaro Pérez Osorio, V Marquess of Astorga.
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nobility of the age. He was educated at the ducal court of the House of Alba, located in the Castle Palace of
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which ended their war with France and released Spanish resources for maximising its economic exploitation of
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Rosell, María del Mar. Traslado definitivo de los restos del gran duque de Alba a un mausoleo de Salamanca.
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In 1566, Alba's son and heir, Fadrique, broke his promise of marriage to Magdalena de Guzman, lady of Queen
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arduous travels while on a war-footing as well as the emotional longing that Alba expressed for his wife.
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2828:. Edited by Maurits Ebben, Margriet Lacy-Bruijn and Rolof van Hövell tot Westerflier. Karwansaray. 2013.
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was charged with the killing of numerous civilians, including women and children, during the conquest of
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750:. Fernando was orphaned at age three when his father, García, died during a campaign on the island of
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27 April 1529 the Duke married his cousin María Enríquez de Toledo y Guzmán (died 1583), daughter of
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invasion army. No battle ensued as the Ottomans, having lost momentum due to time lost during the
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884:, where his secretaries Fernando de Albornoz and Esteban Ibarra likewise spent their punishment.
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The Making of an Enterprise: The Society of Jesus in Portugal, Its Empire, and Beyond, 1540–1750
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entered a prolonged period of peace, sealed by marriage between the twice widowed Philip II and
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and was never repaid. The Pope called for a truce, giving time for a French army commanded by
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From 1548 King Charles intensified the preparations of Prince Philip as his successor in the
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1258:, refused to pay and declared a rebellion, which quickly spread throughout the Netherlands.
1234:, a Catholic General for Philip II, who had led the cavalry that defeated the French at the
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Sampedro Escolar, José Luis. La Casa de Alba. La Esfera de los Libros, S. L. Madrid. 2007.
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1278:, retaking and sacking the city after the rebel garrison had left. From there, they retook
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Fernández Álvarez, Manuel. "El duque de hierro: Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, III de Alba".
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1084:. During the royal wedding, which was held in Paris, Alba acted as proxy for Philip.
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Belda Plans, Juan. Grandes personajes el Siglo de Oro español. Palabra. 2013. p. 29.
1242:, were arrested and the court sentenced both counts to death. The Mayor of Antwerp,
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was seized, and a week later the army took the city of Tunis which was defended by
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738:, on 29 October 1507. He was the son of García Álvarez de Toledo y Zúñiga, heir of
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Disposition of Philip II about giving the duke the control of the army, op. cit.,
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Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)
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Head of a bronze medal with the effigy and the cuirass of the Grand Alba bearing
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to march on Naples. The Spanish intercepted the French and defeated them in the
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noble, general and diplomat. Alba achieved notoriety for his actions during the
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was erected over his grave, funded by the Provincial Deputation of Salamanca.
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of the diocece, Mauro Rubio, who presided over the solemn religious ceremony.
1443:(1527–1591), was an illegitimate son with a miller's daughter in the town of
1215:
on 22 August 1567, at the head of a powerful army. Upon arrival, he replaced
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951:. The siege was a decisive victory for Alba and one of the worst defeats of
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A Biography of Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, Third Duke of Alba, 1507–1582
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In 1542, he led the Spanish troops against the French Army, ending the
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Consejería de Educación y Cultura. Los Álvarez de Toledo Nobleza viva
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1299:. His reputation was used for propaganda purposes by rebel statesman
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2765:. Cuarta edición, cartoné. La Esfera de los Libros. Madrid. 2004/7.
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No es posible llevar adelante lo de Flandes por la vía de la guerra.
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legend «FERDIN • TOLET • ALBÆ • DUX • BELG • PRÆF», which means, in
1096:
Engraving of the statue of Fernando Álvarez de Toledo in Antwerp by
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1365:. The death of the latter, without any appointed heirs, led to the
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went on to lead the liberal faction and began his association with
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and entered Lisbon. This cleared the way for Philip II who became
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to further strengthen anti-Spanish sentiments in the Netherlands.
944:. Thus Spain regained control over the western Mediterranean Sea.
592:(29 October 1507 – 11 December 1582), known as the
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The Duke's first military command to engage in battle was in the
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710:, for which he was rewarded the titles viceroy and constable of
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1153:», which means, in English, "God and King are purposes of life"
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Notice about the translación of the body of the Duke of Alba,
1454:, III Count of Alba de Liste, with whom he had four children.
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of the Spanish-Habsburg army in Italy, and became governor of
655:
military family, Alba first distinguished himself in the 1535
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A few days later, on 5 September 1567, Alba established the "
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2601:"Fernando Álvarez de Toledo | Real Academia de la Historia"
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The Dutch Republic: its Rise, Greatness, and Fall 1477–1806
2156:
Colección de documentos inéditos para la historia de España
1965:
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Diego Álvarez de Toledo y Enríquez de Guzmán (1541–1583),
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During this time, he was accompanied by the soldier-poet
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After Fernando had become the third Duke of Alba in 1532,
2726:
1458:
García Álvarez de Toledo y Enríquez de Guzmán (1530–1548)
785:. He mastered Latin and knew French, English and German.
714:. He held both titles until his death in Lisbon in 1582.
1411:
King Philip II rewarded Fernando with the titles of 1st
1262:, the prince of Orange, enlisted the help of the French
1087:
788:
In 1524, when he was seventeen, he joined the troops of
932:, he embarked with the military force commanded by the
807:
773: – and Severo Marini and by the Spanish
590:
Fernando Álvarez de Toledo y Pimentel, 3rd Duke of Alba
1396:. In late August he defeated a Portuguese army at the
1064:
In April 1559, Alba was one of the signatories of the
3619:
Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France
1188:, in recognition of his singular efforts in favor of
2729:
Elenco de Grandezas y Titulos Nobiliarios Españoles
1139:
Back of the same medal with the Latin inscription «
1127:, "Fernando de Toledo Duke of Alba Governor of the
1345:
1119:in commemoration of his triumphs in 1571 with the
864:, which led to his arrest and imprisonment in the
2153:Letter from the Duque of Alba to Paul IV, in the
1595:Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo y Enríquez de Quiñones
1431:Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba, by
853:to be bestowed on the heir of the Dukes of Alba.
740:Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo y Enríquez de Quiñones
5677:
2814:. María del Pilar García Pinacho. España. 1998.
1526:, a Dutch commander who during the then current
1408:spanning all of Iberia under the Spanish crown.
1380:and only grandson through the male line of king
994:
16:Spanish military leader and diplomat (1507–1582)
4163:
2127:Soldado de La España Imperial, El Duque de Alba
1462:Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo y Enríquez de Guzman
1192:and for being considered one of his champions.
408:Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo y Enríquez de Guzman
31: and the second or maternal family name is
5786:People of the War of the Portuguese Succession
2548:The Baker Who Pretended to Be King of Portugal
2535:The Baker Who Pretended to Be King of Portugal
2341:"De leerschool: tijdschrift voor kweekelingen"
1207:) took place in the Netherlands, during which
857:, son of Fernando became 1st Duke of Huéscar.
671:defeated the German Protestant princes in the
413:Beatriz Álvarez de Toledo y Enríquez de Guzmán
3808:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)
3289:
3076:
2416:(Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1995), pp. 159–160.
2093:Por romper el estricto protocolo de La Corte.
1565:García Álvarez de Toledo y Carrillo de Toledo
979:, the elite Spanish ground troops during the
816:In 1546, Charles I invested the Duke of Alba
405:García Álvarez de Toledo y Enríquez de Guzmán
3483:Independence of Spanish continental Americas
2669:Carlos Fitz-James Stuart y Martínez de Irujo
794:Íñigo Fernández de Velasco, II Duke of Frías
411:Diego Álvarez de Toledo y Enríquez de Guzmán
2758:. The Duke of Alba. New Haven, Yale, 2004.
2659:To the move attended, the duchess of Alba,
1358:in 1578, the crown fell to his great uncle
1318:or imperialists. This faction included the
1274:. In 1572 the Spanish army carried out the
781:. He was educated in Roman Catholicism and
3296:
3282:
3083:
3069:
2537:, (University of Chicago Press, 2012), 49.
2176:. American Philosophical Society. p.
1301:Philips of Marnix, Lord of Saint-Aldegonde
849:In 1563, King Philip II created the title
839:who attended the ceremony in the abbey of
62:
5602:Colonial universities in Hispanic America
2343:. J. van Noorduyn en Zoon. May 17, 1844.
1518:In 1904 there was in the Dutch press and
893:Against the Ottomans and French (1532–42)
761:His youth and education were typical for
5607:Colonial universities in the Philippines
2782:. University of California Press. 1983.
2455:
2301:
1482:
1426:
1422:
1169:On December 26, 1566, Alba received the
1156:
1134:
1110:
1091:
998:
721:
679:of the Spanish-Habsburg army during the
145:18 July 1580 – 11 December 1582
5746:Spanish people of the Eighty Years' War
5696:16th-century Spanish military personnel
4598:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia
2263:
1502:. In 1619 they were transferred to the
1392:Spanish-Portuguese border and moved to
963:In 1547, Charles I, in his capacity as
958:
5781:16th-century military history of Spain
5678:
5551:
2826:Alba, General and Servant to the Crown
2456:Ferreira, António (16 December 1987).
2169:
1915:
1793:
1789:
1779:
1669:
1555:
1551:
1522:an intensive debate on the conduct of
1475:, V Duke of Alba de Tormes (1568–1639)
822:Illustrious Order of the Golden Fleece
5716:Governors of the Habsburg Netherlands
5550:
5446:
5445:
4569:
4447:
4162:
4021:
3989:
3926:
3863:
3778:
3701:
3641:
3555:
3544:
3316:
3315:
3277:
3064:
2709:
2482:
2124:
1999:
1989:
1985:
1973:
1962:
1952:
1933:
1923:
1919:
1903:
1900:
1890:
1877:
1867:
1863:
1851:
1841:
1831:
1811:
1801:
1797:
1771:Fernando Álvarez de Toledo y Pimentel
1769:
1759:
1746:
1736:
1732:
1720:
1717:
1707:
1687:
1677:
1673:
1657:
1652:
1642:
1629:
1619:
1615:
1603:
1593:
1583:
1563:
1559:
1513:
1272:For the law, the king, and the people
1088:Governor of the Netherlands (1567–73)
955:during the French offensive of 1542.
726:Coat of arms of the 3rd Duke of Alba.
349:Fernando Álvarez de Toledo y Pimentel
3879:Captaincy General of the Philippines
3371:New Laws in favour of the indigenous
2742:Colección Espasa Forum. Espasa Calpé
2464:from the original on 10 October 2023
2347:from the original on August 22, 2024
2173:The Papacy and the Levant, 1204–1571
1473:Antonio Álvarez de Toledo y Beaumont
1384:, was proclaimed King in June 1580.
1372:One of the claimants to the throne,
1367:Portuguese succession crisis of 1580
1244:Anthony van Stralen, Lord of Merksem
1240:Philip de Montmorency, Count of Horn
975:. The Duke of Alba was in charge of
887:
808:Mayordomo mayor to the Spanish kings
708:Portuguese succession crisis of 1580
183:Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands
133:Viceroy of Portugal and the Algarves
5582:Indochristian painting in New Spain
3702:
2731:(in Spanish). Periodic publication.
2667:, their sons -the duque of Huéscar
2365:
2097:
1630:María Enriquez de Quiñones y Toledo
905:to help defend the city against an
874:García Álvarez de Toledo and Osorio
13:
4549:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires
4022:
3303:
1524:Gotfried Coenraad Ernst van Daalen
1504:Convento de San Esteban, Salamanca
1195:From August to October 1566, the "
14:
5797:
5736:Catholicism-related controversies
3779:
3642:
3523:Independence of Equatorial Guinea
3090:
2840:
1654:García Álvarez de Toledo y Zúñiga
393:María Enríquez de Toledo y Guzmán
125:Teodósio II, 7th Duke of Braganza
5634:Criollos in the colonial society
5562:Spanish missions in the Americas
4684:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval
3175:Doña María Teresa, 11th Duchess
1494:His remains were transferred to
570:War of the Portuguese Succession
459:
441:
5661:Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649
3545:
2727:Instituto de Salazar y Castro.
2703:
2690:
2665:Jesús Aguirre y Ortiz de Zárate
2650:. Edición impresa. 26 mar 1983.
2639:
2622:
2611:from the original on 2023-01-10
2593:
2571:
2562:
2553:
2540:
2527:
2514:
2503:from the original on 2024-08-22
2476:
2449:
2440:
2431:
2419:
2406:
2374:from the original on 2024-08-22
2359:
2333:
2322:from the original on 2024-08-22
2295:
2284:from the original on 2024-08-22
2257:
2240:
2229:from the original on 2013-12-02
1346:Portuguese succession (1580–82)
279:Juan Fernández Manrique de Lara
3990:
3713:Captaincy General of Guatemala
3421:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)
2211:
2194:
2170:Setton, Kenneth Meyer (1984).
2163:
2147:
2118:
2085:
2075:
2050:
1387:Philip II, through his mother
1161:Fernando Álvarez de Toledo by
936:. On 14 July, the fortress of
835:. The Duke was one of fifteen
744:IV Count – I Duke of Benavente
717:
68:The Grand Duke of Alba in 1568
1:
5711:Eighty Years' War (1566–1609)
5612:General Archive of the Indies
4873:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
4544:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
4529:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas
3478:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso
3431:War of the Spanish Succession
3396:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
2489:. Stanford University Press.
2058:"Spain and Felipe II 1556–64"
1498:, where he was buried in the
1464:, IV Duke of Alba (1537–1585)
995:In Milan and Naples (1555–59)
965:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
5731:Knights of the Golden Fleece
4570:
3684:Captaincy General of Yucatan
3614:Union with Holy Roman Empire
3593:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of
3508:German–Spanish Treaty (1899)
3201:María Cayetana, 13th Duchess
1963:María Pacheco y Portocarrero
1878:María de Quiñones y Portugal
1003:The Duke of Alba in 1549 by
669:Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
23:, the first or paternal
7:
4448:
4164:Administrative subdivisions
3361:War of the League of Cognac
2927:Governor of the Netherlands
2264:Lindsay, Carol Ann (2010).
2000:María Portocarrero Enríquez
1718:Isabel de Zúñiga y Pimentel
1541:
1378:Infante Louis, Duke of Beja
1354:, who had no heirs, in the
1049:; the loan became known as
632:) or shortly 'Alva' in the
176:Archduke Alberto of Austria
10:
5802:
5761:Portuguese Roman Catholics
4878:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar
4863:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
4765:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
3927:
3663:), Western United States (
3556:
3426:Portuguese Restoration War
3033:Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo
3014:Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo
2938:Luis de Requesens y Zúñiga
2907:Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo
2810:Junta de Castilla y León.
2661:Cayetana Fitz-James Stuart
2302:Schefold, Bertram (2016).
1909:
1901:Beatriz Pimentel y Pacheco
1813:Alonso Pimentel y Enríquez
1791:
1663:
1553:
1340:Ana de Mendoza de la Cerda
1324:Fernando de Valdés y Salas
1066:Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis
855:Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo
667:(1547), where the army of
228:Luis de Requesens y Zúñiga
113:John, 6th Duke of Braganza
47:Fernando Álvarez de Toledo
18:
5646:Slavery in Spanish Empire
5557:
5546:
5452:
5441:
5339:
5233:
5226:
5111:
4960:
4953:
4946:
4933:Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor
4843:
4712:
4674:Álvaro de Bazán the Elder
4636:
4580:
4576:
4565:
4534:Barcelona Trading Company
4501:
4458:
4454:
4443:
4347:
4299:New Andalusia (1501–1513)
4269:
4211:
4173:
4169:
4158:
4109:
4068:
4032:
4028:
4017:
3996:
3933:
3874:
3806:Venezuela, part of Guyana
3785:
3708:
3659:, Central United States (
3648:
3562:
3551:
3540:
3391:Bruneian–Spanish conflict
3376:Expulsion of the Moriscos
3322:
3311:
3212:
3185:
3098:
3048:
3040:
3028:
3019:
3009:
3002:
2990:
2981:
2971:
2959:
2950:
2945:
2933:
2924:
2914:
2902:
2893:
2883:
2871:
2862:
2852:
2847:
2778:Maltby, William S. Alba:
2681:Eugenia Martínez de Irujo
2663:and her second housband,
2510:– via Google Books.
2472:– via Google Books.
2460:. UC Biblioteca Geral 1.
2355:– via Google Books.
2329:– via Google Books.
2291:– via Google Books.
1987:
1979:
1946:
1921:
1917:
1884:
1865:
1857:
1825:
1799:
1795:
1753:
1734:
1726:
1701:
1689:Álvaro de Zúñiga y Guzmán
1675:
1671:
1636:
1617:
1609:
1577:
1557:
1297:anti-Spanish Black Legend
1295:important element of the
1270:, which in English means
683:, and became governor of
583:
508:Algiers expedition (1541)
481:
471:
454:
449:
437:
417:
397:
389:
361:
344:
339:
335:
323:
311:
301:
290:
283:
273:
261:
251:
240:
233:
221:
209:
199:
188:
181:
169:
159:
149:
138:
130:
118:
106:
96:
85:
77:
73:
61:
40:
5701:Álvarez de Toledo family
5587:Quito painting tradition
5577:Cusco painting tradition
4938:García López de Cárdenas
4928:Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera
4835:Felipe González de Ahedo
4755:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
3332:Conquest of the Americas
3220:Carlos Miguel, 14th Duke
3044:García Álvarez de Toledo
2655:19 December 2013 at the
2043:
1747:Leonor Pimentel y Zúñiga
1520:House of Representatives
1452:Diego Enríquez de Guzmán
1356:Battle of Alcácer Quibir
1350:After the death of King
1276:Spanish Fury at Mechelen
1268:Pro lege, rege, et grege
1186:Solent Romani Pontifices
928:. In early June 1535 at
796:, during the capture of
681:Italian War of 1551–1559
525:Spanish invasion of Rome
5756:Spanish Roman Catholics
5372:Comuneros (New Granada)
5149:Balearic Islands (1558)
4868:Hernán Pérez de Quesada
4795:Ruy López de Villalobos
4750:Miguel López de Legazpi
4664:García de Toledo Osorio
3528:Western Sahara conflict
3518:Independence of Morocco
3458:Treaty of Madrid (1750)
3401:Piracy in the Caribbean
3386:French Wars of Religion
3236:Carlos María, 16th Duke
2710:Hobbs, Nicolas (2007).
2131:La Esfera de los Libros
1843:Rodrigo Alonso Pimentel
1500:convent of San Leonardo
1374:António, Prior of Crato
1102:Nederlantsche Oorloghen
687:in 1555 and viceroy of
5617:Colonial Spanish Horse
5291:Colonia del Sacramento
4514:Spanish treasure fleet
4091:Royal Decree of Graces
3252:Cayetana, 18th Duchess
2589:on September 15, 2013.
2483:Alden, Dauril (1996).
2426:
2394:Cite journal requires
2092:
1436:
1204:
1166:
1154:
1132:
1108:
1055:Francis, Duke of Guise
1007:
878:Villafranca del Bierzo
727:
651:Born into a prominent
629:
609:
601:
5776:Viceroys of Catalonia
4775:Vasco Núñez de Balboa
4735:Juan Sebastián Elcano
4050:Council of the Indies
3411:Spanish–Moro conflict
3381:Ottoman–Habsburg wars
3341:Treaty of Tordesillas
3169:Francisco, 10th Duke
2984:Constable of Portugal
2888:Bernardino de Mendoza
2795:El gran duque de Alba
2763:El gran duque de Alba
2223:www.herreracasado.com
2200:Virreyes de Nápoles,
2125:Kamen, Henry (2017).
1483:Later years and death
1430:
1423:Marriage and children
1417:Constable of Portugal
1352:Sebastian of Portugal
1330:or humanists, led by
1236:Battle of San Quentin
1175:blessed sword and hat
1160:
1138:
1114:
1095:
1059:Battle of San Quentin
1002:
730:Fernando was born in
725:
661:Ottoman–Habsburg Wars
497:Ottoman–Habsburg wars
491:Siege of Fuenterrabía
268:Bernardino de Mendoza
80:Constable of Portugal
5771:Viceroys of Portugal
5572:Mesoamerican Codices
5296:Comuneros (Paraguay)
5134:Siege of Castelnuovo
4720:Christopher Columbus
4539:Consulate of the Sea
4519:Casa de Contratación
4110:Titles and positions
3503:Spanish–American War
3493:Liberal constitution
3336:Asia and the Pacific
2995:Teodósio de Bragança
1402:Philip I of Portugal
1389:Isabella of Portugal
1382:Manuel I of Portugal
1219:, the sister of the
1025:The newly appointed
983:on the banks of the
959:In Germany (1546–47)
942:Hayreddin Barbarossa
918:Garcilaso de la Vega
790:Constable of Castile
154:Philip I of Portugal
101:Philip I of Portugal
5751:Spanish politicians
5301:Cartagena de Indias
4923:Diego de Mazariegos
4893:Pere Fages i Beleta
4760:Sebastián de Ocampo
4241:Provincias Internas
4213:Captaincies General
4127:Municipal president
4096:School of Salamanca
3867:Spanish East Indies
3846:Misiones Orientales
3718:Spanish West Indies
3682:, Central America (
3629:Pyrénées-Orientales
3582:Union with Portugal
3473:Napoleonic invasion
3453:War of Jenkins' Ear
3193:Fernando, 12th Duke
3145:Fernando, 6th Duke
2953:Viceroy of Portugal
2876:Cristoforo Madruzzo
2848:Government offices
2793:Maltby, William S.
2712:"Grandes de España"
1413:Viceroy of Portugal
1398:Battle of Alcântara
1376:, a bastard son of
1363:Henry I of Portugal
1228:Council of Troubles
1098:Jacques Jonghelinck
700:Council of Troubles
646:Spanish Netherlands
576:Battle of Alcântara
554:Battle of Jemmingen
542:Siege of Wittenberg
330:Cristoforo Madruzzo
216:Margaret of Austria
5766:Viceroys of Naples
5597:Academia Antártica
5552:Other civil topics
4918:Pánfilo de Narváez
4820:Sebastián Vizcaíno
4785:Andrés de Urdaneta
4745:Juan Ponce de León
4730:Ferdinand Magellan
4704:Bernardo de Gálvez
4603:Indian auxiliaries
4101:Trial of residence
4081:Laws of the Indies
3865:Asia and Oceania (
3726:Dominican Republic
3163:Antonio, 9th Duke
3157:Antonio, 8th Duke
3151:Antonio, 7th Duke
3130:Fadrique, 4th Duke
3122:Fernando, 3rd Duke
3114:Fadrique, 2nd Duke
2857:Ferdinando Gonzaga
2133:. pp. 34–38.
1818:Count of Benavente
1514:Aceh War reference
1441:Fernando de Toledo
1437:
1332:Ruy Gómez de Silva
1260:William the Silent
1248:Jan van Casembroot
1167:
1155:
1133:
1109:
1082:Henry II of France
1035:Henry II of France
1029:, an enemy of the
1012:commander in chief
1008:
981:Battle of Mühlberg
949:siege of Perpignan
728:
696:Philip II of Spain
677:commander-in-chief
665:Battle of Mühlberg
610:Grão Duque de Alba
602:Gran Duque de Alba
594:Grand Duke of Alba
559:Battle of Jodoigne
537:Battle of Mühlberg
520:Siege of Perpignan
402:Fernando de Toledo
318:Ferdinando Gonzaga
306:Charles I of Spain
256:Charles I of Spain
204:Philip II of Spain
43:The Most Excellent
5721:Grandees of Spain
5673:
5672:
5669:
5668:
5542:
5541:
5447:Spanish conquests
5437:
5436:
5433:
5432:
5429:
5428:
5425:
5424:
5222:
5221:
4903:Pedro de Alvarado
4888:Gaspar de Portolà
4883:Pedro de Valdivia
4858:Francisco Pizarro
4810:Nicolás de Ovando
4805:Alonso de Ercilla
4780:Alonso de Salazar
4613:Ships of the line
4561:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4439:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4154:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4013:
4012:
4009:
4008:
3985:
3984:
3942:Northern Africa (
3938:Equatorial Guinea
3922:
3921:
3859:
3858:
3774:
3773:
3697:
3696:
3688:Spanish Caribbean
3661:Spanish Louisiana
3637:
3636:
3572:Crown of Castille
3536:
3535:
3513:Spanish Civil War
3488:Adams–Onís Treaty
3468:Nootka Convention
3416:Thirty Years' War
3406:Eighty Years' War
3327:Catholic Monarchs
3317:Timeline–immersed
3271:
3270:
3260:Carlos, 19th Duke
3244:Jacobo, 17th Duke
3228:Jacobo, 15th Duke
3213:Fitz-James Stuart
3138:Antonio, 5th Duke
3099:Álvarez de Toledo
3059:
3058:
3051:Marquess of Coria
3029:Succeeded by
2991:Succeeded by
2964:Albert of Austria
2960:Succeeded by
2934:Succeeded by
2919:Margaret of Parma
2903:Succeeded by
2896:Viceroy of Naples
2872:Succeeded by
2865:Governor of Milan
2834:978-94-90258-08-5
2803:978-84-935313-8-6
2771:978-84-9734-220-9
2750:978-84-670-2625-2
2412:Jonathan Israel,
2267:One Allied Sailor
2252:978-84-9734-595-8
2111:, pp. 464–524, y
2040:
2039:
1848:Duke of Benavente
1694:Duke of Plasencia
1439:His first child,
1309:Luis de Requesens
1217:Margaret of Parma
1117:the Golden Fleece
1074:Italian peninsula
1020:viceroy of Naples
989:Elector of Saxony
967:engaged with the
934:Marquess of Vasto
926:conquest of Tunis
888:Military commands
876:, IV Marquess of
866:Castle of La Mota
843:on 25 July 1554.
837:grandees of Spain
820:as knight of the
736:Province of Ávila
704:William of Orange
657:conquest of Tunis
642:Eighty Years' War
587:
586:
503:Conquest of Tunis
285:Governor of Milan
235:Viceroy of Naples
29:Álvarez de Toledo
5793:
5741:Spanish generals
5548:
5547:
5514:Chibchan Nations
5443:
5442:
5412:Santiago de Cuba
5271:Guadalupe Island
5231:
5230:
4958:
4957:
4951:
4950:
4913:Diego de Almagro
4790:Antonio de Ulloa
4694:Ambrosio Spinola
4689:Pedro de Zubiaur
4659:Alfonso d'Avalos
4649:Antonio de Leyva
4593:Army of Flanders
4578:
4577:
4567:
4566:
4456:
4455:
4445:
4444:
4171:
4170:
4160:
4159:
4030:
4029:
4019:
4018:
3987:
3986:
3960:Peñón of Algiers
3924:
3923:
3861:
3860:
3776:
3775:
3699:
3698:
3681:
3639:
3638:
3553:
3552:
3542:
3541:
3463:Seven Years' War
3436:Queen Anne's War
3313:
3312:
3298:
3291:
3284:
3275:
3274:
3106:García, 1st Duke
3085:
3078:
3071:
3062:
3061:
3041:Preceded by
3035:
3016:
3010:Preceded by
3004:Spanish nobility
2997:
2978:
2976:João de Bragança
2972:Preceded by
2966:
2940:
2921:
2915:Preceded by
2909:
2890:
2884:Preceded by
2878:
2859:
2853:Preceded by
2845:
2844:
2744:. Madrid. 2007.
2732:
2723:
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2585:. Archived from
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2079:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2060:. Archived from
2054:
1939:Duke of Escalona
1547:
1546:
1404:, and created a
1292:Siege of Alkmaar
1288:Siege of Haarlem
1078:Isabel de Valois
1033:, prompted King
973:Schmalkaldic War
829:Spanish Monarchy
777:poet and writer
673:Schmalkaldic War
531:Schmalkaldic War
464:
463:
450:Military service
445:
368:
365:11 December 1582
340:Personal details
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5675:
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5641:Old inquisition
5553:
5538:
5448:
5421:
5377:Trinidad (1797)
5347:La Noche Triste
5335:
5331:San Juan (1797)
5281:San Juan (1595)
5218:
5107:
4947:Notable battles
4942:
4908:Martín de Ursúa
4839:
4770:Alonso de Ojeda
4740:Juan de la Cosa
4725:Pinzón brothers
4708:
4679:John of Austria
4654:Martín de Goiti
4632:
4572:
4553:
4497:
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4431:
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4339:Terra Australis
4334:Río de la Plata
4279:Castilla de Oro
4265:
4207:
4203:Río de la Plata
4165:
4146:
4105:
4064:
4060:Santa Hermandad
4024:
4005:
4001:Terra Australis
3992:
3981:
3948:Spanish Morocco
3929:
3918:
3909:Northern Taiwan
3870:
3855:
3826:Río de la Plata
3781:
3770:
3704:
3703:Central America
3693:
3675:
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3577:Crown of Aragon
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1232:Count of Egmont
1090:
1051:Neapolitan sums
1047:Queen of Poland
997:
961:
895:
890:
862:Anne of Austria
851:Duke of Huéscar
810:
756:capture Navarre
720:
675:. Alba was the
486:Four Years' War
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5268:
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5256:Bogotá savanna
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5206:
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5176:
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5164:Spanish Armada
5161:
5156:
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5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5115:
5113:
5109:
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5058:White Mountain
5055:
5053:Cape Celidonia
5050:
5048:English Armada
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4825:Juan Fernández
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4807:
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4800:Diego Columbus
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4628:Army of Africa
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4608:Spanish Armada
4605:
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4509:Manila galleon
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4023:Administration
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3944:Western Sahara
3940:
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3842:Banda Oriental
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3657:Coastal Alaska
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3358:
3353:
3348:
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3329:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3309:
3308:
3305:Spanish Empire
3301:
3300:
3293:
3286:
3278:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3263:(2015–present)
3257:
3249:
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2841:External links
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2776:
2775:
2774:
2761:Kamen, Henry.
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2496:978-0804722711
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2396:|journal=
2358:
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2208:, pp. 148–163.
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1469:Count of Lerín
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1406:dynastic union
1347:
1344:
1286:. The Spanish
1181:, through the
1089:
1086:
1080:, daughter of
1039:King of Naples
996:
993:
971:forces in the
960:
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767:Alba de Tormes
746:and his wife,
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694:In 1567, King
630:IJzeren Hertog
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5709:
5707:
5706:Dukes of Alba
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5683:
5681:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5635:
5632:
5631:
5630:
5627:
5623:
5620:
5619:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5592:Tapada limeña
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5559:
5556:
5549:
5545:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5474:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5454:
5451:
5444:
5440:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5338:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5238:
5236:
5232:
5229:
5225:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5184:Montes Claros
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5124:Vienna (1529)
5122:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5114:
5110:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4959:
4956:
4952:
4949:
4945:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4853:Hernán Cortés
4851:
4850:
4848:
4846:
4845:Conquistadors
4842:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4815:Juan de Ayala
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4711:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4669:Duke of Savoy
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4635:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4568:
4564:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4500:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4468:Dollar (Peso)
4466:
4465:
4463:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4446:
4442:
4428:
4427:Santo Domingo
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4304:New Andalusia
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4268:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4251:Santo Domingo
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4214:
4210:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4176:
4175:Viceroyalties
4172:
4168:
4161:
4157:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4108:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4020:
4016:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3995:
3988:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3932:
3925:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3873:
3868:
3862:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3824:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3810:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3784:
3780:South America
3777:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3707:
3700:
3689:
3685:
3679:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3665:Spanish Texas
3662:
3658:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3647:
3643:North America
3640:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3624:Franche-Comté
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3561:
3554:
3550:
3543:
3539:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3299:
3294:
3292:
3287:
3285:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3178:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3092:Dukes of Alba
3086:
3081:
3079:
3074:
3072:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3053:
3052:
3045:
3039:
3034:
3024:
3023:
3015:
3008:
3005:
3001:
2996:
2986:
2985:
2977:
2970:
2965:
2955:
2954:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2929:
2928:
2920:
2913:
2908:
2898:
2897:
2889:
2882:
2877:
2867:
2866:
2858:
2851:
2846:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2820:84-7846-775-0
2817:
2813:
2809:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2788:0-520-04694-3
2785:
2781:
2777:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2713:
2708:
2707:
2693:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2642:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2596:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2574:
2565:
2556:
2549:
2546:Ruth MacKay,
2543:
2536:
2533:Ruth MacKay,
2530:
2523:
2517:
2502:
2498:
2492:
2488:
2487:
2479:
2463:
2459:
2452:
2443:
2434:
2428:
2422:
2415:
2409:
2401:
2388:
2373:
2369:
2362:
2346:
2342:
2336:
2321:
2317:
2315:9781317703723
2311:
2308:. Routledge.
2307:
2306:
2298:
2283:
2279:
2277:9780557417803
2273:
2269:
2268:
2260:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2189:
2187:9780871691620
2183:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2166:
2159:
2157:
2150:
2142:
2140:9788497343664
2136:
2132:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2078:
2064:on 2018-10-26
2063:
2059:
2053:
2049:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1906:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1787:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1723:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1549:
1548:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1490:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1434:
1429:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1336:Antonio Pérez
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1310:
1307:monarch sent
1304:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1164:
1159:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1021:
1018:in 1555, and
1017:
1013:
1006:
1001:
992:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
956:
954:
950:
945:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
922:
919:
914:
912:
911:Siege of Güns
908:
904:
900:
885:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
858:
856:
852:
847:
844:
842:
838:
834:
830:
825:
823:
819:
814:
805:
801:
799:
795:
791:
786:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
759:
757:
753:
749:
748:María Pacheco
745:
741:
737:
733:
724:
715:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
692:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
649:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
582:
577:
574:
573:
572:
571:
565:
564:Siege of Mons
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
551:
550:
549:
543:
540:
538:
535:
534:
533:
532:
526:
523:
521:
518:
517:
516:
515:
509:
506:
504:
501:
500:
499:
498:
492:
489:
488:
487:
484:
480:
477:
474:
470:
467:
466:Spanish Crown
462:
457:
453:
448:
444:
440:
436:
429:
426:
423:
422:
420:
416:
409:
403:
400:
396:
392:
388:
385:
382:, modern day
381:
377:
376:Iberian Union
373:
364:
360:
356:
347:
343:
338:
334:
331:
328:
322:
319:
316:
310:
307:
304:
300:
294:
289:
286:
282:
278:
272:
269:
266:
260:
257:
254:
250:
244:
239:
236:
232:
229:
226:
220:
217:
214:
208:
205:
202:
198:
192:
187:
184:
180:
177:
174:
168:
164:
158:
155:
152:
148:
142:
137:
134:
129:
126:
123:
117:
114:
111:
105:
102:
99:
95:
89:
84:
81:
76:
72:
65:
60:
56:
53:
44:
39:
34:
30:
26:
22:
5567:Architecture
5462:The Americas
5326:Newfoundland
5316:Túpac Katari
5306:Cuerno Verde
5241:Tenochtitlan
5073:Valenciennes
4830:Luis Fajardo
4699:Blas de Lezo
4644:Duke of Alba
4643:
4524:Spanish Road
4362:Buenos Aires
4271:Governorates
4040:Ayuntamiento
4033:Organization
3498:Carlist Wars
3346:Italian Wars
3262:
3254:
3246:
3238:
3230:
3222:
3203:
3195:
3176:
3170:
3164:
3158:
3152:
3146:
3140:
3132:
3124:
3121:
3116:
3108:
3049:
3022:Duke of Alba
3020:
2982:
2951:
2946:
2925:
2894:
2863:
2825:
2811:
2794:
2779:
2762:
2756:Kamen, Henry
2741:
2728:
2716:. Retrieved
2714:(in Spanish)
2704:Bibliography
2692:
2647:
2641:
2629:
2624:
2613:. Retrieved
2604:
2595:
2587:the original
2582:
2573:
2564:
2555:
2547:
2542:
2534:
2529:
2516:
2505:. Retrieved
2485:
2478:
2466:. Retrieved
2451:
2442:
2433:
2421:
2413:
2408:
2387:cite journal
2376:. Retrieved
2361:
2349:. Retrieved
2335:
2324:. Retrieved
2304:
2297:
2286:. Retrieved
2270:. Lulu.com.
2266:
2259:
2254:. pp. 97–98.
2242:
2231:. Retrieved
2222:
2213:
2201:
2196:
2172:
2165:
2155:
2149:
2126:
2120:
2104:
2099:
2087:
2077:
2066:. Retrieved
2062:the original
2052:
1970:Villacidaler
1935:Juan Pacheco
1776:Duke of Alba
1600:Duke of Alba
1570:Duke of Alba
1534:in northern
1517:
1506:. In 1983 a
1493:
1486:
1449:
1445:La Aldehuela
1438:
1410:
1386:
1371:
1349:
1327:
1315:
1313:
1305:
1271:
1267:
1253:
1225:
1205:Beeldenstorm
1194:
1185:
1168:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1101:
1063:
1027:Pope Paul IV
1024:
1009:
1005:Anthonis Mor
962:
946:
923:
915:
901:sent him to
896:
859:
848:
845:
826:
818:Grand Master
815:
811:
802:
798:Fuenterrabía
787:
760:
729:
693:
650:
621:
593:
589:
588:
568:
548:Dutch Revolt
546:
529:
524:
514:Italian Wars
512:
495:
482:Battles/wars
367:(1582-12-11)
325:Succeeded by
292:
275:Succeeded by
242:
223:Succeeded by
190:
171:Succeeded by
140:
120:Succeeded by
87:
52:Duke of Alba
32:
28:
21:Spanish name
5691:1582 deaths
5686:1507 births
5534:Philippines
5499:El Salvador
5119:Capo d'Orso
5003:St. Quentin
4978:Rome (1527)
4637:Strategists
4387:Guadalajara
4314:New Navarre
4309:New Castile
4294:La Luisiana
4246:Puerto Rico
4236:Philippines
4193:New Granada
3883:Philippines
3844:(Uruguay),
3840:(Bolivia),
3790:New Granada
3730:Puerto Rico
3676: [
3546:Territories
3366:Encomiendas
3255:(1955–2014)
3247:(1902–1953)
3239:(1882–1901)
3231:(1847–1881)
3223:(1802–1835)
3204:(1776–1802)
3196:(1755–1776)
3177:(1739–1755)
3171:(1711–1739)
3165:(1701–1711)
3159:(1690–1701)
3153:(1667–1690)
3147:(1639–1667)
3141:(1583–1639)
3133:(1582–1583)
3125:(1531–1582)
3117:(1488–1531)
3109:(1470–1488)
2468:11 November
1433:Leone Leoni
1190:Catholicism
1183:papal brief
1179:Pope Pius V
1177:granted by
1171:Golden Rose
1129:Netherlands
1043:Bona Sforza
779:Juan Boscan
775:Renaissance
771:Benedictine
718:Early years
659:during the
634:Netherlands
620:and as the
313:Preceded by
263:Preceded by
211:Preceded by
161:Preceded by
108:Preceded by
5680:Categories
5204:Somosierra
5194:Manila Bay
5068:Nördlingen
5008:Gravelines
4488:Columnario
4460:Currencies
4377:Concepción
4349:Audiencias
4324:New Toledo
4289:La Florida
4122:Corregidor
4086:Papal bull
3991:Antarctica
3899:Micronesia
3356:Golden Age
3055:1510–1582
3026:1531–1582
2988:1581–1582
2957:1580–1582
2931:1567–1573
2900:1556–1558
2869:1555–1556
2718:15 October
2615:2023-01-10
2605:dbe.rah.es
2524:, pp. 7–9.
2522:vol. XXXII
2507:2020-11-11
2378:2017-11-02
2326:2023-03-13
2288:2023-03-13
2233:2013-11-17
2206:vol. XXIII
2129:. Madrid:
2068:2018-10-26
1320:Inquisitor
1197:Iconoclasm
1163:Willem Key
1106:Pieter Bor
1045:, dowager
985:river Elbe
969:Protestant
870:Valladolid
841:Winchester
833:Mary Tudor
732:Piedrahíta
606:Portuguese
455:Allegiance
418:Profession
355:Piedrahíta
5509:Nicaragua
5487:Guatemala
5397:Pichincha
5382:Chacabuco
5321:Pensacola
5266:Mataquito
5246:Cajamarca
5227:New World
5199:Trafalgar
5103:Alhucemas
4983:Landriano
4968:Comuneros
4954:Old World
4898:Joan Orpí
4618:Royalists
4392:Guatemala
4319:New Spain
4256:Venezuela
4231:Guatemala
4188:New Spain
4183:Columbian
4076:Exequatur
3976:Cape Juby
3830:Argentina
3653:New Spain
3587:Gibraltar
3351:Habsburgs
2947:New title
2636:, p. 361.
2425:Spanish:
2351:March 13,
2158:, vol. II
2113:vol. VIII
2091:Spanish:
1508:mausoleum
1328:Ebolistas
1264:Huguenots
1209:Calvinist
1070:New Spain
1031:Habsburgs
1022:in 1556.
953:Francis I
938:La Goleta
899:Charles V
763:Castilian
691:in 1556.
653:Castilian
622:Iron Duke
438:Signature
430:statesman
297:1555–1556
293:In office
247:1556–1558
243:In office
195:1567–1573
191:In office
165:New title
141:In office
92:1581–1582
88:In office
5519:Colombia
5504:Honduras
5417:Asomante
5402:Ayacucho
5392:Carabobo
5367:Curalaba
5144:Ceresole
5038:Gembloux
4998:Mühlberg
4713:Mariners
4571:Military
4493:Doubloon
4478:Maravedí
4422:Santiago
4329:Paraguay
4055:Germania
3895:Caroline
3850:Malvinas
3834:Paraguay
3794:Colombia
3736:Trinidad
3603:Sardinia
3443:Bourbons
3186:de Silva
2677:Cayetano
2673:Fernando
2653:Archived
2634:vol XXXV
2630:op. cit.
2609:Archived
2579:"Tercio"
2501:Archived
2462:Archived
2458:"Castro"
2372:Archived
2345:Archived
2320:Archived
2282:Archived
2227:Archived
2202:op. cit.
2109:vol. VII
2105:op. cit.
1542:Ancestry
1528:Aceh War
1360:Cardinal
1322:General
1316:Albistas
1213:Brussels
930:Cagliari
783:humanism
712:Portugal
636:, was a
618:Portugal
427:diplomat
398:Children
384:Portugal
33:Pimentel
19:In this
5651:Asiento
5622:Mustang
5482:Yucatán
5477:Chiapas
5357:Tucapel
5189:Passaro
5139:Algiers
5129:Preveza
5098:Tetouan
5093:Vitoria
5083:Bitonto
5023:Antwerp
5018:Lepanto
4973:Bicocca
4449:Economy
4372:Charcas
4367:Caracas
4261:Yucatán
4132:Regidor
4117:Alcalde
4045:Cabildo
3952:Tripoli
3891:Mariana
3838:Charcas
3814:(Peru,
3798:Ecuador
3761:Bonaire
3756:Curazao
3741:Jamaica
3669:Florida
2648:El País
1536:Sumatra
1284:Naarden
1280:Zutphen
1256:Utrecht
1221:Spanish
1125:English
1100:. From
977:Tercios
907:Ottoman
644:in the
638:Spanish
598:Spanish
424:Soldier
357:, Spain
302:Monarch
252:Monarch
200:Monarch
150:Monarch
97:Monarch
25:surname
5629:Castas
5387:Boyacá
5362:Guiana
5352:Iguape
5276:Recife
5214:Mactan
5209:Annual
5174:Rocroi
5169:Leiden
5154:Djerba
5088:Bailén
5043:Ostend
5028:Azores
4623:Legión
4588:Tercio
4581:Armies
4483:Escudo
4412:Panamá
4407:Mexico
4402:Manila
4357:Bogotá
4142:Vecino
4137:Syndic
3968:Béjaïa
3928:Africa
3914:Tidore
3802:Panama
3766:Belize
3673:Mexico
3599:Sicily
3595:Naples
3557:Europe
2832:
2818:
2801:
2786:
2769:
2748:
2685:bishop
2583:Tercio
2493:
2312:
2274:
2250:
2184:
2137:
1966:señora
1394:Lisbon
1238:, and
1173:, the
1165:(1568)
1072:. The
903:Vienna
752:Djerba
689:Naples
390:Spouse
372:Lisbon
5524:Chile
5492:Petén
5467:Aztec
5286:Bahia
5261:Penco
5251:Cusco
5179:Downs
5159:Tunis
5078:Ceuta
5063:Breda
5013:Malta
4993:Tunis
4988:Pavia
4502:Trade
4417:Quito
4382:Cusco
4221:Chile
3956:Tunis
3903:Palau
3820:Chile
3751:Aruba
3746:Haiti
3680:]
3609:Milan
3567:Spain
2550:, 50.
2044:Notes
1201:Dutch
1121:Latin
1016:Milan
882:Uceda
685:Milan
626:Dutch
614:Spain
612:) in
78:12th
5529:Inca
5472:Maya
5407:Guam
5340:Lost
5112:Lost
5033:Mons
4473:Real
4397:Lima
4284:Cuba
4226:Cuba
4198:Perú
3974:and
3972:Ifni
3964:Oran
3887:Guam
3816:Acre
3812:Peru
3722:Cuba
3601:and
2830:ISBN
2816:ISBN
2799:ISBN
2784:ISBN
2767:ISBN
2746:ISBN
2720:2008
2491:ISBN
2470:2020
2400:help
2353:2023
2310:ISBN
2272:ISBN
2248:ISBN
2182:ISBN
2135:ISBN
1937:, I
1816:III
1774:III
1532:Aceh
1415:and
1282:and
1246:and
1151:VSVS
1148:VITÆ
1145:REGI
616:and
472:Rank
362:Died
345:Born
131:1st
50:3rd
5234:Won
4961:Won
4069:Law
3966:,
3686:),
3667:),
2178:656
1968:de
1598:II
1199:" (
1143:et
1141:DEO
1104:by
868:in
27:is
5682::
3970:,
3962:,
3958:,
3954:,
3950:,
3946:,
3901:,
3897:,
3893:,
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3848:,
3836:,
3832:,
3818:,
3804:,
3800:,
3796:,
3728:,
3724:,
3678:es
3671:,
3597:,
3334:,
2790:.
2679:y
2675:,
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2385:{{
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3732:)
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2398:(
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