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the height at which different species build their nests. Since females are the prime caregivers, evolution has helped select females to display duller colors down so that they may blend into the nesting environment. The position of the nest and whether it has a greater chance of being under predation has exerted constraints on female birds' plumage. A species of bird that nests on the ground, rather than the canopy of the trees, will need to have much duller colors in order not to attract attention to the nest. The height study found that birds that nest in the canopies of trees often have many more predator attacks due to the brighter color of feathers that the female displays. Another influence of evolution that could play a part in why feathers of birds are so colorful and display so many patterns could be due to that birds developed their bright colors from the vegetation and flowers that thrive around them. Birds develop their bright colors from living around certain colors. Most bird species often blend into their environment, due to some degree of camouflage, so if the species habitat is full of colors and patterns, the species would eventually evolve to blend in to avoid being eaten. Birds' feathers show a large range of colors, even exceeding the variety of many plants, leaf, and flower colors.
2485:. These pycnofibres likely provided both insulation and may have helped streamline the body and wings during flight. The identity of these branching structures as pycnofibres or feathers was challenged by Unwin & Martill (2020), who interpreted them as bunched-up and degraded aktinofibrils–stiffening fibres found in the wing membrane of pterosaurs–and attributed the melanosomes and keratin to skin rather than filaments. These claims were refuted by Yang and colleagues, who argue that Unwin and Martill's interpretations are inconsistent with the specimen's preservation. Namely, they argue that the consistent structure, regular spacing, and extension of the filaments beyond the wing membrane support their identification as pycnofibres. Further, they argue that the restriction of melanosomes and keratin to the fibres, as occurs in fossil dinosaur feathers, supports the case they are filaments and is not consistent with contamination from preserved skin. Protofeathers likely evolved in early archosaurs, not long after the P-T extinction event during the time metabolic rates of early archosaurs and synapsids were increasing, postures becoming erect, and sustained activity.
394:
778:
815:, depending on the stage of growth, are formed through the same follicles from which the old ones were fledged. The presence of melanin in feathers increases their resistance to abrasion. One study notes that melanin based feathers were observed to degrade more quickly under bacterial action, even compared to unpigmented feathers from the same species, than those unpigmented or with carotenoid pigments. However, another study the same year compared the action of bacteria on pigmentations of two song sparrow species and observed that the darker pigmented feathers were more resistant; the authors cited other research also published in 2004 that stated increased melanin provided greater resistance. They observed that the greater resistance of the darker birds confirmed
1141:. Theories of the scale-based origins of feathers suggest that the planar scale structure was modified for development into feathers by splitting to form the webbing; however, that developmental process involves a tubular structure arising from a follicle and the tube splitting longitudinally to form the webbing. The number of feathers per unit area of skin is higher in smaller birds than in larger birds, and this trend points to their important role in thermal insulation, since smaller birds lose more heat due to the relatively larger surface area in proportion to their body weight. The miniaturization of birds also played a role in the evolution of powered flight. The coloration of feathers is believed to have evolved primarily in response to
40:
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887:
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270:
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901:
190:
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540:. Powder down has evolved independently in several taxa and can be found in down as well as in pennaceous feathers. They may be scattered in plumage as in the pigeons and parrots or in localized patches on the breast, belly, or flanks, as in herons and frogmouths. Herons use their bill to break the powder down feathers and to spread them, while cockatoos may use their head as a powder puff to apply the powder. Waterproofing can be lost by exposure to
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552:
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2449:. Mike Benton, the study's senior author, lent credence to the former theory, stating "We couldn't find any anatomical evidence that the four pycnofiber types are in any way different from the feathers of birds and dinosaurs. Therefore, because they are the same, they must share an evolutionary origin, and that was about 250 million years ago, long before the origin of birds." But the integumentary structures of the
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518:
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603:
762:
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fossil feathers was shown to be an artefact of the fossilization process, as beta-protein structures are readily altered to alpha-helices during thermal degradation. In 2019, scientists found that genes for the production of feathers evolved at the base of archosauria, supporting that feathers were present at early ornithodirans and is consistent with the fossil record.
800:, also called the preen gland. The yellow bill colors of many hornbills are produced by such secretions. It has been suggested that there are other color differences that may be visible only in the ultraviolet region, but studies have failed to find evidence. The oil secretion from the uropygial gland may also have an inhibitory effect on feather bacteria.
626:). Filoplumes and down may arise from the apterylae. The arrangement of these feather tracts, pterylosis or pterylography, varies across bird families and has been used in the past as a means for determining the evolutionary relationships of bird families. Species that incubate their own eggs often lose their feathers on a region of their belly, forming a
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proves the existence of a modernly feathered theropod ancestor, providing insight into the dinosaur-bird transition. The specimen shows distribution of large pennaceous feathers on the forelimbs and tail, implying that pennaceous feathers spread to the rest of the body at an earlier stage in theropod
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The poultry industry produces a large amount of feathers as waste, which, like other forms of keratin, are slow to decompose. Feather waste has been used in a number of industrial applications as a medium for culturing microbes, biodegradable polymers, and production of enzymes. Feather proteins have
803:
The reds, orange and yellow colors of many feathers are caused by various carotenoids. Carotenoid-based pigments might be honest signals of fitness because they are derived from special diets and hence might be difficult to obtain, and/or because carotenoids are required for immune function and hence
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specimens is still based gross morphology as
Liliana D'Alba pointed out. The pycnofibres of the two anurognathid specimens might not be homologous with the filamentous appendages on dinosaurs. Paul M. Barrett suspects that during the integumentary evolution of pterosaurs, pterosaurs primitively lost
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However, Foth (2011) showed that some of these purported stages (stages 2 and 5 in particular) are likely simply artifacts of preservation caused by the way fossil feathers are crushed and the feather remains or imprints are preserved. Foth re-interpreted stage 2 feathers as crushed or misidentified
1435:
lived during the Early
Cretaceous Period. Present on the forelimbs and tails, their integumentary structure has been accepted as pennaceous vaned feathers based on the rachis and herringbone pattern of the barbs. In the clade Deinonychosauria, the continued divergence of feathers is also apparent in
475:
Flight feathers are stiffened so as to work against the air in the downstroke but yield in other directions. It has been observed that the orientation pattern of β-keratin fibers in the feathers of flying birds differs from that in flightless birds: the fibers are better aligned along the shaft axis
1256:
were not made of the feather β-keratins present in extant birds. However, a study of fossil feathers from the dinosaur
Sinosauropteryx and other fossils revealed traces of beta-sheet proteins, using infrared spectroscopy and sulfur-X-ray spectroscopy. The presence of abundant alpha-proteins in some
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was found to have black-and-white-patterned feathers on the forelimbs and hindlimbs, with a reddish-brown crest. This pattern is similar to the coloration of many extant bird species, which use plumage coloration for display and communication, including sexual selection and camouflage. It is likely
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Although sexual selection plays a major role in the development of feathers, in particular, the color of the feathers it is not the only conclusion available. New studies are suggesting that the unique feathers of birds are also a large influence on many important aspects of avian behavior, such as
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The following simplified diagram of dinosaur relationships follows these results, and shows the likely distribution of plumaceous (downy) and pennaceous (vaned) feathers among dinosaurs and prehistoric birds. The diagram follows one presented by Xu and Guo (2009) modified with the findings of Foth
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Several studies of feather development in the embryos of modern birds, coupled with the distribution of feather types among various prehistoric bird precursors, have allowed scientists to attempt a reconstruction of the sequence in which feathers first evolved and developed into the types found on
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are all developmental expressions of the same primitive archosaur skin structures; suggesting that feathers and pycnofibers could be homologous. Molecular dating methods in 2011 show that the subfamily of feather β-keratins found in extant birds started to diverge 143 million years ago, suggesting
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The functional view on the evolution of feathers has traditionally focused on insulation, flight and display. Discoveries of non-flying Late
Cretaceous feathered dinosaurs in China, however, suggest that flight could not have been the original primary function as the feathers simply would not have
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evolution. The development of pennaceous feathers did not replace earlier filamentous feathers. Filamentous feathers are preserved alongside modern-looking flight feathers – including some with modifications found in the feathers of extant diving birds – in 80 million year old amber from
Alberta.
773:
are produced by constructive interference of light reflecting from different layers of structures in feathers. In the case of green plumage, in addition to yellow, the specific feather structure involved is called by some the Dyck texture. Melanin is often involved in the absorption of light; in
428:, is hairlike and are closely associated with pennaceous feathers and are often entirely hidden by them, with one or two filoplumes attached and sprouting from near the same point of the skin as each pennaceous feather, at least on a bird's head, neck and trunk. Filoplumes are entirely absent in
2440:
indicated that pterosaurs were covered in an array of differently-structured pycnofibres (rather than just filamentous ones), with several of these structures displaying diagnostic features of feathers, such as non-veined grouped filaments and bilaterally branched filaments, both of which were
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was almost entirely covered in an extensive coat of pycnofibres, which appear to have come in two types. The first are simple, curved filaments that range in length from 3.5–12.8 mm long. These filaments cover most of the animal, including the head, neck, body, limbs and tail. The second type
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that non-avian dinosaur species utilized plumage patterns for similar functions as modern birds before the origin of flight. In many cases, the physiological condition of the birds (especially males) is indicated by the quality of their feathers, and this is used (by the females) in
1511:. The study also suggested that if the feather-like structures of theropods and ornithischians are of common evolutionary origin then it would be possible that feathers were restricted to Ornithoscelida. If so, then the origin of feathers would have likely occurred as early as the
1411:
on the ulna of some birds, they consider it more likely that these are attachments for interosseous ligaments. This was refuted by Cuesta
Fidalgo and her colleagues, they pointed out that these bumps on the ulna are posterolateral which is unlike that of interosseous ligaments.
593:
are peculiar in their habit of ingesting their own feathers and feeding them to their young. Observations on their diet of fish and the frequency of feather eating suggest that ingesting feathers, particularly down from their flanks, aids in forming easily ejectable pellets.
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was reported as having structures resembling stage-3 feathers. The likelihood of scales evolving on early dinosaur ancestors are high. However, this was by assuming that primitive pterosaurs were scaly. A 2016 study analyzes the pulp morphology of the tail bristles of
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are argued to support a thermoregulatory function, at least in smaller dinosaurs. Some researchers even argue that thermoregulation arose from bristles on the face that were used as tactile sensors. While feathers have been suggested as having evolved from reptilian
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have been found to determine feather development. They will be key to understand the evolution of feathers. For instance, some genes convert scales into feathers or feather-like structures when expressed or induced in bird feet, such as the scale-feather converters
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of many bird species and are particularly important in the selection of mating pairs. In some cases, there are differences in the UV reflectivity of feathers across sexes even though no differences in color are noted in the visible range. The wing feathers of male
452:
for cross-attachment. Down feathers are fluffy because they lack barbicels, so the barbules float free of each other, allowing the down to trap air and provide excellent thermal insulation. At the base of the feather, the rachis expands to form the hollow tubular
497:
for birds in their habitats, and serve as camouflage for predators looking for a meal. As with fish, the top and bottom colors may be different, in order to provide camouflage during flight. Striking differences in feather patterns and colors are part of the
484:
Feathers insulate birds from water and cold temperatures. They may also be plucked to line the nest and provide insulation to the eggs and young. The individual feathers in the wings and tail play important roles in controlling flight. Some species have a
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specimens, older individuals were found to have a pennibrachium (a wing-like structure consisting of elongate feathers), while younger ones did not. This suggests that the pennibrachium was a secondary sex characteristic and likely had a sexual function.
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Feather products manufacturing in Europe has declined in the last 60 years, mainly due to competition from Asia. Feathers have adorned hats at many prestigious events such as weddings and Ladies Day at racecourses (Royal Ascot).
1305:. Another theory posits that the original adaptive advantage of early feathers was their pigmentation or iridescence, contributing to sexual preference in mate selection. Dinosaurs that had feathers or protofeathers include
85:
Although feathers cover most of the bird's body, they arise only from certain well-defined tracts on the skin. They aid in flight, thermal insulation, and waterproofing. In addition, coloration helps in communication and
1235:
scales. This type of keratin, previously thought to be specific to feathers, is suppressed during embryological development of the alligator and so is not present in the scales of mature alligators. The presence of this
160:
has endangered some species and helped to contribute to the extinction of others. Today, feathers used in fashion and in military headdresses and clothes are obtained as a waste product of poultry farming, including
1128:
been capable of providing any form of lift. There have been suggestions that feathers may have had their original function in thermoregulation, waterproofing, or even as sinks for metabolic wastes such as sulphur.
937:
Some groups of Native people in Alaska have used ptarmigan feathers as temper (non-plastic additives) in pottery manufacture since the first millennium BC in order to promote thermal shock resistance and strength.
5780:
Zelenitsky, D. K.; Therrien, F.; Erickson, G. M.; DeBuhr, C. L.; Kobayashi, Y.; Eberth, D. A.; Hadfield, F. (26 October 2012). "Feathered Non-Avian
Dinosaurs from North America Provide Insight into Wing Origins".
226:
origin; related to Dutch "veer" and German "Feder", from an Indo-European root shared by
Sanskrit's "patra" meaning 'wing', Latin's "penna" meaning 'feather', and Greek's "pteron", "pterux" meaning 'wing'.
749:
reflectance and in the enhancement of pigmentary colors. Structural iridescence has been reported in fossil feathers dating back 40 million years. White feathers lack pigment and scatter light diffusely;
469:. The basal part of the calamus is without vanes. This part is embedded within the skin follicle and has an opening at the base (proximal umbilicus) and a small opening on the side (distal umbilicus).
7602:"Feathers and Fur Fly Over Pterosaur Fossil Finding – An analysis of two fossils would push back the origins of feathers by about 70 million years, but more specimens may be needed for confirmation"
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of feathers on their heads. Although feathers are light, a bird's plumage weighs two or three times more than its skeleton, since many bones are hollow and contain air sacs. Color patterns serve as
581:. Although there is as yet no clear evidence, it has been suggested that rictal bristles have sensory functions and may help insectivorous birds to capture prey. In one study, willow flycatchers (
6164:
Dimond, C. C.; R. J. Cabin; J. S. Brooks (2011). "Feathers, Dinosaurs, and
Behavioral Cues: Defining the Visual Display Hypothesis for the Adaptive Function of Feathers in Non-Avian Theropods".
5357:
Dimond, C. C.; R. J. Cabin; J. S. Brooks (2011). "Feathers, Dinosaurs, and
Behavioral Cues: Defining the Visual Display Hypothesis for the Adaptive Function of Feathers in Non-Avian Theropods".
3741:
1231:, and it was long thought that each type of keratin was exclusive to each skin structure (feathers and scales). However, feather keratin is also present in the early stages of development of
930:
to aircraft. The ratios of hydrogen isotopes in feathers help in determining the geographic origins of birds. Feathers may also be useful in the non-destructive sampling of pollutants.
375:
that induce the growth of feathers on the skin are not known, but it has been found that the transcription factor cDermo-1 induces the growth of feathers on skin and scales on the leg.
7948:
7249:
Langer, Max C.; Ezcurra, MartĂn D.; Rauhut, Oliver W. M.; Benton, Michael J.; Knoll, Fabien; McPhee, Blair W.; Novas, Fernando E.; Pol, Diego; Brusatte, Stephen L. (2 November 2017).
1399:
on the ulna suggesting it might have had quill-like structures on the ams. However, Foth et al. 2014 disagress with the publication where they point out that the bumps on the ulna of
1032:
noted in 1886 that feathers of as many as 40 species of birds were used in about three-fourths of the 700 ladies' hats that he observed in New York City. For instance, South American
858:
Parasitic cuckoos which grow up in the nests of other species also have host-specific feather lice and these seem to be transmitted only after the young cuckoos leave the host nest.
5840:
Wu, Ping; Yan, Jie; Lai, Yung-Chih; Ng, Chen Siang; Li, Ang; Jiang, Xueyuan; Elsey, Ruth M.; Widelitz, Randall; Bajpai, Ruchi; Li, Wen-Hsiung; Chuong, Cheng-Ming (1 February 2018).
2874:
2428:, which were generally considered distinct from the "true feathers" of birds and their dinosaur kin. However, a 2018 study of two small, well-preserved pterosaur fossils from the
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544:
due to human pollution. Feathers can then become waterlogged, causing the bird to sink. It is also very difficult to clean and rescue birds whose feathers have been fouled by
2469:
dinosaurs, around 2.5–8.0 mm long and only cover the wing membranes. Studies of sampled pycnofibres revealed the presence of microbodies within the filaments, resembling the
6493:
Those feathers won't stick: maximum likelihood modelling supports scales as primitive for Dinosauria (The 66th Symposium on Vertebrate Palaeontology and Comparative Anatomy)
2441:
originally thought to be exclusive to birds and other maniraptoran dinosaurs. Given these findings, it is possible that feathers have deep evolutionary origins in ancestral
839:. This life history has resulted in most of the parasite species being specific to the host and coevolving with the host, making them of interest in phylogenetic studies.
181:. These feathers are dyed and manipulated to enhance their appearance, as poultry feathers are naturally often dull in appearance compared to the feathers of wild birds.
1021:
wears one. Any member of the clan who does not meet the criteria is not authorized to wear feathers as part of traditional garb and doing so is considered presumptuous.
7175:
Yang, Zixiao; Jiang, Baoyu; McNamara, Maria E.; Kearns, Stuart L.; Pittman, Michael; Kaye, Thomas G.; Orr, Patrick J.; Xu, Xing; Benton, Michael J. (17 December 2018).
1167:(pigment cells) structure can be observed. By comparing the shape of the fossil melanosomes to melanosomes from extant birds, the color and pattern of the feathers on
5434:
7827:
Yang, Z.; Jiang, B.; McNamara, M. E.; Kearns, S. L.; Pittman, M.; Kaye, T. G.; Orr, P. J.; Xu, X.; Benton, M. J. (2020). "Reply to: No protofeathers on pterosaurs".
1515:, though this has been disagreed upon. The lack of feathers present in large sauropods and ankylosaurs could be that feathers were suppressed by genomic regulators.
7498:
Yang, Zixiao; Jiang, Baoyu; McNamara, Maria E.; Kearns, Stuart L.; Pittman, Michael; Kaye, Thomas G.; Orr, Patrick J.; Xu, Xing; Benton, Michael J. (January 2019).
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3892:
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of the wing, and rectrices, or flight feathers of the tail, are the most important feathers for flight. A typical vaned feather features a main shaft, called the
4964:
Casarin, Franciani; Brandelli, Florencia Cladera-Olivera Adriano; Brandelli, Adriano (2008). "Use of Poultry Byproduct for Production of Keratinolytic Enzymes".
1024:
During the 18th, 19th, and early 20th centuries, there was a booming international trade in plumes for extravagant women's hats and other headgear (including in
6374:
Godefroit, Pascal; Sinitsa, Sofia M.; Dhouailly, Danielle; Bolotsky, Yuri L.; Sizov, Alexander V.; McNamara, Maria E.; Benton, Michael J.; Spagna, Paul (2014).
6577:""Integumentary Status: It's Complicated': Phylogenetic, Sedimentary, and Biological Impediments to Resolving the Ancestral Integument of Mesozoic Dinosauria"
1569:(2011) The numbers accompanying each name refer to the presence of specific feather stages. Note that 's' indicates the known presence of scales on the body.
472:
Hatchling birds of some species have a special kind of natal down feathers (neossoptiles) which are pushed out when the normal feathers (teleoptiles) emerge.
7176:
3680:
7045:
4857:"Evaluation of the usefulness of bird feathers as a non-destructive biomonitoring tool for organic pollutants: A comparative and meta-analytical approach"
4765:"Bactericidal and fungicidal activity of ant chemicals on feather parasites: an evaluation of anting behavior as a method of self-medication in songbirds"
1451:
Previously, a temporal paradox existed in the evolution of feathers—theropods with highly derived bird-like characteristics occurred at a later time than
7067:
Xing, Lida; McKellar, Ryan C.; Wang, Min; Bai, Ming; O'Connor, Jingmai K.; Benton, Michael J.; Zhang, Jianping; Wang, Yan; Tseng, Kuowei (28 June 2016).
5613:
Li, Quanguo; Gao, Ke-Qin; Vinther, Jakob; Shawkey, Matthew; Clarke, Julia; D'Alba, Liliana; Meng, Qingjin; Briggs, Derek; Prum, Richard (12 March 2010).
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properties; then, small dinosaur species which grew longer feathers may have found them helpful in gliding, leading to the evolution of proto-birds like
835:) and feather mites. Feather lice typically live on a single host and can move only from parents to chicks, between mating birds, and, occasionally, by
148:, the ability to expand from a compressed, stored state to trap large amounts of compartmentalized, insulating air. Feathers of large birds (most often
5232:
1288:
had feathers on their limbs that would not have functioned for flight. One theory suggests that feathers originally evolved on dinosaurs due to their
424:
are vaned feathers. Also called contour feathers, pennaceous feathers arise from tracts and cover the entire body. A third rarer type of feather, the
6299:
Zheng, X. T.; H. L. You; X. Xu & Z. M. Dong (2009). "An Early Cretaceous heterodontosaurid dinosaur with filamentous integumentary structures".
5670:
Cincotta, A., Nicolaï, M., Campos, H.B.N. et al. Pterosaur melanosomes support signalling functions for early feathers. Nature 604, 684–688 (2022).
5302:
5274:
8469:
7711:
Zixiao Yang; Baoyu Jiang; Maria E. McNamara; Stuart L. Kearns; Michael Pittman; Thomas G. Kaye; Patrick J. Orr; Xing Xu; Michael J. Benton (2019).
7400:
Foth, C (2011). "On the identification of feather structures in stem-line representatives of birds: evidence from fossils and actuopalaeontology".
4804:
Bowen, Gabriel J; Wassenaar, Leonard I; Hobson, Keith A (2005). "Global application of stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes to wildlife forensics".
2702:
855:, and because of easy countability, many evolutionary, ecological, and behavioral publications use them to quantify the intensity of infestation.
3546:
4601:
Martin, T. E.; Badyaev, A. V. (1996). "Sexual dichromatic in birds; importance of nest predation and nest location for females versus males".
3575:
754:
is caused by defective pigment production, though structural coloration will not be affected (as can be seen, for example, in blue-and-white
6870:
Hu, D. Y.; L. H. Hou; L. J. Zhang; X. Xu (2009). "A pre-Archaeopteryx troodontid theropod from China with long feathers on the metatarsus".
995:, a federal law limiting the possession of eagle feathers to certified and enrolled members of federally recognized Native American tribes.
7893:
5688:
Saino, Nicola; Riccardo Stradi (1999). "Carotenoid Plasma Concentration, Immune Profile, and Plumage Ornamentation of Male Barn Swallows".
4114:
6576:
5578:
De Ricqles; A. J.; K. Padian; J. R. Horner; E. T. Lamm; N. Myhrvold (2003). "Osteohistology of confuciusornis sanctus (theropoda: Aves)".
5041:
Neusius, Sarah W. and G. Timothy Gross 2007 Seeking Our Past: An Introduction to North American Archaeology. Oxford University Press, NY.
2946:
Bonser, R.H.C.; Dawson, C. (1999). "The structural mechanical properties of down feathers and biomimicking natural insulation materials".
7250:
2744:
7961:
5457:
532:
feathers that grow continuously, with small particles regularly breaking off from the ends of the barbules. These particles produce a
393:
4581:
4532:
2717:
2677:
2603:
9631:
6355:
Xu, X.; Guo, Y. (2009). "The origin and early evolution of feathers: insights from recent paleontological and neontological data".
3008:
777:
8464:
5938:"Beta-keratin localization in developing alligator scales and feathers in relation to the development and evolution of feathers"
5899:"Beta-keratin localization in developing alligator scales and feathers in relation to the development and evolution of feathers"
7712:
6819:
Xu, X.; H. H. Zhou & R. O. Prum (2001). "Branched integumental structures in Sinornithosaurus and the origin of feathers".
101:
People use feathers in many ways that are practical, cultural, and religious. Feathers are both soft and excellent at trapping
7903:
972:
7124:
Baron, M.G.; Norman, D.B.; Barrett, P.M. (2017). "A new hypothesis of dinosaur relationships and early dinosaur evolution".
5248:
1431:, challenged the notion of feathers as a structure exclusive to Avialae. Buried in the Yixian Formation in Liaoning, China,
7971:
5426:
3821:
Hall, K.; Susanna S. (2005). "Do nine-primaried passerines have nine or ten primary feathers? The evolution of a concept".
2885:
4055:
6724:"Appendicular osteology of Concavenator corcovatus (Theropoda: Carcharodontosauridae) from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain"
3268:
Cameron, G.; Wess, T.; Bonser, R. (2003). "Young's modulus varies with differential orientation of keratin in feathers".
401:
they are white, and produced on the head and upper neck at the start of the breeding season, and shed soon after nesting.
4298:
7499:
3931:
1355:
section below) such as those seen in these two ornithischians likely functioned in display. In 2014, the ornithischian
1138:
873:, in which ants are introduced into the plumage, helps to reduce parasites, but no supporting evidence has been found.
1408:
1404:
548:. The feathers of cormorants soak up water and help to reduce buoyancy, thereby allowing the birds to swim submerged.
7019:
6518:
Mayr, Gerald; Pittman, Michael; Saitta, Evan; Kaye, Thomas G.; Vinther, Jakob (30 August 2016). Benson, Roger (ed.).
3252:
2918:
2858:
4912:
Poopathi, S.; Abidha, S. (2007). "Use of feather-based culture media for the production of mosquitocidal bacteria".
1461:
in the Late Jurassic Tiaojishan Formation (160 MYA) in western Liaoning in 2009 resolved this paradox. By predating
1351:. The exact nature of these structures is still under study. However, it is believed that the stage-1 feathers (see
5028:
7976:
3663:
8008:
2570:
1048:). Conservationists led a major campaign against the use of feathers in hats. This contributed to passage of the
78:
and an example of a complex evolutionary novelty. They are among the characteristics that distinguish the extant
5591:
5192:
4781:
4764:
6199:
Xu, Xing; Fucheng Zhang (2005). "A new maniraptoran dinosaur from China with long feathers on the metatarsus".
4223:
4206:
2500:
2445:, though there is also a possibility that these structures independently evolved to resemble bird feathers via
1366:
and finds they are similar to feathers but notes that they are also similar to the bristles on the head of the
4948:
4502:
3726:
2908:
4732:
Brooke, M. de L.; Hiroshi Nakamura (1998). "The acquisition of host-specific feather lice by common cuckoos (
3807:
1029:
1137:, there are numerous objections to that idea, and more recent explanations have arisen from the paradigm of
5733:"Animal visual systems and the evolution of color patterns: Sensory processing illumiates signal evolution"
5228:
1059:
accessory, with feathers formerly used as fishing lures now being used to provide color and style to hair.
432:. In some passerines, filoplumes arise exposed beyond the pennaceous feathers on the neck. The remiges, or
286:
5292:
3400:"A new helical crossed-fibre structure of b-keratin in flight feathers and its biomechanical implications"
9597:
8454:
7601:
5266:
1276:
610:
Contour feathers are not uniformly distributed on the skin of the bird except in some groups such as the
926:
Feathers are also valuable in aiding the identification of species in forensic studies, particularly in
8236:
7942:
Access to Eagles and Eagle Parts: Environmental Protection v. Native American Free Exercise of Religion
7324:
6091:
4963:
3032:"Studies on the Structure of Feather Keratin: II. A β-Helix Model for the Structure of Feather Keratin"
786:
8151:
8141:
7745:
7574:
7535:
7285:
7211:
6552:
6408:
5456:
Xu X.; Wang K.; Zhang K.; Ma Q.; Xing L.; Sullivan C.; Hu D.; Cheng S.; Wang S.; et al. (2012).
807:
A bird's feathers undergo wear and tear and are replaced periodically during the bird's life through
39:
5106:
feather extract for the better management of snakebites: Neutralization of inflammatory reactions".
3507:
476:
direction towards the tip, and the lateral walls of rachis region show structure of crossed fibers.
8477:
8459:
5053:"Traditional use of the Andean flicker (Colaptes rupicola) as a galactagogue in the Peruvian Andes"
3614:
2515:
536:
that sifts through the feathers on the bird's body and acts as a waterproofing agent and a feather
31:
17:
6032:
Slater, Tiffany S; Edwards, Nicholas P; Webb, Samuel M; Zhang, Fucheng; McNamara, Maria E (2023).
3631:
Ribak, G.; Weihs, D.; Arad, Z. (2005). "Water retention in the plumage of diving great cormorants
9617:
8482:
6497:
4182:
Dyck, J. (1971). "Structure and spectral reflectance of green and blue feathers of the Lovebird (
3194:
2505:
1159:
980:
537:
8156:
4157:
1457:—suggesting that the descendants of birds arose before the ancestor. However, the discovery of
1271:
9702:
9573:
8449:
8261:
8211:
6921:
Xu, X.; Q. Zhao; M. Norell; C. Sullivan; D. Hone; G. Erickson; X. L. Wang; et al. (2009).
4383:"Evolution of sexual dichromatism: contribution of carotenoid versus melanin-based colouration"
2986:
2850:
2843:
1444:. Branched feathers with rachis, barbs, and barbules were discovered in many members including
1103:
1072:
893:
870:
416:
There are two basic types of feather: vaned feathers which cover the exterior of the body, and
7914:
5731:
Endler, John A.; David A. Westcott; Joah R. Madden; Tim Robson & Patrick Phillips (2005).
3351:"Light like a feather: A fibrous natural composite with a shape changing from round to square"
8286:
6923:"A new feathered maniraptoran dinosaur fossil that fills a morphological gap in avian origin"
6723:
2982:
2756:
2696:
2474:
2473:
pigments identified in other fossil integuments, specifically phaeomelanosomes. Furthermore,
1386:
961:
era, integrates featherwork of pre-Hispanic origin with Christian iconography. 18th century,
957:
made from duck, hummingbird, and canary feathers. This style of painting, popular during the
738:
677:
614:, ratites and screamers. In most birds the feathers grow from specific tracts of skin called
410:
4240:"Optical properties of the uropygial gland secretion: no evidence for UV cosmetics in birds"
886:
587:) were found to catch insects equally well before and after removal of the rictal bristles.
8914:
7836:
7785:
7724:
7514:
7448:
7339:
7323:
Benton, Michael J.; Dhouailly, Danielle; Jiang, Baoyu; McNamara, Maria (1 September 2019).
7265:
7191:
7133:
7080:
6975:
6934:
6879:
6828:
6785:
6680:
6669:"New specimen of Archaeopteryx provides insights into the evolution of pennaceous feathers"
6617:
6531:
6387:
6308:
6208:
6106:
6090:
Benton, Michael J.; Dhouailly, Danielle; Jiang, Baoyu; McNamara, Maria (1 September 2019).
6045:
5983:
5790:
5629:
5504:
5472:
4921:
4868:
4813:
4431:
4251:
4113:
Vinther, Jakob; Briggs, Derek E. G.; Clarke, Julia; Mayr, Gerald; Prum, Richard O. (2009).
3411:
3312:
3100:
3043:
2794:
2732:
2653:
2446:
556:
294:
4689:"Are lice good proxies for host history? A comparative analysis of the Australian magpie,
4274:
3303:
Bonser, R.; Saker, L.; Jeronimidis, G. (2004). "Toughness anisotropy in feather keratin".
1052:
in 1900, and to changes in fashion. The ornamental feather market then largely collapsed.
8:
8444:
8336:
8276:
8221:
8001:
6519:
5969:"Linking the molecular evolution of avian beta (β) keratins to the evolution of feathers"
4550:
4517:
3746:: a unique solution to the problems of debris and gastric parasites in fish-eating birds"
3671:
3324:
3188:
2644:
2636:
2562:
2495:
2162:
1600:
1379:
1285:
1266:
1014:
954:
950:
785:
wearing a wide collar of orange toucan feathers around his shoulders and elements of the
504:
305:
51:
7840:
7789:
7728:
7629:
7518:
7452:
7343:
7269:
7195:
7137:
7084:
6979:
6938:
6883:
6832:
6789:
6684:
6621:
6535:
6391:
6312:
6212:
6110:
6049:
5987:
5794:
5730:
5633:
5476:
4925:
4872:
4817:
4435:
4255:
3415:
3316:
3104:
3047:
2798:
2736:
2657:
9227:
8291:
8251:
8216:
7940:
7933:
7870:
7809:
7758:
7710:
7693:
7606:
7556:
7480:
7417:
7379:
7305:
7231:
7157:
7101:
7068:
7001:
6903:
6852:
6801:
6751:
6704:
6649:
6557:
6465:
6440:
6421:
6332:
6281:
6232:
6181:
6146:
6069:
5874:
5841:
5822:
5762:
5749:
5732:
5713:
5653:
5614:
5595:
5560:
5496:
5374:
5297:
5169:
5143:"Traditional knowledge on zootherapeutic uses by the Saharia tribe of Rajasthan, India"
5142:
5079:
5052:
5020:
4981:
4837:
4786:
4618:
4573:
4494:
4455:
4447:
4404:
4399:
4382:
4355:
4144:
4083:
4031:
4006:
3982:
3957:
3923:
3877:
3838:
3799:
3764:
3718:
3606:
3538:
3483:
3458:
3434:
3399:
3375:
3350:
3328:
3123:
3088:
3064:
3031:
3000:
2963:
2818:
2595:
2478:
1396:
1289:
1237:
1232:
1150:
782:
660:
583:
533:
421:
384:
223:
7956:
7575:"Pterosaurs Had Four Types of Feathers, New Study Shows | Paleontology | Sci-News.com"
6770:
6606:"A bizarre, humped Carcharodontosauria (Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain"
3281:
3222:"A study of the structure of feathers, with reference to their taxonomic significance"
3055:
2910:
Langenscheidt Fachwörterbuch Biologie Englisch: englisch – deutsch, deutsch – englisch
2884:. Charles Darwin Collections Database by the Charles Darwin Foundation. Archived from
2665:
9697:
9671:
9580:
9353:
9300:
9250:
8393:
8383:
8326:
8126:
8121:
8061:
7899:
7874:
7862:
7813:
7801:
7750:
7685:
7677:
7548:
7540:
7484:
7472:
7464:
7436:
7383:
7371:
7363:
7309:
7297:
7289:
7223:
7215:
7161:
7149:
7106:
7005:
6993:
6907:
6895:
6844:
6805:
6743:
6696:
6641:
6633:
6470:
6425:
6413:
6324:
6273:
6268:
6251:
6224:
6150:
6138:
6130:
6073:
6061:
6033:
5999:
5949:
5918:
5910:
5879:
5861:
5814:
5806:
5754:
5705:
5657:
5645:
5552:
5544:
5488:
5174:
5123:
5084:
4933:
4894:
4829:
4714:
4626:
4408:
4363:
4338:
Endler, J. A. (1980). "Natural selection on color patterns in Poeci-lia reticulata".
4317:
4279:
4149:
4088:
4036:
3987:
3915:
3648:
3598:
3530:
3488:
3439:
3380:
3332:
3285:
3248:
3169:
3128:
3069:
2967:
2914:
2854:
2822:
2810:
2748:
2669:
2587:
2424:
were long known to have filamentous fur-like structures covering their body known as
2185:
1858:
1335:, however featherlike "filamentous integumentary structures" are also known from the
1213:
1025:
992:
751:
499:
7921:. Vol. Part 1. Washington D.C.: US Department of Agriculture. pp. 235–276.
7762:
7697:
7560:
7421:
7235:
6755:
6561:
6185:
5766:
5599:
5564:
5500:
5378:
5102:
Murari, S.K.; Frey, F.J.; Frey, B.M.; Gowda, T.V.; Vishwanath, B.S. (2005). "Use of
4985:
4790:
4551:"Gloger's Rule, feather-degrading bacteria, and color variation among Song Sparrows"
4459:
3927:
3842:
3610:
3542:
3221:
1247:
This may suggest that crocodilian scales, bird and dinosaur feathers, and pterosaur
684:
The colors of feathers are produced by pigments, by microscopic structures that can
9219:
8361:
8033:
7852:
7844:
7793:
7740:
7732:
7667:
7530:
7522:
7456:
7409:
7355:
7347:
7281:
7273:
7207:
7199:
7141:
7096:
7088:
6983:
6942:
6887:
6856:
6836:
6793:
6735:
6708:
6688:
6653:
6625:
6547:
6539:
6460:
6452:
6403:
6395:
6336:
6316:
6285:
6263:
6216:
6173:
6122:
6114:
6053:
5991:
5937:
5898:
5869:
5853:
5826:
5798:
5744:
5717:
5697:
5671:
5637:
5587:
5534:
5480:
5405:
5366:
5337:
5164:
5154:
5115:
5074:
5064:
5024:
5012:
4973:
4947:
Schmidt, W.F.; Barone, J.R. (2004). "New uses for chicken feathers keratin fiber".
4929:
4884:
4876:
4841:
4821:
4803:
4776:
4745:
4704:
4672:
4667:
4657:
4610:
4577:
4565:
4518:"The evolution of bird plumage colouration: A role for feather-degrading bacteria?"
4486:
4439:
4394:
4347:
4313:
4269:
4259:
4218:
4139:
4131:
4078:
4070:
4026:
4018:
3977:
3969:
3907:
3873:
3830:
3791:
3760:
3710:
3644:
3590:
3522:
3478:
3470:
3429:
3419:
3370:
3362:
3320:
3277:
3159:
3118:
3108:
3059:
3051:
2955:
2802:
2740:
2661:
2599:
2579:
2093:
2016:
1876:
1669:
1535:
Feather evolution was broken down into the following stages by Xu and Guo in 2009:
1424:
1420:
1314:
1142:
1037:
816:
486:
6739:
6236:
3857:
1013:
are known to wear feathers on their bonnets to signify authority within the clan.
790:
688:, reflect, or scatter selected wavelengths of light, or by a combination of both.
9451:
9279:
8749:
8271:
8256:
8194:
8093:
8021:
7966:
5252:
5245:
4880:
4122:
3424:
1993:
1934:
1747:
1512:
1489:
1441:
1415:
Since the 1990s, dozens of feathered dinosaurs have been discovered in the clade
1375:
1134:
797:
796:
In some birds, feather colors may be created, or altered, by secretions from the
398:
328:
269:
126:
3164:
3147:
1565:
feathers of at least stage 3, and stage 5 feathers as crushed stage 6 feathers.
1036:
feathers were used in the past to dress some of the miniature birds featured in
9666:
9656:
9561:
9491:
9443:
9377:
9316:
9271:
9258:
9132:
9095:
8946:
8720:
8557:
8311:
8306:
8301:
8281:
8266:
8161:
8136:
8131:
8113:
7994:
7848:
7797:
7460:
7351:
6118:
6057:
5675:
4096:
3093:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2466:
2433:
2258:
2234:
1508:
1478:
1357:
1347:
1319:
1045:
1006:
have been used in traditional medicine for snakebite, infertility, and coughs.
1003:
912:
712:
627:
433:
364:
7934:
Polly want a pigment? Cracking the chemical code to red coloration in parrots.
7736:
7672:
7655:
7526:
7413:
7203:
6947:
6922:
6668:
6605:
6491:
6376:"A Jurassic ornithischian dinosaur from Siberia with both feathers and scales"
6220:
5523:"Bristles before down: A new perspective on the functional origin of feathers"
5119:
5016:
4977:
4854:
4825:
4749:
4264:
4239:
3834:
2959:
2461:
consists of tufts of filaments joined near the base, similar to the branching
1382:
finds that filaments were more likely to be the ancestral state of dinosaurs.
831:
The feather surface is the home for some ectoparasites, notably feather lice (
9691:
9499:
9483:
9406:
9398:
9232:
9030:
8880:
8767:
8725:
8525:
8517:
8439:
8403:
8321:
8245:
8073:
7681:
7544:
7468:
7367:
7293:
7219:
6747:
6637:
6134:
5976:
Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution
5914:
5865:
5810:
5548:
4999:
Jiang, Z.; Qin, D.; Hse, C.; Kuo, M.; Luo, Z.; Wang, G.; et al. (2008).
4321:
2725:
Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution
2530:
2462:
1970:
1837:
1485:
1453:
1419:, which includes the clade Avialae and the recent common ancestors of birds,
1371:
1367:
1336:
1324:
1294:
1113:
1093:
1088:
1010:
976:
962:
900:
842:
462:
340:
170:
157:
71:
6399:
6252:"Feathered dinosaurs from China and the evolution of major avian characters"
5857:
5802:
5641:
4855:
Jaspers, V.; Voorspoels, S.; Covaci, A.; Lepoint, G. & Eens, M. (2007).
4662:
4645:
3526:
2806:
189:
9585:
9329:
9174:
8990:
8828:
8776:
8648:
8609:
8378:
8366:
8356:
8346:
8043:
7866:
7805:
7754:
7689:
7552:
7476:
7375:
7301:
7227:
7153:
7110:
6997:
6899:
6848:
6700:
6645:
6474:
6456:
6417:
6328:
6277:
6228:
6142:
6065:
6003:
5953:
5922:
5883:
5818:
5758:
5709:
5649:
5556:
5492:
5410:
5393:
5342:
5325:
5178:
5159:
5127:
5088:
5069:
4898:
4833:
4718:
4630:
4367:
4283:
4153:
4135:
4092:
4074:
4040:
4022:
3991:
3973:
3602:
3534:
3492:
3474:
3443:
3384:
3366:
3289:
3173:
3132:
3073:
2814:
2752:
2745:
10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(19991215)285:4<291::AID-JEZ1>3.0.CO;2-9
2673:
2591:
2558:
2450:
2049:
1814:
1685:
1587:
1501:
1497:
1437:
1390:
1186:
987:
as religious objects. In the United States, the religious use of eagle and
920:
866:
852:
832:
724:
651:
618:; between the pterylae there are regions which are free of feathers called
511:
417:
388:
141:
130:
5842:"Multiple Regulatory Modules Are Required for Scale-to-Feather Conversion"
4299:"Chemical warfare? Effects of uropygial oil on feather-degrading bacteria"
3919:
3113:
1331:
The majority of dinosaurs known to have had feathers or protofeathers are
1082:
356:
316:
9676:
9390:
9237:
9043:
9022:
9011:
8976:
8843:
8833:
8791:
8682:
8549:
8351:
8176:
8171:
8103:
8088:
8056:
6667:
Foth, Christian; Tischlinger, Helmut; Rauhut, Oliver W.M. (2 June 2014).
6177:
5370:
5000:
4856:
2425:
2111:
1957:
1916:
1796:
1646:
1623:
1523:
1416:
1300:
1241:
1181:
1033:
927:
812:
746:
742:
696:
655:
529:
522:
332:
219:
7713:"Pterosaur integumentary structures with complex feather-like branching"
7500:"Pterosaur integumentary structures with complex feather-like branching"
7277:
7177:"Pterosaur integumentary structures with complex feather-like branching"
7145:
7092:
6891:
6692:
6629:
6439:
Barrett, Paul M.; Evans, David C.; Campione, Nicolás E. (30 June 2015).
6320:
5995:
5484:
4709:
4688:
3146:
Hornik, C.; Krishan, K.; Yusuf, F.; Scaal, M.; Brand-Saberi, B. (2005).
569:
are found around the eyes and bill. They may serve a similar purpose to
9507:
9369:
9308:
9287:
9119:
9103:
9038:
8983:
8955:
8887:
8852:
8730:
8578:
8413:
8388:
8146:
7857:
7776:
Unwin, D. M.; Martill, D. M. (2020). "No protofeathers on pterosaurs".
6604:
Ortega, Francisco; Escaso, Fernando; Sanz, José L. (9 September 2010).
6543:
4622:
4498:
4451:
4359:
3803:
3722:
2482:
2470:
2274:
2209:
1778:
1734:
1577:
1477:
existed in some bird predecessors. The wings most probably belonged to
1341:
1248:
1164:
1129:
1110:
755:
704:
685:
668:
638:
490:
348:
344:
301:
297:
75:
7986:
7981:
7359:
6768:
6126:
5539:
5522:
4422:
Lozano, G. A. (1994). "Carotenoids, parasites, and sexual selection".
946:
551:
9467:
9422:
9211:
9004:
8921:
8905:
8894:
8804:
8740:
8699:
8398:
8199:
8186:
8166:
8066:
6840:
4889:
4238:
Delhey, K.; Peters, A.; Biedermann, P. H. W.; Kempenaers, B. (2008).
2520:
2442:
2421:
1554:
Pennaceous feather with vane of barbs and barbules and central rachis
1493:
1332:
1307:
1155:
1056:
1049:
958:
909:
728:
700:
574:
545:
352:
282:
67:
7977:
U.S. National Fish and Wildlife Forensics Laboratory's Feather Atlas
6988:
6963:
6298:
6163:
5577:
5356:
5215:
Feather Fashions and Bird Preservation, A Study in Nature Protection
4646:"How colorful are birds? Evolution of the avian plumage color gamut"
4614:
4490:
4443:
4351:
3795:
3714:
1040:. This trade caused severe losses to bird populations (for example,
9661:
9435:
9165:
9140:
9086:
8997:
8969:
8859:
8823:
8815:
8797:
8692:
8677:
8661:
8408:
8371:
8204:
5701:
5293:"That Thing With Feathers Trapped in Amber? It Was a Dinosaur Tail"
5001:"Preliminary Study on Chicken Feather Protein-Based Wood Adhesives"
3911:
3594:
3148:"cDermo-1 misexpression induces dense dermis, feathers, and scales"
2583:
2429:
916:
896:
curated at the Jesse Peter Multicultural Museum, Santa Rosa College
862:
847:
774:
combination with a yellow pigment, it produces a dull olive-green.
541:
494:
174:
122:
118:
63:
6869:
6797:
5458:"A gigantic feathered dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of China"
4474:
4005:
Hausmann, F.; Arnold, K.E.; Marshall, N.J.; Owens, I.P.F. (2003).
3698:
3576:"Cosmetic coloration in birds: occurrence, function and evolution"
1551:
Multiple filaments arising from the edge of a membranous structure
277:
9609:
9345:
9198:
9077:
8962:
8928:
8866:
8687:
8541:
8533:
8226:
8098:
6920:
6722:
Cuesta, Elena; Ortega, Francisco; Sanz, José Luis (4 July 2018).
6373:
4762:
4569:
3893:"On the Thermal Capacity of a Bird's Egg Warmed by a Brood Patch"
3779:
2525:
2029:
1474:
1228:
1146:
1018:
851:
spp. lice) on the wing and tail feathers. They were described on
836:
720:
692:
672:
647:
611:
570:
562:
405:
336:
312:
309:
178:
162:
114:
106:
87:
55:
7069:"Mummified precocial bird wings in mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber"
5779:
4731:
4237:
565:
are stiff, tapering feathers with a large rachis but few barbs.
517:
9475:
9414:
9190:
9182:
9111:
9051:
8935:
8873:
8756:
8423:
8418:
8296:
2510:
1091:
fossil feather of an unidentified dinosaur, once thought to be
1055:
More recently, rooster plumage has become a popular trend as a
1002:
are used in traditional medications. In India, feathers of the
999:
984:
770:
732:
716:
578:
437:
429:
372:
368:
110:
4998:
9651:
9361:
9148:
8711:
2437:
1545:
Multiple filaments joined at their base to a central filament
1505:
1448:, a dromaeosaurid found in the Yixian formation (124.6 MYA).
1221:
1217:
1041:
968:
590:
458:
289:. Interlocking barbules are clearly seen in the middle image.
239:
231:
166:
153:
149:
138:
134:
7322:
6089:
5967:
Greenwold, Matthew J.; Sawyer, Roger H. (15 December 2011).
5687:
3780:"A Study of the Pterylosis and Pneumaticity of the Screamer"
761:
707:(red, yellow, orange); other pigments occur only in certain
9337:
8704:
8667:
8637:
8051:
8017:
5592:
10.1671/0272-4634(2003)023[0373:oocsta]2.0.co;2
4782:
10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[1262:BAFAOA]2.0.CO;2
4004:
1427:. In 1998, the discovery of a feathered oviraptorosaurian,
1209:
1205:
1200:
988:
890:
869:. It has been suggested that a peculiar behavior of birds,
808:
708:
602:
510:
have special structures that are used to produce sounds by
466:
360:
324:
320:
102:
79:
59:
6818:
6034:"Preservation of corneous β-proteins in Mesozoic feathers"
5227:
Ehrlich, Paul R.; Dobkin, David S.; Wheye, Darryl (1988).
4224:
10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[0652:FAAFS]2.0.CO;2
2981:
Johnston, Nicole & Parsons, Jean (20 September 2018).
2913:(1. Aufl. ed.). Berlin : Langenscheidt. p. 537.
1378:. A reestimation of maximum likelihoods by paleontologist
9459:
8316:
8078:
7248:
5455:
4946:
2563:"The evolutionary origin and diversification of feathers"
1548:
Multiple filaments along the length of a central filament
1227:
Feathers and scales are made up of two distinct forms of
6520:"Structure and homology of Psittacosaurus tail bristles"
3958:"Distribution of unique red feather pigments in parrots"
2945:
2557:
1473:
Two small wings trapped in amber dating to 100 mya show
1244:
indicates that it was inherited from a common ancestor.
7826:
7497:
7174:
5897:
Alibardi, L.; Knapp, L. W.; Sawyer, R. H. (June 2006).
4112:
3459:"The ubiquity of avian ultraviolet plumage reflectance"
3145:
397:
Filoplumes can be important in nuptial display; in the
158:
hunting of birds for decorative and ornamental feathers
7951:
Title 50: Wildlife and Fisheries PART 22—EAGLE PERMITS
6031:
4911:
3573:
3302:
444:; the barbs themselves are also branched and form the
7042:"Rare Dinosaur-Era Bird Wings Found Trapped in Amber"
6769:
Ji, Q.; P. J. Currie; M. A. Norell; S. A. Ji (1998).
6666:
6517:
6198:
3508:"Courting Bird Sings with Stridulating Wing Feathers"
7435:
Unwin, David M.; Martill, David M. (December 2020).
6438:
5427:"Largest feathered dinosaur yet discovered in China"
5267:"High fashion or bait? Fly ties now hair extensions"
4643:
3344:
3342:
2634:
971:
feathers have great cultural and spiritual value to
273:
Feather microstructure showing interlocking barbules
8608:
7066:
5935:
5896:
5612:
5323:
5101:
4516:Grande, J. M.; Negro, J. J.; Torres, M. J. (2004).
4297:Shawkey, M. D.; Pillai, S. R.; Hill, G. E. (2003).
2845:
Ornithology in Laboratory and Field. Fourth edition
440:. Fused to the rachis are a series of branches, or
234:, which were early pens used for writing, the word
54:growths that form a distinctive outer covering, or
7123:
5226:
4686:
3820:
3505:
2842:
2840:
998:In South America, brews made from the feathers of
6771:"Two feathered dinosaurs from northeastern China"
6350:
6348:
6346:
5326:"Phylogenetic context for the origin of feathers"
4644:Caswell Stoddard, Mary; Prum, Richard O. (2011).
4515:
4475:"Melanin and the abrasion resistance of feathers"
4296:
3739:
3339:
3267:
2718:"Development and Evolutionary Origin of Feathers"
264:
9689:
7949:Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (e-CFR),
7913:Lucas, Alfred M.; Stettenheim, Peter R. (1972).
6721:
6603:
5942:Journal of Submicroscopic Cytology and Pathology
5903:Journal of Submicroscopic Cytology and Pathology
3506:Bostwick, Kimberly S.; Richard O., Prum (2005).
3226:University of California Publications in Zoology
642:Colors resulting from different feather pigments
7117:
5966:
5615:"Plumage Color Patterns of an Extinct Dinosaur"
5424:
5394:"Explanatory History of the Origin of Feathers"
5286:
5284:
2980:
2900:
2781:Li, Quanguo (9 March 2012). "Reconstruction of
2715:
915:. Colorful feathers such as those belonging to
804:sexual displays come at the expense of health.
6486:
6484:
6343:
5521:Persons, Walter S.; Currie, Philip J. (2015).
4950:Poultry Waste Management Symposium Proceedings
4549:Burtt, Edward H. Jr.; Ichida, Jann M. (2004).
4056:"Carotenoids need structural colours to shine"
3699:"Rictal bristle function in willow flycatcher"
3630:
3574:Delhey, K; Peters, A.; Kempenaers, B. (2007).
3397:
1557:Pennaceous feather with an asymmetrical rachis
1488:analysis of early dinosaurs by Matthew Baron,
1163:, the features are so well preserved that the
741:is involved in the production of blue colors,
355:bridges into structures even tougher than the
230:Because of feathers being an integral part of
105:; thus, they are sometimes used in high-class
9625:
8002:
7593:
6961:
6367:
5520:
5140:
4600:
4596:
4594:
4054:Shawkey, Matthew D; Hill, Geoffrey E (2005).
3696:
420:which are underneath the vaned feathers. The
8516:
7895:Feathers: The Evolution of a Natural Miracle
7775:
7434:
7395:
7393:
6441:"Evolution of dinosaur epidermal structures"
5281:
4763:Revis, Hannah C.; Deborah A. Waller (2004).
3955:
3086:
2989:'s Historic Costume and Textiles Collection.
2836:
2834:
2832:
2701:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2024 (
2637:"Which Came First, the Feather or the Bird?"
1122:
281:Anterior region of a contour feather from a
6481:
5936:Alibardi, L; Knapp, LW; Sawyer, RH (2006).
5217:. University of California Press. Page 197.
4548:
4380:
4204:
4115:"Structural coloration in a fossil feather"
4053:
3456:
3201:
3180:
2454:scales and pycnofibers started to appear.
1322:which is 60 to 70 million years older than
606:Feather tracts or pterylae and their naming
121:. They are also used as filling for winter
9632:
9618:
8009:
7995:
7936:Australian Birdkeeper Magazine 18:608–611.
7653:
7020:"Dinosaur feathers found in Alberta amber"
5839:
5449:
5005:Journal of Wood Chemistry & Technology
4591:
4007:"Ultraviolet signals in birds are special"
3029:
2983:"Feathers: Endangered – Fauna and Fashion"
2785:and the Evolution of Iridescent Plumage".
2774:
2635:Prum, R.O. & Brush, A.H (March 2003).
2630:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2547:
941:
934:been tried as an adhesive for wood board.
861:Birds maintain their feather condition by
845:are chewing traces of lice (most probably
448:. These barbules have minute hooks called
7957:U.S. v. Thirty Eight Golden Eagles (1986)
7856:
7746:1983/1f7893a1-924d-4cb3-a4bf-c4b1592356e9
7744:
7671:
7599:
7536:1983/1f7893a1-924d-4cb3-a4bf-c4b1592356e9
7534:
7390:
7286:1983/d088dae2-c7fa-4d41-9fa2-aeebbfcd2fa3
7212:1983/1f7893a1-924d-4cb3-a4bf-c4b1592356e9
7100:
6987:
6946:
6553:1983/029c668f-08b9-45f6-a0c5-30ce9256e593
6551:
6464:
6409:1983/a7ae6dfb-55bf-4ca4-bd8b-a5ea5f323103
6407:
6267:
5873:
5748:
5538:
5409:
5341:
5290:
5168:
5158:
5147:Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine
5078:
5068:
5057:Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine
5050:
4888:
4780:
4708:
4671:
4661:
4398:
4387:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
4273:
4263:
4222:
4143:
4082:
4030:
3981:
3569:
3567:
3482:
3457:Eaton, Muir D.; Lanyon, Scott M. (2003).
3433:
3423:
3374:
3242:
3163:
3122:
3112:
3089:"The Structure of Feather Rachis Keratin"
3087:Pauling, Linus; Corey, Robert B. (1951).
3063:
2829:
1560:Undifferentiated vane with central rachis
1184:. Additionally, when comparing different
811:. New feathers, known when developing as
7967:Documentary on the evolution of feathers
7600:St. Fleur, Nicholas (17 December 2018).
6249:
5391:
5193:"Scottish Highland Dress: Clan Campbell"
3742:"Feather eating in Great Crested Grebes
3219:
3207:
2906:
1527:Diagram illustrating stages of evolution
1522:
1352:
1270:
945:
899:
885:
776:
760:
637:
601:
550:
516:
404:
392:
304:and are formed in tiny follicles in the
276:
268:
188:
38:
8016:
7704:
7030:from the original on 15 September 2011.
5291:St. Fleur, Nicholas (8 December 2016).
5235:from the original on 30 September 2008.
4538:from the original on 10 September 2008.
3855:
3661:
3186:
2974:
2867:
2849:. Burgess Publishing Company. pp.
2709:
2621:
2544:
1542:Multiple filaments joined at their base
1407:which is unlike remiges which are in a
1017:wear three, chieftains wear two and an
14:
9690:
7630:"Fur flies over new pterosaur fossils"
7627:
5317:
5264:
5141:Mahawar, M. M.; Jaroli, D. P. (2007).
5031:from the original on 19 February 2014.
4587:from the original on 20 November 2012.
4505:from the original on 23 February 2014.
4472:
4421:
4337:
3890:
3858:"On the pterylography of the hoatzin (
3810:from the original on 21 February 2014.
3740:Piersma, T; van Eerden, M. R. (1989).
3729:from the original on 22 February 2014.
3697:Conover, M. R.; Miller, D. E. (1980).
3564:
3011:from the original on 19 September 2011
1518:
1481:, a diverse group of avian dinosaurs.
1260:
1194:
908:Bird feathers have long been used for
9613:
8501:
7990:
7972:Lecture notes on the avian integument
7251:"Untangling the dinosaur family tree"
6574:
6500:from the original on 11 December 2021
6354:
6085:
6083:
3777:
3686:from the original on 4 February 2014.
3236:
3005:The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
2927:from the original on 17 December 2017
1109:Rachis-dominated feathers inside mid-
347:, which are then further twisted and
125:and outdoor bedding, such as quilted
9568:
7579:Breaking Science News | Sci-News.com
7399:
5305:from the original on 8 December 2016
4381:Badyaev, A. V.; Hill, G. E. (2000).
4205:Shawkey, M. D.; Hill, G. E. (2005).
4181:
3348:
2948:Journal of Materials Science Letters
2907:Eichhorn, hrsg. von Manfred (2005).
1496:is actually more closely related to
769:The blues and bright greens of many
308:, or outer skin layer, that produce
293:Feathers are among the most complex
9592:
4693:, and two species of feather louse"
3664:"The role of avian rictal bristles"
3398:Lingham-Soliar, Theagarten (2013).
1492:and Paul Barrett (2017) found that
1374:, and the spine on the head of the
245:, meaning feather. The French word
24:
9639:
7885:
7628:Briggs, Helen (17 December 2018).
6728:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
6584:Society of Vertebrate Paleontology
6080:
5750:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2005.tb01827.x
5580:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
5277:from the original on 10 June 2011.
4687:Toon, A. & Hughes, J. (2008).
4400:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2000.tb01196.x
4011:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
3878:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1895.tb06744.x
3765:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1989.tb04784.x
3325:10.1023/B:JMSC.0000021474.75864.ff
3187:Nitzsch, Christian Ludwig (1867).
2780:
2477:of these pycnofibres show similar
1139:evolutionary developmental biology
654:(green, with some structural blue
339:– are composed of protein strands
90:. The study of feathers is called
25:
9714:
8470:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
7926:
7332:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
6964:"Feathered dinosaurs in a tangle"
6575:Holtz, Thomas (19 October 2018).
6099:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
5437:from the original on 6 April 2012
5265:Bonner, Jessie L. (6 June 2011).
2683:from the original on 29 June 2011
2666:10.1038/scientificamerican0303-84
2609:from the original on 29 June 2011
378:
152:) have been and are used to make
9591:
9579:
9567:
9556:
9555:
9446:(New World vultures and condors)
7962:Mechanical structure of feathers
7820:
7769:
7647:
7621:
7567:
7491:
7437:"No protofeathers on pterosaurs"
7428:
7316:
7242:
7168:
7060:
7034:
7012:
6955:
6914:
6863:
6812:
6269:10.1111/j.1749-4877.2006.00004.x
5425:Whitfield, John (4 April 2012).
4934:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2007.04.019
4318:10.1111/j.0908-8857.2003.03193.x
3649:10.1111/j.0908-8857.2005.03499.x
3552:from the original on 7 July 2010
3463:Proceedings: Biological Sciences
2416:
1102:
1081:
27:Body-covering structure of birds
6762:
6715:
6660:
6597:
6568:
6511:
6432:
6292:
6243:
6192:
6157:
6025:
5960:
5929:
5890:
5846:Molecular Biology and Evolution
5833:
5773:
5724:
5681:
5664:
5606:
5571:
5514:
5418:
5385:
5350:
5258:
5239:
5220:
5207:
5185:
5134:
5095:
5044:
5035:
4992:
4957:
4940:
4905:
4848:
4797:
4756:
4725:
4680:
4637:
4542:
4509:
4466:
4415:
4374:
4331:
4290:
4231:
4198:
4175:
4106:
4047:
3998:
3956:McGraw, KH; Nogare, MC (2005).
3949:
3884:
3849:
3814:
3771:
3733:
3690:
3655:
3624:
3499:
3450:
3391:
3296:
3261:
3213:
3139:
3080:
3023:
2993:
2571:The Quarterly Review of Biology
597:
8502:
7829:Nature Ecology & Evolution
7778:Nature Ecology & Evolution
7717:Nature Ecology & Evolution
7660:Nature Ecology & Evolution
7507:Nature Ecology & Evolution
7441:Nature Ecology & Evolution
7325:"The Early Origin of Feathers"
7184:Nature Ecology & Evolution
7044:. 28 June 2016. Archived from
6092:"The Early Origin of Feathers"
6038:Nature Ecology & Evolution
5324:Sumida, SS; CA Brochu (2000).
4966:Food and Bioprocess Technology
4275:11858/00-001M-0000-0010-509C-A
3245:A color atlas of avian anatomy
2939:
2501:Delayed feathering in chickens
881:
876:
265:Structures and characteristics
13:
1:
6740:10.1080/02724634.2018.1485153
3282:10.1016/S1047-8477(03)00142-4
3270:Journal of Structural Biology
3056:10.1016/S0006-3495(61)86904-X
3030:Schor, R.; Krimm, S. (1961).
2537:
1145:. In fossil specimens of the
658:at lower end) on the wing of
633:
7402:Paläontologische Zeitschrift
5108:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
4881:10.1016/j.envint.2006.11.011
3633:Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis
3425:10.1371/journal.pone.0065849
3305:Journal of Materials Science
1066:
991:feathers is governed by the
826:
789:. Detail from a painting by
528:Some birds have a supply of
479:
287:scanning electron microscopy
184:
70:. They are the most complex
7:
9510:(woodpeckers and relatives)
3165:10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.08.050
2841:Pettingill, OS Jr. (1970).
2488:
1277:Archaeopteryx lithographica
1252:the pennaceous feathers of
919:have been used to decorate
238:itself is derived from the
10:
9719:
9372:(cormorants and relatives)
8465:Extinct species since 1500
7849:10.1038/s41559-020-01309-8
7798:10.1038/s41559-020-01308-9
7461:10.1038/s41559-020-01308-9
7352:10.1016/j.tree.2019.04.018
6119:10.1016/j.tree.2019.04.018
6058:10.1038/s41559-023-02177-8
5676:10.1038/s41586-022-04622-3
4207:"Feathers at a fine scale"
3662:Lederer, Roger J. (1972).
2475:infrared spectral analysis
1264:
1240:keratin in both birds and
1070:
904:Female model with feathers
691:Most feather pigments are
382:
82:from other living groups.
62:(bird) and some non-avian
29:
9647:
9551:
9502:(kingfishers and rollers)
9434:
9389:
9356:(albatrosses and petrels)
9328:
9299:
9270:
9249:
9240:(swifts and hummingbirds)
9222:(nightjars and relatives)
9210:
9173:
9164:
9131:
9094:
9085:
9076:
9072:
9046:(pheasants and relatives)
9021:
8945:
8904:
8842:
8814:
8790:
8766:
8739:
8660:
8647:
8604:
8577:
8573:
8512:
8508:
8497:
8493:
8432:
8335:
8235:
8185:
8112:
8042:
8029:
7898:. New York: Basic Books.
7737:10.1038/s41559-018-0728-7
7673:10.1038/s41559-018-0767-0
7527:10.1038/s41559-018-0728-7
7414:10.1007/s12542-011-0111-3
7204:10.1038/s41559-018-0728-7
6948:10.1007/s11434-009-0009-6
6221:10.1007/s00114-004-0604-y
5255:, Smithsonian Institution
5120:10.1016/j.jep.2005.02.027
5051:Froemming, Steve (2006).
5017:10.1080/02773810802347073
4978:10.1007/s11947-008-0091-9
4861:Environment International
4826:10.1007/s00442-004-1813-y
4750:10.1017/S0952836998002027
4473:Bonser, R. H. C. (1995).
4265:10.1007/s00114-008-0406-8
3891:Turner, J. Scott (1997).
3835:10.1007/s10336-004-0070-5
3220:Chandler, Asa C. (1916).
2668:(inactive 30 June 2024).
2272:
2256:
2249:
2231:
2224:
2206:
2199:
2183:
2176:
2160:
2153:
2108:
2090:
2083:
2070:
2063:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2014:
2007:
1991:
1984:
1968:
1961:
1931:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1873:
1855:
1848:
1841:
1811:
1793:
1775:
1768:
1761:
1745:
1738:
1683:
1667:
1660:
1644:
1637:
1621:
1614:
1598:
1591:
1581:
1500:, to which it formed the
1446:Sinornithosaurus millenii
1187:Ornithomimus edmontonicus
1123:Functional considerations
765:A feather with no pigment
675:(dark) on belly/wings of
521:A contour feather from a
508:Machaeropterus deliciosus
218:Feather derives from the
9401:(seriemas and relatives)
9380:(pelicans and relatives)
7919:Avian Anatomy Integument
7654:D'Alba, Liliana (2019).
6927:Chinese Science Bulletin
4306:Journal of Avian Biology
3007:. Merriam-Webster, Inc.
2716:Prum, Richard O (1999).
2516:List of poultry feathers
865:and bathing in water or
208:Aftershaft, afterfeather
156:pens. Historically, the
32:Feather (disambiguation)
9494:(hornbills and hoopoes)
9409:(falcons and relatives)
7915:"Structure of feathers"
6400:10.1126/science.1253351
5803:10.1126/science.1225376
5642:10.1126/science.1186290
5231:. Stanford University.
5195:. Clan Campbell Society
3856:Pycraft, W. P. (1895).
3527:10.1126/science.1111701
3193:. Ray Society. p.
3190:Nitzsch's Pterylography
2960:10.1023/A:1006631328233
2807:10.1126/science.1213780
2506:Hen feathering in cocks
1392:Concavenator corcovatus
1160:Tupandactylus imperator
942:In religion and culture
731:pigments found only in
461:) which inserts into a
409:Feather structure of a
9478:(trogons and quetzals)
9290:(cranes and relatives)
8560:(emus and cassowaries)
8450:Glossary of bird terms
8262:Confuciusornithiformes
6962:Witmer, L. M. (2009).
6457:10.1098/rsbl.2015.0229
6357:Vertebrata PalAsiatica
5160:10.1186/1746-4269-3-25
5070:10.1186/1746-4269-2-23
4136:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0524
4075:10.1098/rsbl.2004.0289
4023:10.1098/rspb.2002.2200
3974:10.1098/rsbl.2004.0269
3860:Opisthocomus cristatus
3823:Journal of Ornithology
3778:Demay, Ida S. (1940).
3475:10.1098/rspb.2003.2431
3367:10.1002/advs.201600360
3243:McLelland, J. (1991).
2987:University of Missouri
1528:
1281:
1073:Origin of avian flight
1009:Members of Scotland's
965:
905:
897:
894:fully feathered basket
813:blood, or pin feathers
793:
766:
681:
607:
559:
525:
413:
402:
290:
274:
215:
44:
9319:(kagu and sunbittern)
9282:(gulls and relatives)
8287:Songlingornithiformes
8252:Omnivoropterygiformes
7892:Hanson, Thor (2011).
7073:Nature Communications
7026:. 15 September 2011.
5858:10.1093/molbev/msx295
4673:10.1093/beheco/arr088
4663:10.1093/beheco/arr088
4327:on 10 September 2008.
4184:Agapornis roseicollis
3900:Physiological Zoology
3152:Developmental Biology
3114:10.1073/pnas.37.5.256
2875:"Galapagos plumology"
2072:Other dromaeosaurids
1526:
1274:
1175:could be determined.
949:
903:
889:
780:
764:
739:Structural coloration
678:Ramphocelus bresilius
641:
605:
555:Rictal bristles of a
554:
520:
411:blue-and-yellow macaw
408:
396:
280:
272:
222:"feĂľer", which is of
192:
42:
9141:Phoenicopteriformes
7932:McGraw, K. J. 2005.
6178:10.1893/011.082.0302
5411:10.1093/icb/40.4.478
5371:10.1893/011.082.0302
5343:10.1093/icb/40.4.486
5251:23 June 2008 at the
3247:. W.B. Saunders Co.
2882:darwinfoundation.org
2561:.; AH Brush (2002).
2447:convergent evolution
711:– the yellow to red
557:white-cheeked barbet
505:club-winged manakins
74:structures found in
30:For other uses, see
9112:Mesitornithiformes
9106:(doves and pigeons)
8440:Families and orders
8302:Ichthyornithiformes
8277:Patagopterygiformes
7841:2020NatEE...4.1592Y
7790:2020NatEE...4.1590U
7729:2018NatEE...3...24Y
7656:"Pterosaur plumage"
7519:2018NatEE...3...24Y
7453:2020NatEE...4.1590U
7344:2019TEcoE..34..856B
7278:10.1038/nature24011
7270:2017Natur.551E...1L
7196:2018NatEE...3...24Y
7146:10.1038/nature21700
7138:2017Natur.543..501B
7093:10.1038/ncomms12089
7085:2016NatCo...712089X
6980:2009Natur.461..601W
6939:2009SciBu..54..430X
6892:10.1038/nature08322
6884:2009Natur.461..640H
6833:2001Natur.410..200X
6790:1998Natur.393..753Q
6693:10.1038/nature13467
6685:2014Natur.511...79F
6630:10.1038/nature09181
6622:2010Natur.467..203O
6536:2016Palgy..59..793M
6496:, 9 November 2018,
6392:2014Sci...345..451G
6321:10.1038/nature07856
6313:2009Natur.458..333Z
6256:Integrative Zoology
6213:2005NW.....92..173X
6201:Naturwissenschaften
6111:2019TEcoE..34..856B
6050:2023NatEE...7.1706S
5996:10.1002/jez.b.21436
5988:2011JEZB..316..609G
5795:2012Sci...338..510Z
5690:American Naturalist
5634:2010Sci...327.1369L
5628:(5971): 1369–1372.
5485:10.1038/nature10906
5477:2012Natur.484...92X
4926:2007BiolC..43...49P
4873:2007EnInt..33..328J
4818:2005Oecol.143..337B
4710:10.1038/hdy.2008.37
4436:1994Oikos..70..309L
4256:2008NW.....95..939D
4244:Naturwissenschaften
3672:The Wilson Bulletin
3620:on 3 December 2007.
3469:(1525): 1721–1726.
3416:2013PLoSO...865849L
3317:2004JMatS..39.2895B
3105:1951PNAS...37..256P
3048:1961BpJ.....1..489S
2799:2012Sci...335.1215L
2793:(6073): 1215–1219.
2737:1999JEZ...285..291P
2658:2003SciAm.288c..84P
2645:Scientific American
2496:Feather development
2465:of birds and other
2163:Scansoriopterygidae
1601:Heterodontosauridae
1519:Evolutionary stages
1387:carcharodontosaurid
1370:, the beard of the
1353:Evolutionary stages
1267:Feathered dinosaurs
1261:Feathered dinosaurs
1195:Molecular evolution
955:Isidore the Laborer
951:Mexican featherwork
422:pennaceous feathers
285:, visualized using
194:Parts of a feather:
9454:(eagles and hawks)
9354:Procellariiformes
9259:Opisthocomiformes
9228:Steatornithiformes
8455:List by population
8292:Hongshanornithidae
8217:Evolution of birds
7939:DeMeo, Antonia M.
7607:The New York Times
7581:. 18 December 2018
6544:10.1111/pala.12257
6013:on 15 October 2022
5330:American Zoologist
5298:The New York Times
5213:Doughty, Robin W.
4953:. pp. 99–101.
4914:Biological Control
4738:Journal of Zoology
4691:Gymnorhina tibicen
4650:Behavioral Ecology
3945:– via EBSCO.
3937:on 20 October 2022
3744:Podiceps cristatus
3349:Wang, Bin (2016).
2479:absorption spectra
1529:
1459:Anchiornis huxleyi
1395:was found to have
1284:Several non-avian
1282:
1233:American alligator
1151:Anchiornis huxleyi
1130:Recent discoveries
1038:singing bird boxes
966:
906:
898:
794:
783:Pedro II of Brazil
767:
682:
661:Tauraco bannermani
608:
584:Empidonax traillii
560:
542:emulsifying agents
526:
414:
403:
385:Pennaceous feather
291:
275:
216:
45:
43:Feather variations
9685:
9684:
9607:
9606:
9547:
9546:
9543:
9542:
9539:
9538:
9535:
9534:
9531:
9530:
9527:
9526:
9523:
9522:
9519:
9518:
9340:(loons or divers)
9309:Phaethontiformes
9301:Phaethontimorphae
9251:Opisthocomiformes
9220:Caprimulgiformes
9160:
9159:
9149:Podicipediformes
9068:
9067:
9064:
9063:
9060:
9059:
8786:
8785:
8569:
8568:
8526:Struthioniformes
8394:Waterfowl hunting
8327:Gastornithiformes
8322:Aepyornithiformes
8312:Lithornithiformes
7905:978-0-465-02013-3
7835:(12): 1592–1593.
7784:(12): 1590–1591.
7447:(12): 1590–1591.
7132:(7646): 501–506.
6974:(7264): 601–602.
6878:(7264): 640–643.
6827:(6825): 200–204.
6784:(6687): 753–761.
6616:(7312): 203–206.
6386:(6195): 451–455.
6307:(7236): 333–336.
6250:Xu, Xing (2006).
6044:(10): 1706–1713.
5789:(6106): 510–514.
5540:10.1111/evo.12634
5510:on 17 April 2012.
5392:Bock, WJ (2000).
5271:The Seattle Times
4102:on 26 March 2009.
2954:(21): 1769–1770.
2412:
2411:
2403:
2402:
2394:
2393:
2385:
2384:
2376:
2375:
2367:
2366:
2358:
2357:
2349:
2348:
2340:
2339:
2331:
2330:
2322:
2321:
2313:
2312:
2304:
2303:
2295:
2294:
2286:
2285:
2186:Archaeopterygidae
2142:
2141:
2133:
2132:
2124:
2123:
1947:
1946:
1888:
1887:
1827:
1826:
1724:
1723:
1715:
1714:
1706:
1705:
1697:
1696:
1325:Tyrannosaurus rex
1280:(Berlin specimen)
1026:Victorian fashion
993:eagle feather law
752:albinism in birds
699:, black and grey
695:(brown and beige
500:sexual dimorphism
327:– and the claws,
16:(Redirected from
9710:
9634:
9627:
9620:
9611:
9610:
9595:
9594:
9583:
9571:
9570:
9559:
9558:
9511:
9503:
9495:
9487:
9484:Leptosomiformes
9479:
9471:
9463:
9455:
9452:Accipitriformes
9447:
9426:
9425:(perching birds)
9418:
9410:
9402:
9381:
9373:
9365:
9357:
9349:
9346:Sphenisciformes
9341:
9320:
9312:
9291:
9283:
9280:Charadriiformes
9262:
9241:
9223:
9202:
9194:
9191:Musophagiformes
9186:
9171:
9170:
9152:
9144:
9123:
9115:
9107:
9092:
9091:
9083:
9082:
9074:
9073:
9047:
9034:
8812:
8811:
8808:
8801:
8714:
8707:
8671:
8658:
8657:
8654:
8645:
8644:
8641:
8606:
8605:
8602:
8601:
8575:
8574:
8561:
8553:
8545:
8537:
8529:
8514:
8513:
8510:
8509:
8499:
8498:
8495:
8494:
8362:Bird collections
8317:Dinornithiformes
8222:Darwin's finches
8212:Origin of flight
8152:Seabird breeding
8142:Sexual selection
8011:
8004:
7997:
7988:
7987:
7922:
7909:
7879:
7878:
7860:
7824:
7818:
7817:
7773:
7767:
7766:
7748:
7708:
7702:
7701:
7675:
7651:
7645:
7644:
7642:
7640:
7625:
7619:
7618:
7616:
7614:
7597:
7591:
7590:
7588:
7586:
7571:
7565:
7564:
7538:
7504:
7495:
7489:
7488:
7432:
7426:
7425:
7397:
7388:
7387:
7329:
7320:
7314:
7313:
7255:
7246:
7240:
7239:
7181:
7172:
7166:
7165:
7121:
7115:
7114:
7104:
7064:
7058:
7057:
7055:
7053:
7038:
7032:
7031:
7016:
7010:
7009:
6991:
6959:
6953:
6952:
6950:
6918:
6912:
6911:
6867:
6861:
6860:
6841:10.1038/35065589
6816:
6810:
6809:
6775:
6766:
6760:
6759:
6719:
6713:
6712:
6664:
6658:
6657:
6601:
6595:
6594:
6592:
6590:
6581:
6572:
6566:
6565:
6555:
6515:
6509:
6508:
6507:
6505:
6488:
6479:
6478:
6468:
6436:
6430:
6429:
6411:
6371:
6365:
6364:
6352:
6341:
6340:
6296:
6290:
6289:
6271:
6247:
6241:
6240:
6196:
6190:
6189:
6161:
6155:
6154:
6096:
6087:
6078:
6077:
6029:
6023:
6022:
6020:
6018:
6012:
6006:. Archived from
5973:
5964:
5958:
5957:
5933:
5927:
5926:
5909:(2–3): 175–192.
5894:
5888:
5887:
5877:
5837:
5831:
5830:
5777:
5771:
5770:
5752:
5743:(8): 1795–1818.
5728:
5722:
5721:
5685:
5679:
5668:
5662:
5661:
5619:
5610:
5604:
5603:
5575:
5569:
5568:
5542:
5518:
5512:
5511:
5509:
5503:. Archived from
5462:
5453:
5447:
5446:
5444:
5442:
5431:Nature News Blog
5422:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5389:
5383:
5382:
5354:
5348:
5347:
5345:
5321:
5315:
5314:
5312:
5310:
5288:
5279:
5278:
5262:
5256:
5243:
5237:
5236:
5224:
5218:
5211:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5200:
5189:
5183:
5182:
5172:
5162:
5138:
5132:
5131:
5099:
5093:
5092:
5082:
5072:
5048:
5042:
5039:
5033:
5032:
4996:
4990:
4989:
4961:
4955:
4954:
4944:
4938:
4937:
4909:
4903:
4902:
4892:
4852:
4846:
4845:
4801:
4795:
4794:
4784:
4775:(4): 1262–1268.
4760:
4754:
4753:
4729:
4723:
4722:
4712:
4684:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4665:
4656:(5): 1042–1052.
4641:
4635:
4634:
4609:(6): 2454–2460.
4598:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4555:
4546:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4522:
4513:
4507:
4506:
4470:
4464:
4463:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4402:
4378:
4372:
4371:
4335:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4320:. Archived from
4303:
4294:
4288:
4287:
4277:
4267:
4235:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4179:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4162:
4156:. Archived from
4147:
4119:
4110:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4095:. Archived from
4086:
4060:
4051:
4045:
4044:
4034:
4002:
3996:
3995:
3985:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3936:
3930:. Archived from
3897:
3888:
3882:
3881:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3750:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3668:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3628:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3613:. Archived from
3580:
3571:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3551:
3512:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3486:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3437:
3427:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3378:
3355:Advanced Science
3346:
3337:
3336:
3311:(8): 2895–2896.
3300:
3294:
3293:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3217:
3211:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3167:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3126:
3116:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3067:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3016:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2888:on 17 March 2016
2879:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2848:
2838:
2827:
2826:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2761:
2755:. Archived from
2722:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2700:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2682:
2641:
2632:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2608:
2567:
2555:
2252:
2251:
2227:
2226:
2202:
2201:
2179:
2178:
2156:
2155:
2094:Sinornithosaurus
2086:
2085:
2066:
2065:
2043:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2017:Oviraptorosauria
2010:
2009:
1987:
1986:
1964:
1963:
1909:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1851:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1771:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1741:
1740:
1670:Psittacosauridae
1663:
1662:
1640:
1639:
1617:
1616:
1594:
1593:
1584:
1583:
1574:
1573:
1429:Caudipteryx zoui
1425:Deinonychosauria
1421:Oviraptorosauria
1315:Dilong paradoxus
1143:sexual selection
1106:
1085:
973:Native Americans
787:Imperial Regalia
345:β-pleated sheets
21:
9718:
9717:
9713:
9712:
9711:
9709:
9708:
9707:
9688:
9687:
9686:
9681:
9667:flight feathers
9643:
9638:
9608:
9603:
9515:
9509:
9501:
9493:
9492:Bucerotiformes
9486:(cuckoo-roller)
9485:
9477:
9469:
9461:
9453:
9445:
9444:Cathartiformes
9430:
9424:
9416:
9415:Psittaciformes
9408:
9400:
9385:
9379:
9378:Pelecaniformes
9371:
9363:
9355:
9347:
9339:
9324:
9318:
9317:Eurypygiformes
9310:
9295:
9289:
9281:
9266:
9260:
9245:
9239:
9221:
9206:
9200:
9192:
9184:
9156:
9150:
9142:
9127:
9121:
9120:Pterocliformes
9113:
9105:
9056:
9045:
9032:
9017:
8941:
8900:
8838:
8803:
8802:
8795:
8794:
8782:
8762:
8735:
8712:
8705:
8665:
8664:
8652:
8651:
8635:
8634:
8631:
8629:
8627:
8625:
8623:
8621:
8619:
8617:
8615:
8613:
8611:
8596:
8594:
8592:
8590:
8588:
8586:
8584:
8582:
8580:
8565:
8559:
8558:Casuariiformes
8551:
8550:Apterygiformes
8543:
8535:
8527:
8504:
8489:
8460:Lists by region
8428:
8338:
8331:
8272:Chaoyangiformes
8257:Jeholornithidae
8231:
8195:Origin of birds
8181:
8162:Brood parasites
8108:
8038:
8025:
8015:
7929:
7912:
7906:
7891:
7888:
7886:Further reading
7883:
7882:
7825:
7821:
7774:
7770:
7709:
7705:
7652:
7648:
7638:
7636:
7626:
7622:
7612:
7610:
7598:
7594:
7584:
7582:
7573:
7572:
7568:
7502:
7496:
7492:
7433:
7429:
7398:
7391:
7327:
7321:
7317:
7264:(7678): E1–E3.
7253:
7247:
7243:
7179:
7173:
7169:
7122:
7118:
7065:
7061:
7051:
7049:
7048:on 28 June 2016
7040:
7039:
7035:
7018:
7017:
7013:
6989:10.1038/461601a
6960:
6956:
6919:
6915:
6868:
6864:
6817:
6813:
6773:
6767:
6763:
6734:(4): (1)–(24).
6720:
6716:
6679:(7507): 79–82.
6665:
6661:
6602:
6598:
6588:
6586:
6579:
6573:
6569:
6516:
6512:
6503:
6501:
6490:
6489:
6482:
6451:(6): 20150229.
6445:Biology Letters
6437:
6433:
6372:
6368:
6353:
6344:
6297:
6293:
6248:
6244:
6197:
6193:
6162:
6158:
6094:
6088:
6081:
6030:
6026:
6016:
6014:
6010:
5971:
5965:
5961:
5948:(2–3): 175–92.
5934:
5930:
5895:
5891:
5838:
5834:
5778:
5774:
5729:
5725:
5686:
5682:
5669:
5665:
5617:
5611:
5607:
5576:
5572:
5519:
5515:
5507:
5471:(7392): 92–95.
5460:
5454:
5450:
5440:
5438:
5423:
5419:
5390:
5386:
5355:
5351:
5322:
5318:
5308:
5306:
5289:
5282:
5263:
5259:
5253:Wayback Machine
5244:
5240:
5225:
5221:
5212:
5208:
5198:
5196:
5191:
5190:
5186:
5139:
5135:
5100:
5096:
5049:
5045:
5040:
5036:
4997:
4993:
4962:
4958:
4945:
4941:
4910:
4906:
4853:
4849:
4802:
4798:
4761:
4757:
4734:Cuculus canorus
4730:
4726:
4685:
4681:
4642:
4638:
4615:10.2307/2410712
4599:
4592:
4584:
4553:
4547:
4543:
4535:
4520:
4514:
4510:
4491:10.2307/1369048
4471:
4467:
4444:10.2307/3545643
4420:
4416:
4379:
4375:
4352:10.2307/2408316
4336:
4332:
4324:
4301:
4295:
4291:
4236:
4232:
4203:
4199:
4180:
4176:
4166:
4164:
4163:on 21 June 2010
4160:
4123:Biology Letters
4117:
4111:
4107:
4099:
4058:
4052:
4048:
4017:(1510): 61–67.
4003:
3999:
3962:Biology Letters
3954:
3950:
3940:
3938:
3934:
3895:
3889:
3885:
3854:
3850:
3819:
3815:
3796:10.2307/1364475
3776:
3772:
3748:
3738:
3734:
3715:10.2307/1367580
3695:
3691:
3683:
3666:
3660:
3656:
3629:
3625:
3617:
3578:
3572:
3565:
3555:
3553:
3549:
3510:
3504:
3500:
3455:
3451:
3396:
3392:
3347:
3340:
3301:
3297:
3266:
3262:
3255:
3241:
3237:
3232:(11): 243–446 .
3218:
3214:
3206:
3202:
3185:
3181:
3144:
3140:
3085:
3081:
3028:
3024:
3014:
3012:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2979:
2975:
2944:
2940:
2930:
2928:
2921:
2905:
2901:
2891:
2889:
2877:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2861:
2839:
2830:
2779:
2775:
2765:
2763:
2762:on 9 April 2011
2759:
2720:
2714:
2710:
2694:
2693:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2639:
2633:
2622:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2565:
2559:Prum, Richard O
2556:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2491:
2419:
2414:
2413:
2404:
2395:
2386:
2377:
2368:
2359:
2350:
2341:
2332:
2323:
2314:
2305:
2296:
2287:
2143:
2134:
2125:
1994:Alvarezsauridae
1971:Therizinosauria
1948:
1935:Sinosauropteryx
1889:
1877:tyrannosauroids
1828:
1748:Sauropodomorpha
1725:
1716:
1707:
1698:
1539:Single filament
1521:
1513:Middle Triassic
1490:David B. Norman
1442:Dromaeosauridae
1376:horned screamer
1269:
1263:
1197:
1125:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1107:
1099:
1098:
1086:
1075:
1069:
1046:whooping cranes
944:
884:
879:
829:
798:uropygial gland
715:(found in some
713:psittacofulvins
664:
643:
636:
600:
567:Rictal bristles
482:
434:flight feathers
399:great cormorant
391:
381:
341:hydrogen-bonded
267:
214:
187:
96:plumage science
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9716:
9706:
9705:
9700:
9683:
9682:
9680:
9679:
9674:
9669:
9664:
9659:
9654:
9648:
9645:
9644:
9641:Feather tracts
9637:
9636:
9629:
9622:
9614:
9605:
9604:
9602:
9601:
9589:
9577:
9565:
9552:
9549:
9548:
9545:
9544:
9541:
9540:
9537:
9536:
9533:
9532:
9529:
9528:
9525:
9524:
9521:
9520:
9517:
9516:
9514:
9513:
9505:
9500:Coraciiformes
9497:
9489:
9481:
9476:Trogoniformes
9473:
9465:
9457:
9449:
9440:
9438:
9432:
9431:
9429:
9428:
9423:Passeriformes
9420:
9412:
9407:Falconiformes
9404:
9399:Cariamiformes
9395:
9393:
9387:
9386:
9384:
9383:
9375:
9367:
9362:Ciconiiformes
9359:
9351:
9343:
9334:
9332:
9326:
9325:
9323:
9322:
9314:
9305:
9303:
9297:
9296:
9294:
9293:
9285:
9276:
9274:
9272:Cursorimorphae
9268:
9267:
9265:
9264:
9255:
9253:
9247:
9246:
9244:
9243:
9235:
9230:
9225:
9216:
9214:
9208:
9207:
9205:
9204:
9196:
9188:
9179:
9177:
9168:
9162:
9161:
9158:
9157:
9155:
9154:
9146:
9137:
9135:
9133:Mirandornithes
9129:
9128:
9126:
9125:
9117:
9109:
9104:Columbiformes
9100:
9098:
9096:Columbimorphae
9089:
9080:
9070:
9069:
9066:
9065:
9062:
9061:
9058:
9057:
9055:
9054:
9049:
9041:
9036:
9031:Meleagridinae
9027:
9025:
9019:
9018:
9016:
9015:
9008:
9001:
8994:
8987:
8980:
8973:
8966:
8959:
8951:
8949:
8947:Odontophoridae
8943:
8942:
8940:
8939:
8932:
8925:
8918:
8910:
8908:
8902:
8901:
8899:
8898:
8891:
8884:
8877:
8870:
8863:
8856:
8848:
8846:
8840:
8839:
8837:
8836:
8831:
8826:
8820:
8818:
8809:
8788:
8787:
8784:
8783:
8781:
8780:
8772:
8770:
8764:
8763:
8761:
8760:
8753:
8745:
8743:
8737:
8736:
8734:
8733:
8728:
8726:Stictonettinae
8723:
8721:Dendrocygninae
8718:
8717:
8716:
8709:
8697:
8696:
8695:
8690:
8685:
8674:
8672:
8655:
8642:
8599:
8571:
8570:
8567:
8566:
8564:
8563:
8555:
8547:
8539:
8531:
8522:
8520:
8506:
8505:
8491:
8490:
8488:
8487:
8486:
8485:
8480:
8474:Notable birds
8472:
8467:
8462:
8457:
8452:
8447:
8442:
8436:
8434:
8430:
8429:
8427:
8426:
8424:Egg collecting
8421:
8416:
8411:
8406:
8401:
8396:
8391:
8386:
8381:
8376:
8375:
8374:
8364:
8359:
8354:
8349:
8343:
8341:
8333:
8332:
8330:
8329:
8324:
8319:
8314:
8309:
8307:Hesperornithes
8304:
8299:
8294:
8289:
8284:
8282:Ambiortiformes
8279:
8274:
8269:
8267:Enantiornithes
8264:
8259:
8254:
8249:
8241:
8239:
8233:
8232:
8230:
8229:
8224:
8219:
8214:
8209:
8208:
8207:
8202:
8191:
8189:
8183:
8182:
8180:
8179:
8174:
8169:
8164:
8159:
8154:
8149:
8144:
8139:
8134:
8129:
8124:
8118:
8116:
8110:
8109:
8107:
8106:
8101:
8096:
8091:
8086:
8081:
8076:
8071:
8070:
8069:
8059:
8054:
8048:
8046:
8040:
8039:
8037:
8036:
8030:
8027:
8026:
8014:
8013:
8006:
7999:
7991:
7985:
7984:
7979:
7974:
7969:
7964:
7959:
7954:
7946:
7937:
7928:
7927:External links
7925:
7924:
7923:
7910:
7904:
7887:
7884:
7881:
7880:
7819:
7768:
7703:
7646:
7620:
7592:
7566:
7490:
7427:
7389:
7338:(9): 856–869.
7315:
7241:
7167:
7116:
7059:
7033:
7011:
6954:
6933:(3): 430–435.
6913:
6862:
6811:
6761:
6714:
6659:
6596:
6567:
6530:(6): 793–802.
6510:
6480:
6431:
6366:
6342:
6291:
6242:
6207:(4): 173–177.
6191:
6156:
6105:(9): 856–869.
6079:
6024:
5982:(8): 609–616.
5959:
5928:
5889:
5852:(2): 417–430.
5832:
5772:
5723:
5702:10.1086/303246
5696:(4): 441–448.
5680:
5663:
5605:
5586:(2): 373–386.
5570:
5533:(4): 857–862.
5513:
5448:
5417:
5404:(4): 478–485.
5384:
5349:
5336:(4): 486–503.
5316:
5280:
5257:
5238:
5219:
5206:
5184:
5133:
5114:(2): 229–237.
5104:Pavo cristatus
5094:
5043:
5034:
5011:(3): 240–246.
4991:
4972:(3): 301–305.
4956:
4939:
4904:
4867:(3): 328–337.
4847:
4812:(3): 337–348.
4796:
4755:
4744:(2): 167–173.
4724:
4703:(2): 127–135.
4679:
4636:
4590:
4564:(3): 681–686.
4541:
4531:(2): 375–383.
4508:
4485:(2): 590–591.
4465:
4430:(2): 309–311.
4414:
4393:(2): 153–172.
4373:
4330:
4312:(4): 345–349.
4289:
4250:(10): 939–46.
4230:
4217:(3): 652–655.
4197:
4174:
4105:
4069:(2): 121–124.
4046:
3997:
3948:
3912:10.1086/515854
3883:
3872:(3): 345–373.
3848:
3829:(2): 121–126.
3813:
3790:(2): 112–118.
3770:
3759:(4): 477–486.
3732:
3709:(4): 469–471.
3689:
3654:
3623:
3595:10.1086/510095
3563:
3498:
3449:
3390:
3361:(3): 1600360.
3338:
3295:
3260:
3253:
3235:
3212:
3200:
3179:
3138:
3099:(5): 256–261.
3079:
3042:(6): 489–515.
3022:
2992:
2973:
2938:
2919:
2899:
2866:
2859:
2828:
2773:
2731:(4): 291–306.
2708:
2620:
2584:10.1086/341993
2578:(3): 261–295.
2542:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2467:coelurosaurian
2434:Inner Mongolia
2418:
2415:
2410:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2259:Enantiornithes
2255:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2235:Confuciusornis
2230:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2205:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2182:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2159:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2089:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2046:
2041:
2039:
2034:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2013:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1990:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1967:
1962:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1912:
1907:
1905:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1854:
1849:
1847:
1842:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1774:
1769:
1767:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1744:
1739:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1666:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1643:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1620:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1597:
1592:
1590:
1582:
1580:
1572:
1571:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1532:modern birds.
1520:
1517:
1509:Ornithoscelida
1479:enantiornithes
1409:posterolateral
1364:Psittacosaurus
1358:Kulindadromeus
1348:Psittacosaurus
1320:tyrannosauroid
1265:Main article:
1262:
1259:
1196:
1193:
1124:
1121:
1108:
1101:
1100:
1087:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1071:Main article:
1068:
1065:
1004:Indian peacock
943:
940:
883:
880:
878:
875:
828:
825:
719:) and the red
635:
632:
628:brooding patch
599:
596:
481:
478:
380:
379:Classification
377:
266:
263:
213:
212:
211:Quill, calamus
209:
206:
203:
200:
196:
186:
183:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9715:
9704:
9703:Bird products
9701:
9699:
9696:
9695:
9693:
9678:
9675:
9673:
9670:
9668:
9665:
9663:
9660:
9658:
9655:
9653:
9650:
9649:
9646:
9642:
9635:
9630:
9628:
9623:
9621:
9616:
9615:
9612:
9600:
9599:
9590:
9588:
9587:
9582:
9578:
9576:
9575:
9566:
9564:
9563:
9554:
9553:
9550:
9512:
9506:
9504:
9498:
9496:
9490:
9488:
9482:
9480:
9474:
9472:
9466:
9464:
9460:Strigiformes
9458:
9456:
9450:
9448:
9442:
9441:
9439:
9437:
9433:
9427:
9421:
9419:
9413:
9411:
9405:
9403:
9397:
9396:
9394:
9392:
9388:
9382:
9376:
9374:
9368:
9366:
9360:
9358:
9352:
9350:
9344:
9342:
9336:
9335:
9333:
9331:
9327:
9321:
9315:
9313:
9311:(tropicbirds)
9307:
9306:
9304:
9302:
9298:
9292:
9286:
9284:
9278:
9277:
9275:
9273:
9269:
9263:
9257:
9256:
9254:
9252:
9248:
9242:
9236:
9234:
9233:Podargiformes
9231:
9229:
9226:
9224:
9218:
9217:
9215:
9213:
9209:
9203:
9197:
9195:
9189:
9187:
9183:Cuculiformes
9181:
9180:
9178:
9176:
9172:
9169:
9167:
9163:
9153:
9147:
9145:
9139:
9138:
9136:
9134:
9130:
9124:
9118:
9116:
9110:
9108:
9102:
9101:
9099:
9097:
9093:
9090:
9088:
9084:
9081:
9079:
9075:
9071:
9053:
9050:
9048:
9042:
9040:
9037:
9035:
9029:
9028:
9026:
9024:
9020:
9014:
9013:
9009:
9007:
9006:
9002:
9000:
8999:
8995:
8993:
8992:
8988:
8986:
8985:
8981:
8979:
8978:
8974:
8972:
8971:
8967:
8965:
8964:
8960:
8958:
8957:
8953:
8952:
8950:
8948:
8944:
8938:
8937:
8933:
8931:
8930:
8926:
8924:
8923:
8919:
8917:
8916:
8912:
8911:
8909:
8907:
8903:
8897:
8896:
8892:
8890:
8889:
8885:
8883:
8882:
8881:Macrocephalon
8878:
8876:
8875:
8871:
8869:
8868:
8864:
8862:
8861:
8857:
8855:
8854:
8850:
8849:
8847:
8845:
8841:
8835:
8832:
8830:
8827:
8825:
8822:
8821:
8819:
8817:
8813:
8810:
8806:
8799:
8793:
8789:
8779:
8778:
8774:
8773:
8771:
8769:
8768:Anseranatidae
8765:
8759:
8758:
8754:
8752:
8751:
8747:
8746:
8744:
8742:
8738:
8732:
8729:
8727:
8724:
8722:
8719:
8715:
8710:
8708:
8703:
8702:
8701:
8698:
8694:
8691:
8689:
8686:
8684:
8681:
8680:
8679:
8676:
8675:
8673:
8669:
8663:
8659:
8656:
8650:
8646:
8643:
8639:
8633:
8607:
8603:
8600:
8598:
8576:
8572:
8562:
8556:
8554:
8548:
8546:
8542:Tinamiformes
8540:
8538:
8532:
8530:
8524:
8523:
8521:
8519:
8518:Palaeognathae
8515:
8511:
8507:
8500:
8496:
8492:
8484:
8481:
8479:
8476:
8475:
8473:
8471:
8468:
8466:
8463:
8461:
8458:
8456:
8453:
8451:
8448:
8446:
8443:
8441:
8438:
8437:
8435:
8431:
8425:
8422:
8420:
8417:
8415:
8412:
8410:
8407:
8405:
8404:Pigeon racing
8402:
8400:
8397:
8395:
8392:
8390:
8387:
8385:
8382:
8380:
8377:
8373:
8370:
8369:
8368:
8365:
8363:
8360:
8358:
8355:
8353:
8350:
8348:
8345:
8344:
8342:
8340:
8334:
8328:
8325:
8323:
8320:
8318:
8315:
8313:
8310:
8308:
8305:
8303:
8300:
8298:
8295:
8293:
8290:
8288:
8285:
8283:
8280:
8278:
8275:
8273:
8270:
8268:
8265:
8263:
8260:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8250:
8248:
8247:
8246:Archaeopteryx
8243:
8242:
8240:
8238:
8234:
8228:
8225:
8223:
8220:
8218:
8215:
8213:
8210:
8206:
8203:
8201:
8198:
8197:
8196:
8193:
8192:
8190:
8188:
8184:
8178:
8175:
8173:
8170:
8168:
8165:
8163:
8160:
8158:
8155:
8153:
8150:
8148:
8145:
8143:
8140:
8138:
8135:
8133:
8130:
8128:
8125:
8123:
8120:
8119:
8117:
8115:
8111:
8105:
8102:
8100:
8097:
8095:
8092:
8090:
8087:
8085:
8082:
8080:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8068:
8065:
8064:
8063:
8060:
8058:
8055:
8053:
8050:
8049:
8047:
8045:
8041:
8035:
8032:
8031:
8028:
8023:
8019:
8012:
8007:
8005:
8000:
7998:
7993:
7992:
7989:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7975:
7973:
7970:
7968:
7965:
7963:
7960:
7958:
7955:
7953:
7952:
7947:
7945:
7943:
7938:
7935:
7931:
7930:
7920:
7916:
7911:
7907:
7901:
7897:
7896:
7890:
7889:
7876:
7872:
7868:
7864:
7859:
7854:
7850:
7846:
7842:
7838:
7834:
7830:
7823:
7815:
7811:
7807:
7803:
7799:
7795:
7791:
7787:
7783:
7779:
7772:
7764:
7760:
7756:
7752:
7747:
7742:
7738:
7734:
7730:
7726:
7722:
7718:
7714:
7707:
7699:
7695:
7691:
7687:
7683:
7679:
7674:
7669:
7665:
7661:
7657:
7650:
7635:
7631:
7624:
7609:
7608:
7603:
7596:
7580:
7576:
7570:
7562:
7558:
7554:
7550:
7546:
7542:
7537:
7532:
7528:
7524:
7520:
7516:
7512:
7508:
7501:
7494:
7486:
7482:
7478:
7474:
7470:
7466:
7462:
7458:
7454:
7450:
7446:
7442:
7438:
7431:
7423:
7419:
7415:
7411:
7407:
7403:
7396:
7394:
7385:
7381:
7377:
7373:
7369:
7365:
7361:
7357:
7353:
7349:
7345:
7341:
7337:
7333:
7326:
7319:
7311:
7307:
7303:
7299:
7295:
7291:
7287:
7283:
7279:
7275:
7271:
7267:
7263:
7259:
7252:
7245:
7237:
7233:
7229:
7225:
7221:
7217:
7213:
7209:
7205:
7201:
7197:
7193:
7189:
7185:
7178:
7171:
7163:
7159:
7155:
7151:
7147:
7143:
7139:
7135:
7131:
7127:
7120:
7112:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7094:
7090:
7086:
7082:
7078:
7074:
7070:
7063:
7047:
7043:
7037:
7029:
7025:
7021:
7015:
7007:
7003:
6999:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6981:
6977:
6973:
6969:
6965:
6958:
6949:
6944:
6940:
6936:
6932:
6928:
6924:
6917:
6909:
6905:
6901:
6897:
6893:
6889:
6885:
6881:
6877:
6873:
6866:
6858:
6854:
6850:
6846:
6842:
6838:
6834:
6830:
6826:
6822:
6815:
6807:
6803:
6799:
6798:10.1038/31635
6795:
6791:
6787:
6783:
6779:
6772:
6765:
6757:
6753:
6749:
6745:
6741:
6737:
6733:
6729:
6725:
6718:
6710:
6706:
6702:
6698:
6694:
6690:
6686:
6682:
6678:
6674:
6670:
6663:
6655:
6651:
6647:
6643:
6639:
6635:
6631:
6627:
6623:
6619:
6615:
6611:
6607:
6600:
6585:
6578:
6571:
6563:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6545:
6541:
6537:
6533:
6529:
6525:
6524:Palaeontology
6521:
6514:
6499:
6495:
6494:
6487:
6485:
6476:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6458:
6454:
6450:
6446:
6442:
6435:
6427:
6423:
6419:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6401:
6397:
6393:
6389:
6385:
6381:
6377:
6370:
6363:(4): 311–329.
6362:
6358:
6351:
6349:
6347:
6338:
6334:
6330:
6326:
6322:
6318:
6314:
6310:
6306:
6302:
6295:
6287:
6283:
6279:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6261:
6257:
6253:
6246:
6238:
6234:
6230:
6226:
6222:
6218:
6214:
6210:
6206:
6202:
6195:
6187:
6183:
6179:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6160:
6152:
6148:
6144:
6140:
6136:
6132:
6128:
6124:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6108:
6104:
6100:
6093:
6086:
6084:
6075:
6071:
6067:
6063:
6059:
6055:
6051:
6047:
6043:
6039:
6035:
6028:
6009:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5993:
5989:
5985:
5981:
5977:
5970:
5963:
5955:
5951:
5947:
5943:
5939:
5932:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5912:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5893:
5885:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5847:
5843:
5836:
5828:
5824:
5820:
5816:
5812:
5808:
5804:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5784:
5776:
5768:
5764:
5760:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5727:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5699:
5695:
5691:
5684:
5677:
5673:
5667:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5635:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5616:
5609:
5601:
5597:
5593:
5589:
5585:
5581:
5574:
5566:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5517:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5459:
5452:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5421:
5412:
5407:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5388:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5353:
5344:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5320:
5304:
5300:
5299:
5294:
5287:
5285:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5261:
5254:
5250:
5247:
5246:Feather trade
5242:
5234:
5230:
5229:"Plume Trade"
5223:
5216:
5210:
5194:
5188:
5180:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5137:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5098:
5090:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5047:
5038:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4995:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4960:
4952:
4951:
4943:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4908:
4900:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4851:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4800:
4792:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4759:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4728:
4720:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4692:
4683:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4640:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4597:
4595:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4552:
4545:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4519:
4512:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4469:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4418:
4410:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4377:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4334:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4300:
4293:
4285:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4234:
4225:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4201:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4178:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4130:(1): 128–31.
4129:
4125:
4124:
4116:
4109:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4057:
4050:
4042:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4001:
3993:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3952:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3906:(4): 470–80.
3905:
3901:
3894:
3887:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3861:
3852:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3817:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3774:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3747:
3745:
3736:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3693:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3673:
3665:
3658:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3637:J. Avian Biol
3634:
3627:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3577:
3570:
3568:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3521:(5735): 736.
3520:
3516:
3509:
3502:
3494:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3453:
3445:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3410:(6): e65849.
3409:
3405:
3401:
3394:
3386:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3345:
3343:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3299:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3276:(2): 118–23.
3275:
3271:
3264:
3256:
3254:0-7216-3536-9
3250:
3246:
3239:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3216:
3210:, p. 261
3209:
3208:Chandler 1916
3204:
3196:
3192:
3191:
3183:
3175:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3142:
3134:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3083:
3075:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3026:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2996:
2988:
2984:
2977:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2942:
2926:
2922:
2920:3-86117-228-3
2916:
2912:
2911:
2903:
2887:
2883:
2876:
2870:
2862:
2860:0-8087-1609-3
2856:
2852:
2847:
2846:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2777:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2704:
2698:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2638:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2564:
2560:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2543:
2532:
2531:White feather
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2463:down feathers
2459:
2455:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2417:In pterosaurs
2408:
2407:
2399:
2398:
2390:
2389:
2381:
2380:
2372:
2371:
2363:
2362:
2354:
2353:
2345:
2344:
2336:
2335:
2327:
2326:
2318:
2317:
2309:
2308:
2300:
2299:
2291:
2290:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2277:(4, 6, 7, 8)
2276:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2261:(4, 6, 7, 8)
2260:
2254:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2238:(4, 6, 7, 8)
2237:
2236:
2229:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2204:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2138:
2137:
2129:
2128:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2088:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2068:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1911:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1853:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1839:
1838:Coelurosauria
1836:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1773:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1720:
1719:
1711:
1710:
1702:
1701:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1525:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1463:Archaeopteryx
1460:
1456:
1455:
1454:Archaeopteryx
1449:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1436:the families
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1405:anterolateral
1402:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1368:Congo peafowl
1365:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1337:ornithischian
1334:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1310:daohugouensis
1309:
1304:
1302:
1297:
1296:
1295:Archaeopteryx
1291:
1287:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1258:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1173:Tupandactylus
1170:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1115:
1114:Burmese amber
1112:
1105:
1096:
1095:
1094:Archaeopteryx
1090:
1089:Late Jurassic
1084:
1074:
1064:
1060:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1030:Frank Chapman
1027:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1011:Clan Campbell
1007:
1005:
1001:
996:
994:
990:
986:
982:
981:First Nations
978:
977:United States
974:
970:
964:
963:Museo Soumaya
960:
956:
952:
948:
939:
935:
931:
929:
924:
922:
921:fishing lures
918:
914:
911:
902:
895:
892:
888:
874:
872:
868:
864:
859:
856:
854:
853:barn swallows
850:
849:
844:
843:Feather holes
840:
838:
834:
824:
820:
818:
817:Gloger's rule
814:
810:
805:
801:
799:
792:
791:Pedro Américo
788:
784:
779:
775:
772:
763:
759:
757:
753:
748:
744:
740:
736:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
689:
687:
680:
679:
674:
670:
667:
663:
662:
657:
653:
649:
646:
640:
631:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
604:
595:
592:
588:
586:
585:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
558:
553:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
524:
519:
515:
513:
509:
506:
501:
496:
492:
488:
477:
473:
470:
468:
464:
460:
456:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
418:down feathers
412:
407:
400:
395:
390:
386:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
359:of mammalian
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
319:in feathers,
318:
314:
311:
307:
303:
299:
296:
295:integumentary
288:
284:
279:
271:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
241:
237:
233:
228:
225:
221:
210:
207:
204:
202:Shaft, rachis
201:
198:
197:
195:
191:
182:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
140:
136:
132:
131:sleeping bags
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
109:, especially
108:
104:
99:
97:
93:
89:
83:
81:
77:
73:
72:integumentary
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
41:
37:
33:
19:
9640:
9596:
9584:
9572:
9560:
9470:(mousebirds)
9468:Coliiformes
9338:Gaviiformes
9330:Aequornithes
9238:Apodiformes
9199:Otidiformes
9175:Otidimorphae
9122:(sandgrouse)
9044:Phasianinae
9010:
9003:
8996:
8991:Odontophorus
8989:
8982:
8975:
8968:
8961:
8954:
8934:
8927:
8920:
8913:
8893:
8886:
8879:
8872:
8865:
8858:
8851:
8829:Oreophasinae
8775:
8755:
8748:
8653:(waterfowls)
8649:Anseriformes
8399:Cockfighting
8384:Conservation
8379:Bird feeding
8367:Birdwatching
8357:Ornithomancy
8297:Gansuiformes
8244:
8237:Fossil birds
8127:Intelligence
8083:
7950:
7941:
7918:
7894:
7832:
7828:
7822:
7781:
7777:
7771:
7723:(1): 24–30.
7720:
7716:
7706:
7666:(1): 12–13.
7663:
7659:
7649:
7637:. Retrieved
7633:
7623:
7611:. Retrieved
7605:
7595:
7583:. Retrieved
7578:
7569:
7513:(1): 24–30.
7510:
7506:
7493:
7444:
7440:
7430:
7405:
7401:
7335:
7331:
7318:
7261:
7257:
7244:
7190:(1): 24–30.
7187:
7183:
7170:
7129:
7125:
7119:
7076:
7072:
7062:
7050:. Retrieved
7046:the original
7036:
7023:
7014:
6971:
6967:
6957:
6930:
6926:
6916:
6875:
6871:
6865:
6824:
6820:
6814:
6781:
6777:
6764:
6731:
6727:
6717:
6676:
6672:
6662:
6613:
6609:
6599:
6587:. Retrieved
6583:
6570:
6527:
6523:
6513:
6502:, retrieved
6492:
6448:
6444:
6434:
6383:
6379:
6369:
6360:
6356:
6304:
6300:
6294:
6259:
6255:
6245:
6204:
6200:
6194:
6172:(3): 58–63.
6169:
6165:
6159:
6102:
6098:
6041:
6037:
6027:
6015:. Retrieved
6008:the original
5979:
5975:
5962:
5945:
5941:
5931:
5906:
5902:
5892:
5849:
5845:
5835:
5786:
5782:
5775:
5740:
5736:
5726:
5693:
5689:
5683:
5666:
5625:
5621:
5608:
5583:
5579:
5573:
5530:
5526:
5516:
5505:the original
5468:
5464:
5451:
5439:. Retrieved
5430:
5420:
5401:
5397:
5387:
5365:(3): 58–63.
5362:
5358:
5352:
5333:
5329:
5319:
5307:. Retrieved
5296:
5270:
5260:
5241:
5222:
5214:
5209:
5197:. Retrieved
5187:
5150:
5146:
5136:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5097:
5060:
5056:
5046:
5037:
5008:
5004:
4994:
4969:
4965:
4959:
4949:
4942:
4920:(1): 49–55.
4917:
4913:
4907:
4864:
4860:
4850:
4809:
4805:
4799:
4772:
4768:
4758:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4727:
4700:
4696:
4690:
4682:
4653:
4649:
4639:
4606:
4602:
4570:10.1650/7383
4561:
4557:
4544:
4528:
4524:
4511:
4482:
4478:
4468:
4427:
4423:
4417:
4390:
4386:
4376:
4346:(1): 76–91.
4343:
4339:
4333:
4322:the original
4309:
4305:
4292:
4247:
4243:
4233:
4214:
4210:
4200:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4177:
4165:. Retrieved
4158:the original
4127:
4121:
4108:
4097:the original
4066:
4062:
4049:
4014:
4010:
4000:
3968:(1): 38–43.
3965:
3961:
3951:
3939:. Retrieved
3932:the original
3903:
3899:
3886:
3869:
3865:
3859:
3851:
3826:
3822:
3816:
3787:
3783:
3773:
3756:
3752:
3743:
3735:
3706:
3702:
3692:
3676:
3670:
3657:
3643:(2): 89–95.
3640:
3636:
3632:
3626:
3615:the original
3589:: S145–158.
3586:
3582:
3554:. Retrieved
3518:
3514:
3501:
3466:
3462:
3452:
3407:
3403:
3393:
3358:
3354:
3308:
3304:
3298:
3273:
3269:
3263:
3244:
3238:
3229:
3225:
3215:
3203:
3189:
3182:
3158:(1): 42–50.
3155:
3151:
3141:
3096:
3092:
3082:
3039:
3035:
3025:
3013:. Retrieved
3004:
2995:
2976:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2929:. Retrieved
2909:
2902:
2890:. Retrieved
2886:the original
2881:
2869:
2844:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2776:
2764:. Retrieved
2757:the original
2728:
2724:
2711:
2697:cite journal
2685:. Retrieved
2652:(3): 84–93.
2649:
2643:
2611:. Retrieved
2575:
2569:
2457:
2456:
2451:anurognathid
2420:
2273:
2257:
2233:
2232:
2208:
2207:
2184:
2161:
2110:
2109:
2092:
2091:
2071:
2050:Troodontidae
2048:
2015:
1992:
1969:
1933:
1932:
1915:
1914:
1874:
1857:
1856:
1815:Ceratosaurus
1813:
1812:
1795:
1794:
1777:
1776:
1746:
1686:Ceratopsidae
1684:
1668:
1645:
1622:
1599:
1588:Ornithischia
1567:
1563:
1534:
1530:
1502:sister group
1498:Ornithischia
1486:phylogenetic
1483:
1472:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1450:
1445:
1438:Troodontidae
1432:
1428:
1414:
1401:Concavenator
1400:
1391:
1384:
1380:Thomas Holtz
1363:
1356:
1346:
1340:
1330:
1323:
1313:
1306:
1299:
1293:
1283:
1275:
1253:
1246:
1242:crocodilians
1226:
1198:
1185:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1158:
1149:
1126:
1092:
1061:
1054:
1023:
1008:
997:
967:
959:Novohispanic
953:painting of
936:
932:
928:bird strikes
925:
907:
860:
857:
846:
841:
833:Phthiraptera
830:
821:
806:
802:
795:
768:
737:
725:turacoverdin
697:pheomelanins
690:
683:
676:
665:
659:
652:turacoverdin
644:
623:
619:
615:
609:
598:Distribution
589:
582:
566:
561:
527:
512:stridulation
507:
483:
474:
471:
454:
449:
445:
441:
425:
415:
389:Down feather
371:. The exact
292:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
235:
229:
217:
193:
145:
100:
95:
91:
84:
47:
46:
36:
9677:supercilium
9598:WikiProject
9508:Piciformes
9391:Australaves
9370:Suliformes
9288:Gruiformes
9143:(flamingos)
9052:Tetraoninae
9023:Phasianidae
9012:Rhynchortyx
8977:Dactylortyx
8844:Megapodidae
8834:Penelopinae
8792:Galliformes
8534:Rheiformes
8528:(ostriches)
8478:individuals
8352:Ornithology
8339:interaction
8094:Preen gland
7858:10468/11874
7639:19 December
7613:19 December
7585:19 December
6262:(1): 4–11.
5199:10 November
2783:Microraptor
2426:pycnofibres
2188:(3+, 6, 7)
2165:(3+, 6, 8)
2115:(3+, 6, 7)
2112:Microraptor
1958:Maniraptora
1917:Juravenator
1797:Carnotaurus
1647:Ornithopoda
1624:Thyreophora
1504:within the
1417:Maniraptora
1403:are on the
1385:In 2010, a
1301:Microraptor
1249:pycnofibres
1182:mate choice
1034:hummingbird
1015:Clan chiefs
983:peoples in
882:Utilitarian
877:Human usage
756:budgerigars
747:ultraviolet
743:iridescence
705:carotenoids
669:carotenoids
656:iridescence
538:conditioner
530:powder down
523:Guinea fowl
349:crosslinked
302:vertebrates
220:Old English
144:have great
76:vertebrates
58:, on both
9692:Categories
9348:(penguins)
9201:(bustards)
9039:Perdicinae
8984:Dendrortyx
8956:Callipepla
8888:Megapodius
8853:Aepypodius
8731:Tadorninae
8713:true geese
8544:(tinamous)
8503:Neornithes
8414:Pheasantry
8389:Aviculture
8157:Incubation
8147:Lek mating
7982:Federn.org
7408:: 91–102.
7360:10468/8068
6127:10468/8068
6017:15 October
5309:8 December
4063:Biol. Lett
3784:The Condor
3679:: 193–97.
3036:Biophys. J
3015:16 October
2538:References
2483:human hair
2471:melanosome
2458:Cascocauda
2443:archosaurs
2422:Pterosaurs
2275:Neornithes
2210:Jeholornis
1779:Aucasaurus
1735:Saurischia
1578:Dinosauria
1467:Anchiornis
1342:Tianyulong
1339:dinosaurs
1290:insulation
1254:Anchiornis
1238:homologous
1177:Anchiornis
1169:Anchiornis
1165:melanosome
1111:Cretaceous
723:and green
701:eumelanins
671:(red) and
650:(red) and
634:Coloration
546:oil spills
491:camouflage
383:See also:
357:α-keratins
317:β-keratins
298:appendages
119:mattresses
88:protection
68:archosaurs
66:and other
9417:(parrots)
9261:(hoatzin)
9212:Strisores
9193:(turacos)
9185:(cuckoos)
9114:(mesites)
9033:(turkeys)
9005:Philortyx
8922:Agelastes
8915:Acryllium
8906:Numididae
8895:Talegalla
8805:gamebirds
8798:landfowls
8777:Anseranas
8741:Anhimidae
8700:Anserinae
8483:fictional
8205:dinosaurs
8200:Theropoda
8187:Evolution
8132:Migration
8114:Behaviour
7875:222163211
7814:222168569
7682:2397-334X
7545:2397-334X
7485:222168569
7469:2397-334X
7384:174811556
7368:0169-5347
7310:205260354
7294:1476-4687
7220:2397-334X
7162:205254710
7079:: 12089.
7006:205049989
6908:205218015
6806:205001388
6748:0272-4634
6638:1476-4687
6504:3 October
6426:206556907
6151:174811556
6135:0169-5347
6074:262125827
5915:1122-9497
5866:1537-1719
5811:0036-8075
5737:Evolution
5658:206525132
5549:1558-5646
5527:Evolution
4890:2268/1067
4806:Oecologia
4603:Evolution
4409:201965078
4340:Evolution
4188:Biol. SKR
3333:135873731
2968:135061282
2823:206537426
2521:Pinioning
1494:Theropoda
1333:theropods
1308:Pedopenna
1303:zhaoianus
1286:dinosaurs
1156:pterosaur
1067:Evolution
1057:hairstyle
1050:Lacey Act
917:pheasants
910:fletching
827:Parasites
729:porphyrin
620:apterylae
575:vibrissae
571:eyelashes
495:predators
480:Functions
450:barbicels
426:filoplume
353:disulfide
306:epidermis
300:found in
283:rock dove
249:can mean
185:Etymology
179:ostriches
175:pheasants
92:plumology
64:dinosaurs
52:epidermal
9698:Feathers
9672:speculum
9662:eye-ring
9562:Category
9436:Afroaves
9364:(storks)
9166:Passerea
9151:(grebes)
9087:Columbea
8998:Oreortyx
8970:Cyrtonyx
8860:Alectura
8824:Cracinae
8816:Cracidae
8693:Oxyurini
8683:Aythyini
8678:Anatinae
8662:Anatidae
8409:Falconry
8372:big year
8227:Seabirds
8137:Foraging
8084:Feathers
7867:32989267
7806:32989266
7763:56480710
7755:30568282
7698:56480834
7690:30568284
7634:BBC News
7561:56480710
7553:30568282
7477:32989266
7422:86362907
7376:31164250
7302:29094688
7236:56480710
7228:30568282
7154:28332513
7111:27352215
7028:Archived
7024:CBC News
6998:19794481
6900:19794491
6849:11242078
6756:91976402
6701:24990749
6646:20829793
6562:89156313
6498:archived
6475:26041865
6418:25061209
6329:19295609
6278:21395983
6229:15685441
6186:98221211
6143:31164250
6066:37735563
6004:21898788
5954:17784647
5923:17784647
5884:29177513
5819:23112330
5767:25683790
5759:16329248
5710:10523490
5650:20133521
5600:84936431
5565:24319963
5557:25756292
5501:29689629
5493:22481363
5435:Archived
5398:Am. Zool
5379:98221211
5303:Archived
5275:Archived
5249:Archived
5233:Archived
5179:17547781
5128:15894132
5089:16677398
5029:Archived
4986:96154497
4899:17198730
4834:15726429
4791:85677766
4719:18461081
4697:Heredity
4631:28565684
4582:Archived
4533:Archived
4503:Archived
4460:86971117
4368:28563214
4284:18560743
4154:19710052
4093:17148144
4041:12590772
3992:17148123
3928:26584982
3843:36055848
3808:Archived
3727:Archived
3681:Archived
3611:29592388
3603:19426089
3547:Archived
3543:22278735
3535:16051789
3493:12965000
3444:23762440
3404:PLOS ONE
3385:28331789
3290:12972348
3174:15572138
3133:14834148
3074:19431311
3009:Archived
3001:"pen(3)"
2931:24 April
2925:Archived
2892:24 April
2815:22403389
2753:10578107
2678:Archived
2674:12616863
2604:Archived
2592:12365352
2489:See also
2430:Jurassic
2097:(3+, 6)
2052:(3+, 6)
1973:(1, 3+)
1920:(s, 3?)
1484:A large
1199:Several
1154:and the
1147:paravian
863:preening
848:Brueelia
781:Emperor
693:melanins
673:melanins
616:pterylae
612:penguins
563:Bristles
493:against
463:follicle
446:barbules
337:reptiles
313:proteins
224:Germanic
163:chickens
123:clothing
115:blankets
48:Feathers
18:Feathery
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