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fact-checker manages to catch a few inaccuracies, the larger picture and suggestion will remain in place, and it is this suggestion that moves minds and hearts, and eventually actions." They also note the very large amount of false information that regularly spreads around the world, overwhelming the hundreds of fact-checking groups; caution that a fact-checker systemically addressing propaganda potentially compromises their objectivity; and argue that even descriptive statements are subjective, leading to conflicting points of view. As a potential step to a solution, the authors suggest the need of a "scientific community" to establish
51:
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regarding fake news detection on social media is gaining momentum. However, fake news detection on social media presents challenges that renders previous data mining and detection techniques inadequate. As such, researchers are calling for more work to be done regarding fake news as characterized against psychology and social theories and adapting existing data mining algorithms to apply to social media networks. Further, multiple scientific articles have been published urging the field further to find automatic ways in which fake news can be filtered out of social media timelines.
1552:, journalists, researchers and former Reddit moderators have expressed concerns about the spread of harmful misinformation, a relative lack of subject matter expertise from replacement mods, a vetting process of replacement mods seen as haphazard, a loss of third party tools often used for content moderation, and the difficulty for academic researchers to access Reddit data. Many fact-checkers rely heavily on social media platform partnerships for funding, technology and distributing their fact-checks.
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effect among Trump supporters younger than 26 years whereby the presence of both untagged and tagged fake articles made the untagged fake articles appear more accurate. In response to research which questioned the effectiveness of the
Facebook "disputed" tags, Facebook decided to drop the tags in December 2017 and would instead put articles which fact-checked a fake news story next to the fake news story link whenever it is shared on Facebook.
1328:. Efforts such as providing and viewing structured accuracy assessments on posts "are not currently supported by the platforms". Trust in the default or, in decentralized designs, user-selected providers of assessments (and their reliability) as well as the large quantities of posts and articles are two of the problems such approaches may face. Moreover, they cannot mitigate misinformation in chats, print-media and
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Activities for
International Fact-Checking Day consist of various media organizations contributing to fact-checking resources, articles, and lessons for students and the general public to learn more about how to identify fake news and stop the spread of misinformation. 2020's International Fact-Checking Day focused specifically on how to accurately identify information about
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pro-Trump fake news being selectively targeted on conservatives and pro-Trump supporters in 2016. The researchers found that social media sites, Facebook in particular, to be powerful platforms to spread certain fake news to targeted groups to appeal to their sentiments during the 2016 presidential race. Additionally, researchers from
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the propensities of audiences to be completely unpersuaded by corrections to errors regarding the most divisive subjects, or the tendency to be more greatly persuaded by corrections of negative reporting (e.g., "attack ads"), and to see minds changed only when the individual in error was someone reasonably like-minded to begin with.
689:. More recently, the mainstream media has come under severe economic threat from online startups. In addition, the rapid spread of misinformation and conspiracy theories via social media is slowly creeping into mainstream media. One solution is for more media staff to be assigned a fact-checking role, as for example
1456:, argued that "behind closed doors, scientists spend the whole time arguing and deeply disagreeing on some fairly fundamental things". Clarke further argued that "The binary idea that scientific assertions are either correct or incorrect has fed into the divisiveness that has characterised the pandemic."
1384:(Dartmouth College) and Jason Reifler (University of Exeter) found that consumers of fake news tended to have less favorable views of fact-checking, in particular Trump supporters. The paper found that fake news consumers rarely encountered fact-checks: "only about half of the Americans who visited a
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campaigns found on the internet, particularly social media sites. It rose in importance after the 2016 elections, which brought fake news, as well as accusations of it, to the forefront of media issues. The holiday is held on April 2 because "April 1 is a day for fools. April 2 is a day for facts."
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Fact-checking can become a learned skill, and technology can be harnessed in a way that makes it second nature... By finding opportunities to integrate technology into learning, students will automatically sense the beautiful blending of⦠their cyber⦠. Instead of two spheres coexisting uneasily and
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fact-checking have made clear that such efforts often result in changes in the behavior, in general, of both the speaker (making them more careful in their pronouncements) and of the listener or reader (making them more discerning with regard to the factual accuracy of content); observations include
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Fact
Checker overwhelmingly agree on their evaluations of claims. However, a study by Morgan Marietta, David C. Barker and Todd Bowser found "substantial differences in the questions asked and the answers offered." They concluded that this limited the "usefulness of fact-checking for citizens trying
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Research suggests that fact-checking can indeed correct perceptions among citizens, as well as discourage politicians from spreading false or misleading claims. However, corrections may decay over time or be overwhelmed by cues from elites who promote less accurate claims. Political fact-checking is
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created and tested a machine learning algorithm to identify false information by looking for common patterns, words, and symbols that typically appear in fake news. More so, they released an open-source data set with a large catalog of historical news sources with their veracity scores to encourage
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for political elites. The researchers sent, "a series of letters about the risks to their reputation and electoral security if they were caught making questionable statements. The legislators who were sent these letters were substantially less likely to receive a negative fact-checking rating or to
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counted 70 staff in 2017. Others may hire freelancers per piece or may combine fact-checking with other duties. Magazines are more likely to use fact-checkers than newspapers. Television and radio programs rarely employ dedicated fact-checkers, and instead expect others, including senior staff, to
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Among the benefits of printing only checked copy is that it averts serious, sometimes costly, problems. These problems can include lawsuits for mistakes that damage people or businesses, but even small mistakes can cause a loss of reputation for the publication. The loss of reputation is often the
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have served as other linguistic techniques to estimate the legitimacy of a news source. On top of that, researchers have determined that visual-based cues also play a factor in categorizing an article, specifically some features can be designed to assess if a picture was legitimate and provides us
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found that "individuals consistently update political beliefs in the appropriate direction, even on facts that have clear implications for political party reputations, though they do so cautiously and with some bias... Interestingly, those who identify with one of the political parties are no more
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became popularized with the 2016 United States presidential election, causing concern among some that online media platforms were especially susceptible to disseminating disinformation and misinformation. Fake news articles tend to come from either satirical news websites or from websites with an
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s Fact
Checker, there were only 77 statements that both fact-checkers checked. The study found that the fact-checkers gave the same ratings for 49 and close ratings for 22 out of 77 statements, about 92% agreement. Lim concluded, "At least in some cases, the strategic ambiguity of politicians may
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reduced the number of respondents who considered the headline accurate from 29% to 19%, whereas a "rated false" tag pushed the number down to 16%. A 2019 study found that the "disputed" tag reduced
Facebook users' intentions to share a fake news story. The Yale study found evidence of a backfire
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Fact-checkers verify that the names, dates, and facts in an article or book are correct. For example, they may contact a person who is quoted in a proposed news article and ask the person whether this quotation is correct, or how to spell the person's name. Fact-checkers are primarily useful in
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for at least three reasons: "First, since much of what skillful propagandists say will be true on a literal level, the fact-checker will be unable to refute them. Second, no matter how well-intentioned or convincing, the fact-check will also spread the initial claims further. Third, even if the
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and news outlets. The reality of fake news had become omnipresent, and a lot of research has gone into understanding, identifying, and combating fake news. Also, a number of researchers began with the usage of fake news to influence the 2016 presidential campaign. One research found evidence of
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Clayton, Katherine; Blair, Spencer; Busam, Jonathan A.; Forstner, Samuel; Glance, John; Green, Guy; Kawata, Anna; Kovvuri, Akhila; Martin, Jonathan (11 February 2019). "Real
Solutions for Fake News? Measuring the Effectiveness of General Warnings and Fact-Check Tags in Reducing Belief in False
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as a legitimate and commonly used platform has created extensive concerns for fake news in this domain. The spread of fake news via social media platforms such as
Facebook, Twitter and Instagram presents the opportunity for extremely negative effects on society therefore new fields of research
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Several commentators have noted limitations of political post-hoc fact-checking. While interviewing Andrew Hart in 2019 about political fact-checking in the United States, Nima
Shirazi and Adam Johnson discuss what they perceive as an unspoken conservative bias framed as neutrality in certain
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researcher
Jennifer Rose, because fake news is created with the intention of misleading readers, online news consumers who attempt to fact-check the articles they read may incorrectly conclude that a fake news article is legitimate. Rose states, "A diligent online news consumer is likely at a
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A 2019 meta-analysis of research into the effects of fact-checking on misinformation found that fact-checking has substantial positive impacts on political beliefs, but that this impact weakened when fact-checkers used "truth scales", refuted only parts of a claim and when they fact-checked
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1672:, who edited some of Glass's concocted stories, blamed himself, rather than the fact-checkers, saying: "Any fact-checking system is built on trust ... If a reporter is willing to fake notes, it defeats the system. Anyway, the real vetting system is not fact-checking but the editor."
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incentive to propagate false information, either as clickbait or to serve a purpose. The language, specifically, is typically more inflammatory in fake news than real articles, in part because the purpose is to confuse and generate clicks. Furthermore, modeling techniques such as
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as an argument in political fact-checking, citing examples from The
Washington Post, The New York Times and The Associated Press where "mainstream fact-checkers appear to have attempted to manufacture false claims from progressive politicians... a desire to appear objective".
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Sensationalist newspapers in the 1850s and later led to a gradual need for a more factual media. Colin Dickey has described the subsequent evolution of fact-checking. Key elements were the establishment of Associated Press in the 1850s (short factual material needed),
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A 2019 study found that "summary fact-checking", where the fact-checker summarizes how many false statements a politician has made, has a greater impact on reducing support for a politician than fact-checking of individual statements made by the politician.
1583:. Fact-checking websites in China often avoid commenting on political, economic, and other current affairs. Several Chinese fact-checking websites have been criticized for lack of transparency with regard to their methodology and sources, and for following
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The following is a list of individuals for whom it has been reported, reliably, that they have played such a fact-checking role at some point in their careers, often as a stepping point to other journalistic endeavors, or to an independent writing career:
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during the 2017 French presidential election campaign (i) successfully persuaded voters, (ii) lost their persuasiveness when fact-checked, and (iii) did not reduce voters' political support for Le Pen when her claims were fact-checked. A 2017 study in the
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national telephone and online survey found that "just 29% of all Likely U.S. Voters trust media fact-checking of candidates' comments. Sixty-two percent (62%) believe instead that news organizations skew the facts to help candidates they support."
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One experimental study found that fact-checking during debates affected viewers' assessment of the candidates' debate performance and "greater willingness to vote for a candidate when the fact-check indicates that the candidate is being honest."
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to decide which version of disputed realities to believe." A paper by Chloe Lim, PhD student at Stanford University, found little overlap in the statements that fact-checkers check. Out of 1,178 fact-checks by PolitiFact and 325 fact-checks by
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impede the fact-checking movement's goals." The process of fact-checking is sometimes questionable, partly because the fact-checkers are just human subjects, and also because the purpose of some instances of fact-checking was unclear.
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Lateral reading, or getting a brief overview of a topic from lots of sources instead of digging deeply into one, is a popular method professional fact-checkers use to quickly get a better sense of the truth of a particular claim.
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Nyhan, Brendan; Porter, Ethan; Reifler, Jason; Wood, Thomas J. (21 January 2019). "Taking Fact-Checks Literally But Not Seriously? The Effects of Journalistic Fact-Checking on Factual Beliefs and Candidate Favorability".
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The term "fact-check" is also appropriated and overused by "partisan sites", which may lead people to "disregard fact-checking as a meaningless, motivated exercise if all content is claimed to be fact-checked".
1372:. Criticism has included that fact-checking organizations in themselves are biased or that it is impossible to apply absolute terms such as "true" or "false" to inherently debatable claims. In September 2016, a
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has severely limited access by academic researchers to Twitter's API by replacing previously free access with a subscription that starts at $ 42,000 per month, and by denying requests for access under the
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1444:. This decision relies on the idea of a scientific consensus. But some scientists say that this smothers heterogeneous opinions, problematically reinforcing a misconception that science is a monolith."
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1028:" and suggests that fact-checking alone is not enough to reduce fake news consumption. Despite this, Rose asserts that fact-checking "ought to remain on educational agendas to help combat fake news".
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Research has shown that fact-checking has limits, and can even backfire, which is when a correction increases the their belief in the misconception. One reason is that it can be interpreted as an
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is the process of verifying the factual accuracy of questioned reporting and statements. Fact-checking can be conducted before or after the text or content is published or otherwise disseminated.
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1365:, leading to resistance and hardening beliefs, "because identity and cultural positions cannot be disproved." In other words "while news articles can be fact-checked, personal beliefs cannot."
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Rabbi Moshe Benovitz, has observed that: "modern students use their wireless worlds to augment skepticism and to reject dogma." He says this has positive implications for values development:
1468:, and "the near ubiquitous refusal to identify patterns, trends, and ... intent in politicians' ... false statements". They further argue that political fact-checking focuses exclusively on
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in particular β have been accused by journalists and academics of undermining fact-checkers by providing them with little assistance; including "propagandist-linked organizations" such as
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Agadjanian, Alexander; Bakhru, Nikita; Chi, Victoria; Greenberg, Devyn; Hollander, Byrne; Hurt, Alexander; Kind, Joseph; Lu, Ray; Ma, Annie; Nyhan, Brendan; Pham, Daniel (1 July 2019).
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found that while fact-checks of false claims made by Trump reduced his supporters' belief in the false claims in question, the corrections did not alter their attitudes towards Trump.
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Carnahan, Dustin; Bergan, Daniel E.; Lee, Sangwon (9 January 2020). "Do Corrective Effects Last? Results from a Longitudinal Experiment on Beliefs Toward Immigration in the U.S.".
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Lead Stories was not able to locate any earlier versions of this video on Google, Yandex, TinEye, Bing or through the image search of the Chinese internet services company, Baidu.
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presenting new and credible information which allows readers to update their knowledge of events and understand why they developed an inaccurate understanding in the first place;
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announced it would "remove false or debunked claims about the novel coronavirus which created a global pandemic", based on its fact-checking partners, collectively known as the
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using video, as videos appear to be more effective than text at increasing attention and reducing confusion, making videos more effective at correcting misperception than text.
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Fridkin, Kim; Kenney, Patrick J.; Wintersieck, Amanda (2 January 2015). "Liar, Liar, Pants on Fire: How Fact-Checking Influences Citizens' Reactions to Negative Advertising".
1629:, and from the time of the first professional American fact-checker through at least the 1970s, the fact-checkers at a media company might be entirely female or primarily so.
785:, fact-checking gained a rise in popularity and spread to multiple countries mostly in Europe and Latin America. However, the US remains the largest market for fact-checking.
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of the New York World (his Bureau of Accuracy and Fair Play, 1912), Henry Luce and Time magazine (original working title: Facts), and the famous fact-checking department of
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1464:, "hyper-literal ... scolding people on the left who criticized the assumptions of American imperialism", rebuttals that may not be factual themselves, issues of general
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1422:, saying a new investigation is needed because 'theories of accidental release from a lab and zoonotic spillover both remain viable." The policy led to an article by
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is such checking done in-house by the publisher to prevent inaccurate content from being published; when the text is analyzed by a third party, the process is called
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campaign-related statements. Individuals' preexisting beliefs, ideology, and knowledge affected to what extent the fact-checking had an impact. A 2019 study in the
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in June 2014. The holiday was officially created in 2016 and first celebrated on April 2, 2017. The idea for International Fact-Checking day rose out of the many
874:, but only modestly". A Dartmouth study led by Brendan Nyhan found that Facebook tags had a greater impact than the Yale study found. A "disputed" tag on a false
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fact-checking organizations first arose in the US in the early 2000s, and the concept grew in relevance and spread to various other countries during the 2010s.
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Holman, Mirya R.; Lay, J. Celeste (2018). "They See Dead People (Voting): Correcting Misperceptions about Voter Fraud in the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election".
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Professional fact-checkers have generally been hired by newspapers, magazines, and book publishers, probably starting in the early 1920s with the creation of
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In 2022, researchers have also demonstrated the feasibility of falsity scores for popular and official figures by developing such for over 800 contemporary
948:. A 2022 study found that individuals exposed to a fact-check of a false statement by a far-right politician were less likely to share the false statement.
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more clarity on the news. There is also many social context features that can play a role, as well as the model of spreading the news. Websites such as "
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1436:, journalist Laurie Clarke said "The contentious nature of these decisions is partly down to how social media platforms define the slippery concepts of
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found "strong evidence that citizens are willing to accept corrections to fake news, regardless of their ideology and the content of the fake stories."
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that suggested a lab leak would be plausible to be initially labeled as "false information" on the platform. This reignited debates into the notion of
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Walter, Nathan; Cohen, Jonathan; Holbert, R. Lance; Morag, Yasmin (24 October 2019). "Fact-Checking: A Meta-Analysis of What Works and for Whom".
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The number of people employed in fact-checking varies by publication. Some organizations have substantial fact-checking departments. For example,
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Some studies have found that exposure to fact-checks had durable effects on reducing misperceptions, whereas other studies have found no effects.
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magazine in the United States, though they were not originally called "fact-checkers". Fact-checkers may be aspiring writers, future editors, or
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6366:
4645:
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Liu, Huan; Tang, Jiliang; Wang, Suhang; Sliva, Amy; Shu, Kai (7 August 2017), "Fake News Detection on Social Media: A Data Mining Perspective",
3103:"The global effectiveness of fact-checking: Evidence from simultaneous experiments in Argentina, Nigeria, South Africa, and the United Kingdom"
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Some individuals and organizations publish their fact-checking efforts on the internet. These may have a special subject-matter focus, such as
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Amazeen, Michelle (2015) "Monkey Cage: Sometimes political fact-checking works. Sometimes it doesn't. Here's what can make the difference.",
958:" whereby correcting false information may make partisan individuals cling more strongly to their views. One study found evidence of such a "
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Studies have shown that fact-checking can affect citizens' belief in the accuracy of claims made in political advertisement. A 2020 study by
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1508:, "which in turn makes sense of the facts", noting the difficulty that this step would face in the digital media landscape of the Internet.
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636:
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Carey, John M.; Guess, Andrew M.; Loewen, Peter J.; Merkley, Eric; Nyhan, Brendan; Phillips, Joseph B.; Reifler, Jason (3 February 2022).
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The Implied Truth Effect: Attaching Warnings to a Subset of Fake News Headlines Increases Perceived Accuracy of Headlines Without Warnings
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3677:"Taking Fact-checks Literally But Not Seriously? The Effects of Journalistic Fact-checking on Factual Beliefs and Candidate Favorability"
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Amazeen, Michelle A. (1 October 2016). "Checking the Fact-Checkers in 2008: Predicting Political Ad Scrutiny and Assessing Consistency".
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is most often followed by a written report of inaccuracies, sometimes with a visual metric provided by the checking organization (e.g.,
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1415:
5448:"I watched hundreds of flat-Earth videos to learn how conspiracy theories spread β and what it could mean for fighting disinformation"
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Nyhan, Brendan; Reifler, Jason (1 July 2015). "The Effect of Fact-Checking on Elites: A Field Experiment on U.S. State Legislators".
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Fact-checking journalists have been harassed online and offline, ranging from hate mail and death threats to police intimidation and
1060:" try to detect this information manually, while certain universities are trying to build mathematical models to assist in this work.
7009:(Press release). The Center for Media and Public Affairs (CMPA), George Mason University. Archived from the original on 9 March 2015
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fact-checking by independent organizations began in the United States in the early 2000s. In the 2010s, particularly following the
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senators. In 2022 and 2023, many social media platforms such as Meta, YouTube and Twitter have significantly reduced resources in
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Highly credible sources are the most effective, especially those which surprisingly report facts against their own perceived bias
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Individual readers perform some types of fact-checking, such as comparing claims in one news story against claims in another.
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have their accuracy questioned publicly, suggesting that fact-checking can reduce inaccuracy when it poses a salient threat."
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6620:
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5587:"Selective Exposure to Misinformation: Evidence from the consumption of fake news during the 2016 U.S. presidential campaign"
4841:"Selective Exposure to Misinformation: Evidence from the consumption of fake news during the 2016 U.S. presidential campaign"
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Mena, Paul (2019). "Cleaning Up Social Media: The Effect of Warning Labels on Likelihood of Sharing False News on Facebook".
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5294:"Don't be fooled: Third annual International Fact-Checking Day empowers citizens around the world to sort fact from fiction"
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974:. The study found that it might help improve political discourse by increasing the reputational costs or risks of spreading
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3710:"Counting the Pinocchios: The effect of summary fact-checking data on perceived accuracy and favorability of politicians"
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The concept for International Fact-Checking Day was introduced at a conference for journalists and fact-checkers at the
5409:"Disinformation and Echo Chambers: How Disinformation Circulates on Social Media Through Identity-Driven Controversies"
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3331:"Does correcting myths about the flu vaccine work? An experimental evaluation of the effects of corrective information"
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2945:"Sex Trafficking, Russian Infiltration, Birth Certificates, and Pedophilia: A Survey Experiment Correcting Fake News"
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668:. A review of US politics fact-checkers shows a mixed result of whether fact-checking is an effective way to reduce
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2299:"Fact-Checking Polarized Politics: Does The Fact-Check Industry Provide Consistent Guidance on Disputed Realities?"
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3217:"The ephemeral effects of fact-checks on COVID-19 misperceptions in the United States, Great Britain and Canada"
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https://web.archive.org/web/20191207195717/https://www.cjr.org/special_report/rise-and-fall-of-fact-checking.php
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4385:"Fact Check: Video Does NOT Show 'Portal' At Miami Mall New Year's Day 2024 -- Edited Video Dates To May 2023"
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ShuKai; SlivaAmy; WangSuhang; TangJiliang; LiuHuan (1 September 2017). "Fake News Detection on Social Media".
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began his journalism career as a fact-checker. He went on to invent fictitious stories, which he submitted as
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Mohseni, Sina; Ragan, Eric (4 December 2018). "Combating Fake News with Interpretable News Feed Algorithms".
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Reframing the issue by adding context can be more effective than simply labeling it as incorrect or unproven.
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Graves, Lucas; Amazeen, Michelle A. (25 February 2019), "Fact-Checking as Idea and Practice in Journalism",
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Moshe Benovitz et al., 2012, "Education: The Social Media Revolution: What Does It Mean for Our Children?"
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125:
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Caulfield, Mike; Wineburg, Samuel S. (2023). "Chapter 4: Lateral Reading: Using the Web to Read the Web".
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during the study period also saw any fact-check from one of the dedicated fact-checking website (14.0%)."
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5759:"Facebook's reversal on banning claims that covid-19 is man-made could unleash more anti-Asian sentiment"
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622:
6517:""Rumor-Debunking" as a Propaganda and Censorship Strategy in China: The Case of the COVID -19 Outbreak"
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3984:"Here Are The Tools And Methods We Used To Map A Macedonian Fake News Network And The People Behind It"
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Verified: how to think straight, get duped less, and make better decisions about what to believe online
3774:"To Believe or Not to Believe: an Epistemic Exploration of Fake News, Truth, and the Limits of Knowing"
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found evidence to show how engagement with fake news on Facebook and Twitter was high throughout 2016.
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walking through the reasons why a piece of misinformation is false rather than just labelling it false;
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tags of fake articles "did significantly reduce their perceived accuracy relative to a control without
31:
5860:"New House GOP Wuhan lab report discredits Facebook 'fact checkers' that censored COVID origin claims"
3284:"Fake News, Fact Checking, and Partisanship: The Resilience of Rumors in the 2018 Brazilian Elections"
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6338:
4935:"Deep learning for misinformation detection on online social networks: a survey and new perspectives"
2093:"Fighting Misperceptions and Doubting Journalists' Objectivity: A Review of Fact-checking Literature"
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magazine had 16 fact-checkers in 2003 and the fact-checking department of the German weekly magazine
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aims to identify errors so that the text can be corrected before dissemination, or perhaps rejected.
17:
6987:"Sometimes political fact-checking works. Sometimes it doesn't. Here's what can make the difference"
4563:"Troll farms from North Macedonia and the Philippines pushed coronavirus disinformation on Facebook"
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was more difficult to dispel with the same techniques, and generated the following recommendations:
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1418:, including claims by the Biden administration, and a letter by eighteen scientists in the journal
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4126:"Fake viral footage is spreading alongside the real horror in Ukraine. Here are 5 ways to spot it"
3541:"Does Counter-Attitudinal Information Cause Backlash? Results from Three Large Survey Experiments"
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catching accidental mistakes; they are not guaranteed safeguards against those who wish to commit
1499:
in 2023, Jonathan D. Teubner and Paul W. Gleason assert that fact-checking is ineffective against
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4672:"Call to action: A postmortem on fact-checking and media efforts countering Voice misinformation"
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337:
79:
6516:
4737:"Deny, Deceive, Delay (Vol. 2): Exposing New Trends in Climate Mis- and Disinformation at COP27"
2092:
50:
7507:
7432:
7309:
6732:
2425:"Fact check: Satirical claim that the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals overturned Ginsburg's death"
1669:
1325:
1302:
other researchers to explore and develop new methods and technologies for detecting fake news.
1260:
1206:
312:
237:
115:
6319:
2637:
851:
biased or cautious than pure independents in their learning, conditional on initial beliefs."
7761:
7742:
7663:
7648:
7555:
7540:
7397:
7387:
6706:
5038:"New MIT Sloan research measures exposure to misinformation from political elites on Twitter"
2067:
1842:
1769:
468:
453:
362:
347:
206:
196:
6580:
6573:
6343:
5408:
4418:"Old picture of submerged city in China resurfaces as country's south hit by floods in 2024"
1531:; and removing a fact-check about a false anti-abortion claim after receiving pressure from
7776:
7638:
7545:
7525:
7520:
7487:
7457:
7372:
5076:
4422:
4088:
3886:
3114:
2026:
1963:
1723:
1718:
1545:
1477:
1453:
1429:
1133:
1129:
Digital tools and services commonly used by fact-checkers include, but are not limited to:
970:
A 2015 experimental study found that fact-checking can encourage politicians to not spread
443:
352:
332:
327:
292:
262:
181:
6913:
3020:
8:
7700:
7605:
7497:
7447:
7437:
7407:
7337:
7294:
7156:
7074:(online), 20 August 2010 (print edition, 22 August 2010, p. MM14). Accessed 27 July 2015.
5914:
3676:
2537:
Barrera, Oscar; Guriev, Sergei; Henry, Emeric; Zhuravskaya, Ekaterina (1 February 2020).
2155:
1786:
1584:
1496:
1485:
1473:
1445:
1283:
1279:
1264:
959:
955:
903:
Large studies by Ethan Porter and Thomas J. Wood found that misinformation propagated by
724:
690:
610:
505:
412:
302:
252:
242:
216:
146:
100:
5080:
3890:
3814:"Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election." The Journal of Economic Perspectives"
3118:
1967:
7585:
7560:
7502:
7467:
7377:
7362:
7357:
7279:
7120:
7044:
5722:
5384:
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5107:
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3102:
3083:
3001:
2925:
2871:
2761:
2718:
2607:
2519:
2323:
2279:
2244:
Amazeen, Michelle A. (2 January 2015). "Revisiting the Epistemology of Fact-Checking".
2226:
2112:
1994:
1951:
1929:
1728:
1704:
1601:
1469:
1369:
1221:
665:
392:
367:
307:
272:
186:
171:
166:
85:
5943:"'They don't care': Facebook factchecking in disarray as journalists push to cut ties"
5879:"Episode 83: The Unchecked Conservative Ideology of US Media's 'Fact-Check' Verticals"
4840:
7726:
7711:
7678:
7600:
7590:
7580:
7482:
7423:
7402:
7392:
7382:
7314:
7143:
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6805:
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6532:
6497:
6485:
6274:
6235:
6100:
6063:
6028:
5989:
5950:
5726:
5714:
5706:
5638:
5586:
5474:"Facebook, Instagram Posts Flagged as False for Rejecting Biden's Recession Wordplay"
5428:
5389:
5371:
5332:
5312:
5112:
5094:
4972:
4954:
4780:
4709:
4670:
Davidson, Renee; Jeffery, Eiddwen; Chan, Esther; Kruger, Dr Anne (13 December 2023).
4491:
4458:
3946:
3927:
3731:
3658:
3607:
3572:
3560:
3525:
3513:
3471:
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3189:
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3132:
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3005:
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2710:
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2599:
2560:
2523:
2511:
2405:
2327:
2283:
2271:
2230:
2218:
2116:
2071:
1999:
1981:
1952:"Why the backfire effect does not explain the durability of political misperceptions"
1921:
1846:
1758:
1556:
1424:
1419:
1399:
1385:
1373:
605:
531:
516:
483:
407:
397:
387:
287:
211:
201:
191:
120:
7139:
6763:
4522:"The Toxic Ten: How ten fringe publishers fuel 69% of digital climate change denial"
3842:
2611:
2136:
Dickey, Colin (Fall, 2019). The rise and fall of facts. Columbia Journalism Review.
1933:
1293:
Recently, a lot of work has gone into helping detect and identify fake news through
7716:
7673:
7668:
7595:
7565:
7515:
7472:
7367:
6921:
6899:
6524:
5696:
5420:
5379:
5363:
5324:
5184:
5174:
5102:
5084:
4962:
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3915:
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3789:
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1989:
1971:
1911:
1903:
1838:
1664:
1536:
1524:
1294:
1160:
920:
Fact-checking immediately is more effective, before false ideas have spread widely.
859:
521:
478:
473:
402:
372:
322:
277:
176:
6612:
4634:
Balint, Kata; Arcostanzo, Francesca; Wildon, Jordan; Reyes, Kevin (20 July 2022).
4600:"Bogus fact-checking site amplified by dozens of Indian embassies on social media"
3383:
3349:
3282:
Batista Pereira, Frederico; Bueno, NatΓ‘lia S.; Nunes, Felipe; PavΓ£o, Nara (2022).
2997:
2913:
2555:
2538:
1789:- Journalism that plays an oversight role towards government, industry and society
7570:
7492:
7342:
7332:
7230:
7133:
5367:
4933:
Islam, Md Rafiqul; Liu, Shaowu; Wang, Xianzhi; Xu, Guandong (29 September 2020).
4676:
3759:
2507:
2481:
2456:
2257:
2204:
1692:
1626:
1613:
1580:
1528:
855:
582:
377:
297:
151:
141:
7107:
6162:"Under Elon Musk, X is denying API access to academics who study misinformation"
6132:"Tech layoffs ravage the teams that fight online misinformation and hate speech"
4427:
4355:
2059:
Deciding What's True: The Rise of Political Fact-Checking in American Journalism
890:
limiting detailed descriptions of / or arguments in favor of the misinformation;
7781:
7550:
7304:
7225:
6515:
Fang, Kecheng (12 April 2022), Wasserman, Herman; Madrid-Morales, Dani (eds.),
6398:"Fact-checkers score wins in court, but the threat of legal harassment remains"
5842:"Facebook, Twitter Limit Sharing of New York Post Articles That Biden Disputes"
5258:"No cake on International Fact-Checking Day. Celebrate by correcting fake news"
5089:
4950:
3794:
3773:
3499:
3233:
3216:
3071:
2706:
1794:
1753:
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1698:
1634:
1505:
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1437:
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1120:
1025:
975:
971:
941:
871:
756:
748:
686:
682:
577:
357:
110:
7081:
Regret the Error: How Media Mistakes Pollute the Press and Imperil Free Speech
6904:
6887:
6528:
5646:
5424:
5328:
3556:
3455:
2780:"Facebook stops putting "Disputed Flags" on fake news because it doesn't work"
828:
693:. Independent fact-checking organisations have also become prominent, such as
7755:
7657:
7628:
7575:
7220:
6501:
6278:
6239:
6104:
6032:
5993:
5954:
5710:
5642:
5432:
5375:
5336:
5098:
4958:
3735:
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3709:
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3611:
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3463:
3424:
3415:
3398:
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3307:
3252:
3193:
3136:
3079:
3044:
2970:
2921:
2822:
2757:
2714:
2666:
2603:
2564:
2539:"Facts, alternative facts, and fact checking in times of post-truth politics"
2515:
2409:
2400:
2383:
2275:
2222:
2108:
1985:
1925:
1516:
1481:
1391:
Deceptive websites that pose as fact-checkers have also been used to promote
1381:
1321:
1210:
1192:
1181:
1164:
1153:
1137:
863:
842:
744:
572:
462:
433:
382:
6598:
5684:
5627:"Who Will Check the Checkers? False Factcheckers and Memetic Misinformation"
5137:"Empowering social media users to assess content helps fight misinformation"
3919:
3439:
3127:
2579:
1976:
1574:
1254:
1015:
warily orbiting one another, there is a valuable experience of synthesis....
886:
the most effective ways to reduce misinformation through corrections is by:
7643:
7633:
7215:
6945:
6230:
6166:
5718:
5393:
5116:
4976:
3375:
3260:
3154:
2003:
1763:
1274:
1225:
1103:
1081:
904:
567:
448:
438:
5352:"Searching for the backfire effect: Measurement and design considerations"
3440:"The Elusive Backfire Effect: Mass Attitudes' Steadfast Factual Adherence"
2857:
2319:
1519:
as partners; promoting outlets that have shared false information such as
1484:
to attempt to discredit public figures, and question its effectiveness on
7721:
7289:
7129:
6925:
6429:"IFCN launches working group to address harassment against fact-checkers"
6304:
BΓ©lair-Gagnon, ValΓ©rie; Larsen, Rebekah; Graves, Lucas; Westlund, Oscar.
5189:
5163:"Leveraging Structured Trusted-Peer Assessments to Combat Misinformation"
5161:
Jahanbakhsh, Farnaz; Zhang, Amy X.; Karger, David R. (11 November 2022).
3833:
3036:
1799:
1735:
1714:
1641:
1317:
1239:
1229:
1217:
1199:
937:
838:
526:
95:
6486:""Let's Check it Seriously": Localizing Fact-Checking Practice in China"
6367:"Fact-checkers around the world share their experiences with harassment"
5741:"Facebook reverses ban on posts claiming Covid-19 came from Chinese lab"
4093:
3813:
3243:
2961:
2944:
7653:
7462:
7412:
7299:
7259:
7195:
7179:
6888:"Cognitive Biases in Fact-Checking and Their Countermeasures: A Review"
5065:"Measuring exposure to misinformation from political elites on Twitter"
4340:
4264:
4019:
3508:
3358:
1916:
1907:
1774:
1686:
1619:
1500:
1465:
1316:
There are also demonstrations of platform-built-in (by-design) as well
1185:
1077:
945:
736:
694:
547:
492:
458:
267:
221:
105:
65:
42:
6267:"Fact Checkers Take Stock of Their Efforts: 'It's Not Getting Better'"
5701:
2266:
2213:
1783:- form of journalism where reporters deeply investigate a single topic
7696:
7623:
7200:
3881:
3170:"Latino-Targeted Misinformation and the Power of Factual Corrections"
2749:
2429:
1659:
1520:
1243:
1175:
1043:
1037:
752:
552:
501:
428:
5982:"Facebook teams with rightwing Daily Caller in factchecking program"
5313:"When Corrections Fail: The Persistence of Political Misperceptions"
5276:"How the world celebrated the third International Fact-Checking Day"
5179:
5162:
4636:"RT Articles are Finding their Way to European Audiences β but how?"
3168:
Velez, Yamil R.; Porter, Ethan; Wood, Thomas J. (14 February 2023).
1414:
disease originated from Chinese labs, following developments in the
7706:
6226:"TechScape: After a brutal blackout, will Reddit ever be the same?"
4996:
4812:
4567:
3905:
3299:
3185:
2595:
2580:"Learning Together Slowly: Bayesian Learning about Political Facts"
1867:"Fact-Checking Misinformation Can Work. But It Might Not Be Enough"
1512:
1411:
1403:
1368:
Critics agure that political fact-checking is increasingly used as
1350:
1247:
1168:
875:
867:
511:
5778:"Timeline: How the Wuhan lab-leak theory suddenly became credible"
4124:
Angus, Daniel; Dootson, Paula; Thomson, T. J. (26 February 2022).
2889:
Fact-Checking Misinformation Can Work. But It Might Not Be Enough.
1088:
at Duke University's focus on providing resources to journalists.
793:
One study finds that fact-checkers PolitiFact, FactCheck.org, and
7263:
7210:
6648:
6195:"Reddit faces content quality concerns after its Great Mod Purge"
4171:
2850:
False Alarm: The Truth About Political Mistruths in the Trump Era
1568:
1489:
1433:
1310:
917:
Challenging readers' identity or worldview reduces effectiveness.
669:
562:
69:
5465:
4487:"Climate grant winners use innovative formats for fact-checking"
4336:"PolitiFact - How to detect deepfake videos like a fact-checker"
4260:"PolitiFact - PolitiFact's checklist for thorough fact-checking"
4015:"PolitiFact - How to detect deepfake videos like a fact-checker"
3752:(online), 24 August 2012, New York, NY, USA:Orthodox Union, see
2022:"Eight examples where 'fact-checking' became opinion journalism"
1273:, fake news has been a popular topic of discussion by President
7235:
6946:"Syllabus: Calling Bullshit: Data Reasoning in a Digital World"
4047:
3637:
Wintersieck, Amanda L. (5 January 2017). "Debating the Truth".
1141:
1057:
1048:
587:
6933:"Rapidly expanding fact-checking movement faces growing pains"
5350:
Swire-Thompson, Briony; DeGutis, Joseph; Lazer, David (2020).
5231:"12 Browser Extensions to Help You Detect and Avoid Fake News"
3281:
3019:
Henry, Emeric; Zhuravskaya, Ekaterina; Guriev, Sergei (2022).
1410:. In 2021, Facebook reversed its ban on posts speculating the
7148:
6460:"Russia-Ukraine war: In Chinese media, the US is the villain"
6303:
5206:"Fake news spotter: How to enable Microsoft Edge's NewsGuard"
3600:"Fact-Checking Can Change Views? We Rate That as Mostly True"
2536:
1306:
1149:
954:
Scholars have debated whether fact-checking could lead to a "
6059:"Facebook launches a news section β and will pay publishers"
5823:"Is an Activist's Pricey House News? Facebook Alone Decides"
5531:"Voters Don't Trust Media Fact-Checking β Rasmussen Reports"
3707:
7452:
7254:
7205:
5685:"Covid-19: Who fact checks health and science on Facebook?"
4878:"Trends in the Diffusion of Misinformation on Social Media"
4633:
4043:"Snopes Tips: A Guide To Performing Reverse Image Searches"
1647:
engage in fact-checking in addition to their other duties.
1579:
Operators of some fact-checking websites in China admit to
1085:
557:
257:
60:
5349:
2847:
2452:"The Stupidest Fact-Check in the History of Fact-Checking"
4669:
3675:; Porter, Ethan; Reifler, Jason; Wood, Thomas J. (n.d.).
2691:
2297:
Marietta, Morgan; Barker, David C.; Bowser, Todd (2015).
1622:
engaged other projects; others are career professionals.
1575:
Fact checking in countries with limited freedom of speech
1255:
Ongoing research in fact-checking and detecting fake news
5141:
Massachusetts Institute of Technology via techxplore.com
4808:"These are the fake health news that went viral in 2019"
2493:
1668:(and other weeklies for which he worked) never flagged.
1555:
Commentators have also shared concerns about the use of
6306:"Knowledge Work in Platform Fact-Checking Partnerships"
6265:
Hsu, Tiffany; Thompson, Stuart A. (29 September 2023).
6093:"Combating Disinformation Wanes at Social Media Giants"
4454:"These 6 tips will help you spot misinformation online"
3807:
3805:
3214:
2899:
2655:"Why the Fact-Checking at Facebook Needs to Be Checked"
2628:
Pennycook, Gordon; Rand, David G. (12 September 2017),
1395:; this tactic has been used by both Russia and Turkey.
1329:
936:
were more likely to correct their false information on
5661:"Facebook reverses course, won't ban lab virus theory"
5160:
3671:
3484:
3018:
1766:- Improving the formatting, style and accuracy of text
27:
Process of verifying information in non-fictional text
6575:
The Fact Checker's Bible: A Guide to Getting it Right
5908:
Teubner, Jonathan; Gleason, Paul (14 November 2023).
5840:
Horwitz, Robert McMillan and Jeff (15 October 2020).
4776:"Four digital tools that got me through the pandemic"
4222:"7 key takeaways on information disorder from #ONA19"
2943:
Porter, Ethan; Wood, Thomas J.; Kirby, David (2018).
1297:
and artificial intelligence. In 2018, researchers at
882:
Based on the findings of a 2017 study in the journal
5167:
Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction
3802:
3101:
Porter, Ethan; Wood, Thomas J. (14 September 2021).
2296:
1596:
more significant motivating factor for journalists.
1450:
Winton Professor of the Public Understanding of Risk
6091:Myers, Steven Lee; Grant, Nico (14 February 2023).
5356:
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition
5063:Mosleh, Mohsen; Rand, David G. (21 November 2022).
4123:
3945:. Chicago London: The University of Chicago Press.
2811:"How to Fight 'Fake News' (Warning: It Isn't Easy)"
1380:A paper by Andrew Guess (of Princeton University),
1098:
Social media Β§ Trustworthiness and reliability
788:
7108:"Research Guides: Journalism: Fact-Checking Sites"
7037:
6572:
4356:"Surveillance video does not show Tangshan attack"
2153:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1335:
944:rather than a non-partisan neutral source such as
719:
6857:"Sean Wilsey β About Sean Wilsey β Penguin Group"
4705:"Fact-checking a California reopen protest video"
3940:
3329:Nyhan, Brendan; Reifler, Jason (9 January 2015).
3057:
1432:. In an article published by the medical journal
7753:
7027:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
7007:"Study: Fact-Checkers Disagree on Who Lies Most"
6810:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
6691:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
6673:. Archived from the original on 18 February 2001
5406:
3870:
2091:Nieminen, Sakari; Rapeli, Lauri (19 July 2018).
1590:
1356:
30:"Factcheck" redirects here. For other uses, see
7066:"The Medium: What 'fact-checking' means online"
6644:"Inside Spiegel's 70-person fact-checking team"
6613:"The Story Behind the First-Ever Fact-Checkers"
6130:Field, Hayden; Vanian, Jonathan (26 May 2023).
4167:"7 verification tools for better fact-checking"
3167:
3107:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2942:
2848:Ethan Porter; Thomas J. Wood (3 October 2019).
2464:
1956:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1817:
6885:
6570:
6484:Liu, Yusi; Zhou, Ruiming (13 September 2022).
5907:
5876:
5558:"Poll: Voters don't trust media fact-checkers"
4932:
4703:Mahadevan, Alex; Funke, Daniel (18 May 2020).
4702:
2090:
1650:
7164:
6943:
6886:Soprano, Michael; Roitero, Kevin (May 2024).
5877:Shirazi, Nima; Johnson, Adam (17 July 2019).
5620:
5618:
5616:
5614:
5612:
5610:
5608:
5606:
2627:
1835:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication
1832:
1805:Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act
1091:
783:2016 election of Donald Trump as US President
630:
5310:
5130:
5128:
5126:
5013:"AI is still terrible at spotting fake news"
4989:
3538:
3328:
1893:
1639:
822:
7035:
6334:"Fact-checkers harassed on social networks"
6264:
6129:
3636:
675:
7171:
7157:
6792:Archived from the original on 8 March 2007
6090:
5603:
5407:Diaz Ruiz, Carlos; Nilsson, Tomas (2023).
5062:
3742:
3539:Guess, Andrew; Coppock, Alexander (2018).
3437:
3100:
3025:American Economic Journal: Economic Policy
1777:- Production of reports on current events
1416:investigations into the origin of COVID-19
637:
623:
7077:
6903:
6021:"15 Months of Fresh Hell Inside Facebook"
5801:
5700:
5624:
5445:
5383:
5188:
5178:
5123:
5106:
5088:
4995:
4966:
4451:
3880:
3832:
3793:
3725:
3507:
3414:
3357:
3242:
3232:
3144:
3126:
2983:
2960:
2949:Journal of Experimental Political Science
2554:
2399:
2265:
2212:
1993:
1975:
1915:
1002:
927:Journal of Experimental Political Science
769:
700:
7036:Lewis-Kraus, Gideon (21 February 2012).
6641:
5413:Journal of Public Policy & Marketing
3399:"The limitations of the backfire effect"
1271:2016 United States presidential election
982:
739:). Several organizations are devoted to
6984:
6930:
6892:Information Processing & Management
6824:
6523:(1 ed.), Wiley, pp. 108β122,
6483:
6364:
6192:
5839:
5775:
5678:
5676:
5674:
5555:
5311:Nyhan, Brendan; Reifler, Jason (2010).
4875:
4773:
4484:
4333:
4216:
4214:
4012:
3811:
2808:
2243:
2190:
2019:
1864:
1625:Historically, the field was considered
1313:as well as associated exposure scores.
1024:pervasive risk of inferring truth from
991:A study of Trump supporters during the
14:
7754:
7039:"The Fact-Checker Versus the Fabulist"
6976:"Calculating the Work Behind Our Work"
6770:from the original on 28 September 2011
6566:
6564:
6562:
6560:
6558:
6556:
6554:
6490:International Journal of Communication
6395:
6311:International Journal of Communication
5682:
5581:
5579:
5556:Lejeune, Tristan (30 September 2016).
4902:
4665:
4663:
4629:
4627:
4594:
4592:
4590:
4557:
4555:
4516:
4514:
4447:
4445:
4379:
4377:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4258:Holan, Angie Drobnic (31 March 2022).
4253:
4251:
4249:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4119:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4078:
4076:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4030:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3396:
2829:from the original on 18 September 2017
2055:
2034:from the original on 26 September 2016
1843:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.013.808
1320:-integrated (currently in the form of
1031:
965:
962:", but several other studies did not.
672:, and whether the method is reliable.
7152:
7052:from the original on 28 December 2016
7004:
6944:Bergstrom, Carl; West, Jevin (2017).
6859:. Us.penguingroup.com. Archived from
6426:
6396:Mantas, Harrison (17 February 2021).
6193:Harding, Scharon (4 September 2023).
5979:
5940:
5820:
5471:
5255:
4857:from the original on 23 February 2019
4838:
4257:
3901:
3899:
3689:from the original on 12 December 2018
3597:
2790:from the original on 28 December 2017
2652:
2648:
2646:
2623:
2621:
1949:
1896:American Journal of Political Science
1675:
1261:Misinformation Β§ Countermeasures
7078:Silverman, Craig (23 October 2007).
6952:from the original on 6 February 2018
6914:Facts and Myths about Misperceptions
6761:
6642:Southern, Lucinda (15 August 2017).
6623:from the original on 16 January 2020
6514:
6508:
6223:
6018:
5671:
5599:from the original on 2 January 2018.
5537:from the original on 12 October 2016
5500:"Political Fact-Checking Under Fire"
4910:"The online information environment"
4452:Mahadevan, Alex (22 December 2021).
4334:Settles, Gabrielle (19 April 2023).
4327:
4055:from the original on 7 February 2023
4040:
4013:Settles, Gabrielle (19 April 2023).
4006:
3852:from the original on 28 October 2019
3821:The Journal of Economic Perspectives
3771:
3618:from the original on 6 November 2016
3579:from the original on 6 November 2018
3545:British Journal of Political Science
3438:Wood, Thomas; Porter, Ethan (2019).
2809:Chokshi, Niraj (18 September 2017).
2735:
2673:from the original on 23 October 2017
2577:
2363:from the original on 18 October 2017
2149:
2147:
2145:
2051:
2049:
2020:Riddell, Kelly (26 September 2016).
2015:
2013:
1945:
1943:
1889:
1887:
841:economists found that falsehoods by
7125:International Fact Checking Network
6579:. New York: Anchor Books. pp.
6551:
6342:. 28 September 2018. Archived from
5576:
5564:from the original on 4 October 2016
5528:
5510:from the original on 16 August 2018
5203:
4660:
4624:
4587:
4552:
4511:
4485:Nyariki, Enock (12 December 2023).
4442:
4374:
4297:"Election Misinformation Symposium"
4284:
4246:
4230:. 18 September 2019. Archived from
4191:
4150:
4108:
4067:
4027:
3959:
2381:
2337:from the original on 6 October 2016
1408:International Fact-Checking Network
1063:For a more comprehensive list, see
24:
7105:
6974:Kiernan, Louise. (Dec. 29, 2017).
6879:
6733:"William Gaddis (American author)"
6521:Disinformation in the Global South
6457:
6170:. 27 February 2024. Archived from
5446:Diaz Ruiz, Carlos (27 June 2022).
4939:Social Network Analysis and Mining
4816:. 29 December 2019. Archived from
4612:from the original on 31 March 2023
4530:Center for Countering Digital Hate
3908:ACM SIGKDD Explorations Newsletter
3896:
3873:ACM SIGKDD Explorations Newsletter
3598:Nyhan, Brendan (5 November 2016).
2653:Nyhan, Brendan (23 October 2017).
2643:
2618:
2384:"Checking how fact-checkers check"
2357:"Checking how fact-checkers check"
25:
7798:
7099:
6985:Amazeen, Michelle (3 June 2015).
6837:from the original on 16 June 2013
6713:from the original on 29 June 2011
6318:(2023): 1169β1189. Archived from
6068:. 25 October 2019. Archived from
5910:"You Can't Fact Check Propaganda"
4890:from the original on 28 July 2019
4391:. 10 January 2024. Archived from
4092:. 18 January 2023. Archived from
3990:. 17 January 2019. Archived from
3778:Postdigital Science and Education
2172:from the original on 1 March 2020
2142:
2046:
2010:
1940:
1884:
1198:Domain registration information (
6918:Journal of Economic Perspectives
6849:
6818:
6782:
6755:
6725:
6699:
6663:
6635:
6605:
6477:
6451:
6420:
6389:
6358:
6326:
6297:
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6217:
6186:
6154:
6123:
6084:
6051:
6012:
5973:
5934:
5901:
5870:
5852:
5833:
5814:
5802:Leonhardt, David (27 May 2021).
5795:
5769:
5751:
5733:
5653:
5134:
4839:Guess, Andrew (9 January 2018).
4745:Institute for Strategic Dialogue
4641:Institute for Strategic Dialogue
4272:from the original on 1 July 2022
3021:"Checking and Sharing Alt-Facts"
2578:Hill, Seth J. (16 August 2017).
1950:Nyhan, Brendan (13 April 2021).
1191:Image and video analysis tools (
789:Consistency across fact-checkers
743:fact-checking: examples include
599:
49:
7140:Fact-Checking research and news
7005:Davis, Katy (22 October 2012).
6931:Kessler, Glenn (25 June 2018).
6743:from the original on 5 May 2008
6427:Γrsek, Baybars (13 July 2021).
5941:Levin, Sam (13 December 2018).
5549:
5522:
5492:
5439:
5400:
5343:
5304:
5286:
5268:
5249:
5223:
5197:
5154:
5056:
5030:
5010:
5004:
4983:
4926:
4869:
4832:
4800:
4767:
4729:
4696:
4533:. November 2021. Archived from
4478:
4410:
4348:
3934:
3864:
3772:Rose, Jennifer (January 2020).
3765:
3701:
3665:
3630:
3591:
3532:
3478:
3431:
3397:Haglin, Kathryn (1 July 2017).
3390:
3322:
3275:
3208:
3161:
3094:
3051:
3012:
2977:
2936:
2893:
2882:
2841:
2802:
2772:
2729:
2685:
2571:
2530:
2487:
2444:
2422:
2416:
2375:
2349:
2290:
2237:
2184:
1336:International Fact-Checking Day
7178:
6671:"An Interview With Susan Choi"
6571:Harrison Smith, Sarah (2004).
6365:Smalley, Seth (6 April 2022).
5776:Kessler, Glenn (25 May 2021).
5683:Clarke, Laurie (25 May 2021).
4876:Allcott, Hunt (October 2018).
4774:LaForme, Ren (22 March 2021).
4426:. 26 June 2024. Archived from
4308:. October 2022. Archived from
2986:Journal of Political Marketing
2852:. Cambridge University Press.
2193:Journal of Political Marketing
2130:
2084:
1858:
1607:
1110:
1065:List of fact-checking websites
664:sometimes criticized as being
13:
1:
7236:Pundit / commentator
7113:Eastern Washington University
5472:Soave, Robby (29 July 2022).
4605:Digital Forensic Research Lab
4571:. 29 May 2020. Archived from
3350:10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.11.017
2998:10.1080/15377857.2018.1478656
2914:10.1080/10584609.2019.1668894
2556:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2019.104123
1810:
1662:, and which fact-checkers at
1591:Pre-publication fact-checking
1357:Limitations and controversies
588:Pundit / commentator
6948:. University of Washington.
5980:Levin, Sam (18 April 2019).
5821:Smith, Ben (26 April 2021).
5368:10.1016/j.jarmac.2020.06.006
2508:10.1080/10584609.2014.914613
2258:10.1080/08913811.2014.993890
2205:10.1080/15377857.2014.959691
2156:"Fact-Checking 101 - Unesco"
1865:Drutman, Lee (3 June 2020).
1480:), assert that it relies on
940:if the correction came from
829:Belief Β§ Belief studies
126:Index of journalism articles
7:
7739:List of journalism articles
7130:Fact-checking organizations
7121:Fact-checking organizations
7071:The New York Times Magazine
7064:Heffernan, Virginia (2010)
6970:. UW iSchool. 10 July 2017.
6224:Paul, Kari (20 June 2023).
4305:Center for Media Engagement
4041:Evon, Dan (22 March 2022).
2543:Journal of Public Economics
2474:(online), 3 June 2015, see
2154:Alexios Mantzarlis (2018).
1837:, Oxford University Press,
1747:
1651:Checking original reportage
1539:, including fact-checking.
1202:, DomainBigData, WHOIS.com)
10:
7803:
5625:Moshirnia, Andrew (2020).
5090:10.1038/s41467-022-34769-6
4951:10.1007/s13278-020-00696-x
3795:10.1007/s42438-019-00068-5
3639:American Politics Research
3500:10.1007/s11109-019-09528-x
3234:10.1038/s41562-021-01278-3
3072:10.1007/s11109-020-09591-9
2707:10.1007/s11109-019-09533-0
2693:Stories on Social Media".
2382:Lim, Chloe (1 July 2018).
1342:London School of Economics
1258:
1114:
1095:
1092:Fake news and social media
1069:
1062:
1035:
1021:Queen's University Belfast
993:2016 presidential campaign
826:
809:
32:Factcheck (disambiguation)
29:
7736:
7688:
7615:
7422:
7324:
7246:
7186:
6905:10.1016/j.ipm.2024.103672
6529:10.1002/9781119714491.ch8
6339:Reporters Without Borders
5883:Citations Needed (Medium)
5425:10.1177/07439156221103852
5329:10.1007/s11109-010-9112-2
3557:10.1017/S0007123418000327
3456:10.1007/s11109-018-9443-y
2064:Columbia University Press
1511:Social media platforms β
1326:misinformation mitigation
835:Paris School of Economics
823:Correcting misperceptions
611:Category: Journalism
6964:"YouTube lecture series"
5745:South China Morning Post
3762:, accessed 28 July 2015.
3758:5 September 2015 at the
3727:10.1177/2053168019870351
3651:10.1177/1532673x16686555
3416:10.1177/2053168017716547
2484:, accessed 27 July 2015.
2401:10.1177/2053168018786848
2109:10.1177/1478929918786852
2097:Political Studies Review
1781:Investigative journalism
1117:Open-source intelligence
932:A 2018 study found that
676:History of fact-checking
7196:Journalists (reporters)
6912:Nyhan, Brendan. 2020. "
6707:"CNN.com β Transcripts"
5846:The Wall Street Journal
5173:(CSCW2): 524:1β524:40.
3920:10.1145/3137597.3137600
3720:(3): 2053168019870351.
3714:Research & Politics
3409:(3): 2053168017716547.
3403:Research & Politics
3288:The Journal of Politics
3174:The Journal of Politics
3128:10.1073/pnas.2104235118
2902:Political Communication
2584:The Journal of Politics
2496:Political Communication
2394:(3): 2053168018786848.
2388:Research & Politics
1977:10.1073/pnas.1912440117
1550:2023 Reddit API changes
1541:Twitter under Elon Musk
1462:argument from authority
1363:argument from authority
1236:Social media monitoring
1216:Web mapping platforms (
548:Journalists (reporters)
7767:Journalism occupations
7310:Editorial independence
6825:Kirkpatrick, David D.
6066:(via Associated Press)
3812:Allcott, Hunt (2017).
3221:Nature Human Behaviour
2056:Graves, Lucas (2016).
1695:β Television anchorman
1640:
1072:Fact-checking websites
1017:
1003:Informal fact-checking
884:Psychological Science,
701:Types of fact-checking
658:external fact-checking
654:Internal fact-checking
116:Editorial independence
7664:Pink-slime journalism
7649:Horse race journalism
5804:"The Lab-Leak Theory"
5069:Nature Communications
5017:MIT Technology Review
2858:10.1017/9781108688338
2738:Policy & Internet
2480:3 August 2015 at the
2320:10.1515/for-2015-0040
1770:Firehose of falsehood
1495:Likewise, writing in
1012:
983:Political preferences
858:cognitive scientists
795:The Washington Post's
606:Journalism portal
469:Pink-slime journalism
454:Horse race journalism
7639:Freedom of the press
6926:10.1257/jep.34.3.220
6863:on 27 September 2011
6709:. CNN. 1 June 2006.
6019:Thompson, Nicholas.
5529:Reports, Rasmussen.
4423:Agence France-Presse
4179:on 25 September 2022
4089:Agence France-Presse
3834:10.1257/jep.31.2.211
3037:10.1257/pol.20210037
2786:. 27 December 2017.
2460:. 29 September 2020.
2027:The Washington Times
1742:Editor and memoirist
1724:David D. Kirkpatrick
1546:Digital Services Act
1506:falsifiable theories
1460:fact-checks, citing
1454:Cambridge University
1430:scientific consensus
1159:Archiving services (
1134:Reverse image search
444:Freedom of the press
7787:Watchdog journalism
7701:Newspaper of record
6991:The Washington Post
6937:The Washington Post
6827:"David Kirkpatrick"
6766:. Mediabistro.com.
6408:on 25 December 2022
6285:on 23 November 2023
6246:on 29 February 2024
6174:on 28 February 2024
5961:on 13 December 2018
5922:on 23 November 2023
5915:The Hedgehog Review
5782:The Washington Post
5763:The Washington Post
5081:2022NatCo..13.7144M
4717:on 24 December 2022
4684:on 28 December 2023
4540:on 15 December 2022
4499:on 21 December 2023
4395:on 28 February 2024
4172:Reuters News Agency
4096:on 24 December 2023
3891:2017arXiv170801967S
3119:2021PNAS..11804235P
3113:(37): e2104235118.
2962:10.1017/XPS.2017.32
2472:The Washington Post
1968:2021PNAS..11812440N
1962:(15): e1912440117.
1787:Watchdog journalism
1701:β American novelist
1689:β American novelist
1602:journalistic frauds
1529:Facebook's newsfeed
1497:The Hedgehog Review
1486:conspiracy theories
1446:David Spiegelhalter
1265:Argument technology
1154:Yandex Image Search
1032:Detecting fake news
966:Political discourse
848:Journal of Politics
800:The Washington Post
725:The Washington Post
691:The Washington Post
506:Newspaper of record
7772:Knowledge industry
7084:. Penguin Canada.
7045:The New York Times
7023:cite press release
6920:, 34 (3): 220β36.
6831:The New York Times
6762:Skurnick, Lizzie.
6439:on 1 December 2023
6322:on 5 October 2023.
6271:The New York Times
6205:on 2 February 2024
6111:on 4 December 2023
6097:The New York Times
6039:on 3 December 2023
5827:The New York Times
5808:The New York Times
5317:Political Behavior
5044:. 29 November 2022
4788:on 11 October 2023
4648:on 8 November 2023
4315:on 9 December 2022
3860:– via JSTOR.
3604:The New York Times
3488:Political Behavior
3444:Political Behavior
3060:Political Behavior
2815:The New York Times
2695:Political Behavior
2659:The New York Times
1908:10.1111/ajps.12162
1729:The New York Times
1709:The New York Times
1705:Virginia Heffernan
1676:Alumni of the role
1585:Chinese propaganda
1370:opinion journalism
1222:Google Street View
1150:Baidu Image Search
1102:The adaptation of
666:opinion journalism
7749:
7748:
7727:Alternative media
7679:Yellow journalism
7315:Journalism school
7144:Poynter Institute
7106:Miller, Ielleen.
6790:"Hodge, Roger D."
6538:978-1-119-71444-6
6072:on 4 October 2022
6064:Los Angeles Times
6000:on 3 January 2024
5702:10.1136/bmj.n1170
5256:Elizabeth, Jane.
4781:Poynter Institute
4710:Poynter Institute
4492:Poynter Institute
4459:Poynter Institute
3952:978-0-226-82984-5
1759:Confirmation bias
1719:Harper's Magazine
1717:β Former editor,
1711:television critic
1557:false equivalence
1425:The New York Post
1400:COVID-19 pandemic
1386:fake news website
1374:Rasmussen Reports
1146:Bing Image Search
647:
646:
532:Alternative media
484:Yellow journalism
121:Journalism school
16:(Redirected from
7794:
7674:Propaganda model
7669:Public relations
7173:
7166:
7159:
7150:
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7095:
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6458:Cheung, Rachel.
6455:
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6435:. Archived from
6424:
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6404:. Archived from
6393:
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6377:on 28 March 2023
6373:. Archived from
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6346:on 25 April 2023
6330:
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6262:
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6190:
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6127:
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6088:
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6035:. Archived from
6016:
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5977:
5971:
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5938:
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5929:
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5918:. Archived from
5905:
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5885:. Archived from
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5649:on 13 July 2023.
5645:. Archived from
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5452:The Conversation
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4741:
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4700:
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4680:. Archived from
4667:
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4644:. Archived from
4631:
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4482:
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4466:on 26 March 2023
4462:. Archived from
4449:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4435:
4414:
4408:
4407:
4402:
4400:
4381:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4352:
4346:
4345:
4331:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4320:
4314:
4301:
4293:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4255:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4227:First Draft News
4218:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4184:
4175:. Archived from
4163:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4134:. Archived from
4131:The Conversation
4121:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4080:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4038:
4025:
4024:
4010:
4004:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3980:
3957:
3956:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3903:
3894:
3893:
3884:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3851:
3836:
3818:
3809:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3769:
3763:
3746:
3740:
3739:
3729:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3688:
3681:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3551:(4): 1497β1515.
3536:
3530:
3529:
3511:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3418:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3361:
3335:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3246:
3236:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3148:
3130:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3066:(3): 1227β1246.
3055:
3049:
3048:
3016:
3010:
3009:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2964:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2897:
2891:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2750:10.1002/poi3.214
2733:
2727:
2726:
2701:(4): 1073β1095.
2689:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2650:
2641:
2640:
2625:
2616:
2615:
2590:(4): 1403β1418.
2575:
2569:
2568:
2558:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2491:
2485:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2403:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2336:
2303:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2269:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2216:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2171:
2160:
2151:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2053:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2017:
2008:
2007:
1997:
1979:
1947:
1938:
1937:
1919:
1891:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1830:
1665:The New Republic
1645:
1537:Trust and safety
1525:The Daily Caller
1478:isβought problem
1470:describing facts
1295:machine learning
1195:, FotoForensics)
1161:Internet Archive
1049:n-gram encodings
860:Gordon Pennycook
804:
639:
632:
625:
604:
603:
602:
479:Propaganda model
474:Public relations
53:
39:
38:
21:
7802:
7801:
7797:
7796:
7795:
7793:
7792:
7791:
7752:
7751:
7750:
7745:
7732:
7731:
7730:
7684:
7683:
7682:
7611:
7610:
7609:
7571:Photojournalism
7442:Interventionism
7418:
7417:
7416:
7320:
7319:
7318:
7242:
7241:
7240:
7182:
7177:
7102:
7092:
7055:
7053:
7020:
7019:
7012:
7010:
6995:
6993:
6962:
6955:
6953:
6882:
6880:Further reading
6877:
6876:
6866:
6864:
6855:
6854:
6850:
6840:
6838:
6823:
6819:
6803:
6802:
6795:
6793:
6788:
6787:
6783:
6773:
6771:
6760:
6756:
6746:
6744:
6731:
6730:
6726:
6716:
6714:
6705:
6704:
6700:
6684:
6683:
6676:
6674:
6669:
6668:
6664:
6654:
6652:
6640:
6636:
6626:
6624:
6611:
6610:
6606:
6591:
6569:
6552:
6543:
6541:
6539:
6513:
6509:
6482:
6478:
6468:
6466:
6456:
6452:
6442:
6440:
6425:
6421:
6411:
6409:
6394:
6390:
6380:
6378:
6363:
6359:
6349:
6347:
6332:
6331:
6327:
6302:
6298:
6288:
6286:
6263:
6259:
6249:
6247:
6222:
6218:
6208:
6206:
6191:
6187:
6177:
6175:
6160:
6159:
6155:
6145:
6143:
6128:
6124:
6114:
6112:
6089:
6085:
6075:
6073:
6057:
6056:
6052:
6042:
6040:
6017:
6013:
6003:
6001:
5978:
5974:
5964:
5962:
5939:
5935:
5925:
5923:
5906:
5902:
5892:
5890:
5875:
5871:
5858:
5857:
5853:
5838:
5834:
5819:
5815:
5800:
5796:
5786:
5784:
5774:
5770:
5757:
5756:
5752:
5739:
5738:
5734:
5681:
5672:
5659:
5658:
5654:
5631:Utah Law Review
5623:
5604:
5596:
5589:
5585:
5584:
5577:
5567:
5565:
5554:
5550:
5540:
5538:
5527:
5523:
5513:
5511:
5498:
5497:
5493:
5483:
5481:
5470:
5466:
5456:
5454:
5444:
5440:
5405:
5401:
5348:
5344:
5309:
5305:
5300:. 2 April 2019.
5292:
5291:
5287:
5282:. 9 April 2019.
5274:
5273:
5269:
5254:
5250:
5240:
5238:
5237:. 18 March 2021
5235:The Trusted Web
5229:
5228:
5224:
5214:
5212:
5204:Elliott, Matt.
5202:
5198:
5180:10.1145/3555637
5159:
5155:
5145:
5143:
5133:
5124:
5061:
5057:
5047:
5045:
5036:
5035:
5031:
5021:
5019:
5009:
5005:
4988:
4984:
4931:
4927:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4908:
4907:
4903:
4893:
4891:
4887:
4880:
4874:
4870:
4860:
4858:
4854:
4843:
4837:
4833:
4823:
4821:
4820:on 14 June 2023
4806:
4805:
4801:
4791:
4789:
4772:
4768:
4758:
4756:
4752:
4739:
4735:
4734:
4730:
4720:
4718:
4701:
4697:
4687:
4685:
4677:RMIT University
4668:
4661:
4651:
4649:
4632:
4625:
4615:
4613:
4608:. 27 May 2021.
4598:
4597:
4588:
4578:
4576:
4561:
4560:
4553:
4543:
4541:
4537:
4524:
4520:
4519:
4512:
4502:
4500:
4483:
4479:
4469:
4467:
4450:
4443:
4433:
4431:
4430:on 11 July 2024
4416:
4415:
4411:
4398:
4396:
4383:
4382:
4375:
4365:
4363:
4354:
4353:
4349:
4332:
4328:
4318:
4316:
4312:
4299:
4295:
4294:
4285:
4275:
4273:
4256:
4247:
4237:
4235:
4220:
4219:
4192:
4182:
4180:
4165:
4164:
4151:
4141:
4139:
4138:on 29 June 2023
4122:
4109:
4099:
4097:
4082:
4081:
4068:
4058:
4056:
4039:
4028:
4011:
4007:
3997:
3995:
3982:
3981:
3960:
3953:
3939:
3935:
3904:
3897:
3869:
3865:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3816:
3810:
3803:
3770:
3766:
3760:Wayback Machine
3747:
3743:
3706:
3702:
3692:
3690:
3686:
3679:
3670:
3666:
3635:
3631:
3621:
3619:
3596:
3592:
3582:
3580:
3537:
3533:
3483:
3479:
3436:
3432:
3395:
3391:
3333:
3327:
3323:
3280:
3276:
3213:
3209:
3166:
3162:
3099:
3095:
3056:
3052:
3017:
3013:
2982:
2978:
2941:
2937:
2898:
2894:
2887:
2883:
2868:
2846:
2842:
2832:
2830:
2807:
2803:
2793:
2791:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2734:
2730:
2690:
2686:
2676:
2674:
2651:
2644:
2632:, Elsevier BV,
2626:
2619:
2576:
2572:
2535:
2531:
2492:
2488:
2482:Wayback Machine
2469:
2465:
2457:National Review
2450:
2449:
2445:
2435:
2433:
2421:
2417:
2380:
2376:
2366:
2364:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2301:
2295:
2291:
2246:Critical Review
2242:
2238:
2189:
2185:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2158:
2152:
2143:
2135:
2131:
2121:
2119:
2089:
2085:
2078:
2054:
2047:
2037:
2035:
2018:
2011:
1948:
1941:
1892:
1885:
1875:
1873:
1871:FiveThirtyEight
1863:
1859:
1853:
1831:
1818:
1813:
1750:
1745:
1693:Anderson Cooper
1678:
1653:
1610:
1593:
1581:self-censorship
1577:
1474:moral judgments
1359:
1338:
1267:
1257:
1174:Encyclopedias (
1123:
1113:
1100:
1094:
1074:
1070:Main category:
1068:
1040:
1034:
1005:
985:
968:
960:backfire effect
956:backfire effect
856:Yale University
831:
825:
812:
802:
791:
775:
751:in the US, and
703:
678:
643:
600:
598:
378:Photojournalism
247:Interventionism
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7800:
7790:
7789:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7769:
7764:
7747:
7746:
7737:
7734:
7733:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7709:
7704:
7694:
7693:
7692:
7690:
7686:
7685:
7681:
7676:
7671:
7666:
7661:
7651:
7646:
7641:
7636:
7631:
7626:
7621:
7620:
7619:
7617:
7613:
7612:
7608:
7603:
7598:
7593:
7588:
7583:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7551:New Journalism
7548:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7521:Human-interest
7518:
7513:
7510:
7505:
7503:Digital/Online
7500:
7495:
7490:
7485:
7480:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7445:
7435:
7430:
7429:
7428:
7426:
7420:
7419:
7415:
7410:
7405:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7380:
7375:
7370:
7365:
7360:
7355:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7330:
7329:
7328:
7326:
7322:
7321:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7305:Sensationalism
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7274:code of ethics
7267:
7257:
7252:
7251:
7250:
7248:
7244:
7243:
7239:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7226:News presenter
7223:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7192:
7191:
7190:
7188:
7184:
7183:
7176:
7175:
7168:
7161:
7153:
7147:
7146:
7137:
7136:Reporters' Lab
7132:vetted by the
7127:
7123:vetted by the
7118:
7101:
7100:External links
7098:
7097:
7096:
7090:
7075:
7062:
7033:
7002:
6982:
6972:
6941:
6928:
6910:
6881:
6878:
6875:
6874:
6848:
6817:
6781:
6754:
6737:Britannica.com
6724:
6698:
6662:
6634:
6604:
6589:
6550:
6537:
6507:
6476:
6450:
6419:
6388:
6357:
6325:
6296:
6257:
6216:
6185:
6153:
6142:on 28 May 2023
6122:
6083:
6050:
6011:
5972:
5933:
5900:
5869:
5866:. 24 May 2021.
5851:
5832:
5813:
5794:
5768:
5750:
5747:. 28 May 2021.
5732:
5670:
5665:news.yahoo.com
5652:
5602:
5575:
5548:
5521:
5491:
5464:
5438:
5399:
5362:(3): 286β299.
5342:
5323:(2): 303β330.
5303:
5285:
5267:
5248:
5222:
5196:
5153:
5122:
5055:
5029:
5003:
4982:
4925:
4901:
4868:
4831:
4799:
4766:
4728:
4695:
4659:
4623:
4586:
4575:on 10 May 2023
4551:
4510:
4477:
4441:
4409:
4373:
4362:. 29 June 2022
4347:
4326:
4283:
4245:
4234:on 3 June 2023
4190:
4149:
4107:
4066:
4026:
4005:
3994:on 6 June 2023
3958:
3951:
3933:
3895:
3863:
3801:
3764:
3741:
3700:
3673:Nyhan, Brendan
3664:
3645:(2): 304β331.
3629:
3590:
3531:
3494:(3): 939β960.
3477:
3450:(1): 135β163.
3430:
3389:
3344:(3): 459β464.
3321:
3300:10.1086/719419
3274:
3227:(2): 236β243.
3207:
3186:10.1086/722345
3180:(2): 789β794.
3160:
3093:
3050:
3011:
2992:(1β2): 31β68.
2976:
2955:(2): 159β164.
2935:
2908:(3): 350β375.
2892:
2881:
2866:
2840:
2801:
2771:
2744:(2): 165β183.
2728:
2684:
2642:
2617:
2596:10.1086/692739
2570:
2529:
2502:(1): 127β151.
2486:
2463:
2443:
2423:Cox, Chelsey.
2415:
2374:
2348:
2289:
2236:
2199:(4): 433β464.
2183:
2141:
2129:
2103:(3): 296β309.
2083:
2076:
2045:
2009:
1939:
1883:
1857:
1851:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1795:Media literacy
1792:
1791:
1790:
1784:
1772:
1767:
1761:
1756:
1754:Cherry picking
1749:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1733:
1721:
1712:
1702:
1699:William Gaddis
1696:
1690:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1652:
1649:
1635:The New Yorker
1609:
1606:
1592:
1589:
1576:
1573:
1442:disinformation
1438:misinformation
1393:disinformation
1358:
1355:
1346:misinformation
1337:
1334:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1233:
1214:
1207:search engines
1203:
1196:
1189:
1179:
1172:
1157:
1121:Media literacy
1112:
1109:
1093:
1090:
1086:Reporters' Lab
1036:Main article:
1033:
1030:
1026:false premises
1004:
1001:
984:
981:
976:misinformation
972:misinformation
967:
964:
942:Breitbart News
922:
921:
918:
915:
912:
901:
900:
897:
894:
891:
824:
821:
811:
808:
790:
787:
774:
768:
702:
699:
687:The New Yorker
683:Ralph Pulitzer
677:
674:
670:misconceptions
645:
644:
642:
641:
634:
627:
619:
616:
615:
614:
613:
608:
593:
592:
591:
590:
585:
580:
578:News presenter
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
542:
541:
537:
536:
535:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
496:
495:
489:
488:
487:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
423:
422:
418:
417:
416:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
358:New Journalism
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
328:Human-interest
325:
320:
315:
310:
308:Digital/Online
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
240:
232:
231:
227:
226:
225:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
136:
135:
131:
130:
129:
128:
123:
118:
113:
111:Sensationalism
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
80:code of ethics
73:
63:
55:
54:
46:
45:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7799:
7788:
7785:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7759:
7757:
7744:
7740:
7735:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7722:News agencies
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7702:
7698:
7695:
7691:
7687:
7680:
7677:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7662:
7659:
7658:False balance
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7629:Fourth Estate
7627:
7625:
7622:
7618:
7616:Social impact
7614:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7587:
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7582:
7579:
7577:
7576:Press release
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7554:
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7536:Investigative
7534:
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7512:Fact-checking
7511:
7509:
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7478:Collaborative
7476:
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7364:
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7348:Entertainment
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7260:Writing style
7258:
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7221:Meteorologist
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7087:
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5889:on 4 May 2021
5888:
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5190:1721.1/147638
5186:
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4755:on 1 May 2023
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4360:AFP Hong Kong
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4084:"How we work"
4079:
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3750:Jewish Action
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2163:en.unesco.org
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2150:
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2110:
2106:
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2077:9780231542227
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2060:
2052:
2050:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2016:
2014:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1946:
1944:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1902:(3): 628β40.
1901:
1897:
1890:
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1854:
1852:9780190228613
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1697:
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1670:Michael Kelly
1667:
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1656:Stephen Glass
1648:
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1522:
1518:
1517:CheckYourFact
1514:
1509:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1482:public reason
1479:
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1401:
1396:
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1382:Brendan Nyhan
1378:
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1234:
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1215:
1212:
1211:Google Search
1208:
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1201:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1182:Web analytics
1180:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1165:Archive.today
1162:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1138:Google Images
1135:
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1131:
1130:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1108:
1105:
1099:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1082:urban legends
1079:
1073:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1039:
1029:
1027:
1022:
1019:According to
1016:
1011:
1008:
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994:
989:
980:
977:
973:
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961:
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906:
898:
895:
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885:
880:
877:
873:
869:
865:
864:David G. Rand
861:
857:
852:
849:
844:
843:Marine Le Pen
840:
836:
830:
820:
817:
807:
801:
796:
786:
784:
780:
773:fact-checking
772:
767:
765:
760:
758:
754:
750:
746:
745:FactCheck.org
742:
738:
735:ratings from
734:
733:TRUTH-O-METER
730:
729:Fact Checker,
727:
726:
721:
717:
716:fact-checking
715:
710:
709:fact-checking
708:
698:
696:
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673:
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650:Fact-checking
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573:Meteorologist
571:
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527:News agencies
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463:False balance
460:
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447:
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435:
434:Fourth Estate
432:
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421:Social impact
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383:Press release
381:
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343:Investigative
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157:Entertainment
155:
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7712:TV and radio
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7531:Interpretive
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4389:Lead Stories
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3988:Lead Stories
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2025:
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1870:
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1764:Copy editing
1727:
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1627:women's work
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1548:. After the
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1472:over making
1458:
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1268:
1226:Google Earth
1128:
1124:
1104:social media
1101:
1080:'s focus on
1075:
1053:bag of words
1041:
1018:
1013:
1009:
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723:
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712:
706:
705:
704:
679:
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657:
653:
649:
648:
583:Photographer
517:TV and radio
449:Infotainment
439:Fifth Estate
338:Interpretive
317:
288:Comics-based
36:
7777:Newswriting
7591:Underground
7508:Explanatory
7433:Adversarial
7398:Video games
7353:Environment
7295:Attribution
7290:News values
7285:Objectivity
7216:Copy editor
6796:18 November
6677:18 November
6655:20 November
5864:FOXBusiness
5146:18 December
5075:(1): 7144.
5048:18 December
4918:21 February
3856:2 September
3827:: 211β235.
3788:: 202β216.
3509:10871/38020
3359:10871/21566
2794:28 December
2436:17 December
2252:(1): 1β22.
1917:10871/21568
1800:Metascience
1740:McSweeney's
1736:Sean Wilsey
1715:Roger Hodge
1642:Der Spiegel
1620:freelancers
1608:As a career
1398:During the
1299:MIT's CSAIL
1240:CrowdTangle
1238:platforms (
1230:Yandex Maps
1218:Google Maps
1200:DomainTools
1184:platforms (
1111:Methodology
938:voter fraud
934:Republicans
866:found that
854:A study by
839:Sciences Po
814:Studies of
568:Copy editor
398:Underground
313:Explanatory
238:Adversarial
207:Video games
162:Environment
101:Attribution
96:News values
91:Objectivity
7756:Categories
7697:Newspapers
7689:News media
7654:Media bias
7556:Non-profit
7541:Multimedia
7463:Churnalism
7388:Technology
7300:Defamation
7247:Profession
7180:Journalism
6979:ProPublica
6956:5 February
6867:18 October
6774:18 October
6747:18 October
6717:18 October
6627:19 January
6590:0385721064
6464:Al Jazeera
6443:12 January
6412:12 January
6381:12 January
6350:12 January
6289:12 January
6146:12 January
6115:12 January
6076:12 January
6043:12 January
6004:12 January
5965:12 January
5926:12 January
5893:12 January
5568:17 October
5541:17 October
5514:19 January
5478:reason.com
4997:1811.12349
4341:PolitiFact
4265:PolitiFact
4020:PolitiFact
3693:28 October
3622:5 November
3583:5 November
3294:(4): 000.
2677:23 October
2549:: 104123.
2314:(4): 577.
2267:2144/27304
2214:2144/27297
2176:19 January
2066:. p.
1876:5 December
1811:References
1775:Journalism
1687:Susan Choi
1533:Republican
1501:propaganda
1476:(ex., the
1466:media bias
1269:Since the
1259:See also:
1186:Similarweb
1115:See also:
1096:See also:
1078:Snopes.com
946:PolitiFact
827:See also:
749:PolitiFact
737:PolitiFact
720:Pinocchios
695:PolitiFact
502:Newspapers
493:News media
459:Media bias
363:Non-profit
348:Multimedia
268:Churnalism
197:Technology
106:Defamation
43:Journalism
7707:Magazines
7624:Fake news
7546:Narrative
7526:Immersion
7488:Community
7458:Broadcast
7201:Columnist
7013:28 August
6764:"Content"
6502:1932-8036
6279:0362-4331
6240:0261-3077
6105:0362-4331
6033:1059-1028
5994:0261-3077
5955:0261-3077
5727:235171859
5711:1756-1833
5695:: n1170.
5643:0042-1448
5457:31 August
5433:0743-9156
5376:2211-369X
5337:0190-9320
5262:USA Today
5241:9 January
5215:9 January
5099:2041-1723
4959:1869-5469
4945:(1): 82.
4848:Dartmouth
4824:7 January
4792:7 January
4759:7 January
4721:7 January
4688:7 January
4652:7 January
4616:7 January
4579:7 January
4544:7 January
4503:7 January
4470:7 January
4319:7 January
4276:7 January
4238:7 January
4183:7 January
4142:7 January
4100:7 January
4059:7 January
3998:7 January
3928:207718082
3914:: 22β36.
3736:2053-1680
3659:157870755
3612:0362-4331
3573:158335101
3565:0007-1234
3526:189913123
3518:1573-6687
3472:151582406
3464:1573-6687
3425:2053-1680
3368:1873-2518
3316:252818440
3308:0022-3816
3269:246529090
3253:2397-3374
3202:252254129
3194:0022-3816
3137:0027-8424
3088:214096205
3080:1573-6687
3045:1945-7731
3006:150282138
2971:2052-2630
2930:210444838
2922:1058-4609
2876:240628244
2823:0362-4331
2766:201376614
2758:1944-2866
2723:151227829
2715:1573-6687
2667:0362-4331
2604:0022-3816
2565:0047-2727
2524:143495044
2516:1058-4609
2430:USA Today
2410:2053-1680
2328:151790386
2307:The Forum
2284:143522323
2276:0891-3811
2231:145133839
2223:1537-7857
2117:150167234
1986:0027-8424
1926:1540-5907
1660:reportage
1521:Breitbart
1244:TweetDeck
1176:Knowledge
1136:engines (
1044:fake news
1042:The term
1038:Fake news
777:External
762:External
753:Full Fact
553:Columnist
512:Magazines
429:Fake news
353:Narrative
333:Immersion
293:Community
263:Broadcast
18:Factcheck
7741:–
7717:Internet
7606:Watchdog
7498:Database
7453:Blogging
7448:Analytic
7438:Advocacy
7373:Politics
7363:Medicine
7338:Business
7050:Archived
6950:Archived
6835:Archived
6806:cite web
6768:Archived
6741:Archived
6711:Archived
6687:cite web
6621:Archived
6599:53919260
6544:29 April
6469:29 April
5719:34035038
5594:Archived
5562:Archived
5535:Archived
5508:Archived
5484:1 August
5480:. Reason
5394:32905023
5117:36414634
4977:33014173
4885:Archived
4852:Archived
4813:NBC News
4610:Archived
4568:NBC News
4270:Archived
4053:Archived
3847:Archived
3843:32730475
3786:Springer
3756:Archived
3684:Archived
3616:Archived
3577:Archived
3376:25499651
3261:35115678
3155:34507996
2827:Archived
2788:Archived
2671:Archived
2612:56004909
2478:Archived
2361:Archived
2332:Archived
2167:Archived
2032:Archived
2004:33837144
1934:59467358
1748:See also
1732:reporter
1513:Facebook
1412:COVID-19
1404:Facebook
1351:COVID-19
1280:Stanford
1248:BuzzSumo
1205:General
1169:Perma.cc
876:headline
868:Facebook
816:post hoc
779:post hoc
771:Post hoc
764:post hoc
741:post hoc
714:Post hoc
707:Ante hoc
522:Internet
413:Watchdog
303:Database
258:Blogging
253:Analytic
243:Advocacy
182:Politics
172:Medicine
147:Business
7743:Outline
7586:Tabloid
7561:Opinion
7468:Citizen
7408:Weather
7393:Traffic
7378:Science
7358:Fashion
7280:Culture
7264:Five Ws
7206:Blogger
7142:by the
7056:27 July
6996:28 July
6968:YouTube
6841:15 June
6649:Digiday
6433:Poynter
6402:Poynter
6371:Poynter
6250:2 March
6209:2 March
6178:2 March
5504:NPR.org
5385:7462781
5298:Poynter
5280:Poynter
5108:9681735
5077:Bibcode
5042:AP NEWS
5022:6 March
4968:7524036
4894:5 March
4861:5 March
4434:19 July
4399:19 July
4366:18 July
3887:Bibcode
3338:Vaccine
3146:8449384
3115:Bibcode
2638:3035384
2122:16 July
1995:8053951
1964:Bibcode
1569:lawfare
1490:fascism
1440:versus
1434:The BMJ
1420:Science
1318:browser
1311:Twitter
1084:or the
810:Effects
755:in the
558:Blogger
393:Tabloid
368:Opinion
273:Citizen
217:Weather
202:Traffic
187:Science
167:Fashion
86:Culture
70:Five Ws
7601:Visual
7581:Sensor
7424:Genres
7383:Sports
7270:Ethics
7211:Editor
7088:
6597:
6587:
6535:
6500:
6496:: 23.
6277:
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5787:30 May
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4048:Snopes
3949:
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2367:18 May
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1984:
1932:
1924:
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1448:, the
1322:addons
1307:elites
1286:, and
1263:, and
1142:TinEye
1058:Snopes
563:Editor
408:Visual
388:Sensor
230:Genres
192:Sports
76:Ethics
7782:Truth
7596:Video
7566:Peace
7516:Gonzo
7473:Civic
7413:World
7368:Music
7325:Areas
7187:Roles
6025:Wired
5723:S2CID
5597:(PDF)
5590:(PDF)
4992:arXiv
4913:(PDF)
4888:(PDF)
4881:(PDF)
4855:(PDF)
4844:(PDF)
4753:(PDF)
4740:(PDF)
4538:(PDF)
4525:(PDF)
4313:(PDF)
4300:(PDF)
3924:S2CID
3877:arXiv
3850:(PDF)
3839:S2CID
3817:(PDF)
3784:(1).
3687:(PDF)
3680:(PDF)
3655:S2CID
3569:S2CID
3522:S2CID
3468:S2CID
3380:S2CID
3334:(PDF)
3312:S2CID
3265:S2CID
3198:S2CID
3084:S2CID
3002:S2CID
2926:S2CID
2872:S2CID
2784:Axios
2762:S2CID
2719:S2CID
2608:S2CID
2520:S2CID
2335:(PDF)
2324:S2CID
2302:(PDF)
2280:S2CID
2227:S2CID
2170:(PDF)
2159:(PDF)
2113:S2CID
1930:S2CID
1275:Trump
1193:InVID
803:'
722:from
540:Roles
403:Video
373:Peace
323:Gonzo
278:Civic
222:World
177:Music
134:Areas
7493:Data
7343:Data
7333:Arts
7255:News
7134:Duke
7086:ISBN
7058:2015
7029:link
7015:2015
6998:2015
6958:2018
6869:2011
6843:2013
6812:link
6798:2006
6776:2011
6749:2011
6719:2011
6693:link
6679:2006
6657:2021
6629:2020
6617:Time
6595:OCLC
6585:ISBN
6581:8β12
6546:2024
6533:ISBN
6498:ISSN
6471:2024
6445:2024
6414:2024
6383:2024
6352:2024
6291:2024
6275:ISSN
6252:2024
6236:ISSN
6211:2024
6180:2024
6148:2024
6136:CNBC
6117:2024
6101:ISSN
6078:2024
6045:2024
6029:ISSN
6006:2024
5990:ISSN
5967:2024
5951:ISSN
5928:2024
5895:2024
5789:2021
5715:PMID
5707:ISSN
5639:ISSN
5635:2020
5570:2016
5543:2016
5516:2020
5486:2022
5459:2024
5429:ISSN
5390:PMID
5372:ISSN
5333:ISSN
5243:2023
5217:2023
5210:CNET
5148:2022
5113:PMID
5095:ISSN
5050:2022
5024:2019
4973:PMID
4955:ISSN
4920:2022
4896:2019
4863:2019
4826:2024
4794:2024
4761:2024
4723:2024
4690:2024
4654:2024
4618:2024
4581:2024
4546:2024
4505:2024
4472:2024
4436:2024
4401:2024
4368:2024
4321:2024
4278:2024
4240:2024
4185:2024
4144:2024
4102:2024
4061:2024
4000:2024
3947:ISBN
3858:2019
3732:ISSN
3695:2018
3624:2016
3608:ISSN
3585:2018
3561:ISSN
3514:ISSN
3460:ISSN
3421:ISSN
3372:PMID
3364:ISSN
3304:ISSN
3257:PMID
3249:ISSN
3190:ISSN
3151:PMID
3133:ISSN
3076:ISSN
3041:ISSN
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