2686:
3484:
3837:
2746:
1718:
3609:
4010:
4328:
2616:
3424:
2797:
3717:
3006:
3544:
3960:
5359:
5198:
5173:
3894:
3773:
3061:
4122:
4731:
4717:
169:
4545:
4064:
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3322:
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4226:
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2491:, set many precedents that continue today and established the chancellorship as the clear focus of power in Germany. Under the provisions of the Basic Law giving him the power to set guidelines for all fields of policy, Adenauer arrogated nearly all major decisions to himself. He often treated his ministers as mere extensions of his authority rather than colleagues. While his successors have tended to be less domineering, the chancellor has acquired enough
8375:
8001:
183:
8358:
8324:
8103:
8464:
8447:
8428:
8171:
8018:
7947:
8341:
8086:
8069:
7967:
8222:
8035:
5397:
8154:
43:
8273:
8137:
3149:
4634:
1650:
8409:
8307:
160:
8120:
8205:
3661:
8392:
5110:
3336:(Article 69.1 Basic Law). The vice chancellor may deputise for the chancellor, if they are absent or unable to perform their duties. Although the chancellor is theoretically free to choose any cabinet minister, in coalition governments the leadership of the second biggest coalition party usually designates one of their ministers for the position, whom the chancellor appoints accordingly.
2000:, as were the ministers, on the chancellor's recommendation. The chancellor or any minister had to be dismissed if the Reichstag demanded it. As today, the chancellor had the prerogative to determine the guidelines of government. In reality this power was limited by the needs of coalition governments and the powers of the Reich President.
2417:) with broad powers to initiate government policy. For that reason, some observers refer to the German political system as a "chancellor democracy". Even though the office of chancellor is often considered the most powerful in the German political system and is seen as such within the German public, it is only the third
2525:(roughly translated as "guideline setting competence"). Any formal policy guidelines issued by the chancellor are legally binding directives that cabinet ministers must implement. Cabinet ministers are expected to introduce specific policies at the ministerial level that reflect the chancellor's broader guidelines.
2287:
Reichstag. According to the sense of the Weimar
Constitution, the president was thus to have the initiative. The task of putting together the Reich government was nevertheless the responsibility of the chancellor. The president could not appoint anyone as minister whom the chancellor had not proposed.
3238:
If this nominee is not elected, the right of nomination is transferred onto the
Bundestag: Candidates can now be nominated for election, whereby a nomination must be supported by at least a quarter of all MPs. The Bundestag can hold any number of ballots in this manner for two weeks. To be elected, a
2290:
The chancellor alone had to answer to the
Reichstag and the president for the policy guidelines, and he determined whether the conduct of business by the individual Reich ministries conformed to the guidelines. The government's decisions required a majority vote of the ministers, who sitting together
2338:
giving the chancellor full legislative powers for a period of four years – the chancellor could introduce any law without consulting parliament. The powers of the chancellor continued to grow until August 1934, when
Hindenburg died. Hitler used the Enabling Act to merge the office of chancellor with
3339:
If the chancellor's term in office ends or if they resign, the
Bundestag has to elect a new chancellor. The president of Germany may ask the former chancellor to act as chancellor until a new office holder is elected, but if they are unwilling or unable to do so, the president may also appoint the
2294:
In practice the Reich chancellor's power to determine political guidelines was limited by his own party as well as the other parties in the governing coalition. The Weimar chancellors were accordingly men whose strength lay in mediation rather than political initiative. Constitutionally, there was
2286:
said that the constitution had tacitly assumed that the president would have discussions with party leaders in the
Reichstag before he made ministerial appointments. Based on these talks, the president would get a sense of which potential chancellor would be able to build a stable majority in the
2183:
The term chancellor signalled the seemingly low priority of this institution compared to the governments of the German states, because the new chancellor of the federal empire should not be a full-fledged prime minister, in contrast to the heads of the states. The title of chancellor additionally
3229:
The process begins with the
President of Germany proposing a candidate to the Bundestag (A formality, as they are usually a candidate on which majority parties have agreed to beforehand), who is then voted upon without debate ("1st voting phase"). If the nominee reaches the necessary "chancellor
2202:
In 1871, the concept of the federal chancellor was transferred to the executive of the newly formed German Empire, which now also contained the South German states. Here too, the terms of "chancellor" and "federal agency" (as opposed to "ministry" or "government") suggested an (apparent) lower
2179:
Technically, the foreign ministers of the empire's states instructed their states' deputies to the
Bundesrat and therefore outranked the chancellor. For this reason, Prince Bismarck (as he was from 1871 onwards) continued to serve as both minister president and foreign minister of Prussia for
3247:
If the
Bundestag is unable to elect a chancellor in these fourteen days, a final ballot is held on the very next day. Once again, candidates must be nominated by at least a quarter of all MPs. Candidates receiving a "chancellor majority" in this ballot are elected. Otherwise, it is up to the
4770:
It is unclear whether and from when Erhard was formally a member of the CDU; however, he was a member of the CDU/CSU group in the German
Bundestag throughout his chancellorship and was chairman of the CDU from 23 March 1966 – 23 May 1967, which implies membership at least during this
2502:. The president formally appoints and dismisses cabinet ministers, on the recommendation of the chancellor; no parliamentary approval is needed. According to the Basic Law, the chancellor may set the number of cabinet ministers and dictate their specific duties. Chancellor
2050:(GDR, East Germany), which existed from 7 October 1949 to 3 October 1990 (when the territory of the former GDR was reunified with the Federal Republic of Germany), the position of chancellor did not exist. The equivalent position of head of government was called either
2295:
also the fact that the president had certain special rights. The actions of the president required the countersignature of the chancellor or the minister or ministers concerned, but the president always had to be informed about matters of foreign and defence policy.
2298:
The Reichstag could call for the dismissal of any member of the government, including the chancellor. Under Articles 54 and 59, the Reichstag could also impeach the chancellor as well as the ministers and the president before the State Court for the German Reich
2180:
virtually his entire tenure as chancellor of the empire, since he wanted to continue to exercise the power. Because Prussia controlled seventeen votes in the Bundesrat, Bismarck could effectively control the proceedings by making deals with the smaller states.
2528:
The "principle of ministerial autonomy" entrusts each minister with the freedom to supervise departmental operations and prepare legislative proposals without cabinet interference so long as the minister's policies are consistent with the chancellor's broader
4534:
of the chancellors in West-Berlin. Gerhard Schröder lived there between 1999 and 2001. Since 2004 it has however served as a private residence for the Presidents of Germany. Angela Merkel preferred to live with her husband in her private apartment downtown.
2274:
The constitution stipulated that the president appoint and dismiss the chancellor and ministers. The ministers were appointed by the president on the recommendation of the chancellor (Article 53), and members of the government required the confidence of the
3263:
As of 2023, all chancellors of the federal republic have been (re-)elected on proposal of the President and on the first ballot with the sole exception of Helmut Kohl, who was elected to his first term via a constructive vote of no confidence against
2291:
were known as the National Ministry (Article 58). The chancellor could therefore be outvoted, as could a department minister. The chancellor presided over the government, and he had to conduct business in accordance with given rules of procedure.
3294:) and was created to avoid the situation that existed in the Weimar Republic, when it was easier to gather a parliament majority willing to remove a government in office than to find a majority capable of supporting a new stable government.
2270:
The Weimar Constitution provided for a two-part executive consisting of a Reich president and a government made up of Reich ministers and a Reich chancellor (Article 52) who determined the guidelines of the government's policy (Article 56).
2364:
would dissolve and be replaced by the previous system of administration: that of the office of the President separate from that of Chancellor. On 30 April 1945, when Hitler committed suicide, he was briefly succeeded as Chancellor by
4613:
Holding the third-highest state office available within Germany, the chancellor of Germany receives €220,000 per annum and a €22,000 bonus, i.e. one and two thirds of Salary Grade B11 (according to § 11 (1) a of the Federal Law on
2203:
priority of the federal executive as compared to the governments of the federal states. For this reason, neither the chancellor nor the leaders of the imperial departments under his command used the title of Minister until 1918.
1980:
to require that the chancellor have the trust of parliament. Some two weeks later, Chancellor Max von Baden declared the abdication of the emperor and, although he lacked the constitutional authority, handed over his office to
3209:
is necessary whenever the office of Chancellor has fallen vacant. This is the case if a newly elected Bundestag meets for the first time, or during legislative periods, if the former chancellor died or resigned.
4732:
4718:
3221:("chancellor majority"). As with other elections performed by the Bundestag, the chancellor is elected via secret ballot. The election procedure laid down in the Basic Law can be divided into three phases:
7930:
7925:
7920:
7915:
7910:
5513:
4526:
built by Ludwig Erhard in the park of Palais Schaumburg, while his predecessor Konrad Adenauer used to live in his private house near Bonn. Under Adenauer, the government had also acquired a villa in
7636:
7306:
1976:
Although effective government was possible only in cooperation with the Reichstag, the results of the elections had at most an indirect influence on the chancellorship. Only in October 1918 was the
8455:
3352:
he requested, to be not asked to remain in office in an acting capacity and instead to appoint the vice chancellor as acting chancellor. President Heinemann followed the request. Vice Chancellor
965:
960:
955:
2036:, while strongly diminishing the role of the president. Germany is today often referred to as a "chancellor democracy", reflecting the role of the chancellor as the country's chief executive.
2468:
The chancellor's authority emanates from the provisions of the Basic Law and in practice from their status as leader of the party (or coalition of parties) holding a majority of seats in the
3309:, literally "question of trust"), either combined with a legislative proposal or as a standalone vote. If such a vote fails, the chancellor may ask the president for the dissolution of the
1961:) were civil servants subordinate to the chancellor and similar to ministers. Besides his executive duties, the constitution gave the chancellor only one function: presiding over the
7052:
1951:
The role of the chancellor has varied during the different eras. From 1867 to 1918, the chancellor was the only responsible minister at the federal level. He was appointed by the
7880:
7825:
7451:
7875:
7830:
6133:
3359:
Scheel not taken into account, three persons, Ludwig Erhard, Willy Brandt, and Olaf Scholz, have held both the office of Vice Chancellor and that of Chancellor of Germany.
2191:
In both of these aspects, the executive of the federation, and then empire, as it was formed in 1867 and 1871, was deliberately different from the Imperial Ministry of the
3230:
majority", the President of Germany will appoint him or her and, after that, the President of the Bundestag will administer the oath of office before the assembled house.
1482:
4482:
3530:
3367:
2326:. On taking office, Hitler immediately began accumulating power and changing the nature of the chancellorship. After only two months in office, and following the
1492:
678:
423:. The chancellor is the chief executive of the Federal Cabinet and heads the executive branch. The chancellor is elected by the Bundestag on the proposal of the
2401:
2226:. Ebert continued to serve as head of government during the three months between the end of the German Empire in November 1918 and the first gathering of the
8518:
7045:
5520:
4794:
4853:
2510:
presided over 17 ministers at the start of his fourth term in 1994; the 2002 cabinet, the second of Chancellor Gerhard Schröder, had 13 ministers, and the
1477:
1437:
749:
3483:
2685:
2546:
2210:, when the parliament was given the right to dismiss the chancellor. However, the change could not prevent the outbreak of revolution a few days later.
5005:
4661:
4599:(female). In international correspondence, the chancellor is referred to as "His/Her Excellency the Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany" ("
2075:
1632:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1216:
1211:
3248:
President of Germany either to appoint the candidate with the plurality of votes as Chancellor or to dissolve the Bundestag and call new elections.
7038:
5151:
4845:
4671:
4666:
3290:
members agree on a successor, who is then immediately sworn in as new chancellor. This procedure is called "constructive motion of no confidence" (
1622:
5218:
2495:
authority (in addition to their constitutional powers) that Germany is often described by constitutional law experts as a "chancellor democracy".
6300:
6143:
5114:
2352:" indicating that the head of state and head of government were still separate positions, albeit held by the same person, although the title of "
2532:
The "cabinet principle" calls for disagreements between federal ministers over jurisdictional or budgetary matters to be settled by the cabinet.
2238:
6505:
4758:
4162:
2406:
2207:
2029:
1977:
1775:
1704:
504:
428:
17:
7546:
7511:
2397:
2255:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
4819:
7905:
7900:
7895:
7890:
7885:
7870:
7865:
7860:
7855:
7850:
7845:
7840:
7835:
7820:
7815:
7810:
7805:
7800:
7795:
2184:
symbolized a strong monarchist, bureaucratic, and ultimately antiparliamentary component, as in the Prussian tradition of, for instance,
1206:
1081:
806:
3260:, which allows the Bundestag to replace a sitting chancellor, if it elects a new chancellor with the "chancellor-majority" (see below).
7767:
3836:
3647:
1748:. The title was, at times, used in several states of German-speaking Europe. The modern office of chancellor was established with the
2101:
Under the constitution of 1 January 1871, the king had the additional title of Emperor. The constitution still called the chancellor
1086:
5329:
5289:
2745:
2393:
107:
6791:
6031:
2067:
2043:
have served as heads of government of Germany, West Germany, or Northern Germany, nearly all of them with the title of Chancellor.
1917:
79:
8508:
8503:
6972:
2357:
516:
5021:
7421:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
727:
60:
1717:
1677:
7556:
6265:
4754:
4428:
3514:
2646:
2559:
2433:
1607:
1571:
1196:
1176:
86:
8472:
8436:
8060:
7666:
7471:
7121:
6572:
5506:
5144:
2059:
1997:
1846:
1535:
921:
886:
4009:
3608:
2399:
2094:. The only person to hold the office was Otto von Bismarck, the minister president of Prussia. The king, as holder of the
6419:
6402:
6235:
2395:
2234:
2192:
1986:
1540:
770:
2440:) does not hold the chancellorship usually calls its leading candidate for the federal election "chancellor-candidate" (
6310:
6275:
6220:
4544:
3691:
3588:
3277:
3257:
2827:
2568:
2437:
1725:
1462:
1457:
1201:
589:
552:
439:
93:
2398:
2392:
8298:
7955:
7787:
7692:
7586:
7581:
6759:
6663:
6500:
5831:
5819:
5806:
5800:
5786:
5780:
5775:
5771:
5759:
5755:
5743:
5661:
5632:
5626:
5621:
5609:
5597:
5584:
5570:
5564:
5558:
5552:
2106:
1697:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1191:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
939:
934:
929:
857:
572:
126:
2021:, the dictatorial party leader and chancellor, took over the powers of the president. The new official title became
3470:
2521:
The "chancellor principle" makes the chancellor responsible for all government policies; this is also known as the
2396:
2071:
1905:
1616:
1467:
1171:
656:
2279:(Article 54). The provisions gave rise to the question of who in fact was responsible for forming the government.
1417:
75:
8513:
7697:
7141:
6625:
6225:
5942:
5137:
3454:
1889:
455:
2394:
2391:
1948:
of 1815–1866 did not have a government or parliament, only the Bundestag as representative organ of the states.
7760:
7713:
7336:
6608:
6424:
6108:
5489:
5379:
2374:
2040:
1566:
1487:
661:
577:
64:
31:
5358:
5197:
5172:
3356:
was appointed acting chancellor and served for nine days until the election of Helmut Schmidt on 16 May 1974.
1764:") in 1867. With the enlargement of this federal state to the German Empire in 1871, the title was renamed to
7651:
7321:
6902:
6678:
6540:
6444:
6343:
5228:
1970:
1925:
8264:
7576:
7536:
7436:
7362:
7256:
6922:
6650:
6520:
6024:
5981:
5955:
5928:
5915:
5903:
5891:
5879:
5874:
5868:
5855:
5843:
5717:
5704:
5698:
5692:
5686:
5673:
5649:
5644:
5638:
2142:, the upper chamber of the German parliament. He was neither elected by nor responsible to parliament (the
1874:
1690:
1594:
1550:
1525:
1506:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1186:
1181:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
901:
832:
792:
709:
3282:
Unlike in other parliamentary legislatures, the Bundestag cannot remove the chancellor with a traditional
7551:
7251:
6717:
6630:
6082:
4568:
4496:
2276:
1545:
1530:
1091:
881:
263:
5073:
Harlen, Christine M. 2002. "The Leadership Styles of the German Chancellors: From Schmidt to Schröder".
3423:
2615:
2517:
Article 65 of the Basic Law sets forth three principles that define how the executive branch functions:
2175:
the federal executive, first led by Otto von Bismarck, the Minister President of Prussia, as chancellor.
8383:
8366:
8332:
8009:
7682:
7631:
7626:
7601:
7571:
7456:
7367:
6640:
6552:
6530:
6449:
6434:
6250:
6230:
6072:
5968:
5243:
5168:
4327:
3333:
2426:
2418:
2314:
2219:
2185:
2087:
1937:
1812:
1749:
896:
797:
598:
361:
5087:
Mayntz, Renate. 1980. "Executive Leadership in Germany: Dispersion of Power or 'Kanzler Demokratie'?"
4104:
3313:; they are however not bound to do so, and the president in turn is not bound to follow this request.
3049:
8179:
8111:
8094:
8077:
8026:
7992:
7753:
7661:
7606:
7566:
7521:
7516:
7496:
7486:
7481:
7476:
7461:
7446:
7441:
7426:
7416:
7383:
7216:
6892:
6077:
4618:, BGBl. 1971 I p. 1166 and attachment IV to the Federal Law on Salaries of Officers –
2796:
2144:
2139:
1966:
1962:
947:
848:
839:
5091:, ed. R. Rose and E. N. Suleiman. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute. pp. 139–171.
4556:
4100:
3045:
8417:
8315:
8230:
8162:
7687:
7646:
7621:
7611:
7596:
7591:
7541:
7506:
7491:
6869:
6831:
6668:
6439:
4725:
4711:
3843:
3716:
2903:
2227:
1901:
1452:
722:
631:
208:
100:
757:
8400:
8281:
8213:
7641:
7561:
7531:
7246:
7206:
7106:
7005:
6879:
6859:
6836:
6816:
6776:
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6688:
6562:
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6295:
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4936:] (in German) (2nd ed.). Munich/Berlin: C.H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung. p. 210.
4182:
3524:
3464:
3302:
3283:
3205:
The chancellor is elected by the Bundestag and formally appointed by the president of Germany. A
3099:
2674:
2666:
1900:, headed by a vice chancellor under the nominal authority of the Mainz archbishop. Upon the 1620
1612:
1432:
548:
521:
219:
53:
5257:
3543:
3005:
1996:
of 1919, the chancellor was head of a collegial government. The chancellor was appointed by the
8247:
7226:
7221:
6806:
6781:
6744:
6603:
6535:
6364:
6255:
6245:
4094:
3815:
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3703:
3615:
3520:
2962:
2913:
2898:
2724:
2670:
2662:
1929:
891:
610:
451:
3213:
The chancellor's election is one of the few cases in which a vote in the Bundestag requires a
2480:, the chancellor has also been chairman of their own party. This was the case with Chancellor
8484:
8038:
7975:
7431:
7352:
7301:
7296:
7271:
7126:
7091:
6967:
6786:
6771:
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5294:
4422:
4260:
3966:
3959:
3893:
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3811:
3772:
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3582:
3137:
3129:
2967:
2917:
2909:
2842:
2734:
1842:
1627:
1598:
685:
5656:
5223:
2113:. Since the office remained the same, it was not necessary for Bismarck to be re-appointed.
8432:
8349:
7331:
7276:
7236:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7171:
7166:
7156:
7151:
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7111:
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6515:
6510:
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6390:
6338:
6240:
5592:
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4362:
4156:
3751:
3578:
3133:
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2752:
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2422:
2335:
1945:
1909:
1882:
1472:
973:
872:
823:
742:
737:
732:
700:
669:
540:
424:
297:
7030:
5396:
4128:
3094:
2166:), consisting of representatives of the federal states and presided over by the chancellor
1973:. Indirectly, this gave him the power of the Bundesrat, including to dissolve parliament.
8:
8187:
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8043:
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7326:
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7281:
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6796:
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6618:
6557:
6463:
6194:
6128:
5344:
5273:
5080:
Helms, Ludger. 2001. "The Changing Chancellorship: Resources and Constraints Revisited".
4750:
4602:
Seine/Ihre Exzellenz der Bundeskanzler/die Bundeskanzlerin der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
4121:
3942:
3934:
2990:
2982:
2356:" was quietly dropped. This separation was made more evident when, in April 1945, Hitler
2323:
2014:
1993:
1850:
1824:
1442:
1422:
478:
258:
8021:
6290:
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5458:
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7316:
7261:
7241:
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6991:
6846:
6811:
6698:
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6613:
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6189:
6158:
6067:
6044:
5238:
4746:
4046:
3938:
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3340:
vice chancellor as acting chancellor. This has happened once: On 7 May 1974 Chancellor
2994:
2986:
2978:
2499:
2461:
2380:
2331:
2283:
1941:
1869:. Already in medieval times, the German chancellor had political power like Archbishop
1866:
1794:
1427:
619:
412:
408:
247:
237:
212:
8327:
8242:
5898:
5129:
1953:
8072:
7987:
7311:
6952:
6927:
6874:
6821:
6635:
6407:
6199:
5976:
5950:
5814:
5309:
5208:
5183:
5016:
4504:
4232:
3697:
3104:
2785:
2196:
1913:
1878:
1829:
1753:
1737:
1447:
780:
272:
4843:
4284:
4175:
3109:
168:
8004:
7776:
7014:
6962:
6957:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6764:
6729:
6703:
6375:
6179:
6148:
6103:
6098:
5850:
5838:
5750:
4512:
4441:
3349:
3345:
3321:
2081:
1965:(Federal Council), the representative organ of the states (which together with the
1916:. From 1753 onwards, the office of an Austrian state chancellor was held by Prince
1854:
1820:
1745:
816:
420:
322:
287:
251:
8395:
5498:
4972:
German Constitutional History since 1789. Volume VI: The Weimar Reich Constitution
4915:
German Constitutional History since 1789. Volume VI: The Weimar Reich Constitution
4225:
3430:
2651:
1928:, merely existed on paper. After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, Prince
8468:
8412:
8123:
7616:
7286:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6854:
6280:
5738:
5546:
5410:
5374:
5339:
5268:
5253:
5233:
5213:
5025:
4653:
4527:
4070:
4063:
3039:
2622:
2488:
2464:(to the left of the flag) with the raised seat of the chancellor in the front row
2366:
2223:
2033:
1982:
1933:
1668:
1576:
351:
8225:
8174:
4968:
Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789. Band VI: Die Weimarer Reichsverfassung
4949:
Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789. Band VI: Die Weimarer Reichsverfassung
4911:
Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789. Band VI: Die Weimarer Reichsverfassung
4820:"Das Amt des Bundeskanzlers: Einzelfragen zur Vergütung und weiteren Leistungen"
2547:
List of chancellors of Germany § Federal Republic of Germany (1949–present)
8463:
8446:
8427:
8344:
8208:
8089:
8051:
7951:
7946:
7019:
6897:
6884:
6547:
6305:
5794:
5668:
5442:
4639:
4511:, now serves as a secondary official seat. The chancellor's country retreat is
4476:
4334:
3371:
3265:
3192:
3114:
2871:
2473:
2456:
2327:
2138:") served both as the emperor's first minister and as presiding officer of the
1862:
1834:
1804:
1741:
1654:
624:
447:
309:
4825:. Wissenschaftliche Dienste des Deutschen Bundestages. 30 July 2020. p. 3
2864:
2370:
1957:, (i.e. the Prussian king; since 1871 called Emperor). The state secretaries (
8497:
8451:
7970:
7067:
6260:
5910:
5712:
5680:
5604:
5578:
5466:
5418:
5193:
5018:
Gesetz über die Rechtsverhältnisse der Mitglieder der Bundesregierung – § 11.
4448:
4387:
3723:
3490:
3363:
3353:
3325:
3286:. Instead, the removal of a chancellor is only possible if a majority of the
3214:
3182:
3067:
2928:
2851:
2832:
2692:
2656:
2511:
2503:
2127:
1921:
1858:
606:
443:
8378:
8276:
8191:
8106:
6645:
6320:
6315:
6285:
6184:
6138:
5826:
5766:
5434:
5369:
5354:
5324:
5314:
5304:
5299:
5281:
4277:
4016:
3667:
3341:
2972:
2803:
2779:
2319:
2047:
2018:
1837:, a position he held until the end of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, while
1721:
4953:
German Constitutional History since 1789. Vol. VI: The Weimar Constitution
492:
8361:
8310:
8293:
8289:
8259:
8140:
6655:
6369:
6204:
6153:
5922:
5616:
5474:
5450:
5319:
4693:
4516:
4394:
3550:
3155:
3119:
2935:
2719:
2507:
2477:
1790:
585:
435:
190:
5006:
WILLY BRANDT QUITS POST IN WAKE OF SPY SCANDAL; ASKS SCHEEL TO TAKE OVER
4647:
2155:
the king of Prussia in his federal constitutional role as bearer of the
1663:
8255:
8055:
7730:
1. Partially or entirely in Asia, depending on geographical definition.
6864:
6485:
4895:
4522:
The private lodging of the chancellors at Bonn has previously been the
3217:, not just a majority of those assembled at the time, or the so-called
2348:
Although the offices were merged, Hitler continued to be addressed as "
2241:
2004:
1969:
was the Reich's lawmaking body). The chancellor was also nearly always
1816:
1799:
416:
226:
1912:
court chancellor in charge of the internal and foreign affairs of the
8238:
8196:
7526:
6475:
6123:
1920:. The imperial chancellery lost its importance, and from the days of
650:
302:
2341:
42:
8374:
8357:
8323:
8000:
7745:
6009:
5998:
Note: The candidate became chancellor in the marked election years.
3148:
2009:
1870:
1729:
182:
3348:, an espionage scandal. In his letter of resignation to President
1736:
The office of Chancellor has a long history, stemming back to the
8340:
8170:
8136:
8102:
8085:
8068:
8017:
7983:
7966:
6754:
6174:
6118:
6040:
5538:
5392:
4887:
3660:
2484:
from 1999 until he resigned the chairmanship of the SPD in 2004.
2256:
List of chancellors of Germany § Weimar Republic (1918–1933)
1897:
3256:
Another possibility to vote a new chancellor into office is the
2082:
Federal Chancellor of the North German Confederation (1867–1870)
386:
159:
8408:
8306:
8221:
8153:
8119:
8034:
5109:
2429:, a position similar to the speaker of the federal parliament.
2339:
that of the president to create a new office, "the leader" (or
1786:
267:
5054:
The Development of the German Chancellorship: Adenauer to Kohl
2506:
had the largest cabinet, with 22 ministers, in the mid-1960s.
2390:
2007:
came to power on 30 January 1933, the Weimar Constitution was
8391:
8272:
8204:
6134:
Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples
6113:
5094:
Smith, Gordon. 1991. "The Resources of a German Chancellor".
4800:. Bundesministerium des Innern – Protokoll Inland. p. 40
4955:] (in German). Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer. pp. 324 f.
3332:
The chancellor must appoint one of the cabinet ministers as
3239:
candidate still needs a "chancellor majority" of yes-votes.
2381:
Federal Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany (1949–
7181:
7060:
4508:
2230:
in February 1919, but did not use the title of chancellor.
1985:, who the next day became co-chairman of the revolutionary
371:
276:
5122:
4844:
Parliamentary Council of the Federal Republic of Germany.
4530:
in 1962, a suburban district of southwestern Berlin, as a
3377:
2322:
was appointed chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933 by
5730:
4974:] (in German). Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer. p. 326.
4458:
4410:
4404:
4350:
4344:
4300:
4294:
4248:
4242:
4198:
4192:
4144:
4138:
4086:
4080:
4032:
4026:
3982:
3976:
3918:
3912:
3859:
3853:
3799:
3793:
3739:
3733:
3683:
3677:
3631:
3625:
3596:
The office was vacant from 28 October to 8 November 1966.
3566:
3560:
3506:
3500:
3446:
3440:
3165:
3083:
3077:
3028:
3022:
2951:
2945:
2887:
2881:
2819:
2813:
2768:
2762:
2708:
2702:
2638:
2632:
2377:
as head of government with the title "Leading Minister".
2373:. When Goebbels also committed suicide, Dönitz appointed
2148:). Instead, the chancellor was appointed by the emperor.
4917:] (in German). Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer. p. 47.
2233:
During that time, Ebert also served as chairman of the "
2195:, which had been led by a prime minister elected by the
2032:
gave the chancellor much greater powers than during the
5159:
4495:
Since 2001, the official seat of the chancellor is the
3881:
The office was vacant from 1 October to 4 October 1982.
2854:
served as acting Chancellor from 7 May to 16 May 1974.
2208:
constitution of Germany was altered on 29 October 1918
5061:
The Velvet Chancellors: A History of Post-War Germany
4881:
4879:
4877:
4875:
4873:
4871:
2536:
405:
federal chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany
144:
Federal Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany
7733:
2. Recognised by at least one United Nations member.
4629:
3368:
Minister for Economic Affairs and Climate Protection
2448:) consists of the chancellor and cabinet ministers.
5528:
4503:). The former seat of the Federal Chancellery, the
2213:
1892:
established the agency of an imperial chancellery (
1881:(Chancellor 1156–1162 and 1166–1167) under Emperor
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4868:
2576:
2090:, which was created on 1 July 1867, had the title
2498:The chancellor determines the composition of the
2116:
1785:Due to his administrative tasks, the head of the
8495:
7736:3. Not recognised by any United Nations members.
4672:Religious affiliations of chancellors of Germany
4667:List of chancellors of Germany by time in office
8475:) (partially attending, non-member, non-voting)
4846:"Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany"
2305:), the Weimar Republic's constitutional court.
2066:, which was the second powerful position under
2060:Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the GDR
1811:). The chapel's college acted as the Emperor's
442:, who was elected in December 2021, succeeding
3297:In order to garner legislative support in the
2247:
446:. He was elected after the SPD entered into a
7761:
7046:
6025:
5514:
5145:
4886:
2369:and as President of Germany by Grand Admiral
1698:
8519:Lists of political office-holders in Germany
5219:Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst
4600:
4594:
4588:
3879:
3594:
3251:
2848:
2472:(federal parliament). With the exception of
2300:
2261:
2237:", until 29 December 1918 together with the
2025:(meaning "Leader and Imperial Chancellor").
151:Bundeskanzler der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
149:
6144:Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)
4993:Meyers Taschenlexikon Geschichte vol.2 1982
2308:
7768:
7754:
7053:
7039:
6032:
6018:
5521:
5507:
5152:
5138:
4587:The correct style of address in German is
3362:The current vice chancellor of Germany is
2086:The head of the federal government of the
1873:(archchancellor 975–1011, regent for King
1705:
1691:
209:Executive branch of the Federal Government
181:
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
5285:(as Ministerpräsident, later Chancellor)
3328:, the current Vice Chancellor of Germany
3320:
3200:
2455:
2302:Staatsgerichtshof für das Deutsche Reich
2222:handed over his office of chancellor to
2013:set aside. After the death of President
1716:
974:Federal Republic of Germany (since 1949)
461:
7061:Heads of state and government of Europe
4483:Economic Affairs and Climate Protection
3378:List of vice chancellors (1949–present)
2586:
2514:cabinet as of 22 November 2005 had 15.
2360:that upon his death, the office of the
2064:(Vorsitzender des Ministerrats der DDR)
471:This article is part of a series on the
14:
8496:
4795:"Ratgeber für Anschriften und Anreden"
4789:
4787:
3400:
3233:
2266:) was continued in the Weimar Republic
2159:, since 1871 with the title of emperor
427:and without debate (Article 63 of the
30:For a list of all office-holders, see
7749:
7034:
6013:
5502:
5133:
4965:
4946:
4927:
4908:
4724:
4710:
4490:
3384:
3242:
3224:
2121:
7775:
6039:
4856:from the original on 28 January 2021
3301:, the chancellor can also ask for a
195:since 8 December 2021
65:adding citations to reliable sources
36:
5161:Chancellors of Germany (since 1867)
4784:
4582:
2421:, following the head of state (the
2413:), invests the chancellor (German,
2151:The federal level had four organs:
24:
8458:) (present non-member, non-voting)
5034:
4934:History of the Weimar Constitution
4930:Geschichte der Weimarer Verfassung
3471:Marshall Plan/Economic Cooperation
3316:
3278:Constructive vote of no confidence
3258:constructive vote of no confidence
2405:The 1949 German constitution, the
1932:served as state chancellor of the
491:
25:
8530:
7637:Sovereign Military Order of Malta
7307:Sovereign Military Order of Malta
5102:
5089:In presidents and Prime Ministers
3344:resigned as a consequence of the
8462:
8445:
8426:
8407:
8390:
8373:
8356:
8339:
8322:
8305:
8288:
8271:
8254:
8237:
8220:
8203:
8186:
8169:
8152:
8135:
8118:
8101:
8084:
8067:
8050:
8033:
8016:
7999:
7982:
7965:
7945:
5395:
5357:
5256:
5196:
5171:
5108:
4757:according to Article 65a of the
4696:) der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
4646:
4632:
4567:
4555:
4543:
4440:
4386:
4326:
4276:
4224:
4174:
4120:
4062:
4008:
3958:
3892:
3835:
3771:
3715:
3659:
3607:
3542:
3482:
3422:
3147:
3059:
3004:
2927:
2863:
2795:
2744:
2684:
2614:
2235:Council of the People's Deputies
2214:Revolutionary period (1918–1919)
2072:Socialist Unity Party of Germany
1987:Council of the People's Deputies
1662:
1648:
167:
158:
41:
6236:German revolutions of 1848–1849
6205:Ostsiedlung (East Colonisation)
5530:Chancellor Candidate of Germany
5010:
4996:
4987:
4978:
4959:
4764:
4550:The Federal Chancellery, Berlin
3215:majority of all elected members
2218:On 9 November 1918, Chancellor
52:needs additional citations for
8509:1949 establishments in Germany
8504:1867 establishments in Germany
6221:Early modern period, 1500–1800
6109:List of early Germanic peoples
5115:Federal Chancellors of Germany
4940:
4921:
4902:
4837:
4812:
4739:
4684:
3292:konstruktives Misstrauensvotum
2193:revolutionary years of 1848–49
2117:Chancellor of the German Reich
2105:. This was changed in the new
1776:Germany's constitution of 1949
1567:Politics of the European Union
32:List of chancellors of Germany
13:
1:
6344:History of Germany since 1990
5229:Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg
4778:
4726:[ˈbʊndəsˌkant͡sləʁɪn]
4497:Federal Chancellery in Berlin
3271:
2107:constitution of 16 April 1871
1971:minister president of Prussia
1936:(1821–1848), likewise Prince
407:, is the head of the federal
27:Head of government of Germany
18:Federal Chancellor of Germany
5402:Bundeskanzler (1949–present)
5052:Padgett, Stephen, ed. 1994.
4966:Huber, Ernst Rudolf (1981).
4947:Huber, Ernst Rudolf (1981).
4909:Huber, Ernst Rudolf (1981).
4469:2 years, 288 days
4415:3 years, 269 days
4305:2 years, 215 days
4037:5 years, 279 days
3923:9 years, 230 days
3804:8 years, 123 days
3744:4 years, 207 days
3688:2 years, 325 days
3511:5 years, 362 days
3176:2 years, 288 days
3088:16 years, 16 days
2956:16 years, 26 days
2892:8 years, 138 days
2824:4 years, 197 days
2773:2 years, 325 days
2643:14 years, 31 days
2334:, the parliament passed the
2098:, appointed him on 14 July.
1944:chancellor (1810–1822). The
1740:, when the office of German
1518:Foreign relations by country
710:Federal Constitutional Court
517:Federal Constitutional Court
434:The current officeholder is
7:
8473:President of the Parliament
8437:President of the Commission
5067:
5063:. London: Frederick Muller.
4755:Federal Minister of Defence
4625:
4614:Ministers –
4355:4 years, 87 days
4253:1 year, 201 days
4203:1 year, 340 days
4149:1 year, 364 days
4091:7 years, 26 days
3571:3 years, 10 days
3451:8 years, 30 days
3033:7 years, 26 days
2713:3 years, 46 days
2444:). The federal government (
2248:Weimar Republic (1919–1933)
2239:Independent Social Democrat
1865:of the empire electing the
922:Weimar Republic (1919–1933)
10:
8535:
6251:North German Confederation
6231:Confederation of the Rhine
5380:Count Schwerin von Krosigk
5262:Reichskanzler (1919–1933)
5244:Prince Maximilian of Baden
5169:North German Confederation
5045:Klein, Herbert, ed. 1993.
4712:[ˈbʊndəsˌkant͡slɐ]
4662:Leadership of East Germany
3275:
2544:
2537:List of chancellors (1949–
2427:President of the Bundestag
2375:Count Schwerin von Krosigk
2315:Government of Nazi Germany
2312:
2282:Constitutional law expert
2260:The office of chancellor (
2253:
2088:North German Confederation
2048:German Democratic Republic
1938:Karl August von Hardenberg
1750:North German Confederation
599:Vice Chancellor of Germany
173:Standard of the chancellor
29:
8482:
7941:
7783:
7726:
7706:
7675:
7407:
7396:
7376:
7345:
7077:
7066:
6985:
6845:
6725:
6716:
6599:
6590:
6471:
6462:
6398:
6389:
6352:
6331:
6213:
6167:
6091:
6060:
6051:
5992:
5966:
5940:
5728:
5536:
5487:
5391:
5363:Reichskanzler (1933–1945)
5353:
5252:
5202:Reichskanzler (1871–1918)
5192:
5177:Bundeskanzler (1867–1871)
5167:
4928:Apelt, Willibalt (1964).
4608:
4574:Schloss Meseberg, Gransee
4163:Labour and Social Affairs
3403:
3397:
3394:
3387:
3252:Other election mechanisms
2597:
2594:
2589:
2579:
2460:The cabinet bench in the
1908:created the office of an
840:Collective municipality (
381:
367:
357:
347:
329:
318:
308:
293:
283:
257:
243:
233:
224:Mr. Chancellor (informal)
218:
207:
178:
166:
157:
148:
143:
6403:Administrative divisions
5478:(SPD, 2021–present)
5059:Prittie, Terence, 1979.
5039:
4677:
4622:, BGBl. 2002 I p. 3020)
2350:Führer und Reichskanzler
2309:Nazi Germany (1933–1945)
2228:Weimar National Assembly
2023:Führer und Reichskanzler
1902:Battle of White Mountain
1403:State and local politics
948:East Germany (1949–1960)
7512:Holy See (Vatican City)
7182:Holy See (Vatican City)
5887:Frank-Walter Steinmeier
5077:30 (2 (June)): 347–371.
5024:4 November 2021 at the
4562:Palais Schaumburg, Bonn
4472:Alliance 90/The Greens
4183:Frank-Walter Steinmeier
3875:Intra-German Relations
3284:motion of no confidence
3100:Frank-Walter Steinmeier
2451:
2432:Whichever major party (
2169:the parliament, called
2076:Leaders of East Germany
1559:International Relations
549:Frank-Walter Steinmeier
319:Constituting instrument
76:"Chancellor of Germany"
8514:Chancellors of Germany
7452:Bosnia and Herzegovina
7122:Bosnia and Herzegovina
6664:Science and technology
6365:History of Brandenburg
6256:Unification of Germany
6246:Frankfurt Constitution
5277:(as Ministerpräsident)
5096:West European Politics
5047:The German Chancellors
5028:gesetze-im-internet.de
4984:Basic Law, Article 63.
4691:
4620:Bundesbesoldungsgesetz
4601:
4595:
4589:
4507:in the former capital
4095:Alliance 90/The Greens
3900:Hans-Dietrich Genscher
3780:Hans-Dietrich Genscher
3616:Hans-Christoph Seebohm
3589:Intra-German Relations
3329:
2963:Hans-Dietrich Genscher
2899:Hans-Dietrich Genscher
2725:Hans-Christoph Seebohm
2487:The first chancellor,
2465:
2301:
2262:
1930:Klemens von Metternich
1808:
1733:
1463:North Rhine-Westphalia
1458:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
1073:Parliamentary election
914:Presidential elections
496:
452:Alliance 90/The Greens
335:; 75 years ago
333:15 September 1949
150:
8485:European Union Portal
6301:Flight and expulsions
5470:(CDU, 2005–2021)
5462:(SPD, 1998–2005)
5454:(CDU, 1982–1998)
5446:(SPD, 1974–1982)
5438:(SPD, 1969–1974)
5430:(CDU, 1966–1969)
5422:(CDU, 1963–1966)
5414:(CDU, 1949–1963)
5383:(as Leading Minister)
5295:Constantin Fehrenbach
4698:; often shortened to
4524:Chancellor's bungalow
3366:, who also serves as
3324:
3207:chancellor's election
3201:Chancellor's election
2545:Further information:
2459:
2162:the federal council (
1843:archbishop of Cologne
1720:
1617:Agrarian Conservatism
687:Gemeinsamer Ausschuss
680:Vermittlungsausschuss
573:Chancellor of Germany
495:
462:History of the office
409:government of Germany
401:chancellor of Germany
325:(German Constitution)
301:upon election by the
7881:2013 (July–December)
7826:2004 (January–April)
7792:Parties represented
7676:Partially recognised
7346:Partially recognised
6973:World Heritage Sites
6651:German states by GDP
6241:German Confederation
5593:Kurt Georg Kiesinger
5427:Kurt Georg Kiesinger
5117:at Wikimedia Commons
4616:Bundesministergesetz
4596:Frau Bundeskanzlerin
3303:motion of confidence
2753:Kurt Georg Kiesinger
2523:Richtlinienkompetenz
2423:President of Germany
1978:constitution changed
1946:German Confederation
1883:Frederick Barbarossa
1789:at the chapel of an
1746:archbishops of Mainz
1744:was usually held by
1589:Political ideologies
1468:Rhineland-Palatinate
902:Federal Convention (
541:President of Germany
61:improve this article
8456:High Representative
7876:2013 (January–June)
7831:2004 (May–December)
7707:Unrecognised states
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6609:Automobile industry
6195:Carolingian dynasty
6129:History of the Huns
5490:List of chancellors
5345:Kurt von Schleicher
5274:Philipp Scheidemann
5075:Politics and Policy
4889:Weimar constitution
4751:German Armed Forces
3234:Second voting phase
2595:Vice Chancellor(s)
2324:Paul von Hindenburg
2136:Imperial Chancellor
2055:(Ministerpräsident)
2046:In the now-defunct
2015:Paul von Hindenburg
1994:Weimar Constitution
1875:Otto III of Germany
1851:archbishop of Trier
1825:archbishop of Mainz
1819:. From the days of
1772:Imperial Chancellor
1669:Politics portal
448:coalition agreement
429:German Constitution
417:German Armed Forces
264:Federal Chancellery
213:Federal Chancellery
7612:Russian Federation
7282:Russian Federation
6679:Telecommunications
6360:History of Prussia
6276:Revolution of 1918
6271:War guilt question
6190:Carolingian Empire
6159:Sack of Rome (410)
6068:History of Germany
5657:Franz Josef Strauß
5239:Georg von Hertling
5224:Bernhard von Bülow
5049:. Berlin: Edition.
4747:commander in chief
4745:In peacetime, the
4590:Herr Bundeskanzler
4491:Official residence
3854:September 17, 1982
3800:September 17, 1982
3441:September 20, 1949
3330:
3243:Third voting phase
3225:First voting phase
2633:September 15, 1949
2466:
2462:Reichstag building
2332:Reichstag building
2284:Ernst Rudolf Huber
2122:Empire (1871–1918)
2052:Minister President
1879:Rainald von Dassel
1867:King of the Romans
1859:prince-archbishops
1845:was chancellor of
1815:issuing deeds and
1795:Carolingian Empire
1762:Federal Chancellor
1734:
1655:Germany portal
1488:Schleswig-Holstein
1333:European elections
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2068:General Secretary
2030:1949 constitution
1992:According to the
1914:Habsburg monarchy
1888:In 1559, Emperor
1754:Otto von Bismarck
1738:Holy Roman Empire
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1983:Friedrich Ebert
1959:Staatssekretäre
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7180:
7178:
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7173:
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7165:
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7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7084:
7082:
7080:and observers
7076:
7073:
7071:
7065:
7056:
7051:
7049:
7044:
7042:
7037:
7036:
7033:
7021:
7018:
7016:
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7007:
7003:
7000:
6996:
6993:
6989:
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6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6852:
6850:
6848:
6844:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6832:Social issues
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6760:Ethnic groups
6758:
6757:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
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6702:
6700:
6697:
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6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
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6672:
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6665:
6662:
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6658:
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6637:
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6607:
6605:
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6598:
6595:
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6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
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6492:
6488:
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6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
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6470:
6467:
6465:
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6451:
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6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6405:
6404:
6401:
6400:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6388:
6377:
6374:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6357:
6355:
6351:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6339:Reunification
6337:
6336:
6334:
6330:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6313:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6261:German Empire
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6218:
6216:
6212:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
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6193:
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6183:
6181:
6178:
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6173:
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6166:
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6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6096:
6094:
6090:
6084:
6081:
6079:
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6063:
6059:
6056:
6050:
6046:
6042:
6035:
6030:
6028:
6023:
6021:
6016:
6015:
6012:
5999:
5995:
5994:
5991:
5983:
5978:
5975:
5974:
5972:
5970:
5965:
5957:
5952:
5949:
5948:
5946:
5944:
5939:
5931:
5930:
5924:
5921:
5917:
5912:
5911:Martin Schulz
5909:
5905:
5900:
5897:
5893:
5888:
5885:
5881:
5877:
5876:
5871:
5870:
5864:
5861:
5857:
5852:
5849:
5845:
5840:
5837:
5833:
5828:
5825:
5821:
5816:
5813:
5809:
5808:
5803:
5802:
5796:
5793:
5789:
5788:
5783:
5782:
5777:
5773:
5768:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5752:
5749:
5745:
5740:
5737:
5736:
5734:
5732:
5727:
5719:
5714:
5713:Armin Laschet
5711:
5707:
5706:
5701:
5700:
5695:
5694:
5689:
5688:
5682:
5681:Angela Merkel
5679:
5675:
5670:
5667:
5663:
5658:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5646:
5641:
5640:
5635:
5634:
5629:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5615:
5611:
5606:
5605:Rainer Barzel
5603:
5599:
5594:
5591:
5587:
5586:
5580:
5579:Ludwig Erhard
5577:
5573:
5572:
5567:
5566:
5561:
5560:
5555:
5554:
5548:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5540:
5535:
5531:
5524:
5519:
5517:
5512:
5510:
5505:
5504:
5501:
5491:
5486:
5476:
5473:
5468:
5467:Angela Merkel
5465:
5460:
5457:
5452:
5449:
5444:
5441:
5436:
5433:
5428:
5425:
5420:
5419:Ludwig Erhard
5417:
5412:
5409:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5367:
5365:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5283:
5280:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5206:
5204:
5199:
5195:
5194:German Empire
5191:
5185:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5155:
5150:
5148:
5143:
5141:
5136:
5135:
5132:
5124:
5119:
5116:
5111:
5107:
5106:
5097:
5093:
5090:
5086:
5083:
5079:
5076:
5072:
5071:
5062:
5058:
5055:
5051:
5048:
5044:
5043:
5027:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5013:
5007:
5004:
4999:
4990:
4981:
4973:
4969:
4962:
4954:
4950:
4943:
4935:
4931:
4924:
4916:
4912:
4905:
4897:
4892:
4890:
4882:
4880:
4878:
4876:
4874:
4872:
4855:
4852:. Wikimedia.
4851:
4847:
4840:
4821:
4815:
4796:
4790:
4788:
4783:
4767:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4742:
4733:
4727:
4719:
4713:
4705:
4701:
4700:Bundeskanzler
4697:
4695:
4687:
4683:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4659:
4655:
4649:
4644:
4641:
4630:
4623:
4621:
4617:
4606:
4603:
4597:
4591:
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4533:
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4525:
4520:
4518:
4514:
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4506:
4502:
4498:
4484:
4481:
4478:
4474:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4457:
4451:
4450:
4449:Robert Habeck
4446:
4443:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4430:
4427:
4424:
4420:
4417:
4414:
4403:
4397:
4396:
4392:
4389:
4385:
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4380:
4379:
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4364:
4360:
4357:
4354:
4343:
4337:
4336:
4332:
4329:
4325:
4323:
4320:
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4315:
4310:
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4304:
4293:
4287:
4286:
4282:
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4270:
4269:
4265:
4262:
4258:
4255:
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4241:
4235:
4234:
4230:
4227:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4213:
4208:
4205:
4202:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4180:
4177:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4164:
4161:
4158:
4154:
4151:
4148:
4137:
4131:
4130:
4126:
4123:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4109:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4090:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4068:
4065:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4051:
4048:
4042:
4039:
4036:
4025:
4019:
4018:
4014:
4011:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3992:
3989:
3986:
3975:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3961:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3947:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3911:
3908:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3869:
3866:
3864:14 days
3863:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3841:
3838:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3824:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3792:
3789:
3782:
3781:
3777:
3774:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3746:
3743:
3732:
3726:
3725:
3724:Walter Scheel
3721:
3718:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3699:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3687:
3676:
3670:
3669:
3665:
3662:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3641:
3638:
3636:23 days
3635:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3610:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3597:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3573:
3570:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3548:
3545:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3510:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3491:Ludwig Erhard
3488:
3485:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3450:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3431:Franz Blücher
3428:
3425:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3391:(Birth–Death)
3383:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3364:Robert Habeck
3360:
3357:
3355:
3354:Walter Scheel
3351:
3347:
3343:
3337:
3335:
3327:
3326:Robert Habeck
3323:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3279:
3269:
3267:
3261:
3259:
3249:
3240:
3231:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3211:
3208:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3184:
3183:Robert Habeck
3181:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3068:Angela Merkel
3065:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2852:Walter Scheel
2847:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2833:Walter Scheel
2831:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2693:Ludwig Erhard
2690:
2687:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2657:Ludwig Erhard
2653:
2652:Franz Blücher
2650:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2583:(Birth–Death)
2575:
2572:
2570:
2561:
2553:
2548:
2540:
2531:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2512:Angela Merkel
2509:
2505:
2504:Ludwig Erhard
2501:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2463:
2458:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2415:Bundeskanzler
2412:
2408:
2384:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2354:Reichskanzler
2351:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2306:
2303:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2285:
2280:
2278:
2272:
2269:
2264:
2263:Reichskanzler
2257:
2252:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2220:Max von Baden
2211:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2187:
2181:
2174:
2172:
2171:der Reichstag
2168:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2132:Reichskanzler
2129:
2128:German Empire
2114:
2112:
2111:Reichskanzler
2108:
2104:
2103:Bundeskanzler
2099:
2097:
2093:
2092:Bundeskanzler
2089:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2042:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1922:Maria Theresa
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1782:was revived.
1781:
1780:Bundeskanzler
1777:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1767:Reichskanzler
1763:
1759:
1758:Bundeskanzler
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1708:
1703:
1701:
1696:
1694:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1659:
1656:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1503:
1502:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1483:Saxony-Anhalt
1481:
1479:
1476:
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1471:
1469:
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623:
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618:
617:
612:
608:
607:Robert Habeck
605:
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543:
542:
538:
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534:Head of State
531:
530:
523:
520:
518:
515:
514:
511:
506:Constitution
501:
500:
494:
490:
489:
486:
477:
476:
473:
468:
467:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
444:Angela Merkel
441:
437:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
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392:
387:bundeskanzler
384:
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117:February 2023
109:
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88:
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81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
8439:(non-voting)
8145:
7959:(non-voting)
7950:
7714:Transnistria
7501:
7384:Transnistria
7006:Bibliography
6880:Coat of arms
6860:Architecture
6837:Trade unions
6817:Prostitution
6777:Homelessness
6740:Demographics
6689:Trade unions
6656:
6646:German model
6619:Central bank
6563:Conservatism
6526:Human rights
6511:Court system
6506:Constitution
6486:
6332:Contemporary
6321:West Germany
6316:East Germany
6291:World War II
6286:Nazi Germany
6226:18th-century
6185:East Francia
6139:Cimbrian War
5997:
5927:
5873:
5867:
5827:Johannes Rau
5805:
5799:
5785:
5779:
5767:Willy Brandt
5703:
5697:
5691:
5685:
5643:
5637:
5631:
5625:
5583:
5569:
5563:
5557:
5551:
5529:
5435:Willy Brandt
5401:
5370:Adolf Hitler
5355:Nazi Germany
5325:Wilhelm Marx
5315:Wilhelm Marx
5305:Wilhelm Cuno
5300:Joseph Wirth
5282:Gustav Bauer
5160:
5095:
5088:
5081:
5074:
5060:
5053:
5046:
5017:
5012:
5002:
4998:
4989:
4980:
4971:
4967:
4961:
4952:
4948:
4942:
4933:
4929:
4923:
4914:
4910:
4904:
4894:– via
4888:
4858:. Retrieved
4849:
4839:
4827:. Retrieved
4814:
4802:. Retrieved
4766:
4741:
4703:
4699:
4686:
4619:
4615:
4612:
4586:
4532:pied-a-terre
4531:
4523:
4521:
4500:
4494:
4464:
4447:
4435:
4393:
4381:
4333:
4321:
4295:May 16, 2011
4283:
4271:
4249:May 16, 2011
4231:
4219:
4181:
4169:
4127:
4115:
4069:
4057:
4017:Klaus Kinkel
4015:
4003:
3977:May 18, 1992
3965:
3953:
3919:May 18, 1992
3906:
3899:
3887:
3880:
3842:
3830:
3794:May 17, 1974
3787:
3778:
3766:
3740:May 16, 1974
3722:
3710:
3668:Willy Brandt
3666:
3654:
3614:
3602:
3595:
3549:
3537:
3521:Adenauer III
3489:
3477:
3429:
3417:
3361:
3358:
3342:Willy Brandt
3338:
3331:
3310:
3306:
3298:
3296:
3291:
3287:
3281:
3262:
3255:
3246:
3237:
3228:
3218:
3212:
3206:
3204:
3186:
3171:
3154:
3122:(2018–2021)
3066:
3042:(1998–2005)
3011:
2975:(1993–1998)
2973:Klaus Kinkel
2934:
2882:May 16, 1974
2870:
2849:
2835:(1969–1974)
2804:Willy Brandt
2802:
2782:(1966–1969)
2780:Willy Brandt
2751:
2691:
2659:(1957–1963)
2621:
2551:
2550:
2538:
2522:
2516:
2497:
2492:
2486:
2469:
2467:
2445:
2441:
2431:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2382:
2361:
2353:
2349:
2347:
2340:
2336:Enabling Act
2320:Adolf Hitler
2318:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2281:
2273:
2267:
2259:
2251:
2232:
2217:
2205:
2201:
2190:
2182:
2178:
2170:
2163:
2156:
2150:
2143:
2135:
2131:
2125:
2110:
2102:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2045:
2039:Since 1867,
2038:
2027:
2022:
2019:Adolf Hitler
2008:
2002:
1991:
1975:
1958:
1952:
1950:
1906:Ferdinand II
1893:
1887:
1877:991–994) or
1838:
1828:
1817:capitularies
1809:cancellarius
1798:
1784:
1779:
1771:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1735:
1722:Willy Brandt
1613:Conservatism
1558:
1517:
1453:Lower Saxony
1408:
1387:
1332:
1322:
1072:
1062:
913:
903:
850:
841:
825:
817:
799:
782:
779:
772:Subdivisions
758:Other courts
750:Joint Senate
686:
679:
668:
649:
597:
571:
539:
522:Human rights
481:Politics of
469:
433:
404:
400:
398:
376:(as of 2020)
348:First holder
229:(diplomatic)
138:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
8413:Kristersson
8073:Frederiksen
7652:Switzerland
7582:Netherlands
7322:Switzerland
7252:Netherlands
6807:Pornography
6782:Immigration
6745:Drug policy
6657:Mittelstand
6604:Agriculture
6568:Nationalism
6541:Transgender
6425:Earthquakes
6372:, 1583-1588
6370:Cologne War
6266:World War I
6168:Middle Ages
6154:Gothic Wars
5923:Olaf Scholz
5617:Helmut Kohl
5475:Olaf Scholz
5451:Helmut Kohl
5320:Hans Luther
4860:24 November
4517:Brandenburg
4395:Olaf Scholz
4375:(2017–2018)
4370:(2013–2017)
4238:(1961–2016)
4105:Schröder II
4022:(1936–2019)
3972:(1945–2003)
3904:(1927–2016)
3871:Schmidt III
3849:(1913–1995)
3844:Egon Franke
3820:Schmidt III
3785:(1927–2016)
3729:(1919–2016)
3673:(1913–1992)
3621:(1903–1967)
3556:(1916–1998)
3551:Erich Mende
3525:Adenauer IV
3496:(1897–1977)
3465:Adenauer II
3436:(1896–1959)
3156:Olaf Scholz
3120:Olaf Scholz
3117:(2013–2018)
3112:(2011–2013)
3107:(2009–2011)
3102:(2007–2009)
3097:(2005–2007)
2970:(1992–1993)
2965:(1982–1992)
2941:(1930–2017)
2936:Helmut Kohl
2904:Egon Franke
2901:(1974–1982)
2877:(1918–2015)
2820:May 7, 1974
2809:(1913–1992)
2758:(1904–1988)
2722:(1963–1966)
2720:Erich Mende
2698:(1897–1977)
2654:(1949–1957)
2628:(1876–1967)
2529:guidelines.
2508:Helmut Kohl
2478:Olaf Scholz
2411:Grundgesetz
2371:Karl Dönitz
1890:Ferdinand I
1797:was called
1793:during the
1752:, of which
1728:meeting in
1433:Brandenburg
1192:1932 (July)
892:Referendums
807:composition
644:Legislature
586:Olaf Scholz
508:(Basic Law)
436:Olaf Scholz
310:Term length
270:(main seat)
191:Olaf Scholz
8498:Categories
8328:Montenegro
8158:Mitsotakis
7617:San Marino
7577:Montenegro
7557:Luxembourg
7537:Kazakhstan
7437:Azerbaijan
7400:government
7287:San Marino
7247:Montenegro
7227:Luxembourg
7207:Kazakhstan
7107:Azerbaijan
6968:Television
6953:Philosophy
6928:Literature
6787:Irreligion
6772:Healthcare
6735:Corruption
6501:Chancellor
6490:(military)
6487:Bundeswehr
4896:Wikisource
4850:Wikisource
4829:19 January
4779:References
4708:pronounced
4593:(male) or
4363:Merkel III
4101:Schröder I
3816:Schmidt II
3461:Adenauer I
3404:Portfolio
3272:Confidence
2493:ex officio
2425:) and the
2254:See also:
2242:Hugo Haase
2186:Hardenberg
1904:, Emperor
1861:were also
1830:ex officio
1800:chancellor
1770:(meaning "
1760:(meaning "
1628:Liberalism
1599:Federalism
1207:1933 (Nov)
1202:1933 (Mar)
1197:1932 (Nov)
1177:1924 (Dec)
1172:1924 (May)
1087:1867 (Aug)
1082:1867 (Feb)
897:Coalitions
824:District (
411:, and the
340:1949-09-15
199:2021-12-08
87:newspapers
8022:Plenković
7956:President
7552:Lithuania
7222:Lithuania
6923:Libraries
6903:Festivals
6750:Education
6694:Transport
6659:companies
6578:President
6516:Elections
6481:Bundesrat
6476:Bundestag
6445:Mountains
6413:Districts
6391:Geography
6124:Visigoths
6061:Overviews
4465:Incumbent
4454:(b. 1969)
4423:Merkel IV
4400:(b. 1958)
4340:(b. 1959)
4312:Merkel II
4290:(b. 1973)
4261:Merkel II
4188:(b. 1956)
4134:(b. 1940)
4076:(b. 1948)
3812:Schmidt I
3756:Brandt II
3698:Kiesinger
3648:Transport
3643:Erhard II
3583:Erhard II
3385:Portrait
3311:Bundestag
3299:Bundestag
3288:Bundestag
3187:Incumbent
3172:Incumbent
3161:(b. 1958)
3073:(b. 1954)
3018:(b. 1944)
2598:Cabinets
2590:Political
2577:Portrait
2470:Bundestag
2407:Basic Law
2277:Reichstag
2164:Bundesrat
2145:Reichstag
2140:Bundesrat
2017:in 1934,
2003:When the
1967:Reichstag
1963:Bundesrat
1940:acted as
1926:Joseph II
1774:"). With
1623:Far-right
1608:Communism
1493:Thuringia
874:Elections
702:Judiciary
670:Bundesrat
651:Bundestag
566:Executive
330:Formation
303:Bundestag
298:President
294:Appointer
288:Bundestag
284:Nominator
244:Member of
188:Incumbent
8345:Iohannis
8005:Glavchev
7971:Nehammer
7683:Abkhazia
7632:Slovenia
7627:Slovakia
7602:Portugal
7457:Bulgaria
7398:Heads of
7353:Abkhazia
7302:Slovenia
7297:Slovakia
7272:Portugal
7127:Bulgaria
7070:of state
7015:Category
6933:Internet
6918:Language
6908:Folklore
6827:Religion
6802:Pensions
6797:Naturism
6674:Taxation
6558:Lobbying
6531:Intersex
6464:Politics
6073:Timeline
6052:General
6045:articles
5068:Articles
5022:Archived
4854:Archived
4690:German:
4626:See also
4210:Merkel I
4157:Merkel I
3939:Kohl III
3907:2nd term
3788:1st term
3752:Brandt I
3579:Erhard I
3401:Cabinet
2436:/CSU or
2010:de facto
1942:Prussian
1910:Austrian
1871:Willigis
1855:Burgundy
1849:and the
1813:chancery
1730:Dortmund
1577:Passport
1473:Saarland
851:Gemeinde
723:Ordinary
454:and the
8469:Metsola
8452:Borrell
8396:Sánchez
8260:Frieden
8243:Nausėda
7988:De Croo
7662:Ukraine
7607:Romania
7567:Moldova
7527:Ireland
7522:Iceland
7517:Hungary
7502:Germany
7497:Georgia
7487:Finland
7482:Estonia
7477:Denmark
7462:Croatia
7447:Belgium
7442:Belarus
7432:Austria
7427:Armenia
7422:Andorra
7417:Albania
7332:Ukraine
7277:Romania
7237:Moldova
7197:Ireland
7192:Iceland
7187:Hungary
7172:Germany
7167:Georgia
7157:Finland
7152:Estonia
7147:Denmark
7132:Croatia
7117:Belgium
7112:Belarus
7102:Austria
7097:Armenia
7092:Andorra
7087:Albania
6992:Outline
6898:Fashion
6885:Cuisine
6847:Culture
6812:Poverty
6755:Germans
6718:Society
6699:Welfare
6684:Tourism
6641:Exports
6614:Banking
6592:Economy
6496:Cabinet
6435:Islands
6430:Geology
6353:Regions
6119:Teutons
6092:Ancient
6054:History
6041:Germany
5539:CDU/CSU
4771:period.
4753:is the
4749:of the
4429:Finance
4044:Kohl IV
3994:Kohl IV
3943:Kohl IV
3935:Kohl II
3370:in the
2906:(1982)
2727:(1966)
2539:present
2383:present
2330:of the
2328:burning
2126:In the
2070:of the
1918:Kaunitz
1839:de jure
1833:German
1787:clerics
1756:became
1443:Hamburg
1423:Bavaria
800:Landtag
781:State (
662:members
620:Cabinet
484:Germany
438:of the
421:wartime
419:during
415:of the
382:Website
338: (
197: (
101:scholar
8294:Schoof
8226:Siliņa
8209:Meloni
8192:Harris
8141:Scholz
8124:Macron
8090:Michal
7688:Kosovo
7657:Turkey
7647:Sweden
7622:Serbia
7597:Poland
7592:Norway
7572:Monaco
7542:Latvia
7507:Greece
7492:France
7467:Cyprus
7358:Kosovo
7327:Turkey
7317:Sweden
7292:Serbia
7267:Poland
7262:Norway
7242:Monaco
7212:Latvia
7177:Greece
7162:France
7137:Cyprus
7020:Portal
6875:Cinema
6855:Anthem
6822:Racism
6636:Energy
6450:Rivers
6408:States
6378:, 1848
6214:Modern
6043:
5969:Greens
4891:
4804:23 May
4609:Salary
4528:Dahlem
4477:Scholz
4047:Kohl V
3931:Kohl I
2592:party
2567:
2565:
2558:
2556:
2362:Führer
2342:Führer
2130:, the
1823:, the
1803:(from
1732:, 1983
1551:Russia
1526:France
1478:Saxony
1438:Bremen
1428:Berlin
743:Social
738:Labour
733:Fiscal
625:Scholz
391:/bk-en
368:Salary
358:Deputy
268:Berlin
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
8379:Golob
8277:Abela
8175:Orbán
8056:Fiala
7642:Spain
7562:Malta
7532:Italy
7312:Spain
7232:Malta
7202:Italy
7068:Heads
6999:Index
6963:Sport
6948:Names
6943:Music
6938:Media
6893:Dance
6765:Women
6730:Crime
6704:Women
6440:Lakes
6114:Goths
5040:Books
4970:[
4951:[
4932:[
4913:[
4823:(PDF)
4798:(PDF)
4678:Notes
3409:Term
2603:Term
2074:(See
2005:Nazis
1847:Italy
1805:Latin
1546:China
1531:Italy
1448:Hesse
826:Kreis
611:Grüne
450:with
220:Style
108:JSTOR
94:books
8362:Fico
8311:Tusk
8107:Orpo
7931:2023
7926:2022
7921:2021
7916:2020
7911:2019
7906:2018
7901:2017
7896:2016
7891:2015
7886:2014
7871:2012
7866:2011
7861:2010
7856:2009
7851:2008
7846:2007
7841:2006
7836:2005
7821:2003
7816:2002
7811:2001
7806:2000
7801:1999
7796:1998
6913:Flag
6870:Arts
6536:LGBT
5982:2021
5967:For
5956:2002
5941:For
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