Fast charging network

398:), which are regularly updated. In "Cycle 2" (July 2019 - December 2021), the requirements for fast chargers were raised - on highway locations they shall have a least four charging points with 150 kW and in some cases allowing 350 kW. The locations should be less than 120 miles (about 190 km) apart. In "Cycle 3" (January 2022 - July 2024) there are estimates of 25-35 charging points with 150 kW and 10-15 charging points with 350 kW to be built. Due to the fulfillment of just the minimum requirements, many stations are located at mall shopping centers in the wider area of a highway, and the availability for actual charging is assessed poorly. This was repeated with the first NEVI stations. 278: 228:. While the Chademo locations were often individual charging stations that used a 125 or 250 A building connection from the energy supplier, the Superchargers were usually set up as charging parks with six to ten charging stations that were supplied by a separately installed converter station, which often had a connection to the energy supplier's medium-voltage network. This became the defining feature for locations on highways. The first charging stations in these charging parks already reached 90 kW, increated to 120 kW in 2013 and laterto 145 kW. Additionally, the Tesla navigation system took over the planning of the necessary charging stops for a planned trip. 131: 107: 265:

With the replacement of vehicle manufacturers building each their own fast charging sites, a distinction was made between the mobility provider (EMSP - E-Mobility Service Provider), which takes care of registration and billing, and the charging station operators (CPO - Charge Point Operator), who keep the charging points operational. The mobility provider commonly creates an app now that displays the charging points that can be offered for a charging process for their own tariff, or showing third-party providers stations marking them having a different tariff. In technical terms, the

123: 286: 347: 359:. The funding included up to 2 billion Euro expecting 10,000 HPC charging ports, of which 1,8 billion were awarded in 2022. This funding was extended at the end of 2022 adding another 6 billion Euro for the time frame up to 2030 expecting the number of public charging stations to get to 1 million. The infrastructure agency wants to concentrate on fast chargers but no specific goal was defined. This is based on criticism from the industry that points out that delivery times for HPC stations have gone up to about one year. 379:

charging stations with at least 150 kW are set up at the location. The awarding process started slow because there is an application process required that is handled by the individual states, and only a few submissions had been received by the end of 2023. A first NEVI site was commissioned in Ohio in December 2023, with the requirements met by a single EVgo charging station with four connection cables. Four vehicles can charge up to 175 kW, or only a single vehicle can charge at 350 kW.

241: 115: 1812:. GB/T currently allows fast charging at a maximum of 237.5 kW of output (at 950 V and 250 amps), though many Chinese DC fast chargers over 50 kW charging. A new GB/T will be released in 2019 or 2020, which will reportedly upgrade the standard to include charging up to 900 kW for larger commercial vehicles. In June 2018 CHAdeMO announced the introduction of 400 kW charging capability, using 1,000 V, 400 amp liquid-cooled cables. 1792:. GB/T currently allows fast charging at a maximum of 237.5 kW of output (at 950 V and 250 amps), though many Chinese DC fast chargers over 50 kW charging. A new GB/T will be released in 2019 or 2020, which will reportedly upgrade the standard to include charging up to 900 kW for larger commercial vehicles. In June 2018 CHAdeMO announced the introduction of 400 kW charging capability, using 1,000 V, 400 amp liquid-cooled cables. 526:

can only be operated at up to 500 volts at the same time - if a vehicle is connected with 800 volts, the other charging points are switched off. With the increasing use of 800-volt architectures, the future charging networks must be designed accordingly, and at the same time they must plan for the increase in load above 500 A. Ionity/Ionna is the operator that ensured from the start that all charging points deliver 350 kW.

25: 366:) set a 60 km grid along the TEN-T core network, which must have at least one HPC charger by 2025 and must have a charging park with HPC chargers by 2030. The AFIR came into force immediately on April 13, 2024. Starting in 2023, the Tesla V4 Superchargers with 350 kW were introduced, which are intended for the Tesla Cybertruck with 800 V electrical system. 142:. For long-distance travel however the charging breaks can get long and may require an overnight stay. The charging points at houses are typically limited to 7 to 16 A at 220-240 volts (1.5 kW to 3.8 kW). The question of whether you will reach your destination or the intermediate point with a full charge of the drive battery has led to 338:

locations to HPC charging stations. The "Fast-E" project had built 40 fast chargers with 50 kW from 2016, also with EU funding. However, the charging sites had already been prepared for 350 kW. In July 2022, Allego exercised a purchase option on the 100 locations with 770 fast chargers that had already been built.

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Terra HP's ultra-high current has the capacity to charge both 400 V and 800 V cars at full power. The 375 A output single power cabinet can charge a 400 V car at full 150 kW continuously. / Terra HP delivers the highest uptime due to redundancy on power and communication, and

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The Tesla Superchargers showed that the range of a day's journey is hardly reduced for electric cars. The first stations from Tesla in Europe were placed in the corridor from Amsterdam to Munich in 2013, and drivers started to use it instantly. It was predictable at the time that the batteries in the

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The high investment costs for fast-charging stations led to vehicle manufacturers to bring their own charging stations into a cross-manufacturer network, also enabling access to third-party providers through cooperation with other charging networks, still offeringg on uniform billing to the customer.

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was made as cheap as possible, as even an additional electricity meter on a house connection drives up the costs that have to be passed on. The first Tesla charging stations were even offered without billing. Since most vehicles could use the full number of amps, the method of metering by the minutes

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In China, the five-year plan 2015-2020 decided to build 800,000 charging points. In the 2021 evaluation (within the list of 1.1 million public chargers), China had installed 470,000 fast chargers in that period (where statistially every charger with more than 22 kW is counted as fast charging in

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The spread of 800 V influences the development of fast charging networks. In order to remain future-proof, most HPC charging stations had been designed from the start to support charging voltages of up to 1000 V. However, there are many charging stations types with two or more connection cables that

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for several battery packs increases complexity and costs, so that with the increasing availability of HPC networks, all vehicle manufacturers began to develop an on-board architecture in 800 volts. This can be based on electronics from the field of trams and subways, which are nominally designed for

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With the Taycan from 2019, Porsche was the first manufacturer to be able to use the doubled charging speed of the HPC chargers with an on-board architecture of 800 volts - actually it maxed out at 270 kW. However, it turned out that you can also use the doubled charging speed with the already common

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was founded, with most of the companies that were involved in "Ultra-E", to set up the HPC charging network. Until the end of 2020, 400 fast-charging stations with up to 350 kW were to be set up at intervals of around 120 km. The first charging station was put into operation in April 2018,

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In China, the development of fast chargers was recognized while the five-year plan 2015–2020 was still running, so they started a cooperation with Chademo in 2018 to specify charging options beyond 500 kW. China's own GB/T plug was specified for a maximum of 237.5 kW (250 A at 950 V), but

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In the US, it was noticed that they were falling behind Europe and China. In 2022, a funding program was launched to enable the construction of 500,000 charging points by 2030 with 7.5 billion dollars. 5 billion of that program were earmarked for building fast chargers along the highway network, in

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outlets (32 A at 400 volts) shortened the charging stops sufficiently to enable longer day trips. In the form of an association in which private individuals set up a switch box for the use of other members, the charging points spread further in Europe, mostly on private properties. Authorization to

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most of these stations were designed for 50 kW only. Chademo, on the other hand, introduced a new version of its stations with 400 kW in June 2018 - having liquid-cooled cables. The new standard for China and Japan was finally resolved in April 2020 thereby creating a new plug type named

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In Japan, a pilot project for electric vehicles was started in 2006, with the participation of Nissan, Mitsubishi and today's Subaru, in which faster public charging points were tested. The first public charging point with the resulting TEPCO plug was set up together with the presentation of the

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was developed for California in 1996, public charging points were part of the concept. The GM Hughes Electronics Corporation had already proposed an inductive charging connector for public charging points in 1992. However, the separate charger with 6.6 kW only achieved a little more than the

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The possibilities are limited to keeping charging stops short for large batteries as the heating of the cable, plug and battery imposes limits. At the IAA 2015 in September, Porsche showed a demonstrator "Mission E", which had twice the on-board voltage of 800 V and it was able to charge at that

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The "Ultra-E" project was founded to promote the next generation of charging stations. It started in October 2016, funded by the EU, with the intention to build 25 fast-charging stations with CCS plugs and 350 kW at intervals of 150 to 200 km in the corridor from Amsterdam/Belgium via

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Most sites serving regional routes in Cycle 2 will consist of four chargers (or dispensers), two 150 kW and two 350 kW. 13 The number of sites is determined based on the length of the route, location of existing Electrify America stations, the likely origin of BEVs traveling on the routes, and

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In January 2018, Allego presented the "Mega-E" project, again funded by EU, to build an HPC charging network with 322 locations and 27 EV charging hubs. A total of 1,300 HPC charging points with up to 350 kW were to be built until 2025. From 2021, Allego also began converting the "Fast-E"

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cards for billing were already known from public transport networks. As charging networks developed further, card readers were integrated into charging stations. The drivers of electric vehicles now had to register with several charging networks if necessary in order to increase the density of

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Program, or NEVI for short. For this purpose, nationwide AFC main travel corridors were designated (AFC - alternative fuel corridors ). The charging locations of the same provider must be 50 miles apart and within one mile of the highway. Then 80% of the costs can be covered if at least four

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The development along motorways has been ongoing steadily, and by 2020 half of the existing fast charging locations in Germany were equipped with HPC stations. For October 2022, the BDEW (Federal Association of the Energy and Water Industries in Germany) reported that full area coverage along

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When the Nissan Leaf came around in 2010, having a range of up to 160 km (100 miles), the concept of an actual fast charging networks was developed. The Chademo locations were found on roads between cities along corridors, and the navigation system showed the next location along with the

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The Netherlands were the first to subsidize the charging infrastructure. This had been achieved through agreements with the three local operators, so by April 2023 there were 5201 fast chargers ready in the country. A similar approach was used in France where the regional governments put in

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The first available fast chargers from ABB met the requirements in October 2017 and allowed up to 375 A with liquid-cooled cables. For the vehicles with 400 V electrical systems available at that time, this led to charging stations with 150 kW. This output became the basis for the term

146:. In addition to having particularly large batteries - the Tesla Model S from 2012 reached over 600 km - people began to set up fast charging points on long-distance routes. Tesla's Superchargers showed that impressively, although they were not the first fast charging network. 1001:

As of 2021, China had more than 1.1 million publicly available EV chargers, accounting for two-thirds of the world's total. Of these, China had about 470,000 public fast chargers (providing power greater than 22 kW), accounting for about 85 percent of the world's public fast

302:. CharIN was already aiming for an expansion to 350 kW at the time. Version 1.0 of CCS had been standardized up to 200 kW, but it had not yet been implemented. The use of liquid-cooled cables was technically necessary and that had also been tested by Tesla in 2015. 1771:

China is therefore pursuing its own charging standard and since 2018, has been cooperating with the Japanese CHAdeMO consortium for this purpose: A fast-charging standard with > 500 kW charging capacity and backwards compatibility with the existing CHAdeMO systems is the

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consortium was set up, in which other Japanese vehicle manufacturers participated. The first specification of this time reached a maximum of 125 A with up to 500 V. The typical Chademo charging stations allowing for 50 kW direct current became the basis for the term

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doubled level. ABB already had liquid-cooled converters on offer for rail vehicles. In October 2015, ABB showed a demonstrator of a 150 kW charging station, and in November 2015, it joined the CharIN consortium, which had been founded in May to promote the

406:, the Superchargers already held 60% of the market (measured in terms of reported charging points with CCS to NACS - usage even exceeded this). This preconditions created a market opportunity for another fast-charging network, which was founded in the form of 186:

was founded in California, which not only manufactured wall boxes for private households, but also offered to operate them as public charging stations. Additionally they were able to find retailers to provide a place, so that there were charging stations with

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with fast charging points every 25 to 50 miles from Canada through Oregon and California to Mexico. The first concept specifically names the Nissan Leaf and Mitsubishi iMiEV, which are supported by it. This first fast charging network was completed in 2013.

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public-private partnership agreements to build infrastructure including charging stations (PIA - Programme d'Investissements d'Avenir). 2023 a national investment program was defined, "France 2030", which includes the goal to build 50,000 fast chargers.

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Frankfurt/Stuttgart/Munich to Vienna/Graz until the end of 2019. The accompanying Ultra-E study had proposed to limit charging times to 20 minutes, as this would create a new business model with business travelers. The document also mentions the term

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in 2021. Due to its particularly large battery block of 213 kWh, this has been necessary in order to stay under one hour for a full charge on the go. The first electric trucks also used 400 volt battery packs that can be connected in series, as the

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motorways with HPC chargers has been achieved when looking at 50 km grid, and even full area coverage of the 25 km grid was almost achieved. The German federal government had promoted the development from August 2021 with tenders for a

522:" at the IAA 2023 with new models from 2025. Mercedes Benz is switching to the Mercedes Modular Architecture (MMA), whose electric motors in the "eATS 2.0" series are based on 800 volts. These are also used in the eActross 600 (2024) series. 539:. An revision from 2023 did also bring the possibility for 1500 V with 800 A. However, the available vehicles operated with a maximum of 800 V at the time. These had come onto the Chinese market from 2022 and allowed up to 600 A. 448:

750 volts of traction current, including motors that can tolerate load peaks of up to around 1200 volts. Based on that, there are some start-ups that use the maximum of 1000 volts of the HPC chargers for their vehicles, including

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In this setting, Tesla Superchargers achieved a dominant market position in the US after allowing charging for third-party brands from 2020 on. When other vehicle manufacturers finally switched to Tesla#s plug-in system from 2023

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on-board charger for household electricity with 1.2 kW. On top of that, the state-installed public charging points were not usually located on along long travel routes, but rather at train stations preferred for commuters.

322:). In the following years, the cooling was improved, regularly allowing 500 A. The Tesla V3 Superchargers, which started to use liquid-cooledg cables by 2019, did allow up to 250 kW (short-term output of 625 A). 555:

is beginning to build a fast-charging network in China with charging stations with a maximum of 800 A and a continuous output of up to 600 kW. 1,000 locations with 10,000 charging points are planned by 2026.

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has been supplying 4 C batteries to Chinese vehicle manufacturers, which allow even higher charging currents. In April 2024, a charging current of 546 kW was demonstrated on a Zeekr V3 Supercharger with the

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with Tritium now also mentioned alongside the charging station manufacturers ABB and Porsche. Porsche did also equip all its car dealer amenities with 800 V stations from 2018. The intended vehicle for that, the

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that started to build HPC chargers. They received funding in 2022 from an investor getting 100 Million Euro (300 million over three years) to build 4.000 fast chargers until 2025 in Spain and partially France.

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premium segment would become larger over they years - which did actually happen for Tesla Model S, which had originally 70 kWh in 2021, then 85 kWh in 2014, 90 kWh in 2015, and 100 kWh in 2016.

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Electric vehicles have the advantage that they do not require any special infrastructure for charging when they are launched on the market, but they can rely on the widespread availability for

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The West Coast Electric Highway was completed in 2013 and is privately owned and operated in the three states and British Columbia. The stations in Oregon are owned and operated by EVCS.

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even allowed 50 A. Similar to Park & Charge in Europe, these early locations having up to 11 kW played a key role in closing gaps in later fast charging offerings. With the

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calculated remaining range. A charging stop at a 50 kW charger took a maximum of 30 minutes to reach 80%. Plans for a long-distance corridor by the California CARB led to the

95: 413:

In Spain the development of public fast chargers is mainly driven by the utility companies which also build charging stations for private owners. Along the motorways it is mostly

1100:"Untersuchung des Potentials von Schnellstladetechnologien unter Berücksichtigung der technischen und wirtschaftlichen Einschränkungen des elektrischen Energieversorungssystems" 417:

being active, which received 1 billion Euro through an agreement with BP in 2023 in order to build 11,000 fast chargers, mostly HPC stations. Additionally there is the startup

1554: 1014: 1388: 1674: 1453: 1485: 921: 1857: 1699: 46: 1932: 1918: 2028: 712:

At the end of 2022, China had 760,000 fast chargers ready, Europe had 70,000 fast chargers ready, and the Unites States had 28,000 fast chargers ready.

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on-board architecture in 400 volts - if you have the battery pack in two parts and connect them in series. This was first shown by GM with the electric

1253: 1359: 495:(SEA), which was expanded to include an 800 Volt variant, also licensing it to other vehicle manufacturers. Vehicles with the PMA2+ variant were the 356: 1629: 1887: 1373: 1067: 1724: 1596: 1749: 1099: 1804: 1784: 1659: 996: 334:, came onto the market in 2019. Fastned also began setting up HPC charging stations at the same time, the first by ABB in March 2018. 33: 1239: 1210: 660: 418: 1312: 1267: 163: 1188: 1297: 1568: 1053: 506:

From 2024 onwards, all major manufacturers started switching to 800 volts. Audi and Porsche will use the Volkswagen Group's

1961: 1327: 1282: 1042:

the other half of the initial Superchargers had been built in Norway where many vehicles were sold due to heavy subsidies.

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maintaining a distance of less than 120 miles between stations with consideration for significant changes in elevation.

1526: 249: 83: 1763: 1149:"Ultra-E: Markt- und Geschäftsmodelle für Schnellladestationen - Ultraschnelle und flächendeckende Ladetechnologie" 403: 1614: 440:(2022) was able to show. Here too, the size of the battery block of up to 336 kWh is driving development forward. 939: 588: 543: 1439: 410:

in 2024. This company has a strong overlap with the European Ionity in terms of the founders and the concept .

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use them consisted of having the appropriate key for the switch box, which was handed out by the association.

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In Europe, Ionity plans to add 600 kW chargers to the network over the next two years starting in 2024.

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Ionity offers chargers with 350 kW and is looking to add chargers with up to 600 kW in the next two years.

1644: 1162: 387: 1976: 130: 2023: 1630:"We tested one of the first federal NEVI charging stations in the US — and the experience wasn't great" 1389:"Deutschland stellt bis zum Jahr 2030 6,3 Milliarden Euro für 930.000 zusätzliche Ladestationen bereit" 1346: 1224: 266: 167: 1764:"Factsheet: Battery electric mobility in China Market activation phase for BEVs and PHEVs up to 2020" 1117: 1082:"ABB joins CharIN; taking Combined Charging System to the next level; 150 kW demos, targeting 350 kW" 507: 444: 1872: 1417: 563: 299: 257: 2004: 1962:"Charging your EV on Petro-Canada's Electric Highway to cost Canadians 76 percent more on average" 437: 106: 38: 1081: 1839: 1029: 1700:"Iberdrola and BP to deploy 11,700 fast and ultra-fast charging points in Spain and Portugal" 1555:"Ohio Becomes the First State to Install and Activate Federally Funded EV Charging Stations" 952: 199:, the company also offered its own fast chargers with Chademo plugs starting in June 2015. 1858:"Zeekr launches 800V Golden Battery, can charge 500 km in 15 minutes and withstand 1000°C" 1148: 8: 828: 734: 671: 612: 583: 285: 225: 1540: 1367: 747: 681: 383: 139: 122: 99: 1919:"ABB E-mobility increases majority stake in Chinese EV charging provider Chargedot" 1131: 696: 491:(2023) came with the 800 V variant being sold internationally. Geely developed the 455:

In addition to Porsche's innovation, whose 800 V architecture was also used in the

346: 155: 79: 75: 686: 496: 476: 472: 114: 1888:""Building and operating a pan-European HPC network" – Marcus Groll from Ionity" 922:"COMPANY NEWS: No Word Yet on Sticker Shock; A Quicker Charge For Electric Cars" 1163:"ABB powers e-mobility with launch of first 150-350 kW high power charger" 869: 515: 456: 331: 1340: 2017: 1582: 1513: 1068:"ABB wins $ 70 million order to modernize locomotives for Swiss Railways SBB" 511: 484: 432: 240: 224:

The first mass-produced Tesla model in 2012 also saw the start of setting up

1675:"Iberdrola and bp to fast charge Spain and Portugal with €1bn EV investment" 997:"Electric vehicle charging infrastructure in China - statistics & facts" 1645:"General Motors bindet Tesla Supercharger ein und setzt auf NACS statt CCS" 1357: 701: 464: 463:

platform with 800 V early on, which was used in vehicle models from 2021 -

1946: 602: 552: 183: 154:

The pioneers of interrelated public charging points can be found in the

519: 449: 391: 1027: 158:

sites, where the pilot project dates back to 1992 in Switzerland. The

1750:"Zunder gets fresh capital to advance ultra-rapid charging in Iberia" 654: 627: 548: 500: 414: 1342:„Zeit für eine neue Elektromobilitätspolitik“ – Jan Strobel vom BDEW 1486:"France reinvests in EV charging infrastructure to meet EU targets" 841: 622: 488: 159: 1725:"Iberdrola and bp to invest €1bn in fast charging infrastructure" 1541:"National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure (NEVI) Progress Update" 637: 480: 468: 204: 94: 24: 887: 859: 632: 617: 536: 326: 175: 1254:"Porsche will Händler mit 800V-Schnellladestationen ausrüsten" 676: 460: 407: 1211:"ABB zeigt dritte Generation der Terra HP mit bis zu 350 kW" 452:(2022), at the expense of slightly lowering the durability. 818: 760: 691: 645: 1810:. Columbia Center on Global Energy Policy. February 2019. 1805:"ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING IN CHINA AND THE UNITED STATES" 1790:. Columbia Center on Global Energy Policy. February 2019. 1785:"ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING IN CHINA AND THE UNITED STATES" 1358:

Patrick Lang, Jochen Knecht, Thomas Harloff (2022-12-15).

1268:"Fastned reveals new generation of fast charging stations" 269:(OCPP) approach to performance billing became widespread. 203:

Mitsubishi i-MiEV in 2009. In March 2010, the independent

166:) supported by this did not have large batteries, so that 1873:"Zeekr 001 EV Charges From 10 To 80% In Under 12 Minutes" 1543:. Joint Office of Energy and Transportantion. 2023-10-27. 1527:"NEVI funding: What is it and what are its requirements?" 1501:"Weißes Haus stellt Plan zum Ausbau des E-Ladenetzes vor" 1313:"Allego rüstet 40 Fast-E-Standorte von 50 auf 150 kW auf" 1298:"MEGA-E: Allego & Fortum bauen 322 HPC-Standorte auf" 394:. There are agreements with California in the ZEVI plan ( 191:

with 16 A and 32 A for 220 V widely available. The later

1483: 1118:"Tesla Introduces New Liquid-Cooled Supercharger System" 1028:

Wilfried Eckl-Dorna, Nils-Viktor Sorge (29 April 2013).

803:

biggest operators in Germany by number of charging ports

716:

biggest operators in the USA by number of charging ports

244:

fast charger with multiple cables and card authorization

1933:"TELD Controls Over 40% of China's BEV Charging Market" 1283:"Fastned and ABB install 350 kW fast charging stations" 483:(2023). BYD developed the "E-Platform 3.0" - while the 1569:"Ohio First State in Nation to Activate NEVI Chargers" 562:

New designs are required for a further increase – the

253:

of charging became the widespread basis for billing.

2005:"A Comprehensive Guide to U.S. EV Charging Networks" 1642: 1360:"1,8 Milliarden Euro für Schnelllade-Infrastruktur" 1328:"Allego purchases European charging network Mega-E" 248:Initially, the billing of electricity in the early 1840:"800V High Voltage Platform Research Report, 2022" 1826:"China approves new DC charging standard ChaoJi-1" 1310: 487:(2022) still used its 400 V variant in China, the 1885: 1657: 1459:. Netherlands Enterprise Agency (RVO). July 2023. 1404:"Warum der Ausbau der Ladesäulen so lange dauert" 1401: 1143: 1141: 2015: 1959: 1471:"THE FUTURE OF EV CHARGING: SPOTLIGHT ON FRANCE" 1437: 1208: 1093: 1091: 1947:"CATL and Star Charge sign strategic agreement" 1870: 1627: 1454:"Dutch National Charging Infrastructure Agenda" 1386: 1186: 1015:"Wie Tesla mit Schnellladern die Welt vernetzt" 1722: 1660:"EV Charging Index: Expert insight from Spain" 1295: 1138: 1823: 1769:. NOW Gembh (Deutschlandnetz). October 2020. 1325: 1280: 1097: 1088: 82:. A fast charging network is a subtype of an 1905:"State Grid ramps up efforts in EV charging" 1855: 1747: 1524: 1498: 1372:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1115: 1051: 1974: 1237: 1180: 994: 364:Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Regulation 74:, is a network of publicly accessible fast 2029:Electric vehicle infrastructure developers 1993:. IEA (international energy agency). 2023. 1741: 1615:"California ZEV Investment Plan: Cycle 3" 1597:"California ZEV Investment Plan: Cycle 2" 1473:. watson farley and williams. 2024-04-18. 1420:. Nationale Leitestelle Ladeinfrastruktur 1132:"Unter Strom durch Europa mit dem E-Auto" 940:"ChargePoint Unveils New Express Station" 1851: 1849: 1440:"Bund bringt AFIR-Umsetzung auf den Weg" 1418:"AFIR - Ladeinfrastruktur im EU-Kontext" 982:"China to build more EV charging points" 386:, which was founded and financed by the 376:National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure 362:At the EU level, the AFIR requirements ( 345: 284: 276: 239: 129: 121: 113: 105: 93: 49:of all important aspects of the article. 1723:Mavrokefalidis, Dimitris (2023-03-03). 1484:Paul Messad (Daniel Eck) (2023-10-30). 1431: 1155: 382:Technically, NEVI follows the model of 272: 2016: 1672: 965:"Oregon's West Coast Electric Highway" 459:(2021), it was Hyundai to develop the 45:Please consider expanding the lead to 1846: 795:January 2023, see overview in US News 396:Zero-Emission Vehicle Investment Plan 118:Chademo station in 2011 in California 1697: 1643:Michael Neißendorfer (9 June 2023). 1175:individually cooled charging cables. 569: 261:charging stations for their travel. 98:Park-&-Charge switch box with a 18: 1991:"Trends in charging infrastructure" 1977:"Canada's Electric Highway Network" 493:Sustainable Experience Architecture 13: 1842:. Research In China. January 2022. 1636: 1557:. Roads & Bridges. 2023-12-14. 250:electric vehicle charging networks 14: 2040: 1599:. Electrify America. p. 50. 1499:Iris Martinz (21 December 2021). 1311:Von Cora Werwitzke (2021-02-09). 1084:. Green Car Congress. 2015-11-22. 566:was designed for 1250 to 3000 A. 235: 126:Tesla Supercharger with converter 84:electric vehicle charging network 1886:Carla Westerheide (2024-04-27). 1658:Juan Luis Vilchez (2023-08-21). 1617:. Electrify America. p. 44. 1402:Anna Driftschröer (2023-02-09). 1189:"Starker Strom aus kühlem Kabel" 726:charging ports (min 50 kW) 529: 404:North American Charging Standard 341: 149: 134:Charging park in Beijing in 2016 23: 16:Public charging stations for EVs 1997: 1983: 1968: 1960:Karandeep Oberoi (2022-11-03). 1953: 1939: 1925: 1911: 1897: 1879: 1864: 1832: 1817: 1797: 1777: 1756: 1716: 1691: 1666: 1651: 1621: 1607: 1589: 1575: 1561: 1547: 1533: 1518: 1507: 1492: 1477: 1463: 1446: 1438:Sebastian Schaal (2024-04-12). 1410: 1395: 1380: 1351: 1334: 1319: 1304: 1289: 1274: 1260: 1246: 1231: 1217: 1209:Sebastian Schaal (2021-04-22). 1202: 1124: 1109: 1074: 1060: 1045: 37:may be too short to adequately 1871:Iulian Dnistran (2024-04-05). 1698:Hill, Joshua S. (2023-03-06). 1647:(in German). Elektroauto News. 1628:Vartan Badalian (2024-01-30). 1503:(in German). Elektroauto News. 1387:Maurits Kuypers (2022-10-21). 1240:"Energieschub an der Autobahn" 1187:Friedhelm Greis (2017-10-25). 1036: 1021: 1017:. manager magazin. 2013-12-18. 1007: 988: 974: 957: 946: 932: 914: 425: 47:provide an accessible overview 1: 1296:Peter Schwierz (2018-01-22). 1030:"Drei Tage in Teslas Model S" 984:. Shanghai Daily. 2017-02-10. 908: 707: 325:In October 2017 the operator 1824:Nicole Storch (2023-09-25). 1673:Latief, Yusuf (2023-03-05). 1571:. Governor Ohio. 2023-12-08. 1326:Carrie Hempel (2022-07-14). 1281:Chris Randall (2018-03-01). 574: 7: 1856:Jiri Opletal (2023-12-14). 1748:Nora Manthey (2022-10-12). 1525:Giles Platel (2024-02-20). 1442:(in German). Electrive net. 1116:Steve Hanley (2015-06-15). 388:Volkswagen Group of America 218:West Coast Electric Highway 10: 2045: 1975:Brooke Hehr (2021-03-27). 1907:. China Daily. 2023-10-26. 1679:Smart Energy International 1238:Stefan Mayr (2018-04-20). 995:Wenyi Zhang (2024-01-03). 942:. ChargePoint. 2015-06-23. 813:charging ports (with CCS) 778:Greenlots (Shell Recharge) 438:Mercedes Benz eActross 400 267:Open Charge Point Protocol 89: 70:, or more specifically an 1935:. AAA weekly. 2022-02-03. 1054:"Porsche wird elektrisch" 953:westcoastgreenhighway.com 896: 793: 508:Premium Platform Electric 445:battery management system 308:high-Power Charging Point 1105:. Universität Stuttgart. 832:(only when open for all) 564:Megawatt Charging System 518:(2024). BMW showed the " 300:Combined Charging System 1300:(in German). electrive. 900:www.schnellladepark.app 729:charging stations (DC) 2007:. US News. 2023-01-04. 1270:. Fastned. 2018-03-01. 1242:. Süddeutsche Zeitung. 1227:. Mercedes-Benz. 2017. 1225:"Joint Venture IONITY" 443:However, installing a 351: 290: 289:Fastned HPC in Hilden 282: 245: 135: 127: 119: 111: 103: 1583:"Our Investment Plan" 1391:. Innovatoin Origins. 349: 288: 280: 243: 193:ChargePoint Home Flex 140:household electricity 133: 125: 117: 110:EV1 at a BART station 109: 97: 68:fast charging network 1585:. Electrify America. 1256:. Golem. 2018-03-01. 657:(Spain and Portugal) 651:Pfalzwerke (Germany) 542:Since January 2024, 374:what was called the 281:ABB Terra HP in 2018 273:HPC charging network 72:HPC charging network 1949:. CATL. 2024-04-26. 1406:. manager maganzin. 1362:. auto motor sport. 1151:. bayern innovativ. 1134:. bayern innovativ. 1098:Valerie Hollunder. 316:high-power charging 197:ChargePoint Express 1921:. ABB. 2022-01-31. 1070:. ABB. 2014-09-23. 1052:Stefan Voswinkel. 1032:. manager magazin. 829:Tesla Supercharger 735:Tesla Supercharger 672:Tesla Supercharger 613:Tesla Supercharger 584:Tesla Supercharger 390:in 2017 after the 352: 320:Hochleistungsladen 291: 283: 246: 226:Tesla Supercharger 136: 128: 120: 112: 104: 2024:Charging stations 1890:. electrive.net. 1165:. ABB. 2017-10-03 906: 905: 902: 833: 800: 799: 796: 748:Electrify America 682:Electrify America 570:charging networks 384:Electrify America 318:HPC (from German 156:Park & Charge 80:electric vehicles 76:charging stations 64: 63: 2036: 2009: 2008: 2001: 1995: 1994: 1987: 1981: 1980: 1972: 1966: 1965: 1957: 1951: 1950: 1943: 1937: 1936: 1929: 1923: 1922: 1915: 1909: 1908: 1901: 1895: 1894: 1883: 1877: 1876: 1868: 1862: 1861: 1853: 1844: 1843: 1836: 1830: 1829: 1821: 1815: 1814: 1809: 1801: 1795: 1794: 1789: 1781: 1775: 1774: 1768: 1760: 1754: 1753: 1745: 1739: 1738: 1736: 1735: 1729:Energy Live News 1720: 1714: 1713: 1711: 1710: 1695: 1689: 1688: 1686: 1685: 1670: 1664: 1663: 1662:. Roland Berger. 1655: 1649: 1648: 1640: 1634: 1633: 1625: 1619: 1618: 1611: 1605: 1604: 1593: 1587: 1586: 1579: 1573: 1572: 1565: 1559: 1558: 1551: 1545: 1544: 1537: 1531: 1530: 1522: 1516: 1511: 1505: 1504: 1496: 1490: 1489: 1481: 1475: 1474: 1467: 1461: 1460: 1458: 1450: 1444: 1443: 1435: 1429: 1428: 1426: 1425: 1414: 1408: 1407: 1399: 1393: 1392: 1384: 1378: 1377: 1371: 1363: 1355: 1349: 1343: 1338: 1332: 1331: 1323: 1317: 1316: 1308: 1302: 1301: 1293: 1287: 1286: 1278: 1272: 1271: 1264: 1258: 1257: 1250: 1244: 1243: 1235: 1229: 1228: 1221: 1215: 1214: 1206: 1200: 1199: 1197: 1196: 1184: 1178: 1177: 1171: 1170: 1159: 1153: 1152: 1145: 1136: 1135: 1128: 1122: 1121: 1113: 1107: 1106: 1104: 1095: 1086: 1085: 1078: 1072: 1071: 1064: 1058: 1057: 1049: 1043: 1040: 1034: 1033: 1025: 1019: 1018: 1011: 1005: 1004: 992: 986: 985: 978: 972: 971: 961: 955: 950: 944: 943: 936: 930: 929: 918: 897: 831: 807: 806: 794: 720: 719: 697:Electrify Canada 642:EWE Go (Germany) 551:. Accordingly, 510:, that includes 189:ChargePoint Home 59: 56: 50: 27: 19: 2044: 2043: 2039: 2038: 2037: 2035: 2034: 2033: 2014: 2013: 2012: 2003: 2002: 1998: 1989: 1988: 1984: 1973: 1969: 1964:. Mobile Syrup. 1958: 1954: 1945: 1944: 1940: 1931: 1930: 1926: 1917: 1916: 1912: 1903: 1902: 1898: 1884: 1880: 1869: 1865: 1860:. CarNewsChina. 1854: 1847: 1838: 1837: 1833: 1822: 1818: 1807: 1803: 1802: 1798: 1787: 1783: 1782: 1778: 1766: 1762: 1761: 1757: 1746: 1742: 1733: 1731: 1721: 1717: 1708: 1706: 1696: 1692: 1683: 1681: 1671: 1667: 1656: 1652: 1641: 1637: 1626: 1622: 1613: 1612: 1608: 1595: 1594: 1590: 1581: 1580: 1576: 1567: 1566: 1562: 1553: 1552: 1548: 1539: 1538: 1534: 1523: 1519: 1512: 1508: 1497: 1493: 1482: 1478: 1469: 1468: 1464: 1456: 1452: 1451: 1447: 1436: 1432: 1423: 1421: 1416: 1415: 1411: 1400: 1396: 1385: 1381: 1365: 1364: 1356: 1352: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1324: 1320: 1309: 1305: 1294: 1290: 1279: 1275: 1266: 1265: 1261: 1252: 1251: 1247: 1236: 1232: 1223: 1222: 1218: 1207: 1203: 1194: 1192: 1185: 1181: 1168: 1166: 1161: 1160: 1156: 1147: 1146: 1139: 1130: 1129: 1125: 1114: 1110: 1102: 1096: 1089: 1080: 1079: 1075: 1066: 1065: 1061: 1050: 1046: 1041: 1037: 1026: 1022: 1013: 1012: 1008: 993: 989: 980: 979: 975: 963: 962: 958: 951: 947: 938: 937: 933: 920: 919: 915: 911: 898:June 2024, see 710: 687:Shell Greenlots 667:North America: 577: 572: 532: 497:Geely Galaxy E8 477:Hyundai Ioniq 6 473:Hyundai Ioniq 5 428: 357:Deutschlandnetz 344: 275: 238: 152: 92: 60: 54: 51: 44: 32:This article's 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2042: 2032: 2031: 2026: 2011: 2010: 1996: 1982: 1967: 1952: 1938: 1924: 1910: 1896: 1878: 1863: 1845: 1831: 1816: 1796: 1776: 1755: 1740: 1715: 1690: 1665: 1650: 1635: 1620: 1606: 1588: 1574: 1560: 1546: 1532: 1517: 1506: 1491: 1476: 1462: 1445: 1430: 1409: 1394: 1379: 1350: 1333: 1318: 1303: 1288: 1273: 1259: 1245: 1230: 1216: 1201: 1179: 1154: 1137: 1123: 1108: 1087: 1073: 1059: 1044: 1035: 1020: 1006: 987: 973: 967:. oregon.gov. 956: 945: 931: 926:New York Times 912: 910: 907: 904: 903: 894: 893: 890: 884: 883: 880: 876: 875: 872: 870:Shell Recharge 866: 865: 862: 856: 855: 852: 848: 847: 844: 838: 837: 834: 825: 824: 821: 819:EnBW mobility+ 815: 814: 811: 798: 797: 791: 790: 787: 786:Francis Energy 783: 782: 779: 775: 774: 771: 767: 766: 763: 757: 756: 753: 750: 744: 743: 740: 737: 731: 730: 727: 724: 709: 706: 705: 704: 699: 694: 689: 684: 679: 674: 665: 664: 658: 652: 649: 646:EnBW Mobility+ 643: 640: 635: 630: 628:Shell Recharge 625: 620: 615: 606: 605: 600: 597: 594: 591: 586: 576: 573: 571: 568: 531: 528: 516:Audi Q6 e-tron 457:Audi e-tron GT 427: 424: 343: 340: 332:Porsche Taycan 274: 271: 256:At that time, 237: 236:Charging cards 234: 151: 148: 91: 88: 62: 61: 41:the key points 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2041: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2021: 2019: 2006: 2000: 1992: 1986: 1978: 1971: 1963: 1956: 1948: 1942: 1934: 1928: 1920: 1914: 1906: 1900: 1893: 1889: 1882: 1875:. Inside EVs. 1874: 1867: 1859: 1852: 1850: 1841: 1835: 1827: 1820: 1813: 1806: 1800: 1793: 1786: 1780: 1773: 1765: 1759: 1751: 1744: 1730: 1726: 1719: 1705: 1701: 1694: 1680: 1676: 1669: 1661: 1654: 1646: 1639: 1631: 1624: 1616: 1610: 1603: 1598: 1592: 1584: 1578: 1570: 1564: 1556: 1550: 1542: 1536: 1528: 1521: 1515: 1510: 1502: 1495: 1487: 1480: 1472: 1466: 1455: 1449: 1441: 1434: 1419: 1413: 1405: 1398: 1390: 1383: 1375: 1369: 1361: 1354: 1348: 1344: 1337: 1329: 1322: 1314: 1307: 1299: 1292: 1284: 1277: 1269: 1263: 1255: 1249: 1241: 1234: 1226: 1220: 1212: 1205: 1190: 1183: 1176: 1164: 1158: 1150: 1144: 1142: 1133: 1127: 1119: 1112: 1101: 1094: 1092: 1083: 1077: 1069: 1063: 1055: 1048: 1039: 1031: 1024: 1016: 1010: 1003: 998: 991: 983: 977: 970: 966: 960: 954: 949: 941: 935: 928:. 1992-07-21. 927: 923: 917: 913: 901: 895: 891: 889: 886: 885: 881: 878: 877: 873: 871: 868: 867: 863: 861: 858: 857: 853: 850: 849: 845: 843: 840: 839: 835: 830: 827: 826: 822: 820: 817: 816: 812: 809: 808: 805: 804: 792: 788: 785: 784: 780: 777: 776: 772: 769: 768: 764: 762: 759: 758: 754: 751: 749: 746: 745: 741: 738: 736: 733: 732: 728: 725: 722: 721: 718: 717: 713: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 688: 685: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 669: 668: 662: 659: 656: 653: 650: 647: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 610: 609: 604: 601: 598: 595: 593:ABB Chargedot 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 581: 580: 567: 565: 560: 557: 554: 550: 545: 540: 538: 530:Beyond 500 kW 527: 523: 521: 517: 513: 512:Porsche Macan 509: 504: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 485:BYD Yuan Plus 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 453: 451: 446: 441: 439: 434: 433:GMC Hummer EV 423: 420: 416: 411: 409: 405: 399: 397: 393: 389: 385: 380: 377: 371: 367: 365: 360: 358: 350:TEN corridors 348: 342:Area coverage 339: 335: 333: 328: 323: 321: 317: 311: 309: 303: 301: 295: 287: 279: 270: 268: 262: 259: 254: 251: 242: 233: 229: 227: 222: 219: 213: 211: 210:fast charging 206: 200: 198: 194: 190: 185: 180: 177: 172: 169: 168:3-phase power 165: 161: 157: 150:Fast charging 147: 145: 144:range anxiety 141: 132: 124: 116: 108: 101: 96: 87: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 58: 48: 42: 40: 35: 30: 26: 21: 20: 1999: 1985: 1970: 1955: 1941: 1927: 1913: 1899: 1891: 1881: 1866: 1834: 1828:. Electrive. 1819: 1811: 1799: 1791: 1779: 1770: 1758: 1752:. electrive. 1743: 1732:. Retrieved 1728: 1718: 1707:. Retrieved 1703: 1693: 1682:. Retrieved 1678: 1668: 1653: 1638: 1623: 1609: 1600: 1591: 1577: 1563: 1549: 1535: 1529:. Switch EV. 1520: 1514:fhwa.dot.gov 1509: 1494: 1479: 1465: 1448: 1433: 1422:. Retrieved 1412: 1397: 1382: 1353: 1336: 1330:. electrive. 1321: 1315:. electrive. 1306: 1291: 1285:. electrive. 1276: 1262: 1248: 1233: 1219: 1213:. electrive. 1204: 1193:. Retrieved 1182: 1173: 1167:. Retrieved 1157: 1126: 1120:. Teslerati. 1111: 1076: 1062: 1056:. Auto Bild. 1047: 1038: 1023: 1009: 1000: 999:. Statista. 990: 976: 968: 959: 948: 934: 925: 916: 802: 801: 715: 714: 711: 702:Petro-Canada 666: 607: 578: 561: 558: 541: 533: 524: 505: 465:Genesis GV60 454: 442: 429: 412: 400: 395: 381: 375: 372: 368: 363: 361: 353: 336: 324: 319: 315: 312: 307: 304: 296: 292: 263: 255: 247: 230: 223: 217: 214: 209: 201: 196: 192: 188: 181: 173: 164:quadricycles 153: 143: 137: 71: 67: 65: 52: 36: 34:lead section 1632:. GreenBiz. 1488:. Euractiv. 770:ChargePoint 603:Zeekr Power 599:Star Charge 553:Zeekr Power 514:(2024) and 499:(2023) and 426:Trend 800 V 184:ChargePoint 2018:Categories 1772:objective. 1734:2023-11-02 1709:2023-11-02 1704:The Driven 1684:2023-11-02 1424:2024-05-19 1195:2019-12-28 1169:2019-12-28 909:References 879:Pfalzwerke 842:Aral Pulse 708:statistics 623:Aral Pulse 589:State Grid 450:Tesla Semi 392:Dieselgate 1002:chargers. 723:operator 655:Iberdrola 648:(Germany) 575:operators 549:Zeekr 001 520:New Class 501:Zeekr 007 415:Iberdrola 182:In 2007, 174:When the 160:microcars 55:June 2024 39:summarize 1368:cite web 810:operator 608:Europe: 503:(2023). 489:BYD Seal 479:(2022), 475:(2021), 471:(2021), 467:(2021), 232:China). 1347:YouTube 1191:. 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