Fawn M. Brodie - Knowledge

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Hemings and Thomas Jefferson, they would tell the children they were descended from Jefferson's uncle. All these Jefferson descendants learned in the 1970s of their alleged descent from Eston Hemings, Sally Hemings and Thomas Jefferson. Brodie wrote a follow-up article about the Jefferson-Hemings grandchildren in 1976, entitled "Thomas Jefferson’s Unknown Grandchildren: A Study in Historical Silences", published in October 1976 in

1685:, November 25, 1945, 5. And not surprisingly, Brodie's friend and fellow historian Dale L. Morgan declared Brodie’s book the "finest job of scholarship yet done in Mormon history and perhaps the outstanding biography in several years—-a book distinguished in the range and originality of its research, the informed and searching objectivity of its viewpoint, the richness and suppleness of its prose, and its narrative power". 481:. By mid-1939, she confided to her uncle, Dean R. Brimhall (another ex-Mormon), that she intended to write a scholarly biography of Joseph Smith. Progress toward that goal was slowed by the birth of the Brodies' first child and by three rapid moves, a consequence of her husband's search for a permanent position. In 1943, Fawn Brodie was encouraged enough by her progress to enter her 300-page draft in a contest for the 1464:"Fawn bitterly recalled that as she 'grew older and became aware of the social implications of permanence became. . .a scandalous anachronism. The coming of guests, whether our parents' friends or our own, always meant a moment of apologetic explanation, which was humiliating to make or even to overhear.'" In winter, human wastes in chamber pots had to be thawed on the kitchen stove before they could be disposed of. 1645:, p. 86. Yet Morgan twice critiqued Brodie's manuscript with "alarming frankness", convincing Brodie that what she had already written read too much like an exposé. "In general, Morgan was much more incisive and penetrating in his critique than the Knopf panel had been in awarding Brodie her fellowship. The difference was that Morgan knew Mormon history and the Knopf readers did not." (88) After Brodie published 2174:"Two vast things, each wondrous in itself, combine to make this book a prodigy—the author's industry, and her ignorance. One can only be so intricately wrong by deep study and long effort, enough to make Ms. Brodie the fasting hermit and very saint of ignorance. The result has an eerie perfection, as if all the world's greatest builders had agreed to rear, with infinite skill, the world's ugliest building." 44: 1187:. As death neared, the cancer spread to her brain and bones, and Brodie suffered intense pain. During this period, she was visited in the hospital by her brother Thomas, who had remained a practicing Latter-day Saint. Brodie asked him to "give me a blessing", although she had long been estranged from both her brother and the LDS Church. A few days later, Brodie released a note saying that her request for a 2064:(New York: Vintage, 1996), 365: "Although Brodie's book ignited a raging debate within the scholarly world and then a proliferation of biographies, novels, films and popular magazine stories, it was in truth Malone's findings about the chronology of Sally's pregnancies that constituted the most tangible piece of new evidence to support the charge of a sexual liaison." 810:(1904–1993), offered Brodie $ 10,000 in advance to produce a manuscript. But Dale Morgan told Brodie that Madeline Reeder McQuown, a close friend, had nearly completed a huge manuscript on Young. In fact, McQuown's biography was little more than a few rough drafts of early chapters, but Brodie was dissuaded and abandoned Young for Thomas Jefferson. 1129:, although she had never smoked. Between chemotherapy treatments, she pushed ahead to complete the Nixon study. Her three children and a daughter-in-law provided moral and editorial support. Knowing that she could never complete a full biography, Brodie ended the manuscript with Nixon's pre-presidential years, lending it an unfinished quality. 2248:(November 5, 1998), 27-28. The likelihood that a non-Jefferson fathered Eston was estimated at 0.1%. The study also found that there was no match between the Jefferson male line and descendants of Thomas Woodson. The Monticello Foundation had long believed that the historical evidence disproved this account, and the DNA made that conclusive. 2293:, 3rd Ser., 57, No. 1, (January 2000), 125, 126, 129 (Stating that the Randolph theory is a "last stand" among Jefferson loyalists, but disagreeing with Brodie's portrayal of Jefferson's relationship with Hemings as a "love affair"). In 2012 the Smithsonian and Monticello collaborated on an exhibit that opened in Washington, DC: 2419:, p. 264: "Most critical was political scientist J. Philipp Rosenberg...."After finishing the Nixon book, I have an urge to demand that psychobiographers be barred from writing about people they dislike. While this would create a huge gap in the literature, it would do wonders for the reputation of psychobiography." 672:

acquaintances among psychoanalysts who helped her evaluate Thaddeus Stevens, notably Ralph R. Greenson, with whom she developed a close personal and professional relationship. Both the Brodies also undertook psychoanalysis, he for insomnia and she for chronic mild depression and sexual problems. (Bernard's employer, the

746:(1862). Almost immediately she "was lost" to Burton, a man whom she described as "fascinating beyond belief". She soon planned a full biography. Like Brodie, Burton was an agnostic who was fascinated by religion and all things sexual. Brodie consulted with the psychoanalyst community and used her own 1006:

in which she analyzed the historiography and noted the bias of historians in assessing conflicting accounts by descendants of the Jefferson family and the Hemings family, as well as evidence that they overlooked. She also noted Malone's data, which established that Jefferson was at Monticello during

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sold 80,000 copies in hardback and 270,000 copies in paperback, and netted Brodie $ 350,000 in royalties—adjusted for inflation, more than a million dollars in the early twenty-first century. Peterson concluded in 1998 that "o book of the last quarter century has left a more indelible mark on

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immigrants, who was alienated from both his family and his family's religion. A bright graduate student in international relations, he eventually became a noted expert in military strategy during the Cold War era. The McKays were horrified at their daughter's impending marriage; Dilworth Jensen felt

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in 1936, she lost her faith in religion entirely. In 1975, she recalled, "It was like taking a hot coat off in the summertime. The sense of liberation I had at the University of Chicago was exhilarating. I felt very quickly that I could not go back to the old life, and I never did." She continued to

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Nixon ordered the collection of derogatory material about Ellsberg. He also approved of the method taken by the “Plumbers”. In a White House tape released in 1996, Nixon can be heard telling his chief of staff, H. R. Haldeman to "break in" to the offices of the Brookings Institution, to "rifle the

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The farmhouse Brodie lived in was owned not by her parents but by the extended McKay clan, the McKay Family Corporation. Her relatives visited regularly and for extended periods each summer, but the corporation refused to provide indoor plumbing, although the Thomas McKay family desperately wanted

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Like many previous Jefferson biographers, Brodie developed an intense affection for her protagonist. She claimed that in dreams, she and Jefferson became "man and wife". Bernard Brodie is supposed to have muttered, "God, I'm glad that man is out of the house." Fawn Brodie wondered where one could

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Fawn's sister, Flora, who was two years older, Fawn more than kept pace. Introduced to school in 1921, the six-year-old Fawn was advanced to the fourth grade; when she lost the school spelling bee to a twelve-year-old, "she cried and cried that this bright boy, twice her age, had spelled her down."

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Brodie said that two years of "playing hostess to itinerant apostles, plus some sophisticated literature and the overwhelmingly impressive spectacle of twenty centuries of European art really shocked her out of that provincialism in which twenty-five years in Huntsville had tried to enshroud her".

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In November 1977, Bernard Brodie was diagnosed with a serious cancer, and Fawn Brodie suspended her research on Nixon: “That son of a bitch can wait.” She nursed her husband until his death a year later. Afterward, she struggled with “a depression from which she would never really emerge”. Under

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and Brodie had spoken formally to both students and others about the former president. As a liberal Democrat, Brodie had developed a “repellent fascination" with Nixon, a man whom she called “a rattlesnake”, a “plain damn liar”, and a "shabby, pathetic felon". Although Brodie thought Nixon was an

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Literary reviews were generally positive, while historians were often critical of Brodie's speculations. Mainstream historians had long denied the possibility of Jefferson's relation with Sally Hemings, although such interracial liaisons were so common that by the late eighteenth century, visitors

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in Independence, Missouri. Eventually she returned to Utah, where she did research in the LDS Church Archives. She gained access to some highly restricted materials by claiming to be "Brother McKay's daughter", a subterfuge that made her feel "guilty as hell". Her pursuit of little-known documents

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Fawn Brodie had two miscarriages; at the time of the second, some unidentified members of her extended family intimated it was "just punishment" for her "sins". Brodie said that the miscarriage was "the worst thing" that had ever happened to her but that it "had brought a 'complete erasing of the

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In May 1946, the LDS Church excommunicated Brodie. She never tried to regain her membership. Brodie once wrote to a friend that what she suffered from her disillusionment with Mormonism "had to do with the pain I caused my family. The disillusionment itself was...a liberating experience." Before

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Brodie's depiction of Smith in 1945 as a fraudulent "genius of improvisation" has been described as both a "beautifully written biography ... the work of a mature scholar represented the first genuine effort to come to grips with the contradictory evidence about Smith's early life" and as a work

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could be explained by his personal life. If he had been conducting a 38-year affair with a slave, then he could not free his slaves because once they were freed, Virginia law would force them from the state, unless he gained permission from the legislature for them to stay. He could continue his

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to the study of historical personalities, a subject especially popular during the mid-twentieth century. At first Brodie was amused at how much psychoanalysis had "become a religion" to its practitioners, but she later became a committed devotee of psychoanalytic theory. Brodie made a number of

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Fawn Brodie genuinely enjoyed her roles as wife and mother, believing that rearing children, especially when they were small, was "enormously fulfilling". Eventually the Brodies had two boys and a girl. Still, Brodie was not content to be without a writing project for long. After some desultory

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Jefferson descendants who recognized his name from her account. His descendants had married white, and this generation appeared to be white. They discovered that their fathers in the 1940s had decided that, to protect their children from racial discrimination associated with descent from Sally

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was published, Brodie sought to comfort her parents, "You brought us all up to revere the truth, which is the noblest ideal a parent can instill in his children, and the fact that we come out on somewhat different roads certainly is no reflection on you." Brodie's mother and three sisters were

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was a natural subject for Brodie's fourth biography. One of her courses focused on the United States from 1800 to 1830, and her seminar in political biography could serve as an appropriate forum for a work-in-progress. Throughout this period, Brodie was attracted to Mormon studies and was

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wrote a mixed review, but he praised the biography as "the best book about the Mormons so far published". DeVoto, who believed Joseph Smith was "paranoid", said that Brodie had not provided adequate psychological explanations for Smith's behavior. Brodie also came to believe that a thorough

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records. Since then the Foundation has revised exhibits and tour commentary to reflect Jefferson's paternity of all Hemings' children, and it has sponsored new research into the interracial society of Monticello and Charlottesville. Since 2000, most academics, including biographers such as

1109:—whom she knew on a first-name basis—and Nixon for what she described in a letter to him as “a compassionate and accurate study”. (Nixon did not reply.) Although she could find no evidence, Brodie began to think that he had engaged in a homosexual relationship with his good friend 676:

Corporation, paid most of the bills.) Brodie's interest in psychology during this period was heightened by family problems: her mother attempted suicide three times, the second by cutting herself with a Catholic crucifix, and the third (which succeeded) by setting herself on fire.

1146:, Godfrey Hodgson questioned both her psychoanalytic approach and her motives: "e are in danger of having the insights of psychotherapy used as a tool for character destruction, certainly for libel, potentially for revenge." According to J. Philipp Rosenberg, Brodie's study of 834:

slave said to be the half-sister of his late wife. The topic was timely during a period of increased national interest in race, sex, and presidential hypocrisy. Brodie had personal reasons as well, having discovered that her husband had been conducting an extramarital affair.

2022:"n weighing her husband's indiscretion against the overwhelmingly positive aspects of their relationship, Fawn concluded that their marriage of some thirty years was worth preserving." Jefferson reminded Brodie of her father: orderly, self-controlled, and chronically in debt. 2013:, 31 (Summer 1998), 111-23. "Morgan carried the weight of the deceit by encouraging and promoting a book that would never appear, thus risking his reputation as a scholar and mentor on a woman who, by the later stages of their relationship, was, at best, indifferent." (122) 1545:

Although Fawn remained fond of Jensen, she wanted "freedom and a chance to be on her own. Dilworth himself apparently sensed this." The "couple continued to talk marriage, and it seemed to those who knew them that their relationship would continue despite the separation."

1879:"Historians, beginning with the ancient writers, had all along been aware of the psyche's importance whenever they spoke of a human nature with perennial motives, sketched biographical or character portraits, or analyzed human behavior under tyrants." Ernst Breisach, 432:, and friends assumed they would marry. Her sister, Flora, had recently eloped with Jensen's brother, whom the McKays disliked. They encouraged Fawn to attend the University of Chicago rather than marry. She seemed to have had "growing doubts about marrying" Jensen. 1745:, p. 106. In the revised edition of 1971, Brodie made minimal changes to the text but added a supplementary chapter that reflected her greater reliance on psychohistory, at least partially crediting Smith's prophetic claims to a complex "identity problem". 651:

Brodie believed that previous historians had unduly vilified Stevens, and she relished the prospect of rebuilding a reputation rather than, as in her Joseph Smith biography, tearing one down. Stevens as a champion of black people was a timely interest as the

538:. Brodie asserts that at first Smith was a deliberate impostor; but at some point, in nearly untraceable steps, he became convinced that he really was a prophet, though never escaping "the memory of the conscious artifice" that created the Book of Mormon. 897:

of her work in progress, entitled "The Great Jefferson Taboo", about her conclusion that the Jefferson–Hemings relationship took place. In a change from its usual practice, the magazine included all her notes to show the sources of her conclusions.

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to explore Burton's subconscious. For instance, she noted that immediately before and after Burton wrote about his mother, he talked "about cheating, decapitation, mutilations, smashings—all the stories and metaphors are violent, negative, and hostile".

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with the conception period of each of Sally Hemings' children, whose births he recorded in the Farm Book. She discovered that Hemings never conceived when Jefferson was not at Monticello, during years when he was often away for months at a time.

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it, and the corporation could afford to pay for it. The mortgage debt grew to thirty-five thousand dollars, "an astronomical sum for the time" that Fawn's father bore for the next thirty years "like Atlas, without hope and without lament".

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Flora McKay recalled that her mother "hated the temple ceremonies so bad that it was just ghastly". Among other things, her mother rejected the Mormon view of eternity and instead insisted that "eternity is one generation to another."

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although she had not earned a Ph.D. (Both her bachelor's and master's degrees were in English.) As a woman, Brodie met some resistance from the large and overwhelmingly male history faculty, but her specialty in the current field of

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The choice of the University of Utah rather than Brigham Young University was made by Fawn's mother who, besides her own heterodoxy, did not want her girls a hundred miles away in Provo, where they would be encouraged to marry.

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went to Chicago to warn his niece of the family's strong objections. Out of consideration for her mother, Fawn scheduled the wedding in an LDS chapel, but of the McKays, only Fawn's mother attended. None of Brodie's family did.

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aided her original appointment and her eventual promotion to full professor. Brodie taught both larger upper-division lectures in American history and small seminars on American political biography, preferring the latter.

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By May 1968, Brodie was committed to writing the Jefferson biography. She understood that it could not be a full account. The study of Jefferson had become a virtual career for several living historians. For instance,

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Despite the prominence of her family in the church, they lived in genteel poverty, their property burdened by unpayable debt. The young Fawn was perpetually embarrassed that their house did not have indoor plumbing.

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and evening prayers on her knees, her mother was a closet skeptic who thought the LDS Church was a "wonderful social order" but who doubted its dogma. According to Brodie, in the late 1930s, while her father headed

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files" and to bring him the material he wanted. "Break in and take it out!" Nixon demanded. "You understand?" The following day the President ordered his chief of staff to launch a smear campaign against Ellsberg.

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was critical: "Doesn't know about making the theory fit the facts instead of trying to explain the facts to fit the theory? It's pretty fascinating, like working out a detective story, but she doesn't play fair."

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in 1934. There she began to question core Mormon beliefs, such as that the Native Americans had originated in ancient Palestine. After graduation at age nineteen, she returned to teach English at Weber College.

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staff made Brodie's biography an "Editor's Choice", calling it "a fascinating, and generally convincing, speculative study focusing on Jefferson's inner life, especially his tragic irresolution about slavery.""

2009:, pp. 182, 185–86. Morgan and McQuown engaged in a relationship described as unusual and complex. Craig L. Foster, “Madeline McQuown, Dale Morgan, and the Great Unfinished Brigham Young Biography,” 1818:

In answer to a student's question in 1980, Brodie said that she had come to her opinion before writing the biography, saying, "I was not a devout Mormon when I began the research on my book." Kammen, 23.

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For example, the Thomas Jefferson Heritage Society concluded in 2001 that it was unlikely that Hemings' children were Jefferson's, and suggested that they might be the children of Jefferson's brother

1018:(the youngest son of Sally Hemings), the Carr nephews, and Thomas Woodson (whose family also claimed descent from Jefferson). It found that the Y-DNA of the Eston Hemings descendant matched the rare 667:, and any biography that refused to examine motives, character traits, and the depth of personality would be flat and uninteresting. Brodie became interested in applying the theories of professional 1985:, pp. 181–82, 202–02. When Brodie sought promotion to full professor in 1971, some members of the department opposed her based on her lack of a PhD and their perception of her as a popularizer. 851:, had relied on Jefferson family testimony by two Randolph grandchildren, who named his Carr nephews as fathers. They discounted other evidence about this alleged sexual relationship, including by 656:

increased in intensity. Research materials were available at Yale University, where Bernard Brodie was employed. Fawn Brodie also wondered how Stevens had been affected psychologically by having a

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to publish a paperback edition of Brodie's book, but wrote a blurb praising the author for writing "more imaginatively" and "more resourcefully...than any other Stevens biographer". Nevertheless,

508:, who became a lifelong friend, mentor, and sounding board. Brodie completed her biography of Joseph Smith in 1944, and it was published in 1945 by Alfred A. Knopf, when she was thirty years old. 524:

in 1844. Brodie presents the young Joseph as a lazy, good-natured, extroverted, and unsuccessful treasure seeker. In an attempt to improve his family's fortunes, he developed the notion of

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and the book quickly "became a topic of comment in elite social-literary circles", as well as among political people. The biography was an immediate commercial success; it was on the

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Her interest in the former president had a personal basis as well. One of her sons had nearly been drafted in 1969 shortly after Nixon had won election on the promise to end the

1579:, pp. 62–64."According to his daughter, Pamela, Bernard's family interpreted the marriage as a deliberate rejection not only of them but also of his Jewish heritage."(64) 408:, a two-year institution in Ogden, then owned by the LDS Church, where she became an accomplished public speaker and participated in intercollegiate debate. She completed a 1490:

There was a blessing at every meal, and the McKay children were not allowed to play either outside or inside the house. Even the sewing of doll clothes was forbidden. The

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should not be misinterpreted as a request to return to the church. It was Brodie's last signed statement. In accordance with her wishes, friends spread her ashes over the

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When Brodie published the Stevens book in 1959, it enjoyed virtually unanimous praise from critics. Major historians of the Civil War and Reconstruction era, including

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pamphlet as "a well-written, clever piece of Mormon propaganda", but she dismissed the more popular "No, Ma'am, That's Not History" as "a flippant and shallow piece".

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praised the author for her "skill and scholarship and admirable detachment". Other reviews were less positive. Brodie was especially annoyed by the review of novelist

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criticized many foundational Mormon beliefs about Joseph Smith, the LDS Church was slow to condemn the work, even as the book went into a second printing. In 1946,

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in 1873, who identified Jefferson as his father and said he had a long relationship with his mother. The relationship was first reported in 1802 by the journalist

2614: 493: 2753: 720:, a co-authored paperback intended as a college text. It treated the influence of science on military technology. Bernard Brodie had signed the contract with 306:

as a concubine and fathered children by her. Brodie concluded he had done so, a conclusion supported by a 1998 DNA analysis and current scholarly consensus.

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Although neither Bernard nor her publisher was enthusiastic about her choice, Brodie began to work on her new project. She resigned her professorship at

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Brodie said that her father's refusal to read or discuss the book "hurt me more, I think, than an angry argument about the contents would have done".

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associate of Bernard Brodie. Fielding was Fawn Brodie's long-time therapist. Brodie considered “Nixon the perpetrator of an assault on her privacy”.

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of the male Jefferson line. In addition, the tests conclusively found that there was no match between the Carr line and the Hemings descendant.

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in 1975. Brodie decided to concentrate on a biography of “the private man”. She decided to build on several recently published articles on the

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In high school, Brodie had begun dating a classmate, Dilworth Jensen. They wrote to each other faithfully during Jensen's long absence on an

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Other historians, including those associated with the Thomas Jefferson Heritage Society, founded after the DNA study, continue to disagree.

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Wills complained that Brodie had consistently found double meanings in the language of colonial America based on twentieth-century usage.

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This article usually uses the terms "Mormon" and "Mormonism" to describe the entire movement that originated after the publication of the

1079:. (At the last minute, sympathetic physicians had reclassified Bruce Brodie as unfit for military service on the basis of his allergies.) 326:, about ten miles (16 km) east. Both her parents descended from families influential in early Mormonism. Her maternal grandfather, 2763: 1969:, p. 175. Biographer Jon R. Godsall charged that Brodie made "gratuitous changes" to the text of a primary source. Jon R. Godsall, 1681:. Even in a generally negative review, Vardis Fisher praised Brodie for turning up primary sources that had previously been neglected. 501:. After a "painful, acrimonious encounter" with her uncle, Brodie promised never again to consult materials in the church's archives. 2728: 286:, an academic who became a national defense expert; they had three children. Although Fawn Brodie eventually became one of the first 1689:, 28 (November 28, 1945), 7-8. Bermad DeVoto called it "the best thing about Mormons so far published; it is in a class by itself." 2708: 1090:, his operatives had burglarized the office of Ellsberg's psychiatrist, Dr. Lewis Fielding. Ellsberg was a close friend and former 887:

By 1971 Brodie had a $ 15,000 advance from her publisher and had presented a summary of her arguments at the annual meeting of the

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liaison with Hemings only if his slaves remained slaves. Two of the most prominent Jefferson biographers of the twentieth century,

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Having found temporary employment at the Harper Library of the University of Chicago, Brodie began researching the origins of the

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Sales of the book were disappointing, in part because of the reviews, and in part because memoirs by Nixon associates such as

562:, who accused her of stating "as indisputable facts what can only be regarded as conjectures supported by doubtful evidence". 2748: 2738: 2530: 2481: 1895:, p. 140. For a critical analysis of psychotherapy in American religious and intellectual life, see William M. Epstein, 1518:

Brodie was pleasantly surprised that at her mother's age, "there could come such delightful blossoming of courageous heresy".

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on September 25, 1802, in a rare admission, stated that “thousands” of mulatto children were then being born in the South."

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female professors of history at UCLA, she is best known for her five biographies, four of which incorporate insights from

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was a commercial failure that sold fewer than fifteen hundred copies before going out of print in less than a year.

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While hiking at a family reunion in 1980, Brodie became unusually tired. She was shortly diagnosed with metastatic

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Newell G. Bringhurst, "Fawn McKay Brodie and her Quest for Independence" in John Sillito & Susan Staker, eds.

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had a lengthy critique: it praised the biography's "fine literary style" and denounced it as "a composite of all

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was published in late 1981 and received reviews less enthusiastic than for any of her earlier books. Writing in

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In 1960 the Brodies spent a year in France, during which Fawn spent considerable energy researching and writing

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activities in German-speaking Europe, her mother became a "thoroughgoing heretic" while accompanying him there.

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The publication of three acclaimed biographies allowed Brodie to become a part-time lecturer in history at the

696:, praised the biography. Donald called Brodie's psychoanalysis of Stevens "a tour de force". Most gracious was 492:

in Washington, D.C., where the Brodies had moved for her husband's work, as well as at the headquarters of the

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was published in May 1967 and was chosen as a featured selection by both the Literary Guild Book Club and the

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Non-Mormon reviewers praised either the author's research, the excellence of her literary style, or both.

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Hartt P. Wixom, "Critiquing the Critics of Joseph Smith", (Springville, UT: Cedar Fort Publishing, 2005).

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write to Jensen until shortly before she married Bernard Brodie on her graduation day, August 28, 1936.

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magazine. Photographs and other documentary material they gave her have been donated to UCLA archives.

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psychological analysis of Smith was essential and that she "hadn't gone far enough in this direction".

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Brodie and her publisher understood that the biography would be controversial. An in-house editor at

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In the view of students of historiography such as Ernst Breisach, all biographers are to some degree

302:, published in 1974, was the first modern examination of evidence that Jefferson had taken his slave 260: 2620: 2167: 1286: 735: 365:

Brodie early demonstrated precociousness. At three she memorized and recited lengthy poems. When a

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when Jefferson was President, after Callender failed to win an appointment by the president.

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Fawn M. Brodie, "Thomas Jefferson’s Unknown Grandchildren: A Study in Historical Silences",

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Although Brodie grew to maturity in a rigorously religious environment that included strict

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claimed he was immediately struck "by the brazen inconsistencies that swarm in its pages".

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had recently flooded the market. Perhaps Brodie's book was most influential in stimulating

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promoted it as an "xcellent biography of a bizarre man who had a bizarre wife—and life".

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2000, PBS Frontline, includes quotes and commentary on Brodie's biography of Jefferson

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collections. Brodie conducted 150 interviews. She tried unsuccessfully to interview

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was in the process of completing a six-volume biography of Jefferson, which won the

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literary fellowship. In May, her application was judged the best of the 44 entries.

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called Brodie's book "a definitive biography in the finest sense of the word", and

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and then the concept of a religious novel, the Book of Mormon, based in part on

1866:

feelings of guilt' she had had since the Joseph Smith biography had come out".

1491: 1338: 1072:, she did not believe him to be the “charming imposter the Mormon leader was". 925: 819: 668: 563: 505: 498: 478: 452: 444: 366: 347: 222: 2607: 2657: 2049:

The Historian's Toolbox: A Student's Guide to the Theory and Craft of History

1723: 1147: 1060: 1056: 1015: 976: 916:. Brodie tried to ensure that none of the three foremost Jefferson scholars, 827: 803: 784: 664: 559: 525: 428:

in Europe. In June 1935, they were both accepted for graduate studies at the

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To try to resolve the renewed controversy with modern techniques, in 1998 a

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was published in February 1974, and it was the main spring selection of the

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Brodie's research was enlarged by other students of Mormonism, most notably

1171: 1166: 1102: 1069: 1039: 961: 957: 917: 902: 871: 844: 815: 721: 701: 591: 381: 256: 2162: 1773: 1383: 1382:(University of Illinois Press, 2000), 165. However, the Mormon apologist 1126: 1110: 1101:

in 1977 to devote herself to research, including, for the first time, in

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People excommunicated by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

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remarked on the numerous white slaves in Virginia and the Upper South. "

2285:

This view is not widely accepted within academia. See Joseph J. Ellis,

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that presented conjecture as fact. Her best-selling psychobiography of

1494:

was obeyed, with no coffee, tea, or alcoholic beverages were consumed.

1122:

the circumstances, Nixon's biography seemed “like a total obscenity”.

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The Stevens biography took the better part of a decade to complete.

632:

investigation of other possibilities, she settled on a biography of

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Newell G. Bringhurst, "1974: A Popular but Controversial Biography"

1758:

This review was soon reprinted as a pamphlet and missionary tract.

1059:

was a clear field, but she decided not to “return to old ground”.

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The City of the Saints and Across the Rocky Mountains to California

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enthusiastic about the book, but Thomas McKay refused to read it.

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describing a reported sexual relationship between Jefferson and

2269:. Thomas Jefferson Heritage Society. April 2001. Archived from 1014:

study was conducted of descendants of the Jefferson male line,

447: 287: 1113:. Her psychoanalyst friends tried to warn her off this topic. 1048: 1829:

In the Past Lane: Historical Perspectives on American Culture

1602:

In the Past Lane: Historical Perspectives on American Culture

1380:

Sojourner in the Promised Land: Forty Years among the Mormons

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Brodie considered a range of subjects for a new biography.

1004:

Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: An American Controversy,

270:

in a respected, if impoverished, family who were members of

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had resigned the presidency shortly after she had finished

1007:

the conception period for each of Sally Heming's children.

975:

After her book was published, Brodie was contacted by some

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At ten she had a poem printed in the LDS youth periodical,

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Utah Historians and the Reconstruction of Western History.

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In January 2000, a research committee commissioned by the

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asked Brodie to edit and write a new introduction for Sir

2519:

Utah Historians and the Reconstruction of Western History

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Slavery at Jefferson's Monticello: The Paradox of Liberty

1726:(November 25, 1945). "Mormonism and Its Yankee Prophet". 928:, would review the book. Brodie was interviewed on NBC's 802:

importuned by several publishers to write a biography of

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when Brodie was born and later became the church's ninth

791: 619: 2092:, June 1972, Volume 23, Issue 4, accessed 1 March 2012. 1435:. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 15–17, 30–33. 494:

Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints

2574:(Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1997) 2366: 2315: 2300: 2224: 2222: 2120: 1897:

Psychotherapy as Religion: The Civil Divine in America

2215:

October 1976, Vol. 27, Issue 6, accessed 1 March 2012

2101:

Thelma Sargent to George Brockway, April 12, 1973 in

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Also, when Nixon had sought information to discredit

724:, but his wife did most of the research and writing. 2649:

Fawn McKay Brodie audio-visual collection, 1946-1995

1430: 2219: 2196:American Sphinx: The Character of Thomas Jefferson 2062:American Sphinx: The Character of Thomas Jefferson 1883:(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), 342. 1831:(New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 21-22. 1366:(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2nd. ed., 1971), 403. 1364:No Man Knows My History: The Life of Joseph Smith 1206:No Man Knows My History: The Life of Joseph Smith 497:eventually attracted the attention of her uncle, 435:At the University of Chicago, where she earned a 2655: 334:. Her father, Thomas Evans McKay, was a bishop, 2613:- from solomonspaulding.com, which defends the 2240:Originally published by E. A. Forster et al., " 1651:, Morgan wrote a glowing review of it for the 1604:(New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 21; 1351:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 766:. Reviews were again generally positive. The 599:books that have gone before". In the booklet, " 272:the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 2588:(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2003). 2139:"1974-"A Popular but Controversial Biography'" 1233:The Devil Drives: A Life of Sir Richard Burton 1183:Brodie died nine months before publication of 760:The Devil Drives: A Life of Sir Richard Burton 729:The Devil Drives: A Life of Sir Richard Burton 534:, an earlier work by a contemporary clergyman 344:Assistant to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles 314:Fawn McKay was the second of five children of 2754:University of California, Los Angeles faculty 1971:The Tangled Web: a life of Sir Richard Burton 1881:Historiography: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern 1657:. He did not reveal his own role in the book. 570: 27:American historian and biographer (1915–1981) 2689:Historians of the Latter Day Saint movement 2604:, Light Planet website, LDS apologist site. 2206: 2204: 2086:Fawn M. Brodie, "The Great Jefferson Taboo" 1259:Richard Nixon: The Shaping of His Character 1185:Richard Nixon: The Shaping of His Character 1138:Richard Nixon: The Shaping of His Character 1050:Richard Nixon: The Shaping of His Character 840:Jefferson's ambiguous posturings on slavery 443:Brodie was a native of Chicago, the son of 274:(LDS Church), Fawn McKay drifted away from 2467: 2452: 2440: 2428: 2416: 2404: 2399:Godfrey Hodgson, "The Liar on the Couch", 2387: 2375: 2360: 2348: 2324: 2309: 2228: 2178: 2114: 2102: 2073: 2035: 2023: 2006: 1994: 1982: 1966: 1954: 1942: 1929: 1917: 1892: 1867: 1853: 1841: 1806: 1759: 1746: 1742: 1710: 1693:(December 16, 1945), 1. F.W. Walbridge in 1642: 1629: 1617: 1605: 1588: 1576: 1564: 1547: 1533: 1519: 1505: 1478: 1465: 1284: 988:1998 Jefferson DNA study and new consensus 459: 42: 1422: 399: 278:during her years of graduate work at the 181: 2694:Historians of the Southern United States 2550:(Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 2002) 2496:The Jefferson Image in the American Mind 2490: 2201: 2126: 773: 734:When the family returned to California, 2516: 1345:and LDS to refer to the largest of the 1169:to create his controversial 1995 movie 14: 2656: 2548:Mormon Mavericks: Essays on Dissenters 2470:Fawn McKay Brodie: A Biographer's Life 1722: 1433:Fawn McKay Brodie: a biographer's life 1220:Thaddeus Stevens: Scourge of the South 1042:, have agreed with the new consensus. 626:Thaddeus Stevens: Scourge of the South 369:epidemic convinced Brodie's mother to 2684:Historians of the American Revolution 2242:Jefferson Fathered Slave's Last Child 1285:Bringhurst, Newell G. (Winter 1989). 1246:Thomas Jefferson: An Intimate History 939:bestseller list for thirteen weeks. 910:Thomas Jefferson: An Intimate History 793:Thomas Jefferson: An Intimate History 780:University of California, Los Angeles 620:Critical success with psychobiography 488:Brodie continued her research at the 243:Thomas Jefferson: An Intimate History 151:Thomas Jefferson: An Intimate History 1672:Mississippi Valley Historical Review 2644:Fawn McKay Brodie papers, 1932-1983 2572:Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings, 2011:Dialogue: Journal of Mormon Thought 1899:(University of Nevada Press, 2006). 944:the Jefferson image" than Brodie's 889:Organization of American Historians 404:From 1930 to 1932, Brodie attended 338:of the LDS Church's Swiss-Austrian 24: 2540: 1772: 1716: 430:University of California, Berkeley 25: 2780: 2764:20th-century American biographers 2637: 2633:, FARMS, Brigham Young University 2729:Deaths from cancer in California 2403:185 (September 9, 1981): 25-27; 2149:accessed 29 February 2012. "The 972:go after Jefferson, "but down". 96:Biographer and history professor 2709:Mormonism-related controversies 2446: 2434: 2422: 2410: 2393: 2381: 2354: 2342: 2330: 2251: 2234: 2188: 2156: 2132: 2108: 2095: 2079: 2067: 2054: 2041: 2029: 2016: 2000: 1988: 1976: 1960: 1948: 1935: 1923: 1911: 1902: 1886: 1873: 1859: 1847: 1834: 1821: 1812: 1800: 1765: 1752: 1736: 1704: 1660: 1635: 1623: 1611: 1594: 1582: 1570: 1553: 1539: 1525: 1511: 1497: 1484: 1198: 177: 2565:Chronology: Jefferson's Blood, 2468:Bringhurst, Newell G. (1999). 2291:The William and Mary Quarterly 1729:The New York Times Book Review 1561:Biography of Fawn McKay Brodie 1471: 1458: 1409: 1404:The New York Times Book Review 1397: 1369: 1356: 1331: 1278: 472: 255:(1945), an early biography of 180: 1936; died 13: 1: 2744:Weber State University alumni 2461: 2165:savaged Brodie's work in the 2143:Jefferson's Blood: Chronology 1779:No, Ma'am, That's Not History 1687:Saturday Review of Literature 1654:Saturday Review of Literature 1431:Newell G. Bringhurst (1999). 1388:No, Ma'am, That's Not History 994:Jefferson–Hemings controversy 711: 640:from Pennsylvania during the 636:, a Republican member of the 601:No, Ma'am, That's Not History 309: 2749:University of Chicago alumni 2739:People from Huntsville, Utah 2623:No Ma'am, That's Not History 2523:University of Oklahoma Press 2500:University Press of Virginia 2474:University of Oklahoma Press 1272: 1132: 882: 754: 683: 7: 1027:Thomas Jefferson Foundation 346:. Brodie's paternal uncle, 318:and Fawn Brimhall. Born in 10: 2785: 2769:American women biographers 2185:, 21 (April 18, 1974), 26. 2151:New York Times Book Review 1683:New York Times Book Review 1353:, based in Salt Lake City. 1116: 991: 768:New York Times Book Review 571:Reaction of the LDS Church 541: 465: 2759:American women historians 2719:University of Utah alumni 2117:, pp. 215, 217, 185. 1932:, pp. 154, 159, 161. 1296:Utah Historical Quarterly 870:(1968), Brodie also used 806:. The LDS entrepreneur, 511: 261:Latter Day Saint movement 209: 199: 191: 159: 136: 126: 100: 92: 75: 53: 41: 34: 2602:Biography of Fawn Brodie 2198:, Alfred A. Knopf, 1996. 2183:New York Review of Books 2168:New York Review of Books 1477:Flora McKay Crawford in 1178: 638:House of Representatives 332:Brigham Young University 241:, who is best known for 86:Santa Monica, California 2714:Mormon studies scholars 2610:No Man Knows My History 2363:, pp. 230–32, 245. 1920:, pp. 151–53, 176. 1667:No Man Knows My History 1648:No Man Knows My History 1406:, November 25, 1945, 5. 1289:No Man Knows My History 718:From Crossbow to H-Bomb 613:No Man Knows My History 577:No Man Knows My History 518:No Man Knows My History 468:No Man Knows My History 461:No Man Knows My History 377:The Juvenile Instructor 252:No Man Knows My History 145:No Man Knows My History 2517:Topping, Gary (2003). 2176: 1973:, (Matador 2008), 47. 1417:Notable American Women 1347:Latter day Saint sects 1193:Santa Monica Mountains 914:Book-of-the-Month Club 824:historical controversy 740:Richard Francis Burton 400:Education and marriage 384:of Weber High School. 380:; at fourteen she was 2570:Annette Gordon-Reed, 2498:(Virginia ed.). 2287:"Jefferson: Post-DNA" 2172: 1086:, who had leaked the 954:The Richmond Examiner 774:Professorship at UCLA 654:Civil Rights Movement 350:, was an LDS Church 280:University of Chicago 259:, the founder of the 108:University of Chicago 2734:Critics of Mormonism 2615:Spaulding hypothesis 2492:Peterson, Merrill D. 2047:Robert C. Williams, 1559:Shirley Stephenson, 690:David Herbert Donald 2181:, pp. 217–18; 1189:priesthood blessing 1000:Annette Gordon-Reed 946:An Intimate History 582:The Improvement Era 531:View of the Hebrews 490:Library of Congress 330:, was president of 292:Freudian psychology 2674:American agnostics 2629:2014-10-21 at the 2455:, pp. 168–70. 2443:, pp. 255–56. 2431:, pp. 265–66. 2407:, pp. 262–64. 2390:, pp. 250–55. 2378:, pp. 236–37. 2312:, pp. 224–26. 2276:on October 4, 2006 2213:American Heritage, 2026:, pp. 185–87. 1945:, pp. 155–57. 1713:, pp. 104–05. 1691:Weekly Book Review 1678:The New York Times 1669:was lauded in the 1591:, pp. 48, 72. 1327:– via Issuu. 966:American Civil War 857:James T. Callender 698:Richard N. Current 646:Reconstruction era 418:University of Utah 414:English literature 328:George H. Brimhall 245:(1974), a work of 217:George H. Brimhall 113:University of Utah 66:September 15, 1915 2724:Writers from Utah 2532:978-0-8061-3561-8 2483:978-0-8061-3181-8 2327:, pp. 206–07 2090:American Heritage 2060:Joseph J. Ellis, 1957:, pp. 172–73 1784:Maxwell Institute 1632:, pp. 84–85. 1536:, pp. 45–46. 1508:, pp. 20–21. 1442:978-0-8061-3181-8 1390:(Salt Lake City: 1029:, which operates 982:American Heritage 894:American Heritage 764:History Book Club 589:" section of the 410:bachelor's degree 322:, she grew up in 235:Fawn McKay Brodie 232: 231: 16:(Redirected from 2776: 2699:Thomas Jefferson 2536: 2513: 2487: 2456: 2450: 2444: 2438: 2432: 2426: 2420: 2414: 2408: 2397: 2391: 2385: 2379: 2373: 2364: 2358: 2352: 2346: 2340: 2334: 2328: 2322: 2313: 2307: 2298: 2284: 2282: 2281: 2275: 2268: 2255: 2249: 2238: 2232: 2226: 2217: 2208: 2199: 2192: 2186: 2160: 2154: 2136: 2130: 2124: 2118: 2112: 2106: 2099: 2093: 2083: 2077: 2071: 2065: 2058: 2052: 2045: 2039: 2033: 2027: 2020: 2014: 2004: 1998: 1992: 1986: 1980: 1974: 1964: 1958: 1952: 1946: 1939: 1933: 1927: 1921: 1915: 1909: 1906: 1900: 1890: 1884: 1877: 1871: 1863: 1857: 1851: 1845: 1838: 1832: 1827:Michael Kammen, 1825: 1819: 1816: 1810: 1804: 1798: 1797: 1796: 1795: 1786:, archived from 1769: 1763: 1756: 1750: 1740: 1734: 1733: 1720: 1714: 1708: 1702: 1664: 1658: 1639: 1633: 1627: 1621: 1615: 1609: 1600:Michael Kammen, 1598: 1592: 1586: 1580: 1574: 1568: 1557: 1551: 1543: 1537: 1529: 1523: 1515: 1509: 1501: 1495: 1488: 1482: 1475: 1469: 1462: 1456: 1454: 1426: 1420: 1413: 1407: 1401: 1395: 1373: 1367: 1360: 1354: 1343:Latter-day Saint 1335: 1329: 1328: 1309:10.2307/45061736 1282: 1143:The New Republic 922:Merrill Peterson 849:Merrill Peterson 799:Thomas Jefferson 748:free association 706:Thaddeus Stevens 694:C. Vann Woodward 665:psychohistorians 634:Thaddeus Stevens 300:Thomas Jefferson 185: 183: 179: 82: 79:January 10, 1981 65: 63: 46: 32: 31: 21: 2784: 2783: 2779: 2778: 2777: 2775: 2774: 2773: 2654: 2653: 2640: 2631:Wayback Machine 2543: 2541:Further reading 2533: 2510: 2484: 2464: 2459: 2453:Bringhurst 1999 2451: 2447: 2441:Bringhurst 1999 2439: 2435: 2429:Bringhurst 1999 2427: 2423: 2417:Bringhurst 1999 2415: 2411: 2405:Bringhurst 1999 2398: 2394: 2388:Bringhurst 1999 2386: 2382: 2376:Bringhurst 1999 2374: 2367: 2361:Bringhurst 1999 2359: 2355: 2349:Bringhurst 1999 2347: 2343: 2335: 2331: 2325:Bringhurst 1999 2323: 2316: 2310:Bringhurst 1999 2308: 2301: 2279: 2277: 2273: 2266: 2262: 2256: 2252: 2239: 2235: 2229:Bringhurst 1999 2227: 2220: 2209: 2202: 2193: 2189: 2179:Bringhurst 1999 2161: 2157: 2137: 2133: 2125: 2121: 2115:Bringhurst 1999 2113: 2109: 2103:Bringhurst 1999 2100: 2096: 2084: 2080: 2074:Bringhurst 1999 2072: 2068: 2059: 2055: 2046: 2042: 2036:Bringhurst 1999 2034: 2030: 2024:Bringhurst 1999 2021: 2017: 2007:Bringhurst 1999 2005: 2001: 1995:Bringhurst 1999 1993: 1989: 1983:Bringhurst 1999 1981: 1977: 1967:Bringhurst 1999 1965: 1961: 1955:Bringhurst 1999 1953: 1949: 1943:Bringhurst 1999 1940: 1936: 1930:Bringhurst 1999 1928: 1924: 1918:Bringhurst 1999 1916: 1912: 1907: 1903: 1893:Bringhurst 1999 1891: 1887: 1878: 1874: 1868:Bringhurst 1999 1864: 1860: 1854:Bringhurst 1999 1852: 1848: 1842:Bringhurst 1999 1839: 1835: 1826: 1822: 1817: 1813: 1807:Bringhurst 1999 1805: 1801: 1793: 1791: 1782:, Provo, Utah: 1774:Nibley, Hugh W. 1770: 1766: 1760:Bringhurst 1999 1757: 1753: 1747:Bringhurst 1999 1743:Bringhurst 1999 1741: 1737: 1721: 1717: 1711:Bringhurst 1999 1709: 1705: 1695:Library Journal 1665: 1661: 1643:Bringhurst 1999 1640: 1636: 1630:Bringhurst 1999 1628: 1624: 1618:Bringhurst 1999 1616: 1612: 1606:Bringhurst 1999 1599: 1595: 1589:Bringhurst 1999 1587: 1583: 1577:Bringhurst 1999 1575: 1571: 1565:Bringhurst 1999 1558: 1554: 1548:Bringhurst 1999 1544: 1540: 1534:Bringhurst 1999 1530: 1526: 1520:Bringhurst 1999 1516: 1512: 1506:Bringhurst 1999 1502: 1498: 1489: 1485: 1479:Bringhurst 1999 1476: 1472: 1466:Bringhurst 1999 1463: 1459: 1443: 1427: 1423: 1414: 1410: 1402: 1398: 1374: 1370: 1361: 1357: 1336: 1332: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1201: 1181: 1159:John Ehrlichman 1155:Henry Kissinger 1135: 1119: 1107:Henry Kissinger 1088:Pentagon Papers 1084:Daniel Ellsberg 1053: 996: 990: 885: 864:Winthrop Jordan 853:Madison Hemings 796: 776: 757: 732: 714: 686: 629: 622: 573: 544: 514: 483:Alfred A. Knopf 475: 470: 464: 437:master's degree 402: 316:Thomas E. McKay 312: 247:psychobiography 228: 204:Thomas E. McKay 187: 175: 171: 168: 155: 131:Psychobiography 122: 101:Alma mater 84: 80: 67: 61: 59: 58: 49: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 2782: 2772: 2771: 2766: 2761: 2756: 2751: 2746: 2741: 2736: 2731: 2726: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2706: 2701: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2676: 2671: 2666: 2652: 2651: 2646: 2639: 2638:External links 2636: 2635: 2634: 2618: 2608:Excerpts from 2605: 2599: 2596: 2584:Gary Topping, 2582: 2568: 2558: 2542: 2539: 2538: 2537: 2531: 2514: 2508: 2488: 2482: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2457: 2445: 2433: 2421: 2409: 2392: 2380: 2365: 2353: 2351:, p. 225. 2341: 2329: 2314: 2299: 2250: 2233: 2231:, p. 222. 2218: 2200: 2194:Joseph Ellis, 2187: 2155: 2131: 2119: 2107: 2105:, p. 212. 2094: 2078: 2076:, p. 198. 2066: 2053: 2040: 2038:, p. 186. 2028: 2015: 1999: 1997:, p. 182. 1987: 1975: 1959: 1947: 1934: 1922: 1910: 1901: 1885: 1872: 1858: 1856:, p. 118. 1846: 1844:, p. 103. 1833: 1820: 1811: 1809:, p. 111. 1799: 1764: 1762:, p. 110. 1751: 1749:, p. 192. 1735: 1724:Fisher, Vardis 1715: 1703: 1659: 1634: 1622: 1610: 1593: 1581: 1569: 1552: 1538: 1524: 1510: 1496: 1492:Word of Wisdom 1483: 1470: 1457: 1441: 1421: 1408: 1396: 1368: 1355: 1339:Book of Mormon 1330: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1270: 1269: 1256: 1243: 1230: 1217: 1200: 1197: 1180: 1177: 1134: 1131: 1118: 1115: 1068:imposter like 1052: 1047: 992:Main article: 989: 986: 937:New York Times 884: 881: 868:Black on White 820:Pulitzer Prize 795: 790: 775: 772: 756: 753: 731: 726: 713: 710: 685: 682: 669:psychoanalysts 628: 623: 621: 618: 572: 569: 564:Bernard DeVoto 543: 540: 513: 510: 506:Dale L. Morgan 499:David O. McKay 479:Book of Mormon 474: 471: 466:Main article: 463: 458: 453:David O. McKay 401: 398: 394:Mormon mission 389:Sabbatarianism 367:whooping cough 348:David O. McKay 311: 308: 284:Bernard Brodie 230: 229: 227: 226: 223:David O. McKay 220: 213: 211: 207: 206: 201: 197: 196: 193: 189: 188: 173: 169: 166:Bernard Brodie 164: 163: 161: 157: 156: 154: 153: 148: 140: 138: 134: 133: 128: 124: 123: 121: 120: 115: 110: 104: 102: 98: 97: 94: 90: 89: 83:(aged 65) 77: 73: 72: 55: 51: 50: 48:Brodie in 1966 47: 39: 38: 36:Fawn M. Brodie 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2781: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2697: 2695: 2692: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2661: 2659: 2650: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2641: 2632: 2628: 2625: 2624: 2621:Hugh Nibley, 2619: 2616: 2612: 2611: 2606: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2595: 2594:0-8061-3561-1 2591: 2587: 2583: 2581: 2580:0-8139-1698-4 2577: 2573: 2569: 2566: 2562: 2559: 2557: 2556:1-56085-154-6 2553: 2549: 2545: 2544: 2534: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2515: 2511: 2509:0-8139-1851-0 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2466: 2465: 2454: 2449: 2442: 2437: 2430: 2425: 2418: 2413: 2406: 2402: 2396: 2389: 2384: 2377: 2372: 2370: 2362: 2357: 2350: 2345: 2339: 2333: 2326: 2321: 2319: 2311: 2306: 2304: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2272: 2265: 2260: 2254: 2247: 2243: 2237: 2230: 2225: 2223: 2216: 2214: 2207: 2205: 2197: 2191: 2184: 2180: 2175: 2170: 2169: 2164: 2159: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2135: 2129:, p. ix. 2128: 2127:Peterson 1998 2123: 2116: 2111: 2104: 2098: 2091: 2087: 2082: 2075: 2070: 2063: 2057: 2050: 2044: 2037: 2032: 2025: 2019: 2012: 2008: 2003: 1996: 1991: 1984: 1979: 1972: 1968: 1963: 1956: 1951: 1944: 1938: 1931: 1926: 1919: 1914: 1905: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1882: 1876: 1870:, p. 126 1869: 1862: 1855: 1850: 1843: 1837: 1830: 1824: 1815: 1808: 1803: 1790:on 2013-06-18 1789: 1785: 1781: 1780: 1775: 1768: 1761: 1755: 1748: 1744: 1739: 1731: 1730: 1725: 1719: 1712: 1707: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1679: 1674: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1656: 1655: 1650: 1649: 1644: 1638: 1631: 1626: 1620:, p. 84. 1619: 1614: 1608:, p. 80. 1607: 1603: 1597: 1590: 1585: 1578: 1573: 1567:, p. 58. 1566: 1562: 1556: 1550:, p. 57. 1549: 1542: 1535: 1528: 1522:, p. 75. 1521: 1514: 1507: 1500: 1493: 1487: 1481:, p. 23. 1480: 1474: 1468:, p. 32. 1467: 1461: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1438: 1434: 1425: 1419: 1418: 1412: 1405: 1400: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1372: 1365: 1362:Fawn Brodie, 1359: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1334: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1297: 1292: 1290: 1281: 1277: 1268: 1267:0-393-01467-3 1264: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1254:0-393-31752-8 1251: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1241:0-393-30166-4 1238: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1228:0-8446-0329-5 1225: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1215:0-679-73054-0 1212: 1208: 1207: 1203: 1202: 1196: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1176: 1174: 1173: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1151: 1149: 1148:Richard Nixon 1145: 1144: 1139: 1130: 1128: 1123: 1114: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1095: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1080: 1078: 1073: 1071: 1066: 1062: 1061:Richard Nixon 1058: 1057:Brigham Young 1051: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1023: 1021: 1017: 1016:Eston Hemings 1013: 1008: 1005: 1001: 995: 985: 983: 978: 977:Eston Hemings 973: 969: 967: 963: 959: 955: 949: 947: 942: 938: 934: 932: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 904: 899: 896: 895: 890: 880: 877: 873: 869: 865: 862:Working from 860: 858: 854: 850: 846: 841: 836: 833: 829: 828:Sally Hemings 825: 821: 817: 811: 809: 805: 804:Brigham Young 800: 794: 789: 786: 785:psychohistory 781: 771: 769: 765: 761: 752: 749: 745: 741: 737: 730: 725: 723: 719: 709: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 681: 678: 675: 670: 666: 661: 659: 655: 649: 647: 643: 639: 635: 627: 617: 614: 608: 606: 602: 598: 594: 593: 588: 584: 583: 578: 568: 565: 561: 560:Vardis Fisher 557: 556: 551: 550: 539: 537: 533: 532: 527: 526:golden plates 523: 519: 509: 507: 502: 500: 495: 491: 486: 484: 480: 469: 462: 457: 454: 449: 446: 441: 438: 433: 431: 427: 422: 419: 415: 411: 407: 406:Weber College 397: 395: 390: 385: 383: 379: 378: 372: 368: 363: 359: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 307: 305: 304:Sally Hemings 301: 295: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 264: 262: 258: 254: 253: 248: 244: 240: 236: 224: 221: 219:(grandfather) 218: 215: 214: 212: 208: 205: 202: 198: 194: 190: 167: 162: 158: 152: 149: 147: 146: 142: 141: 139: 137:Notable works 135: 132: 129: 125: 119: 118:Weber College 116: 114: 111: 109: 106: 105: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 78: 74: 70: 56: 52: 45: 40: 33: 30: 19: 2704:McKay family 2622: 2609: 2585: 2571: 2564: 2547: 2518: 2495: 2469: 2448: 2436: 2424: 2412: 2401:New Republic 2400: 2395: 2383: 2356: 2344: 2332: 2294: 2290: 2278:. Retrieved 2271:the original 2253: 2245: 2236: 2212: 2195: 2190: 2182: 2173: 2166: 2158: 2150: 2146: 2145:, 2000, PBS 2142: 2134: 2122: 2110: 2097: 2089: 2081: 2069: 2061: 2056: 2048: 2043: 2031: 2018: 2010: 2002: 1990: 1978: 1970: 1962: 1950: 1937: 1925: 1913: 1904: 1896: 1888: 1880: 1875: 1861: 1849: 1836: 1828: 1823: 1814: 1802: 1792:, retrieved 1788:the original 1778: 1767: 1754: 1738: 1732:. p. 5. 1727: 1718: 1706: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1676: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1653: 1646: 1637: 1625: 1613: 1601: 1596: 1584: 1572: 1563:, quoted in 1560: 1555: 1541: 1527: 1513: 1499: 1486: 1473: 1460: 1432: 1424: 1415: 1411: 1403: 1399: 1387: 1379: 1371: 1363: 1358: 1333: 1303:(1): 46–65. 1300: 1294: 1288: 1280: 1258: 1245: 1232: 1219: 1204: 1199:Publications 1184: 1182: 1170: 1167:Oliver Stone 1152: 1141: 1137: 1136: 1124: 1120: 1103:oral history 1096: 1081: 1074: 1070:Joseph Smith 1064: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1040:Joseph Ellis 1024: 1009: 1003: 997: 981: 974: 970: 962:Fanny Kemble 958:Mary Chesnut 953: 950: 945: 940: 936: 929: 918:Dumas Malone 909: 908: 903:W. 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Norman: 2462:References 2280:2011-06-19 2147:Frontline, 1794:2013-02-20 1699:New Yorker 1376:Jan Shipps 1065:Jefferson, 1035:Monticello 1031:Monticello 1002:published 931:Today Show 876:Monticello 712:Other work 451:betrayed. 371:homeschool 324:Huntsville 310:Early life 266:Raised in 93:Occupation 62:1915-09-15 57:Fawn McKay 1392:Bookcraft 1325:254431839 1273:Footnotes 1163:John Dean 1020:haplotype 941:Jefferson 658:club foot 642:Civil War 575:Although 522:his death 356:president 342:, and an 336:president 276:Mormonism 210:Relatives 2627:Archived 2494:(1998). 2259:Randolph 1908:143, 159 1451:41528123 1317:45061736 998:In 1997 832:quadroon 644:and the 549:Newsweek 192:Children 1261:(1981) 1248:(1974) 1235:(1967) 1222:(1959) 1209:(1945) 1133:Reviews 1117:Illness 883:Reviews 755:Reviews 684:Reviews 542:Reviews 445:Latvian 416:at the 352:apostle 340:Mission 288:tenured 225:(uncle) 186: 174: 170: 127:Subject 2592: 2578: 2554: 2529: 2506: 2480: 2246:Nature 1449: 1439: 1323: 1315: 1265: 1252: 1239: 1226: 1213: 1161:, and 924:, and 512:Thesis 448:Jewish 249:, and 200:Parent 160:Spouse 88:, U.S. 71:, U.S. 2274:(PDF) 2267:(PDF) 1321:S2CID 1313:JSTOR 1179:Death 1172:Nixon 1012:Y-DNA 184:) 176:( 172: 2590:ISBN 2576:ISBN 2552:ISBN 2527:ISBN 2504:ISBN 2478:ISBN 1771:See 1675:and 1447:OCLC 1437:ISBN 1341:and 1263:ISBN 1250:ISBN 1237:ISBN 1224:ISBN 1211:ISBN 1099:UCLA 1092:RAND 960:and 847:and 830:, a 692:and 674:RAND 555:Time 268:Utah 239:UCLA 182:1978 76:Died 54:Born 2244:", 2171:: 1305:doi 866:'s 412:in 2660:: 2563:, 2525:. 2502:. 2476:. 2368:^ 2317:^ 2302:^ 2289:, 2221:^ 2203:^ 2141:, 2088:, 1776:, 1445:. 1378:, 1349:, 1319:. 1311:. 1301:57 1299:. 1293:. 1175:. 1157:, 968:. 948:. 920:, 660:. 648:. 358:. 294:. 263:. 178:m. 2617:. 2535:. 2512:. 2486:. 2283:. 2261:. 1455:. 1453:. 1307:: 1291:" 933:, 195:3 64:) 60:( 20:)

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