F. W. de Klerk - Knowledge

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authorization of assassination, murder, torture, rape, assault or the like". After further evidence of said abuses was produced by the commission, de Klerk stated that he found the revelations to be "as shocking and as abhorrent as anybody else" but insisted that he and other senior party members were not willing to accept responsibility for the "criminal actions of a handful of operatives", stating that their behaviour was "not authorized not intended" by his government. Given the widespread and systemic nature of the abuses that had taken place, as well as statements by security officers that their actions had been sanctioned by higher ranking figures, Tutu questioned how de Klerk and other government figures could not have been aware of them. Tutu had hoped that de Klerk or another senior white political figure from the apartheid era would openly accept responsibility for the human rights abuses, thereby allowing South Africa to move on; this was something that de Klerk would not do.

1571: 1390: 1783: 1319:, labour, justice, and home affairs. As a member of various parliamentary groups, de Klerk went on several foreign visits, to Israel, West Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It was in the latter in 1976 that he observed what he later described as the pervasive racism of US society, later noting that he "saw more racial incidents in one month there than in South Africa in a year". In South Africa, de Klerk also played a senior role in two select committees, one formulating a policy on opening hotels to non-Whites and the other formulating a new censorship law that was less strict than the one that had preceded it. 1821:, headquartered in London, which he set up in 2004, an organisation which works to support democratic leadership, prevent and resolve conflict through mediation and promote good governance in the form of democratic institutions, open markets, human rights and the rule of law. It does so by making available, discreetly and in confidence, the experience of former leaders to today's national leaders. It is a not-for-profit organisation composed of former heads of government and senior governmental and international organisation officials who work closely with heads of government on governance-related issues of concern to them. 75: 1883: 5218: 1686:

dispute occurred in September 1995, after Mandela gave a Johannesburg speech criticising the National Party. Angered, de Klerk avoided Mandela until the latter requested they meet. The two ran into each other, and they publicly argued in the streets. Mandela later expressed regret for their disagreement but did not apologise for his original comments. De Klerk was also having problems from within his own party, some of whose members claimed that he was neglecting the party while in the government.

1361:, in the race to succeed him. On 2 February 1989, he was elected leader of the National Party. He defeated main rival Barend du Plessis to the position by a majority of eight votes, 69–61. Soon after, he called for the introduction of a new South African constitution, hinting that it would need to provide greater concession to non-white racial groups. After becoming party leader, de Klerk extended his foreign contacts. He travelled to London, where he met with British prime minister 1752:

and it backed down. When the final TRC report was released in 2002, it made a more limited accusation: that de Klerk had failed to give full disclosure about events that took place during his presidency and that in view of his knowledge about the Khotso House bombing, his statement that none of his colleagues had authorised gross human rights abuses was "indefensible". In his later autobiography, de Klerk acknowledged that the TRC did significant damage to his public image.

1716: 1140:(shared with Mandela) for his role in dismantling apartheid and bringing universal suffrage to South Africa. Conversely, he received criticism from anti-apartheid activists for offering only a qualified apology for apartheid, and for ignoring the human rights abuses by state security forces. He was also condemned by pro-apartheid Afrikaners, who contended that by abandoning apartheid, he betrayed the interests of the country's Afrikaner minority. 1078:. After Botha resigned in 1989, de Klerk replaced him, first as leader of the NP and then as State President. Although observers expected him to continue Botha's defence of apartheid, de Klerk decided to end the policy. He was aware that growing ethnic animosity and violence was leading South Africa into a racial civil war. Amid this violence, the state security forces committed widespread human rights abuses and encouraged violence between the 896: 1848:

outweighs the negative by far. There is a tendency by commentators across the world to focus on the few negatives which are quite negative, like how are we handling AIDS, like our role vis-à-vis Zimbabwe. But the positives – the stability in South Africa, the adherence to well-balanced economic policies, fighting inflation, doing all the right things in order to lay the basis and the foundation for sustained economic growth – are in place.

2016: 1330:. In April 1978, de Klerk was promoted to the position of Minister of Social Welfare and Pensions. In this role, he restored full autonomy to sporting control bodies which had for a time been under the jurisdiction of the government. As minister of Post and Telecommunications, he finalised contracts that oversaw the electrification of that sector. As Minister of Mining, he formalised a policy on coal exports and the structuring of 1981:

which I refer didn't end with the admission to myself of the total unacceptability of apartheid. It motivated us in the National Party to take the initiatives we took from the time that I became leader of the National Party. And more specifically, during my presidency. We did not only admit the wrongness of apartheid, we took far-reaching measures to ensure negotiation and a new dispensation which could bring justice to all.

1434:. De Klerk later noted that his security forces could not have prevented the marchers from gathering: "The choice, therefore, was between breaking up an illegal march with all of the attendant risks of violence and negative publicity, or of allowing the march to continue, subject to conditions that could help to avoid violence and ensure good public order." This decision marked a clear departure from the Botha era. 1732:. Instead, the TRC was designed to broadly reflect the wider diversity of South African society, and contained only two members who had explicitly supported apartheid, one a member of a right-wing group that had opposed de Klerk's National Party. De Klerk did not object to Tutu being selected as the TRC's chair for he regarded him as politically independent of Mandela's government, but he was upset that the white 1506:, would be legalised, although he emphasised that this did not constitute an endorsement of their socialist economic policies nor of violent actions carried out by their members. All of those who were imprisoned solely for belonging to a banned organisation would be freed, including Nelson Mandela; the latter was released a week later. He also announced the lifting of the 1272:. He later noted that during this legal training, he "became accustomed to thinking in terms of legal principles". While studying there, he became editor of the student newspaper, vice-chair of the student council, and a member of the Afrikaanse Studentebond's (a large South African youth movement) national executive council. At university, he was initiated into the 1315:. There, he established a reputation as a formidable debater. He took on a number of roles in the party and government. He became the information officer of the Transvaal National Party, responsible for its propaganda output, and helped to establish a new National Party youth movement. He joined various party parliamentary study groups, including those on the 1798:, were divorced following the discovery of his affair with Elita Georgiades, then the wife of Tony Georgiades, a Greek shipping tycoon who had allegedly given de Klerk and the NP financial support. Soon after his divorce, de Klerk and Georgiades were married. His divorce and remarriage scandalised conservative South African opinion, especially among the 1426:, which the security chiefs wanted to prevent. De Klerk nevertheless turned down their proposal to ban it, agreeing to let the march proceed and stating that "the door to a new South Africa is open, it is not necessary to batter it down". The march took place and was attended by approximately 30,000 people. Further protest marches followed in 1560:

principles and private initiative, and a dynamic programme for better education, health services, housing and social conditions for all... I am not talking of a rosy and tranquil future, but I believe the broad mainstream of South Africans will gradually build up South Africa into a society that will be worth living and working in.

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he had a "natural cordiality" and a "solid sense of courtesy and good manners". He felt that de Klerk's "charisma" came not from an "exceptionally strong individualism" but from "his rationality, logic and balance". He was, according to de Klerk, "a man of compromise rather than a political innovator or entrepreneur".

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and de Klerk received messages of support from other governments. Tutu said that "It's incredible... Give him credit. Give him credit, I do." Some black radicals regarded it as a gimmick and that it would prove to be without substance. It was also received negatively by some on the white right-wing, including in the

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Tutu urged people to accept the apology, stating that "saying sorry is not an easy thing to do... We should be magnanimous and accept it as a magnanimous act", although Tutu was privately frustrated that de Klerk's apology had been qualified and had not gone so far as to call apartheid an intrinsically evil policy.

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Willem also noted that "in the most profound sense", de Klerk was driven by his concern for Afrikanerdom and "the survival of his own people in their fatherland". De Klerk was deeply upset that many Afrikaners did not realise that his reforms to dismantle apartheid were carried out with the intention

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Glad and Blanton stated that de Klerk's "political choices were undergirded by self-confidence and commitment to the common good." His brother Willem stated that de Klerk's demeanour was marked by "soberness, humility and calm", that he was an honest, intelligent, and open-minded individual, and that

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He did not believe that South Africa would become a "non-racial society", but rather sought to build a "non-racist society" in which ethnic divisions remained; in his view "I do not believe in the existence of anything like a non-racial society in the literal sense of the word", citing the example of

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After his death, a video message from de Klerk was released from the FW de Klerk Foundation, apologising "without qualification" for the harm caused from apartheid and pleading that the government and all South Africans would embrace the constitution in a balanced manner while also promoting economic

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Allow me in this last message to share with you the fact that since the early 80s, my views changed completely. It was as if I had a conversion. And in my heart of hearts, I realized that apartheid was wrong. I realized that we had arrived at a place which was morally unjustifiable. My conversion, to

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was a passing phase reflecting anxiety and insecurity. These white right-wing groups were aware that they would not get what they wanted through the forthcoming negotiations, and so increasingly tried to derail the negotiations using reactionary violence. The white-dominated liberal Democratic Party,

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De Klerk later related that "that speech was mainly aimed at breaking our stalemate in Africa and the West. Internationally we were teetering on the edge of the abyss." Throughout South Africa and across the world, there was astonishment at de Klerk's move. Foreign press coverage was largely positive

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for seven years, acting state president, and as a member of the country's cabinet for fifteen years under three prime ministers. In this environment, de Klerk was exposed to politics from childhood. He and family members would be encouraged to hold family debates; his more conservative opinions would

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Yes, I'm an African, born and bred. My forebears arrived in South Africa in 1688. My later forebears fought the first modern anti-colonial war on the continent of Africa, against Great Britain. I'm an African, through and through, and the fact that I'm white does not detract from my total commitment

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For much of his career, de Klerk believed in apartheid and its system of racial segregation. According to his brother, de Klerk underwent a "political conversion" that took him from supporting apartheid to facilitating its demolition. This change was not "a dramatic event" however, but "was built...

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declared a four-day mourning period for de Klerk and ordered for all of the national South African flags to fly at half-mast from 17 to 21 November "as a mark of respect." Though the de Klerk family determined that he would have a private cremation and funeral, the South African government agreed to

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The TRC found de Klerk guilty of being an accessory to gross violations of human rights on the basis that as State President he had been told that P. W. Botha had authorised the bombing of Khotso House but had not revealed this information to the committee. De Klerk challenged the TRC on this point,

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For most of his career, de Klerk had a very conservative reputation, and was seen as someone who would obstruct change in South Africa. He had been a forceful proponent of apartheid's system of racial segregation and was perceived as an advocate of the white minority's interests. While serving under

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called for him to be stripped of his Nobel Peace Prize. In 2020, de Klerk told an interviewer that "the idea that apartheid was a crime against humanity was and remains an agitprop project initiated by the Soviets and their ANC/SACP allies to stigmatize white South Africans by associating them with

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In de Klerk's view, his greatest defeat in the negotiations with Mandela had been his inability to secure a blanket amnesty for all those working for the government or state during the apartheid period. De Klerk was unhappy with the formation of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC). He had

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I believe the new political order will and must contain the following elements: a democratic constitution, universal suffrage, no domination, equality before an independent judiciary, the protection of minorities and individual rights, freedom of religion, a healthy economy based on proven economic

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History has placed a tremendous responsibility on the shoulders of this country's leadership, namely the responsibility of moving our country away from the current course of conflict and confrontation... The hope of millions of South Africans is fixed on us. The future of southern Africa depends on

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would manipulate the ANC. As he later related, the collapse of "the Marxist economic system in Eastern Europe... serves as a warning to those who insist on persisting with it in Africa. Those who seek to force this failure of a system on South Africa should engage in a total revision of their point

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thought that de Klerk had not tried hard enough to make the coalition work. De Klerk declared that he would lead the National Party in vigorous opposition to Mandela's government to ensure "a proper multi-party democracy, without which there may be a danger of South Africa lapsing into the African

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In a BBC interview broadcast in April 2012, he said he lived in an all-white neighbourhood. He had five servants, three coloured and two black: "We are one great big family together; we have the best of relationships." About Nelson Mandela, he said, "When Mandela goes it will be a moment when all

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Many in the National Party—including many members of its executive committee—were unhappy with the other parties' agreed upon new constitution in May 1996. The party had wanted the constitution to guarantee that it would be represented in the government until 2004, although it did not do so. On 9

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De Klerk's working relationship with Mandela was often strained, with the former finding it difficult adjusting to the fact that he was no longer State President. De Klerk also felt that Mandela deliberately humiliated him, while Mandela found de Klerk to be needlessly provocative in cabinet. One

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On 30 April 1993, de Klerk issued an apology for the actions of the apartheid government, stating that: "It was not our intention to deprive people of their rights and to cause misery, but eventually apartheid led to just that. Insofar as to what occurred we deeply regret it... Yes we are sorry".

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by the Inkatha Freedom Party occurred, killing 45 people. The massacre caused a resurgence of international pressure against South Africa over claims of police collusion, leading to a weaker position at the negotiation tables for the National Party. The Goldstone Commission concluded there was no

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Nelson Mandela was distrustful of the role played by de Klerk in the negotiations, particularly as he believed that de Klerk was knowledgeable about 'third force' attempts to foment violence in the country and destabilise the negotiations. De Klerk's possible role in the 'third force' came to the

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In 1972, his alma mater offered him a chair in its law faculty, which he accepted. Within a matter of days he was also approached by members of the National Party, who requested that he stand for the party at Vereeniging. De Klerk's candidature was successful and in November he was elected to the

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De Klerk stated that within the party, he "never formed part of a political school of thought, and I deliberately kept out of the cliques and foments of the enlightened and conservative factions in the party. If the policy I propounded was ultra-conservative, then that was the policy; it was not

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until 20 September, when he was elected to a full five-year term as State President. After he became acting State President, ANC leaders spoke out against him, believing that he would be no different from his predecessors; he was widely regarded as a staunch supporter of apartheid. The prominent

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During this period, he involved himself in a range of other activities. He was the national chair of the Junior Rapportryers for two years, and chair of the Law Society of Vaal Triangle. He was also on the council of the local technikon, on the council of his church, and on a local school board.

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and Hendrina Cornelia Coetzer—"her forefather was a Kutzer who stems from Austria." He was his parents' second son, having a brother, Willem de Klerk, who was eight years his senior. De Klerk's first language was Afrikaans and the earliest of his distant ancestors to arrive in what is now South

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Willem stated that "he keeps an ear to the ground and is sensitive to the slightest tremors", and that it was this which made him "a superb politician". Willem also stated that his brother was "a team-man who consults others, takes them into his confidence, honestly shares information with his

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There are a number of imperfections in the new South Africa where I would have hoped that things would be better, but on balance I think we have basically achieved what we set out to achieve. And if I were to draw balance sheets on where South Africa stands now, I would say that the positive

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commanders who were accused of having committed human rights abuses during the apartheid era. He acknowledged that security forces had resorted to "unconventional strategies" in dealing with anti-apartheid revolutionaries, but that "within my knowledge and experience, they never included the

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system was officially institutionalised by the South African government; his father had been one of its originators. He therefore was, according to his brother, "one of a generation that grew up with the concept of apartheid". He was inculturated in the norms and values of Afrikaner society,

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Within the National Party, he continually strove for unity, coming to be regarded—according to his brother—as "a party man, a veritable Mr National Party". To stem defections from the right-wing end of the National Party, he made "ultra-conservative noises". This general approach led to the

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De Klerk was widely regarded as a politically conservative figure in South Africa. At the same time, he was flexible rather than dogmatic in his approach to political issues. He often hedged his bets and sought to accommodate divergent perspectives, favouring compromise over confrontation.

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hold a state memorial service for de Klerk "in which government leaders, leaders of political parties and representatives of civil society will participate" at a later date. The state memorial service was held in Cape Town on 12 December 2021, and saw Ramaphosa deliver the keynote speech.

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De Klerk was also a member of the advisory board of the Global Panel Foundation based in Berlin, Copenhagen, New York, Prague, Sydney and Toronto—founded by the Dutch entrepreneur Bas Spuybroek in 1988, with the support of Dutch billionaire Frans Lurvink and former Dutch Foreign Minister

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De Klerk stated that "The silver thread throughout my career was my advocacy of National Party policy in all its various formulations. I refrained from adjusting that policy or adapting it to my own liking or convictions. I analyzed it as it was formulated, to the letter."

1832:, who openly spoke in favour of Marike de Klerk. On 6 December 21-year-old security guard Luyanda Mboniswa was arrested for the murder. On 15 May 2003, he received two life sentences for murder, as well as three years for breaking into Marike de Klerk's apartment. 2108:

Glad and Blanton stated that de Klerk, along with Mandela, "accomplished the rare feat of bringing about systemic revolution through peaceful means." His brother noted that de Klerk's role in South African history was "to dismantle more than three centuries of

1633:(APLA) fighters on 8 October 1993 that killed three teenagers and two twelve year olds. The Minister of Defence said the raid had been undertaken to pre-empt attacks by the APLA on civilians and that one of the victims had brandished a weapon. The 1950:, de Klerk said: "He was a great unifier and a very, very special man in this regard beyond everything else he did. This emphasis on reconciliation was his biggest legacy." He attended the memorial service for him on 10 December 2013. 4619: 2058:

De Klerk wrote in opposition to gender-based violence, arguing that "holding perpetrators accountable, irrespective of how long ago the crime was committed, is essential to stamping out impunity and preventing future atrocities".

1965:. He was subsequently criticised by some activists who described it as "ironic" that the last apartheid president should be defending a statue of a man labelled by critics as the "architect of apartheid". South Africa's far-left 3625: 7663: 1570: 4554: 3948: 3896: 4444: 1870:

In January 2007, de Klerk was a speaker promoting peace and democracy in the world at the "Towards a Global Forum on New Democracies" event in Taipei, Taiwan, along with other dignitaries including Poland's

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genuine crimes against humanity." This generated controversy in South Africa, and further calls for the removal of his Nobel Prize. De Klerk's Foundation retracted his statement several days later.

1828:, Sweden, to celebrate the 100-year anniversary of the Nobel Prize foundation, immediately returned to mourn his dead ex-wife. The atrocity was condemned by South African president Thabo Mbeki and 4961: 1667:. When he was being sworn in, and the chief justice said "So help me God", de Klerk did not repeat this, instead stating, in Afrikaans: "So help me the triune God, Father, Son, and Holy Spirit". 2380: 1125:

abuses because he wanted total amnesty for political crimes. His working relationship with Mandela was strained, although he later spoke fondly of him. In May 1996, after the NP objected to the

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De Klerk negotiated with Mandela to fully dismantle apartheid and establish a transition to universal suffrage. In 1993, he publicly apologised for apartheid's harmful effects. He oversaw the

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shared this assessment, stating: "I don't think we've got to even begin to pretend that there is any reason for thinking that we are entering a new phase. It's just musical chairs". Tutu and

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for his work in the government. As education minister between 1984 and 1989, he upheld the apartheid system in South Africa's schools, and extended the department to cover all racial groups.

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predicted that de Klerk would one day become leader of South Africa. Vorster planned to promote de Klerk to the position of a deputy minister in January 1976, but instead the job went to

8100: 4379: 7928: 7649: 3128: 1995:. He died from complications of the disease in his sleep at his home in Cape Town on 11 November 2021, at the age of 85. He was the last surviving State President of South Africa. 6676: 4668: 1932:

After the inauguration of Jacob Zuma as South Africa's president in May 2009, de Klerk said he was optimistic that Zuma and his government can "confound the prophets of doom".

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De Klerk had been unhappy that changes had been made to the inauguration ceremony, rendering it multi-religious rather than reflecting the newly elected leader's particular

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De Klerk had a secure and comfortable upbringing, and his family had played a leading role in Afrikaner society; they had longstanding affiliations with South Africa's

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had been selected as its deputy chair, later saying of Boraine: "beneath an urbane and deceptively affable exterior beat the heart of a zealot and an inquisitor."

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The de Klerk family moved around South Africa during his childhood, and he changed schools seven times over seven years. He eventually became a boarder at the

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South Africans put away their political differences, will take hands, and will together honour maybe the biggest known South African that has ever lived."

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from 26 to 29 April. The ANC won the election with 62 per cent, while the National Party received 20 per cent. De Klerk became deputy president in the

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Further reforms followed; membership of the National Party was opened up to non-whites. In June, parliament approved new legislation that repealed the

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May, de Klerk withdrew the National Party from the coalition government. The decision shocked several of his six fellow Afrikaner cabinet colleagues;

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marches to take place, legalised a range of previously banned anti-apartheid political parties, and freed imprisoned anti-apartheid activists such as

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His former wife Marike described de Klerk as being "extremely sensitive to beautiful things", exhibiting something akin to an artistic temperament.

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P. W. Botha resigned as leader of the National Party after an apparent stroke, and de Klerk defeated Botha's preferred successor, finance minister

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With Marike, de Klerk had three children: Susan, who became a teacher, Jan, who became a farmer in Western Transvaal, and Willem, who went into

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necessarily I who was ultra-conservative. I saw my role in the party as that of an interpreter of the party's real median policy at any stage."

1594:, mainly between his NP government and the ANC, which led to the democratisation of South Africa. On 17 March 1992, de Klerk held a whites-only 9985: 9671: 8298: 5165: 3653: 4586: 4254: 1233:, loyalty to the Afrikaner nation, and stories of the "age of injustice" that the Afrikaner faced under the British. He was brought up in the 1198:, "enlightened" faction of the National Party. Willem became a political analyst and later split from the National Party to found the liberal 9510: 7765: 6869: 6602: 4133: 2113:", and that in doing so his was "not a role of white surrender, but a role of white conversion to a new role" in society. In September 1990, 1999:

growth, guarding the independence and impartiality of the courts, as well as promoting non-racialism and non-discrimination in South Africa.

1591: 362: 4375: 3713: 9920: 6453: 5598: 1903: 1772: 1546: 1442: 1256:, where he graduated with a first-class pass in 1953. He was nevertheless disappointed not to get the four distinctions he was hoping for. 1824:

On 3 December 2001, Marike de Klerk was found stabbed and strangled to death in her Cape Town flat. De Klerk, who was on a brief visit to

10000: 9975: 9905: 3120: 2186: 1507: 1389: 450: 326: 10005: 9915: 7880: 1929:, based in Switzerland. WORLD.MINDS is known for establishing close personal ties between leaders in government, science and business. 1682:. De Klerk supported the coalition's economic policies, stating that it "accepted a broad framework of responsible economic policies". 1679: 1457:

in a private meeting in Pretoria. That month, he also released a number of elderly anti-apartheid activists then imprisoned, including

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hoped that the TRC would be made up of an equal number of individuals from both the old and new governments, as there had been in the

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the United States and United Kingdom where there was no legal racial segregation but that distinct racial groups continued to exist.

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and sought a new political home after the NNP merged with the ruling ANC. That same year, while giving an interview to US journalist

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meanwhile, found itself in limbo, as de Klerk embraced much of the platform it had espoused, leaving it without a clear purpose.

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Pfister, Roger (2003). "Gateway to International Victory: The Diplomacy of the African National Congress in Africa, 1960–1994".

1502:, he introduced plans for sweeping reforms of the political system. A number of banned political parties, including the ANC and 9970: 9960: 9885: 8428: 7399: 5827: 5614: 5324: 3966: 3736: 2086:. Willem stated that de Klerk had a close relationship with his children, and that he was "a loving man who hugs and cuddles". 1852:

In 2008, he repeated in a speech that "despite all the negatives facing South Africa, he was very positive about the country".

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and elements of the security forces. He also accused de Klerk of permitting his ministers to build their own criminal empires.

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Glad, Betty; Blanton, Robert (1997). "F. W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela: A Study in Cooperative Transformational Leadership".

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and the Atomic Energy Corporation. He then became Minister of the Interior, he oversaw the repeal of the Mixed Marriages Act.

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Von Wielligh, N. & von Wielligh-Steyn, L. (2015). The Bomb – South Africa's Nuclear Weapons Programme. Pretoria: Litera.

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with the firm Pelser in Klerksdorp. Relocating to Pretoria, he became an articled clerk for another law firm, Mac-Robert.

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before pursuing a career in law. Joining the NP, to which he had family ties, he was elected to parliament and sat in the

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attention of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, but was ultimately never clarified. De Klerk was accused by writer

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De Klerk was a controversial figure among many sections of South African society. He received many awards, including the

1102: 930: 64: 5198: 8291: 7904: 7257: 7123: 6536: 1864: 1338: 3265: 9910: 9865: 9503: 8421: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7392: 6738: 5881: 5820: 5317: 4439: 4074: 3974: 3853: 3829: 1836: 1519: 1312: 1130: 994: 731: 295: 1514:; with a market-oriented economy which valued private enterprise and restricted the government's role in economics. 7945: 5284: 3675: 1895: 1733: 1087: 1020: 498: 144: 1843:, de Klerk was asked whether South Africa had turned out the way he envisioned it back in 1990. His response was: 9900: 8325: 7782: 6532: 6150: 5891: 5660: 5250: 4052: 4026: 1535: 1503: 1470: 1410: 1199: 1129:, de Klerk withdrew it from the coalition government; the party disbanded the following year and reformed as the 1016: 257: 90: 9736: 8886: 7454: 5129: 3359: 1761: 4103: 1109:(ANC) to victory; de Klerk's NP took second place. De Klerk then became Deputy President in Mandela's ANC-led 9895: 9300: 8284: 7045: 4000: 1209:(meaning "clergyman" or "literate" in old French). De Klerk noted that he was also of Dutch descent, with an 1170: 1070:, holding a succession of ministerial posts. As a minister, he supported and enforced apartheid, a system of 1044: 718: 8078: 4915: 1806:, was published. In 2002, following the murder of his former wife, the manuscript of her own autobiography, 74: 9496: 8709: 7737: 5755: 4298: 1818: 1126: 1122: 7886: 9248: 8015: 7874: 7673: 6929: 2422: 1539: 1182: 895: 17: 4499: 3187: 8166: 7671: 7009: 6210: 5182: 1907: 1810:, was submitted to de Klerk, who urged the publishers to remove a chapter dealing with his infidelity. 1195: 5139: 3683: 3400: 1117:. In this position, he supported the government's continued liberal economic policies but opposed the 8980: 8186: 7935: 7868: 7450: 5765: 5740: 5422: 5340: 5268: 5162: 5018: 4159: 1966: 1652: 1206: 1114: 1106: 865: 134: 3650: 2089:

De Klerk was a heavy smoker but gave up smoking towards the end of 2005. He also enjoyed a glass of

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informed him that the US government considered it inopportune to have de Klerk meet with President

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and stood twice, unsuccessfully, as a National Party candidate. His paternal aunt's husband was

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or wine while relaxing. He enjoyed playing golf and hunting, as well as going for brisk walks.

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after developing respiratory problems. He recovered and on 11 September 2006 gave a speech at

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ancestor from the late-1690s or early 1700s. He was also said to have been descended from the

9829: 9746: 8799: 8578: 8518: 8502: 8356: 8120: 7731: 7201: 6833: 6445: 6186: 5972: 5771: 5497: 4669:"Ramaphosa stresses need for forgiveness and unity at state memorial service for FW de Klerk" 1962: 1607: 691: 2178: 1906:. He also received the gold medal for Outstanding Contribution to Public Discourse from the 1522:, who believed that de Klerk was betraying the white population. De Klerk believed that the 1249: 9875: 9870: 9751: 9563: 9291: 8964: 8840: 8771: 8751: 8747: 8733: 8602: 7824: 7316: 6302: 6222: 6134: 6013: 5492: 5477: 5407: 2020: 1626: 1398: 1110: 1075: 5163:

Video of F. W. de Klerk's November 2005 visit to Richmond Hill High School on Google Video

1542:, which established the racial classificatory guidelines for South Africa, was rescinded. 8: 9701: 9519: 9463: 8276: 8021: 7703: 7534: 6122: 5812: 2052: 1799: 1238: 1040: 1036: 926: 60: 7836: 7013: 6961: 6656: 6394: 5217: 1205:

The name "de Klerk" is derived from Le Clerc, Le Clercq and De Clercq, and is of French

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South Africa's Conservative Party came to regard him as its most hated adversary.

1369:. He also expressed a desire to meet with representatives of the US government in 1189:, was also a senator, served as the secretary of the National Party in Transvaal, 9814: 9756: 9716: 9681: 9661: 9646: 9608: 9573: 9408: 9332: 9256: 9072: 8952: 8944: 8910: 8816: 8808: 8795: 8685: 8634: 8618: 8610: 8542: 8510: 8470: 8247: 8049: 8009: 7862: 7715: 7342: 7209: 7112: 6937: 6825: 6802: 6782: 6355: 6310: 6053: 6038: 5866: 5793: 5703: 5583: 5507: 5487: 5202: 5169: 5099: 4349:"Ex-South African president de Klerk withdraws apartheid comments after backlash" 3792: 3657: 3283: 2403: 2110: 2003: 1840: 1795: 1787: 1768: 1704: 1603: 1277: 1269: 1178: 1177:, while his paternal grandfather, Willem, had been a clergyman who fought in the 1015:; 18 March 1936 – 11 November 2021) was a South African politician who served as 751: 8779: 7828: 7798: 6578: 5927: 3918: 3266:"Truth Commission – Special Report – VlakplaasEpisode 43, Section 6, Time 25:33" 9819: 9794: 9691: 9666: 9578: 9545: 9535: 9435: 9398: 9308: 9273: 9219: 9154: 9088: 8984: 8968: 8869: 8701: 8546: 8534: 8526: 8486: 8392: 8361: 7832: 7776: 7749: 7559: 7478: 7331: 7220: 7142: 7075: 7001: 6969: 6845: 6821: 6749: 6648: 6632: 6282: 5952: 5947: 5911: 5901: 5751: 5720: 5709: 5502: 5447: 5397: 5355: 5260: 1876: 1829: 1575: 1523: 1394: 1366: 1288: 1091: 357: 129: 51: 7743: 6921: 6794: 6727: 5680: 4576: 3328: 9859: 9824: 9799: 9598: 9593: 9583: 9447: 9382: 9373: 9252: 9238: 9175: 9158: 9146: 9080: 9064: 9060: 9036: 9020: 8914: 8902: 8787: 8767: 8763: 8743: 8586: 8562: 8478: 8402: 8371: 8242: 8232: 8125: 8108: 7792: 7788: 7461: 7384: 7290: 7205: 7037: 7025: 6989: 6985: 6853: 6664: 6551: 6421: 6371: 6190: 6142: 6048: 6043: 6033: 6028: 5997: 5992: 5982: 5962: 5957: 5942: 5562: 5552: 5547: 5457: 5427: 4550: 4511: 3892: 1887: 1729: 1583: 1458: 1454: 531: 443: 7988: 5692: 3839: 2072:

colleagues, and has a knack of making people feel importance and at peace".

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of view. It should be clear to all that it is not the answer here either."

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On 19 March 2021, it was announced that de Klerk had been diagnosed with

1926: 1860: 1771:. He declined, citing protests at the university. De Klerk did, however, 1715: 1695: 1675: 1446: 1427: 1374: 1346: 1295: 1273: 1253: 1083: 1067: 160: 117: 8063:

Organization of Ibero-American States for Education, Science and Culture

5091: 3025: 2735: 2248: 1284:. The couple married in 1959, when de Klerk was 23 and his wife was 22. 1086:, although de Klerk later denied sanctioning such actions. He permitted 9809: 9676: 9588: 9467: 9287: 9211: 9128: 8956: 8877: 8650: 7854: 7844: 7305: 7190: 7079: 6230: 5783: 5517: 5437: 5417: 5223: 5188: 3336: 1671: 1450: 1316: 1298:, Transvaal, which he built into a successful business over ten years. 1230: 1055: 870: 836: 9488: 2886: 2055:, although still believed that the state should promote Christianity. 1910:

of Trinity College, Dublin, for his contribution to ending apartheid.

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As State President, he authorised the continuation of secret talks in

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be challenged by his brother Willem, who was sympathetic to the more

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sudden growth of the Conservatives and other white right-wing groups

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On 10 December 1993, de Klerk and Mandela were jointly awarded the

1214: 4376:"'Apartheid was never prosecuted': S Africa's unfinished business" 3244:"South Africa's Truth Panel Accuses de Klerk of Lies and Cover-Up" 1453:. In October, he personally agreed to meet with Tutu, Boesak, and 9416: 9340: 7910: 7153: 5152: 5042:

Rabble-Rouser for Peace: The Authorised Biography of Desmond Tutu

4966: 4406: 4182:"News – Election 2009: 'Zuma will confound the prophets of doom'" 2165:

A. Kamsteeg, E. Van Dijk, F. W. de Klerk, man of the moment. 1990

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of preserving a future for the Afrikaner people in South Africa.

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newspaper in the UK criticising a campaign to remove a statue of

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of which he was the chairman. De Klerk was also chairman of the

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Botha resigned on 14 August 1989, and de Klerk was named acting

1349:'s government, de Klerk was never part of Botha's inner circle. 8043: 6698: 5227: 4314:"EFF calls for De Klerk to be stripped of Nobel Peace accolade" 4104:"De Klerk told Mandela: Timing of release not negotiable – CNN" 2090: 1438: 1431: 1287:

After university, de Klerk pursued a legal career, becoming an

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South Africa is one of the most unequal societies in the world

983: 5157: 4646:"Ramaphosa declares national mourning period for FW de Klerk" 4155: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3009: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2224: 2032:

perception that he was "trying to be all things to all men".

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from the original on 28 November 2017 – via AllAfrica.

957: 9283: 8037: 4986: 4943: 4941: 4785: 3469: 3202: 2373:"Frederik en Marike de Klerk vinden hun wortels in Zeeland" 2264: 1637:

concluded the raid was a "gross violation of human rights"

1384: 1173:. His paternal great-grandfather, Jan van Rooy, had been a 969: 943: 8306: 6906:

International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War

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Leaders of the (Parliamentary) Opposition in South Africa

5022: 4467:"FW de Klerk: South Africa's former president dies at 85" 3922: 3533: 3531: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3077: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2720: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2446: 2444: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2139: 1859:. His condition deteriorated sharply, and he underwent a 1552: 7989:

Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation

4962:"Foundation says de Klerk's Nobel medal has been stolen" 4938: 4896: 4884: 4836: 4740: 4435:"FW de Klerk diagnosed with cancer, undergoes treatment" 3821:

The last trek-- a new beginning : the autobiography

3587: 3558: 3226:"Nelson Mandela's fraught relationship with FW de Klerk" 2874: 2845: 2821: 2770: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2127:

become caretaker President of Zambia from 2014 to 2015.

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De Klerk appeared before the TRC hearing to testify for

4998: 4821: 4809: 4728: 4716: 4701: 4686: 4277:"FW De Klerk criticises Rhodes statue removal campaign" 3608: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3548: 3546: 3383: 3381: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2787: 2785: 2672: 2645: 2612: 2573: 2558: 2484: 2456: 2200:

to my country and through my country, to our continent.

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Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education

1922:

with the Prague Society for International Cooperation.

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In 1997, de Klerk was offered the Harper Fellowship at

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Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation

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Interview by Stephen Sackur on Hardtalk, broadcast on

3528: 3493: 3481: 3155: 3143: 3089: 3053: 3041: 2974: 2962: 2914: 2902: 2797: 2751: 2708: 2689: 2503: 2441: 2404:"South Africa: FW de Klerk Reveals Colourful Ancestry" 2276: 2236: 2136: 1710: 1493:— de Klerk's speech to Parliament, February 1990 8006:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

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United Nations Blue Berets stationed in Ex-Yugoslavia

5339: 3949:"HBO History Makers Series: Frederik Willem de Klerk" 3282: 3184:"Country Overviews: South Africa: Nuclear Chronology" 3065: 2205: 995: 986: 977: 960: 951: 9926:

Members of the Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa

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Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons

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Ethical controversy forces de Klerk to decline honor

3599: 3570: 3543: 3457: 3445: 3378: 2857: 2833: 2809: 2782: 980: 966: 954: 940: 4639: 4637: 1925:De Klerk was a member of the advisory board of the 1694:, for example, was left without a job as a result. 974: 948: 5613: 4402:"Text of de Klerk's video message to South Africa" 3881:"De Klerk's ex-wife is found knifed and strangled" 3793:"FW de Klerk: South Africa's last white president" 3121:"South Africa: Mixed reaction to de Klerk reforms" 7958:International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement 7280:International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons 3706:"Ex-wife of de Klerk Murdered: S. African Police" 2123:De Klerk was Africa's last White President until 1670:Mandela reappointed de Klerk's finance minister, 1606:of complicity in the violence among the ANC, the 9966:South African Ministers for Sport and Recreation 9936:Members of the National Assembly of South Africa 9857: 5140:International Day for the Eradication of Poverty 4634: 3676:"'MY HANDS ARE CLEAN,' DE KLERK SAYS AT CENTRAL" 3674:Carlson, Meredith; Dee, Jane E (24 April 1997). 2062: 1779:the day before his fellowship would have begun. 1658: 1268:, graduating with both a Bachelor of Arts and a 9931:Members of the House of Assembly (South Africa) 1352: 7414: 4367: 4251:"Eyewitness News: De Klerk: Mandela united SA" 1618:evidence of police collusion in the massacre. 1294:In 1962, he set up his own law partnership in 1259: 9996:Members of the American Philosophical Society 9504: 8429: 8292: 8094: 7766:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 7657: 7400: 6870:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 6603:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 6080: 5828: 5599: 5325: 3967:"News – Politics: de Klerk sanguine about SA" 1678:, a former member of the Broederbond, as the 8443: 4098: 4096: 3294:. pp. 439–440, 442–444, 478, 485, 511. 3219: 3217: 2314:Ces Français qui ont fait l'Afrique du Sud ( 1904:Prague Society for International Cooperation 1813:In 2000, de Klerk established the pro-peace 1794:In 1999, de Klerk and his wife of 38 years, 1644:in Oslo for their work in ending apartheid. 1565:— de Klerk on a post-apartheid society 1153:F. W. de Klerk was born on 18 March 1936 in 5077: 4992: 4791: 4075:"FW de Klerk Foundation Website – Speeches" 3734: 3035: 3019: 2996: 2952: 2936: 2892: 2745: 2639: 2606: 2540: 2478: 2420: 2299: 2258: 2230: 2100:was stolen from his home in November 2022. 1264:Between 1954 and 1958, de Klerk studied at 1185:, a former Prime Minister. His own father, 1143: 339:17 September 1984 – 15 August 1989 327:Minister of National Education and Planning 270:2 February 1989 – 8 September 1997 9511: 9497: 8436: 8422: 8299: 8285: 8101: 8087: 7881:Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research 7664: 7650: 7407: 7393: 6087: 6073: 5835: 5821: 5606: 5592: 5332: 5318: 5216: 5063:. Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball Publishers. 4459: 4432: 4343: 4341: 4339: 3673: 2044:on pragmatism – it evolved as a process." 1680:Governor of the South African Reserve Bank 73: 9946:National Party (South Africa) politicians 9941:Ministers of home affairs of South Africa 7158:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 4666: 4093: 3214: 1397:shake hands at the Annual Meeting of the 1305: 9981:South African people of Austrian descent 9372:/ Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / 6673:International Committee of the Red Cross 6505:International Committee of the Red Cross 6462:Nansen International Office for Refugees 6268:International Committee of the Red Cross 5058: 5004: 4947: 4902: 4890: 4878: 4866: 4854: 4842: 4830: 4815: 4803: 4758: 4746: 4734: 4722: 4710: 4695: 3817: 3208: 3161: 3149: 3107: 3095: 3083: 3071: 3059: 3047: 3031: 2992: 2980: 2968: 2948: 2932: 2920: 2908: 2803: 2764: 2741: 2729: 2714: 2702: 2683: 2666: 2627: 2602: 2590: 2567: 2552: 2509: 2497: 2474: 2462: 2450: 2340: 2282: 2270: 2254: 2242: 2218: 2153: 2117:awarded de Klerk an honorary doctorate. 2014: 1881: 1781: 1714: 1569: 1547:South Africa's nuclear weapons programme 1388: 1385:Becoming State President of South Africa 1224:When de Klerk was twelve years old, the 552:Minister of Posts and Telecommunications 27:Leader of South Africa from 1989 to 1994 9518: 8056:Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative 7815:Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity 7022:International Campaign to Ban Landmines 5098: 4536: 4336: 3878: 3537: 3522: 3510: 3487: 3475: 3314: 2316:The French People Who Made South Africa 2173: 2171: 2103: 1894:De Klerk was an Honorary Patron of the 1698:felt betrayed by de Klerk's act, while 1373:, although American secretary of state 1148: 611:Minister of Social Welfare and Pensions 14: 9881:20th-century South African politicians 9858: 5016: 4959: 4643: 4607: 4287:from the original on 28 December 2015. 4136:from the original on 10 September 2009 3433:from the original on 12 September 2021 3357: 3254:from the original on 29 December 2017. 2401: 2383:from the original on 19 September 2011 2010: 1786:de Klerk with U.S. secretary of state 1553:Negotiations toward universal suffrage 1500:an address to the country's parliament 1096:South Africa's nuclear weapons program 9986:South African people of Dutch descent 9492: 8417: 8280: 8082: 8044:Camfed, Campaign for Female Education 7987: 7685: 7645: 7388: 6068: 5816: 5587: 5313: 5039: 4960:Magome, Mogomotsi (9 November 2022). 4953: 4926:from the original on 12 November 2021 4667:Kretzmann, Steve (12 December 2021). 4622:from the original on 11 November 2021 4589:from the original on 13 November 2021 4557:from the original on 11 November 2021 4518:from the original on 11 November 2021 4497: 4479:from the original on 11 November 2021 4447:from the original on 11 November 2021 4414:from the original on 13 November 2021 4355:from the original on 18 February 2020 4324:from the original on 30 December 2015 3860:from the original on 14 December 2013 3765: 3686:from the original on 13 November 2021 3612: 3593: 3581: 3564: 3552: 3463: 3451: 3427:"Frederik Willem de Klerk Fast Facts" 3387: 3317:The Journal of Modern African Studies 3272:from the original on 8 December 2015. 3223: 3131:from the original on 12 November 2021 3000: 2956: 2896: 2880: 2868: 2851: 2839: 2827: 2815: 2791: 2776: 2423:"What's in a (South African) name? –" 2311: 2189:from the original on 7 September 2018 1920:Hanno R. Ellenbogen Citizenship Award 1760:In 1994, de Klerk was elected to the 1578:, near the close of negotiations, in 1545:In 1990, de Klerk gave orders to end 1461:. He also ordered the closure of the 1422:had been planning a protest march in 1280:, the daughter of a professor at the 1010: 103:14 August 1989 – 10 May 1994 8849:The Generation Twenty-Five and Under 7925:Malaria Research and Training Centre 7674:Prince or Princess of Asturias Award 4644:McCain, Nichole (16 November 2021). 4382:from the original on 7 February 2021 4351:. Deutsche Welle. 17 February 2020. 4257:from the original on 8 December 2013 3716:from the original on 8 February 2007 2429:from the original on 29 October 2013 2353:from the original on 29 October 2013 2343:"'Diplomatic' FW to cheer for Dutch" 2168: 1973: 1855:In 2006, he underwent surgery for a 1777:Central Connecticut State University 1590:His presidency was dominated by the 1477:meant that he no longer feared that 623:January 1978 – October 1978 9921:Education ministers of South Africa 7905:Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 5061:F. W. de Klerk: The Man in his Time 4537:Frankel, Glenn (11 November 2021). 4299:"RMF activists slam De Klerk – IOL" 4077:. 11 September 2006. Archived from 3366:from the original on 16 August 2020 3232:from the original on 10 March 2016. 2402:Morris, Michael (8 February 1999). 2051:De Klerk accepted the principle of 1711:Truth and Reconciliation Commission 1635:Truth and Reconciliation Commission 1463:National Security Management System 1119:Truth and Reconciliation Commission 157:10 May 1994 – 30 June 1996 24: 9976:20th-century South African lawyers 9906:Deaths from cancer in South Africa 7258:Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet 7124:International Atomic Energy Agency 6537:American Friends Service Committee 5195:(includes video, audio and photos) 5122: 4773:from the original on 22 March 2021 4311: 4110:from the original on 22 April 2009 3977:from the original on 30 April 2009 3899:from the original on 24 April 2020 3288:Mandela – The authorised biography 1865:Kent State University Stark Campus 1808:A Place Where the Sun Shines Again 1339:Decoration for Meritorious Service 1337:In 1981, de Klerk was awarded the 1012:[ˈfriədərəkˈvələmdəˈklɛrk] 25: 10017: 10006:20th-century presidents in Africa 9916:Deputy presidents of South Africa 7917:Manhiça Centre of Health Research 6739:International Labour Organization 5805:†Died in office *Acting President 5146: 5138:, in the special edition for the 5104:Mandela: The Authorised Biography 5017:Karimi, Edith (29 October 2014). 4759:De Klerk, F. W. (10 March 2021). 4433:Rondganger, Lee (19 March 2021). 4373: 3929:from the original on 5 March 2016 3407:from the original on 19 July 2020 1166:Africa did so in the late 1680s. 9991:State Presidents of South Africa 7946:National Transplant Organization 5285:Deputy President of South Africa 5010: 4916:"Political veterans on the mend" 4908: 4752: 4660: 4608:Gerber, Jan (11 November 2021). 4601: 4569: 4530: 4498:Lacey, Marc (11 November 2021). 4491: 4426: 4394: 4305: 4291: 4269: 4243: 4217: 4204: 4192:from the original on 16 May 2009 4174: 4162:from the original on 10 May 2017 4148: 4132:. Mofa.gov.tw. 25 January 2007. 4122: 4067: 4041: 4015: 3989: 3879:Butcher, Tim (6 December 2001). 3824:. New York: St. Martin's Press. 3403:. South African History Online. 3360:"Waddington report on Boipatong" 3224:Blair, David (6 December 2013). 2179:"The Last Trek: A New Beginning" 1986:— de Klerk's final message 1896:University Philosophical Society 1886:de Klerk with Israeli president 1631:Azanian People's Liberation Army 936: 894: 767: 499:Minister of Sport and Recreation 145:Deputy President of South Africa 7929:Kintampo Health Research Centre 6938:Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama) 6151:Institut de Droit International 5251:State President of South Africa 5132:", article by de Klerk in 5032: 3959: 3941: 3911: 3872: 3846: 3811: 3785: 3759: 3728: 3698: 3667: 3643: 3618: 3419: 3393: 3351: 3308: 3276: 3258: 3236: 3176: 3167: 3113: 2414: 2395: 2365: 2334: 2305: 2002:On 16 November 2021, President 1902:, and Honorary Chairman of the 1804:The Last Trek – A New Beginning 1730:Chilean human rights commission 1536:Native Trust and Land Act, 1936 1504:Communist Party of South Africa 1488:us. We dare not waver or fail. 1411:State President of South Africa 1017:state president of South Africa 787: 763: 421:Pieter Willem Botha (1982–1984) 411:Pieter Willem Botha (1984–1985) 258:President of the National Party 91:State President of South Africa 10001:Anti–nuclear weapons activists 9891:Alumni of Monument High School 7966:for the Advancement of Science 5080:Presidential Studies Quarterly 4253:. Ewn.co.za. 6 December 2013. 4051:. 13 June 2006. Archived from 3768:"de Klerk Acknowledges Affair" 3766:Reber, Pat (29 January 1998). 3649:Gold, Emily. (28 March 1997). 2159: 1802:. In 1999, his autobiography, 1762:American Philosophical Society 1596:referendum on ending apartheid 1508:Separate Amenities Act of 1953 1430:, Johannesburg, Pretoria, and 106:Acting until 20 September 1989 13: 1: 9971:South African Nobel laureates 9961:Politicians from Johannesburg 9886:Afrikaner Broederbond members 7676:for International Cooperation 6677:League of Red Cross Societies 6203:Paul Estournelles de Constant 6007:Post-Apartheid (1994-present) 5153:Documentary on F. W. de Klerk 4577:"FW de Klerk's final message" 4025:. 9 June 2006. Archived from 3999:. 3 June 2006. Archived from 3997:"FW undergoes tumour surgery" 3919:"De Klerk killer 'gets life'" 3854:"FW baulked at Marike's book" 2130: 2063:Personality and personal life 1755: 1659:Deputy presidency (1994-1996) 1443:National Intelligence Service 1243:three Dutch Reformed Churches 311:1978‍–‍1989 9956:North-West University alumni 3664:, 23. Retrieved 29 May 2012. 1857:malignant tumor in his colon 1819:Global Leadership Foundation 1647:South Africa held its first 1445:and two exiled ANC leaders, 1353:State presidency (1989-1994) 1115:Government of National Unity 1058:family, de Klerk studied at 643:Johannes Petrus van der Spuy 605:Johannes Petrus van der Spuy 451:Minister of Mines and Energy 7: 9951:Nobel Peace Prize laureates 8016:Hispanic Society of America 7942:The Transplantation Society 7891:2004: The European Union's 7875:International Space Station 5208:The Global Panel Foundation 4158:. Global Panel Foundation. 2347:Sunday Times (Johannesburg) 1953:In 2015, de Klerk wrote to 1835:In 2005, de Klerk quit the 1649:universal elections in 1994 1540:Population Registration Act 1260:University and legal career 1121:set up to investigate past 10: 10022: 8710:Hungarian Freedom Fighters 8038:Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance 7351:Center for Civil Liberties 6211:International Peace Bureau 5183:College Historical Society 5158:The FW de Klerk Foundation 3856:. News24. 3 October 2010. 3737:"A question of priorities" 3125:United Press International 1908:College Historical Society 1580:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1252:(Monument High School) in 29: 9785: 9622: 9554: 9526: 9230: 8996: 8661: 8651:The American Fighting-Man 8454: 8385: 8334: 8318: 8267: 8116: 7994: 7983: 7936:World Health Organization 7887:Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva 7869:Fernando Henrique Cardoso 7692: 7681: 7569: 7544: 7519: 7494: 7469: 7449: 7424: 7063: 6812: 6569: 6346: 6106: 6006: 5921:Apartheid-era (1948-1994) 5920: 5855:pre-Apartheid (1910-1948) 5854: 5803: 5739: 5659: 5625: 5423:Geraldine Fraser-Moleketi 5385: 5364: 5348: 5298: 5282: 5277: 5269:President of South Africa 5257: 5248: 5240: 5235: 5135:Global Education Magazine 5106:. London: HarperCollins. 5059:de Klerk, Willem (1991). 3329:10.1017/S0022278X02004147 3286:; John Battersby (2011). 1967:Economic Freedom Fighters 1653:national unity government 1229:including festivals like 1107:African National Congress 1105:in which Mandela led the 1064:white-minority government 1019:from 1989 to 1994 and as 916: 902: 890: 879: 858: 835: 818: 798: 740: 725: 714: 697: 670: 665: 661: 647: 637: 627: 616: 609: 599: 589: 568: 557: 550: 537: 525: 515: 504: 497: 487: 477: 467: 456: 449: 437: 425: 415: 407: 396: 389: 370: 351: 343: 332: 325: 321: 317: 307: 303: 284: 274: 263: 255: 243: 231: 223: 212: 204: 194: 175: 167: 150: 142: 123: 111: 96: 88: 84: 72: 49: 9911:Deaths from mesothelioma 9866:Frederik Willem de Klerk 9772:Aboubaker Ebrahim Dangor 9368:: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. 7921:Ifakara Health Institute 7510:Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr. 7485:Frederik Willem de Klerk 7046:Médecins Sans Frontières 4049:"FW to have tracheotomy" 3818:De Klerk, F. W. (1999). 3735:Crawford-Browne, Terry. 2341:Sapa-dpa (9 July 2010). 2185:. C-SPAN. 11 June 1999. 2019:Bust of de Klerk at the 1625:De Klerk authorised the 1414:anti-apartheid activist 1322:In 1975, Prime Minister 1266:Potchefstroom University 1237:, the smallest and most 1144:Early life and education 1103:1994 non-racial election 1060:Potchefstroom University 1047:(NP) from 1989 to 1997. 923:Frederik Willem de Klerk 842:Potchefstroom University 675:Frederik Willem de Klerk 391:Minister of Home Affairs 207:Leader of the Opposition 9835:Quarraisha Abdool Karim 8866:The Apollo 8 Astronauts 7811:Government of Guatemala 7738:Javier Pérez de Cuéllar 7728:University of Salamanca 6533:Friends Service Council 5168:5 February 2012 at the 5142: (17 October 2012) 4993:Glad & Blanton 1997 4792:Glad & Blanton 1997 4214:18 & 19 April 2012. 3036:Glad & Blanton 1997 3020:Glad & Blanton 1997 2997:Glad & Blanton 1997 2953:Glad & Blanton 1997 2937:Glad & Blanton 1997 2893:Glad & Blanton 1997 2746:Glad & Blanton 1997 2640:Glad & Blanton 1997 2607:Glad & Blanton 1997 2541:Glad & Blanton 1997 2479:Glad & Blanton 1997 2312:Lugan, Bernard (1996). 2300:Glad & Blanton 1997 2259:Glad & Blanton 1997 2231:Glad & Blanton 1997 1875:and Taiwan's president 1582:to receive jointly the 1498:On 2 February 1990, in 1191:president of the senate 1163:Johannes "Jan" de Klerk 291:Marthinus van Schalkwyk 250:Marthinus van Schalkwyk 9901:Children of presidents 8825:Martin Luther King Jr. 8308:Ministers of Education 7760:Hans-Dietrich Genscher 7575:Nobel Prize recipients 7521:Physiology or Medicine 6930:UN Peacekeeping Forces 6779: (declined award) 6688:Martin Luther King Jr. 5844:Home affairs ministers 5676:Charles Robberts Swart 4582:FW de Klerk Foundation 4023:"FW de Klerk 'stable'" 2024: 1983: 1927:WORLD.MINDS Foundation 1900:Trinity College Dublin 1891: 1850: 1815:FW de Klerk Foundation 1791: 1724: 1719:The chair of the TRC, 1655:under Nelson Mandela. 1587: 1562: 1532:Natives Land Act, 1913 1490: 1406: 1306:Early political career 1282:University of Pretoria 1031:system and introduced 1023:from 1994 to 1996. As 653:Schalk van der Merwe 483:Stephanus Petrus Botha 9830:Patience Mthunzi-Kufa 9282:The Good Samaritans: 8579:Franklin D. Roosevelt 8519:Franklin D. Roosevelt 8503:Franklin D. Roosevelt 7732:University of Coimbra 7202:Ellen Johnson Sirleaf 6882:Alfonso García Robles 6862:Adolfo Pérez Esquivel 6834:Amnesty International 6446:Carlos Saavedra Lamas 5772:Ivy Matsepe-Casaburri 5498:Sankie Mthembi-Nkondo 5341:First Mandela Cabinet 3741:Peace News Issue 2442 3429:. CNN. 2 March 2021. 3186:. NTI. Archived from 2018: 1978: 1963:Oriel College, Oxford 1885: 1845: 1785: 1718: 1613:On 17 July 1992, the 1608:Inkatha Freedom Party 1573: 1557: 1485: 1392: 1239:socially conservative 1217:interpreter known as 1094:. He also dismantled 382:Education and Culture 159:Serving with 30:In this article, the 9896:Apartheid government 9752:Fulufhelo Nelwamondo 9742:Hendrik Simon Schaaf 9399:The Silence Breakers 9266:The American Soldier 9247:The Whistleblowers: 9105:The Endangered Earth 8887:The Middle Americans 8841:William Westmoreland 8734:Dwight D. Eisenhower 8603:Dwight D. Eisenhower 7841:Fatana Ishaq Gailani 7825:Olayinka Koso-Thomas 7773:Frederik W. de Klerk 7317:World Food Programme 5493:Mohammed Valli Moosa 5478:Membathisi Mdladlana 5408:Mangosuthu Buthelezi 5181:of his visit to the 5040:Allen, John (2006). 4597:– via YouTube. 4585:. 12 November 2021. 4475:. 11 November 2021. 4410:. 11 November 2021. 4283:. 26 December 2015. 3656:30 June 2013 at the 3630:search.amphilsoc.org 3626:"APS Member History" 3478:, pp. 514, 515. 2555:, pp. 144, 150. 2425:. Southafrica.info. 2379:. 13 November 1995. 2273:, pp. 139, 140. 2104:Reception and legacy 2021:Voortrekker Monument 1946:Upon hearing of the 1939:De Klerk received a 1800:Calvinist Afrikaners 1399:World Economic Forum 1149:Childhood: 1936–1954 1076:white South Africans 766: 1959; 545:(National Education) 309:Ministerial offices 200:Thabo Mbeki (solely) 187:Vice State President 9777:Vhahangwele Masindi 9702:Douglas Butterworth 9687:Hendrik J. Koornhof 9520:Order of Mapungubwe 9464:Volodymyr Zelenskyy 8448:Persons of the Year 8022:Amref Health Africa 7704:Enrique V. Iglesias 7698:José López Portillo 6998:Pugwash Conferences 5199:Extensive Interview 4857:, pp. 128–129. 4543:The Washington Post 4312:Sesant, Siyabonga. 4055:on 19 February 2007 4029:on 17 February 2007 3885:The Daily Telegraph 3712:. 6 December 2001. 3596:, pp. 363–364. 3567:, pp. 362–363. 3525:, pp. 534–535. 3358:Waddington, Peter. 3250:. 18 January 1997. 3211:, pp. 158–159. 2883:, pp. 312–313. 2854:, pp. 311–312. 2830:, pp. 309–310. 2779:, pp. 299–300. 2233:, pp. 566–567. 2053:freedom of religion 2011:Political positions 1592:negotiation process 1161:. His parents were 1037:social conservative 582:Pieter Willem Botha 521:Pieter Willem Botha 473:Pieter Willem Botha 347:Pieter Willem Botha 280:Pieter Willem Botha 118:Pieter Willem Botha 9732:Malegapuru Makgoba 9029:Ayatollah Khomeini 8694:John Foster Dulles 7964:Max Planck Society 7710:Belisario Betancur 7529:Richard J. Roberts 7504:Russell Alan Hulse 7269:Juan Manuel Santos 6595:George C. Marshall 6438:Carl von Ossietzky 6333:Austen Chamberlain 6199:A. M. F. Beernaert 6167:Theodore Roosevelt 6159:Bertha von Suttner 5291:Served alongside: 5236:Political offices 5215:on Nobelprize.org 4920:Independent Online 4504:The New York Times 4440:Independent Online 4186:Independent Online 3971:Independent Online 3799:. 11 November 2021 3248:The New York Times 3110:, pp. 32, 33. 2183:Washington Journal 2025: 1916:Hans van den Broek 1892: 1837:New National Party 1792: 1725: 1629:against suspected 1615:Boipatong massacre 1588: 1520:Conservative Party 1407: 1328:Andries Treurnicht 1250:Hoërskool Monument 1241:of South Africa's 1235:Gereformeerde Kerk 1131:New National Party 1072:racial segregation 1054:to an influential 1035:. Ideologically a 1033:universal suffrage 732:New National Party 363:National Education 296:New National Party 9853: 9852: 9805:Tshilidzi Marwala 9697:Johann Lutjeharms 9486: 9485: 9468:Spirit of Ukraine 9168:Pope John Paul II 9145:The Peacemakers: 9121:George H. W. Bush 9113:Mikhail Gorbachev 9097:Mikhail Gorbachev 8941:Susan Brownmiller 8857:Lyndon B. Johnson 8833:Lyndon B. Johnson 8742:U.S. Scientists: 8726:Charles de Gaulle 8718:Nikita Khrushchev 8670:Mohammed Mosaddeq 8643:Winston Churchill 8571:Winston Churchill 8463:Charles Lindbergh 8411: 8410: 8274: 8273: 8076: 8075: 8072: 8071: 7979: 7978: 7971:Fulbright Program 7893:Erasmus Programme 7754:Mikhail Gorbachev 7672:Laureates of the 7639: 7638: 7546:Economic Sciences 7382: 7381: 7243:Kailash Satyarthi 7128:Mohamed ElBaradei 6946:Mikhail Gorbachev 6641:Philip Noel-Baker 6625:Lester B. Pearson 6587:Albert Schweitzer 6368:Ferdinand Buisson 6360:Gustav Stresemann 6239:Henri La Fontaine 6100:Nobel Peace Prize 6062: 6061: 5810: 5809: 5778:Kgalema Motlanthe 5581: 5580: 5528:Kraai van Niekerk 5413:Dawie de Villiers 5365:Deputy Presidents 5308: 5307: 5299:Succeeded by 5289:1994–1996 5273: 5258:Succeeded by 5193:DePauw University 5113:978-0-00-743797-9 5070:978-0-947464-36-3 5051:978-1-84604-064-1 5044:. London: Rider. 4881:, pp. 81–82. 4869:, pp. 22–23. 4212:BBC World Service 4081:on 22 August 2006 3301:978-0-00-743797-9 3086:, pp. 31–32. 2732:, pp. 18–19. 2421:Sharon Marshall. 2327:978-2-84100-086-9 2098:Nobel Prize medal 1974:Illness and death 1734:Progressive Party 1642:Nobel Peace Prize 1512:liberal democracy 1379:George H. W. Bush 1363:Margaret Thatcher 1359:Barend du Plessis 1313:House of Assembly 1138:Nobel Peace Prize 920: 919: 884:Nobel Peace Prize 657: 656: 493:Pietie du Plessis 16:(Redirected from 10013: 9845:Thokozani Majozi 9788: 9625: 9557: 9529: 9513: 9506: 9499: 9490: 9489: 9479: 9471: 9459: 9451: 9439: 9431: 9429: 9402: 9394: 9386: 9378: 9376: 9360: 9352: 9344: 9336: 9328: 9320: 9312: 9304: 9296: 9294: 9277: 9269: 9261: 9259: 9242: 9239:Rudolph Giuliani 9223: 9215: 9207: 9195: 9187: 9179: 9171: 9163: 9161: 9140: 9132: 9124: 9116: 9108: 9100: 9092: 9084: 9076: 9068: 9056: 9048: 9040: 9032: 9024: 9016: 9008: 8989: 8987: 8973:Billie Jean King 8939:American Women: 8934: 8926: 8918: 8906: 8898: 8890: 8882: 8880: 8860: 8852: 8844: 8836: 8828: 8820: 8812: 8804: 8802: 8784:William Shockley 8760:Joshua Lederberg 8756:Donald A. Glaser 8737: 8729: 8721: 8713: 8705: 8697: 8689: 8681: 8673: 8654: 8646: 8638: 8630: 8622: 8614: 8606: 8598: 8590: 8582: 8574: 8566: 8558: 8550: 8538: 8530: 8522: 8514: 8506: 8498: 8490: 8482: 8474: 8466: 8438: 8431: 8424: 8415: 8414: 8301: 8294: 8287: 8278: 8277: 8103: 8096: 8089: 8080: 8079: 7985: 7984: 7944:and the Spanish 7837:Rigoberta Menchú 7683: 7682: 7666: 7659: 7652: 7643: 7642: 7577: 7535:Phillip A. Sharp 7531:(United Kingdom) 7409: 7402: 7395: 7386: 7385: 7375: 7364: 7362:Narges Mohammadi 7353: 7334: 7319: 7308: 7297: 7282: 7271: 7260: 7249: 7247:Malala Yousafzai 7234: 7223: 7212: 7193: 7182: 7171: 7169:Martti Ahtisaari 7160: 7145: 7130: 7115: 7104: 7093: 7082: 7056: 7048: 7040: 7028: 7016: 7014:José Ramos-Horta 7004: 6992: 6976: 6964: 6962:Rigoberta Menchú 6956: 6954:Aung San Suu Kyi 6948: 6940: 6932: 6924: 6916: 6908: 6900: 6892: 6884: 6872: 6864: 6856: 6848: 6836: 6828: 6826:Mairead Corrigan 6805: 6797: 6785: 6770: 6769: 6763: 6752: 6741: 6730: 6719: 6718: 6710: 6709: 6701: 6690: 6679: 6667: 6659: 6657:Dag Hammarskjöld 6651: 6643: 6635: 6627: 6619: 6618: 6612: 6611: 6605: 6597: 6589: 6581: 6562: 6554: 6546: 6545: 6539: 6527: 6515: 6507: 6499: 6498: 6492: 6491: 6485: 6484: 6478: 6477: 6471: 6470: 6464: 6456: 6448: 6440: 6432: 6430:Arthur Henderson 6424: 6416: 6415: 6409: 6397: 6395:Nathan Söderblom 6389: 6387:Frank B. Kellogg 6381: 6380: 6374: 6362: 6339: 6327: 6326: 6320: 6319: 6313: 6305: 6299:Hjalmar Branting 6293: 6285: 6277: 6276: 6270: 6262: 6261: 6255: 6254: 6248: 6247: 6241: 6233: 6225: 6213: 6205: 6193: 6181: 6169: 6161: 6153: 6145: 6137: 6125: 6089: 6082: 6075: 6066: 6065: 5837: 5830: 5823: 5814: 5813: 5745:(post-Apartheid) 5608: 5601: 5594: 5585: 5584: 5473:Patrick McKenzie 5443:Chris Liebenberg 5334: 5327: 5320: 5311: 5310: 5264: 5241:Preceded by 5233: 5232: 5220: 5117: 5100:Sampson, Anthony 5095: 5074: 5055: 5027: 5026: 5014: 5008: 5002: 4996: 4990: 4984: 4983: 4981: 4979: 4974:on 13 March 2023 4970:. Archived from 4957: 4951: 4945: 4936: 4935: 4933: 4931: 4922:. South Africa. 4912: 4906: 4900: 4894: 4888: 4882: 4876: 4870: 4864: 4858: 4852: 4846: 4840: 4834: 4828: 4819: 4813: 4807: 4801: 4795: 4789: 4783: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4756: 4750: 4744: 4738: 4732: 4726: 4720: 4714: 4708: 4699: 4693: 4684: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4664: 4658: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4641: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4605: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4573: 4567: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4534: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4495: 4489: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4463: 4457: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4430: 4424: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4398: 4392: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4371: 4365: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4345: 4334: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4295: 4289: 4288: 4273: 4267: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4247: 4241: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4221: 4215: 4208: 4202: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4188:. South Africa. 4178: 4172: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4126: 4120: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4100: 4091: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4071: 4065: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4045: 4039: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4019: 4013: 4012: 4010: 4008: 3993: 3987: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3973:. South Africa. 3963: 3957: 3956: 3955:on 22 June 2011. 3951:. Archived from 3945: 3939: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3915: 3909: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3850: 3844: 3843: 3815: 3809: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3789: 3783: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3763: 3757: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3743:. Archived from 3732: 3726: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3702: 3696: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3680:Hartford Courant 3671: 3665: 3647: 3641: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3622: 3616: 3610: 3597: 3591: 3585: 3579: 3568: 3562: 3556: 3550: 3541: 3535: 3526: 3520: 3514: 3508: 3491: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3467: 3461: 3455: 3449: 3443: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3423: 3417: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3397: 3391: 3385: 3376: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3355: 3349: 3348: 3312: 3306: 3305: 3284:Sampson, Anthony 3280: 3274: 3273: 3262: 3256: 3255: 3240: 3234: 3233: 3221: 3212: 3206: 3200: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3180: 3174: 3171: 3165: 3159: 3153: 3147: 3141: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3117: 3111: 3105: 3099: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3045: 3039: 3029: 3023: 3017: 3004: 2990: 2984: 2978: 2972: 2966: 2960: 2946: 2940: 2935:, pp. 2–3; 2930: 2924: 2918: 2912: 2906: 2900: 2890: 2884: 2878: 2872: 2866: 2855: 2849: 2843: 2837: 2831: 2825: 2819: 2813: 2807: 2801: 2795: 2789: 2780: 2774: 2768: 2762: 2749: 2739: 2733: 2727: 2718: 2712: 2706: 2700: 2687: 2681: 2670: 2664: 2643: 2637: 2631: 2625: 2610: 2600: 2594: 2588: 2571: 2565: 2556: 2550: 2544: 2538: 2513: 2507: 2501: 2495: 2482: 2472: 2466: 2460: 2454: 2448: 2439: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2418: 2412: 2411: 2399: 2393: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2369: 2363: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2338: 2332: 2331: 2309: 2303: 2297: 2286: 2280: 2274: 2268: 2262: 2252: 2246: 2240: 2234: 2228: 2222: 2216: 2203: 2202: 2196: 2194: 2175: 2166: 2163: 2157: 2151: 2084:public relations 1987: 1948:death of Mandela 1705:one-party states 1566: 1494: 1371:Washington, D.C. 1200:Democratic Party 1127:new constitution 1074:that privileged 1041:economic liberal 1021:deputy president 1014: 1009: 1003: 999: 993: 992: 989: 988: 985: 982: 979: 976: 972: 971: 968: 963: 962: 959: 956: 953: 950: 946: 945: 942: 933: 912: 911: 898: 854: 791: 789: 780:Elita Georgiades 771: 769: 765: 736: 704: 701:11 November 2021 684: 682: 666:Personal details 650: 640: 633:Johannes Vorster 630: 621: 602: 592: 578:Johannes Vorster 571: 562: 546: 540: 528: 518: 509: 490: 480: 470: 461: 440: 428: 418: 401: 385: 373: 366: 354: 337: 312: 305: 304: 299: 287: 277: 268: 246: 238:Constand Viljoen 234: 217: 197: 190: 182:Alwyn Schlebusch 178: 155: 138: 126: 114: 107: 101: 79:De Klerk in 1993 77: 67: 47: 46: 21: 10021: 10020: 10016: 10015: 10014: 10012: 10011: 10010: 9856: 9855: 9854: 9849: 9815:Tebello Nyokong 9786: 9781: 9757:Siyabulela Xuza 9717:Bernie Fanaroff 9682:Pragasen Pillay 9662:Valerie Mizrahi 9657:Sibusiso Sibisi 9647:Patricia Berjak 9623: 9618: 9609:Zwelakhe Sisulu 9574:Basil Schonland 9555: 9550: 9527: 9522: 9517: 9487: 9482: 9474: 9462: 9454: 9442: 9434: 9409:Jamal Khashoggi 9407:The Guardians: 9406: 9405: 9397: 9389: 9381: 9364: 9363: 9355: 9347: 9339: 9333:Mark Zuckerberg 9331: 9323: 9315: 9307: 9299: 9281: 9280: 9272: 9264: 9257:Sherron Watkins 9246: 9245: 9237: 9226: 9218: 9210: 9198: 9190: 9182: 9174: 9166: 9144: 9143: 9135: 9127: 9119: 9111: 9103: 9095: 9087: 9079: 9073:Peter Ueberroth 9071: 9059: 9051: 9043: 9035: 9027: 9019: 9011: 9003: 8992: 8945:Kathleen Byerly 8938: 8937: 8929: 8921: 8911:Henry Kissinger 8909: 8901: 8893: 8885: 8864: 8863: 8855: 8847: 8839: 8831: 8823: 8817:Pope John XXIII 8815: 8809:John F. Kennedy 8807: 8800:Robert Woodward 8796:James Van Allen 8741: 8740: 8732: 8724: 8716: 8708: 8700: 8692: 8686:Konrad Adenauer 8684: 8676: 8668: 8657: 8649: 8641: 8635:Harry S. Truman 8633: 8627:George Marshall 8625: 8619:James F. Byrnes 8617: 8611:Harry S. Truman 8609: 8601: 8595:George Marshall 8593: 8585: 8577: 8569: 8561: 8553: 8543:Chiang Kai-shek 8541: 8533: 8525: 8517: 8511:Hugh S. Johnson 8509: 8501: 8493: 8487:Mohandas Gandhi 8485: 8477: 8471:Walter Chrysler 8469: 8461: 8450: 8442: 8412: 8407: 8381: 8330: 8314: 8305: 8275: 8270: 8263: 8112: 8107: 8077: 8068: 8050:Ellen MacArthur 8010:Paris Agreement 7990: 7975: 7863:Valeri Polyakov 7716:Contadora group 7688: 7677: 7670: 7640: 7635: 7573: 7565: 7562:(United States) 7556:(United States) 7540: 7537:(United States) 7515: 7512:(United States) 7506:(United States) 7490: 7465: 7464:(United States) 7445: 7436:(United States) 7420: 7413: 7383: 7378: 7373:to be announced 7367: 7356: 7343:Ales Bialiatski 7337: 7322: 7311: 7300: 7285: 7274: 7263: 7252: 7237: 7226: 7215: 7210:Tawakkol Karman 7196: 7185: 7174: 7163: 7148: 7133: 7118: 7113:Wangari Maathai 7107: 7096: 7085: 7070: 7059: 7051: 7043: 7031: 7019: 7007: 6995: 6979: 6967: 6959: 6951: 6943: 6935: 6927: 6919: 6911: 6903: 6895: 6887: 6875: 6867: 6859: 6851: 6839: 6831: 6819: 6808: 6803:Andrei Sakharov 6800: 6788: 6783:Henry Kissinger 6773: 6767: 6766: 6755: 6744: 6733: 6722: 6714: 6713: 6705: 6704: 6693: 6682: 6670: 6662: 6654: 6646: 6638: 6630: 6622: 6616: 6615: 6609: 6608: 6600: 6592: 6584: 6576: 6565: 6557: 6549: 6543: 6542: 6530: 6518: 6510: 6502: 6496: 6495: 6489: 6488: 6482: 6481: 6475: 6474: 6468: 6467: 6459: 6451: 6443: 6435: 6427: 6419: 6413: 6412: 6407:Nicholas Butler 6400: 6392: 6384: 6378: 6377: 6365: 6356:Aristide Briand 6353: 6342: 6330: 6324: 6323: 6317: 6316: 6311:Fridtjof Nansen 6308: 6303:Christian Lange 6296: 6288: 6280: 6274: 6273: 6265: 6259: 6258: 6252: 6251: 6245: 6244: 6236: 6228: 6216: 6208: 6196: 6184: 6172: 6164: 6156: 6148: 6140: 6128: 6113: 6102: 6093: 6063: 6058: 6002: 5916: 5850: 5841: 5811: 5806: 5799: 5794:Cyril Ramaphosa 5744: 5735: 5704:Nico Diederichs 5664: 5661:State President 5655: 5621: 5612: 5582: 5577: 5508:Sydney Mufamadi 5381: 5360: 5344: 5338: 5304: 5290: 5288: 5263: 5254: 5246: 5203:Huffington Post 5170:Wayback Machine 5149: 5125: 5123:Further reading 5120: 5114: 5071: 5052: 5035: 5030: 5015: 5011: 5003: 4999: 4991: 4987: 4977: 4975: 4958: 4954: 4946: 4939: 4929: 4927: 4914: 4913: 4909: 4901: 4897: 4889: 4885: 4877: 4873: 4865: 4861: 4853: 4849: 4841: 4837: 4829: 4822: 4814: 4810: 4802: 4798: 4790: 4786: 4776: 4774: 4757: 4753: 4745: 4741: 4733: 4729: 4721: 4717: 4709: 4702: 4694: 4687: 4677: 4675: 4665: 4661: 4651: 4649: 4642: 4635: 4625: 4623: 4606: 4602: 4592: 4590: 4575: 4574: 4570: 4560: 4558: 4535: 4531: 4521: 4519: 4496: 4492: 4482: 4480: 4465: 4464: 4460: 4450: 4448: 4431: 4427: 4417: 4415: 4400: 4399: 4395: 4385: 4383: 4372: 4368: 4358: 4356: 4347: 4346: 4337: 4327: 4325: 4318:Eyewitness News 4310: 4306: 4297: 4296: 4292: 4275: 4274: 4270: 4260: 4258: 4249: 4248: 4244: 4234: 4232: 4223: 4222: 4218: 4209: 4205: 4195: 4193: 4180: 4179: 4175: 4165: 4163: 4154: 4153: 4149: 4139: 4137: 4128: 4127: 4123: 4113: 4111: 4102: 4101: 4094: 4084: 4082: 4073: 4072: 4068: 4058: 4056: 4047: 4046: 4042: 4032: 4030: 4021: 4020: 4016: 4006: 4004: 4003:on 28 June 2006 3995: 3994: 3990: 3980: 3978: 3965: 3964: 3960: 3947: 3946: 3942: 3932: 3930: 3925:. 15 May 2003. 3917: 3916: 3912: 3902: 3900: 3877: 3873: 3863: 3861: 3852: 3851: 3847: 3832: 3816: 3812: 3802: 3800: 3791: 3790: 3786: 3776: 3774: 3764: 3760: 3750: 3748: 3733: 3729: 3719: 3717: 3704: 3703: 3699: 3689: 3687: 3672: 3668: 3658:Wayback Machine 3648: 3644: 3634: 3632: 3624: 3623: 3619: 3611: 3600: 3592: 3588: 3580: 3571: 3563: 3559: 3551: 3544: 3536: 3529: 3521: 3517: 3509: 3494: 3486: 3482: 3474: 3470: 3462: 3458: 3450: 3446: 3436: 3434: 3425: 3424: 3420: 3410: 3408: 3399: 3398: 3394: 3386: 3379: 3369: 3367: 3356: 3352: 3313: 3309: 3302: 3281: 3277: 3264: 3263: 3259: 3242: 3241: 3237: 3222: 3215: 3207: 3203: 3193: 3191: 3182: 3181: 3177: 3172: 3168: 3160: 3156: 3148: 3144: 3134: 3132: 3119: 3118: 3114: 3106: 3102: 3094: 3090: 3082: 3078: 3070: 3066: 3058: 3054: 3046: 3042: 3030: 3026: 3018: 3007: 2999:, p. 567; 2991: 2987: 2979: 2975: 2967: 2963: 2955:, p. 567; 2947: 2943: 2931: 2927: 2919: 2915: 2907: 2903: 2895:, p. 567; 2891: 2887: 2879: 2875: 2867: 2858: 2850: 2846: 2838: 2834: 2826: 2822: 2814: 2810: 2802: 2798: 2790: 2783: 2775: 2771: 2763: 2752: 2740: 2736: 2728: 2721: 2713: 2709: 2701: 2690: 2682: 2673: 2665: 2646: 2638: 2634: 2626: 2613: 2605:, p. 151; 2601: 2597: 2589: 2574: 2566: 2559: 2551: 2547: 2539: 2516: 2508: 2504: 2496: 2485: 2477:, p. 147; 2473: 2469: 2461: 2457: 2449: 2442: 2432: 2430: 2419: 2415: 2400: 2396: 2386: 2384: 2371: 2370: 2366: 2356: 2354: 2339: 2335: 2328: 2310: 2306: 2298: 2289: 2281: 2277: 2269: 2265: 2257:, p. 140; 2253: 2249: 2241: 2237: 2229: 2225: 2217: 2206: 2192: 2190: 2177: 2176: 2169: 2164: 2160: 2152: 2137: 2133: 2111:white supremacy 2106: 2065: 2013: 2004:Cyril Ramaphosa 1989: 1985: 1976: 1841:Richard Stengel 1796:Marike de Klerk 1788:Hillary Clinton 1769:Yale Law School 1758: 1713: 1674:, and retained 1661: 1627:raid on Mthatha 1604:Anthony Sampson 1568: 1564: 1555: 1496: 1492: 1387: 1355: 1308: 1278:Marike Willemse 1270:Bachelor of Law 1262: 1207:Huguenot origin 1179:Second Boer War 1151: 1146: 1007: 1001: 997: 973: 965: 947: 939: 935: 925: 907: 906: 875: 844: 831: 814: 794: 793: 790: 1999) 785: 781: 773: 770: 1996) 761: 757: 754: 752:Marike Willemse 734: 727: 726:Other political 715:Political party 706: 702: 686: 680: 678: 677: 676: 648: 638: 628: 622: 617: 600: 590: 585: 569: 563: 558: 544: 543:Gerrit Viljoen 538: 526: 516: 510: 505: 488: 478: 468: 462: 457: 438: 426: 416: 402: 397: 379: 371: 360: 352: 338: 333: 313: 310: 293: 285: 275: 269: 264: 244: 232: 218: 213: 195: 184: 176: 163: 156: 151: 132: 124: 112: 105: 104: 102: 97: 80: 68: 59: 57: 54: 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10019: 10009: 10008: 10003: 9998: 9993: 9988: 9983: 9978: 9973: 9968: 9963: 9958: 9953: 9948: 9943: 9938: 9933: 9928: 9923: 9918: 9913: 9908: 9903: 9898: 9893: 9888: 9883: 9878: 9873: 9868: 9851: 9850: 9848: 9847: 9842: 9837: 9832: 9827: 9822: 9820:Himla Soodyall 9817: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9795:Peter Beighton 9791: 9789: 9783: 9782: 9780: 9779: 9774: 9769: 9764: 9759: 9754: 9749: 9744: 9739: 9737:Ismail Mohamed 9734: 9729: 9724: 9719: 9714: 9709: 9704: 9699: 9694: 9692:Bongani Mayosi 9689: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9667:Wieland Gevers 9664: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9628: 9626: 9620: 9619: 9617: 9616: 9611: 9606: 9604:Mangena Mokone 9601: 9596: 9591: 9586: 9581: 9579:Sydney Brenner 9576: 9571: 9569:F. W. de Klerk 9566: 9560: 9558: 9552: 9551: 9549: 9548: 9546:Albert Luthuli 9543: 9538: 9536:Nelson Mandela 9532: 9530: 9524: 9523: 9516: 9515: 9508: 9501: 9493: 9484: 9483: 9481: 9480: 9472: 9460: 9452: 9440: 9436:Greta Thunberg 9432: 9403: 9395: 9387: 9379: 9366:Ebola Fighters 9361: 9353: 9345: 9337: 9329: 9321: 9313: 9309:Vladimir Putin 9305: 9297: 9278: 9274:George W. Bush 9270: 9262: 9249:Cynthia Cooper 9243: 9234: 9232: 9228: 9227: 9225: 9224: 9220:George W. Bush 9216: 9208: 9196: 9188: 9180: 9172: 9164: 9155:Nelson Mandela 9151:F. W. de Klerk 9141: 9133: 9125: 9117: 9109: 9101: 9093: 9089:Corazon Aquino 9085: 9077: 9069: 9057: 9049: 9041: 9033: 9025: 9017: 9009: 9000: 8998: 8994: 8993: 8991: 8990: 8969:Barbara Jordan 8935: 8927: 8919: 8907: 8899: 8891: 8883: 8870:William Anders 8861: 8853: 8845: 8837: 8829: 8821: 8813: 8805: 8792:Charles Townes 8772:Edward Purcell 8748:Charles Draper 8738: 8730: 8722: 8714: 8706: 8702:Harlow Curtice 8698: 8690: 8682: 8674: 8665: 8663: 8659: 8658: 8656: 8655: 8647: 8639: 8631: 8623: 8615: 8607: 8599: 8591: 8583: 8575: 8567: 8559: 8551: 8547:Soong Mei-ling 8539: 8535:Wallis Simpson 8531: 8527:Haile Selassie 8523: 8515: 8507: 8499: 8491: 8483: 8475: 8467: 8458: 8456: 8452: 8451: 8441: 8440: 8433: 8426: 8418: 8409: 8408: 8406: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8389: 8387: 8386:Post-apartheid 8383: 8382: 8380: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8352:F. W. de Klerk 8349: 8344: 8338: 8336: 8332: 8331: 8329: 8328: 8322: 8320: 8316: 8315: 8304: 8303: 8296: 8289: 8281: 8272: 8271: 8268: 8265: 8264: 8262: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8117: 8114: 8113: 8106: 8105: 8098: 8091: 8083: 8074: 8073: 8070: 8069: 8067: 8066: 8059: 8052: 8046: 8040: 8034: 8024: 8018: 8012: 8002: 7995: 7992: 7991: 7981: 7980: 7977: 7976: 7974: 7973: 7967: 7960: 7954: 7948: 7938: 7932: 7919:(Mozambique), 7913: 7907: 7901: 7895: 7889: 7883: 7877: 7871: 7865: 7847: 7833:Fatiha Boudiaf 7817: 7807: 7801: 7795: 7785: 7779: 7777:Nelson Mandela 7769: 7762: 7756: 7750:Jacques Delors 7746: 7740: 7734: 7724: 7718: 7712: 7706: 7700: 7693: 7690: 7689: 7679: 7678: 7669: 7668: 7661: 7654: 7646: 7637: 7636: 7634: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7570: 7567: 7566: 7564: 7563: 7560:Douglass North 7557: 7550: 7548: 7542: 7541: 7539: 7538: 7532: 7525: 7523: 7517: 7516: 7514: 7513: 7507: 7500: 7498: 7492: 7491: 7489: 7488: 7487:(South Africa) 7482: 7481:(South Africa) 7479:Nelson Mandela 7475: 7473: 7467: 7466: 7460: 7458: 7447: 7446: 7444: 7443: 7437: 7434:Kary B. Mullis 7430: 7428: 7422: 7421: 7412: 7411: 7404: 7397: 7389: 7380: 7379: 7377: 7376: 7365: 7354: 7335: 7332:Dmitry Muratov 7320: 7309: 7298: 7283: 7272: 7261: 7250: 7235: 7224: 7221:European Union 7213: 7194: 7183: 7172: 7161: 7146: 7143:Muhammad Yunus 7131: 7116: 7105: 7094: 7083: 7076:United Nations 7067: 7065: 7061: 7060: 7058: 7057: 7049: 7041: 7029: 7017: 7005: 7002:Joseph Rotblat 6993: 6977: 6974:F. W. de Klerk 6970:Nelson Mandela 6965: 6957: 6949: 6941: 6933: 6925: 6917: 6909: 6901: 6893: 6885: 6873: 6865: 6857: 6849: 6846:Menachem Begin 6837: 6829: 6822:Betty Williams 6816: 6814: 6810: 6809: 6807: 6806: 6798: 6786: 6771: 6764: 6753: 6750:Norman Borlaug 6742: 6731: 6720: 6711: 6702: 6691: 6680: 6668: 6660: 6652: 6649:Albert Luthuli 6644: 6636: 6628: 6620: 6613: 6606: 6598: 6590: 6582: 6573: 6571: 6567: 6566: 6564: 6563: 6555: 6547: 6540: 6528: 6516: 6508: 6500: 6493: 6486: 6479: 6472: 6465: 6457: 6449: 6441: 6433: 6425: 6417: 6410: 6398: 6390: 6382: 6375: 6363: 6350: 6348: 6344: 6343: 6341: 6340: 6328: 6321: 6314: 6306: 6294: 6291:Léon Bourgeois 6286: 6283:Woodrow Wilson 6278: 6271: 6263: 6256: 6249: 6242: 6234: 6226: 6214: 6206: 6194: 6187:Klas Arnoldson 6182: 6175:Ernesto Moneta 6170: 6162: 6154: 6146: 6138: 6126: 6123:Frédéric Passy 6110: 6108: 6104: 6103: 6092: 6091: 6084: 6077: 6069: 6060: 6059: 6057: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6019:Mapisa-Nqakula 6016: 6010: 6008: 6004: 6003: 6001: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5978:F. W. de Klerk 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5924: 5922: 5918: 5917: 5915: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5858: 5856: 5852: 5851: 5840: 5839: 5832: 5825: 5817: 5808: 5807: 5804: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5797: 5796:(2018-present) 5791: 5781: 5775: 5769: 5759: 5752:Nelson Mandela 5748: 5746: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5733: 5731:F. W. de Klerk 5728: 5723: 5721:Marais Viljoen 5718: 5713: 5710:Marais Viljoen 5707: 5701: 5695: 5690: 5684: 5678: 5672: 5670: 5657: 5656: 5654: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5632: 5630: 5623: 5622: 5615:Heads of State 5611: 5610: 5603: 5596: 5588: 5579: 5578: 5576: 5575: 5573:Nkosazana Zuma 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5503:Lionel Mtshali 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5448:Penuell Maduna 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5398:Sibusiso Bengu 5395: 5389: 5387: 5383: 5382: 5380: 5379: 5374: 5372:F. W. de Klerk 5368: 5366: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5358: 5356:Nelson Mandela 5352: 5350: 5346: 5345: 5337: 5336: 5329: 5322: 5314: 5306: 5305: 5300: 5297: 5281: 5275: 5274: 5261:Nelson Mandela 5259: 5256: 5247: 5242: 5238: 5237: 5231: 5230: 5221: 5213:F. W. de Klerk 5210: 5205: 5196: 5186: 5172: 5160: 5155: 5148: 5147:External links 5145: 5144: 5143: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5118: 5112: 5096: 5086:(3): 565–590. 5075: 5069: 5056: 5050: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5028: 5009: 4997: 4995:, p. 565. 4985: 4952: 4950:, p. 155. 4937: 4907: 4905:, p. 141. 4895: 4893:, p. 143. 4883: 4871: 4859: 4847: 4845:, p. 138. 4835: 4820: 4808: 4796: 4794:, p. 583. 4784: 4751: 4749:, p. 148. 4739: 4727: 4715: 4700: 4685: 4673:Daily Maverick 4659: 4633: 4600: 4568: 4529: 4490: 4458: 4425: 4393: 4378:. Al Jazeera. 4366: 4335: 4304: 4290: 4268: 4242: 4216: 4203: 4173: 4147: 4121: 4092: 4066: 4040: 4014: 3988: 3958: 3940: 3910: 3871: 3845: 3830: 3810: 3784: 3758: 3727: 3710:People's Daily 3697: 3666: 3642: 3617: 3615:, p. 364. 3598: 3586: 3584:, p. 363. 3569: 3557: 3555:, p. 362. 3542: 3540:, p. 535. 3527: 3515: 3513:, p. 534. 3492: 3490:, p. 514. 3480: 3468: 3466:, p. 339. 3456: 3454:, p. 338. 3444: 3418: 3392: 3390:, p. 343. 3377: 3350: 3307: 3300: 3275: 3257: 3235: 3213: 3201: 3190:on 4 July 2008 3175: 3166: 3154: 3142: 3112: 3100: 3088: 3076: 3064: 3052: 3040: 3038:, p. 567. 3034:, p. 48; 3024: 3022:, p. 568. 3005: 3003:, p. 313. 2995:, p. 45; 2985: 2973: 2961: 2959:, p. 313. 2951:, p. 42; 2941: 2939:, p. 567. 2925: 2913: 2901: 2899:, p. 312. 2885: 2873: 2871:, p. 312. 2856: 2844: 2842:, p. 311. 2832: 2820: 2818:, p. 310. 2808: 2796: 2794:, p. 300. 2781: 2769: 2750: 2748:, p. 567. 2744:, p. 15; 2734: 2719: 2707: 2688: 2686:, p. 154. 2671: 2669:, p. 153. 2644: 2642:, p. 580. 2632: 2630:, p. 152. 2611: 2609:, p. 579. 2595: 2593:, p. 151. 2572: 2570:, p. 144. 2557: 2545: 2543:, p. 567. 2514: 2502: 2500:, p. 150. 2483: 2481:, p. 579. 2467: 2465:, p. 142. 2455: 2440: 2413: 2394: 2364: 2333: 2326: 2304: 2302:, p. 579. 2287: 2285:, p. 140. 2275: 2263: 2261:, p. 579. 2247: 2245:, p. 139. 2235: 2223: 2204: 2167: 2158: 2156:, p. 149. 2134: 2132: 2129: 2105: 2102: 2064: 2061: 2012: 2009: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1943:in July 2013. 1877:Chen Shui-Bian 1830:Winnie Mandela 1757: 1754: 1712: 1709: 1660: 1657: 1576:Nelson Mandela 1556: 1554: 1551: 1484: 1405:, January 1992 1395:Nelson Mandela 1386: 1383: 1367:Nelson Mandela 1354: 1351: 1307: 1304: 1289:articled clerk 1261: 1258: 1183:J. G. Strijdom 1171:National Party 1157:, a suburb of 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1092:Nelson Mandela 1088:anti-apartheid 1045:National Party 918: 917: 914: 913: 904: 900: 899: 892: 888: 887: 881: 877: 876: 874: 873: 868: 862: 860: 856: 855: 839: 833: 832: 830: 829: 822: 820: 816: 815: 813: 812: 809: 806: 802: 800: 796: 795: 783: 779: 778: 777: 776: 759: 755: 750: 749: 748: 747: 744: 742: 738: 737: 729: 723: 722: 719:National Party 716: 712: 711: 710:, South Africa 705:(aged 85) 699: 695: 694: 674: 672: 668: 667: 663: 662: 659: 658: 655: 654: 651: 645: 644: 641: 635: 634: 631: 629:Prime Minister 625: 624: 614: 613: 607: 606: 603: 597: 596: 593: 587: 586: 584: 583: 580: 574: 572: 570:Prime Minister 566: 565: 555: 554: 548: 547: 541: 535: 534: 529: 523: 522: 519: 517:Prime Minister 513: 512: 502: 501: 495: 494: 491: 485: 484: 481: 475: 474: 471: 469:Prime Minister 465: 464: 454: 453: 447: 446: 441: 435: 434: 429: 423: 422: 419: 417:Prime Minister 413: 412: 409: 405: 404: 394: 393: 387: 386: 374: 368: 367: 358:Gerrit Viljoen 355: 349: 348: 345: 341: 340: 330: 329: 323: 322: 319: 318: 315: 314: 308: 301: 300: 288: 282: 281: 278: 272: 271: 261: 260: 253: 252: 247: 241: 240: 235: 229: 228: 227:Nelson Mandela 225: 221: 220: 210: 209: 202: 201: 198: 192: 191: 179: 173: 172: 171:Nelson Mandela 169: 165: 164: 158: 148: 147: 140: 139: 130:Nelson Mandela 127: 121: 120: 115: 109: 108: 94: 93: 86: 85: 82: 81: 78: 70: 69: 58: 56:F. W. de Klerk 55: 52:His Excellency 50: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10018: 10007: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9964: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9937: 9934: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9887: 9884: 9882: 9879: 9877: 9874: 9872: 9869: 9867: 9864: 9863: 9861: 9846: 9843: 9841: 9838: 9836: 9833: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9825:Monique Zaahl 9823: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9800:Hamilton Naki 9798: 9796: 9793: 9792: 9790: 9784: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9740: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9720: 9718: 9715: 9713: 9710: 9708: 9705: 9703: 9700: 9698: 9695: 9693: 9690: 9688: 9685: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9629: 9627: 9621: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9599:Doris Lessing 9597: 9595: 9594:Frank Nabarro 9592: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9584:J. M. Coetzee 9582: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9564:Allan Cormack 9562: 9561: 9559: 9553: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9533: 9531: 9525: 9521: 9514: 9509: 9507: 9502: 9500: 9495: 9494: 9491: 9477: 9473: 9469: 9465: 9461: 9457: 9453: 9449: 9448:Kamala Harris 9445: 9441: 9437: 9433: 9428: 9427: 9422: 9418: 9414: 9410: 9404: 9400: 9396: 9392: 9388: 9384: 9383:Angela Merkel 9380: 9375: 9374:Salome Karwah 9371: 9367: 9362: 9358: 9354: 9350: 9346: 9342: 9341:The Protester 9338: 9334: 9330: 9326: 9322: 9318: 9314: 9310: 9306: 9302: 9298: 9293: 9292:Melinda Gates 9289: 9285: 9279: 9275: 9271: 9267: 9263: 9258: 9254: 9253:Coleen Rowley 9250: 9244: 9240: 9236: 9235: 9233: 9229: 9221: 9217: 9213: 9209: 9205: 9201: 9197: 9193: 9189: 9185: 9181: 9177: 9176:Newt Gingrich 9173: 9169: 9165: 9160: 9159:Yitzhak Rabin 9156: 9152: 9148: 9147:Yasser Arafat 9142: 9138: 9134: 9130: 9126: 9122: 9118: 9114: 9110: 9106: 9102: 9098: 9094: 9090: 9086: 9082: 9081:Deng Xiaoping 9078: 9074: 9070: 9066: 9065:Yuri Andropov 9062: 9061:Ronald Reagan 9058: 9054: 9050: 9046: 9042: 9038: 9037:Ronald Reagan 9034: 9030: 9026: 9022: 9021:Deng Xiaoping 9018: 9014: 9010: 9006: 9002: 9001: 8999: 8995: 8986: 8982: 8978: 8974: 8970: 8966: 8962: 8958: 8954: 8950: 8946: 8942: 8936: 8932: 8928: 8924: 8920: 8916: 8915:Richard Nixon 8912: 8908: 8904: 8903:Richard Nixon 8900: 8896: 8892: 8888: 8884: 8879: 8875: 8871: 8867: 8862: 8858: 8854: 8850: 8846: 8842: 8838: 8834: 8830: 8826: 8822: 8818: 8814: 8810: 8806: 8801: 8797: 8793: 8789: 8788:Edward Teller 8785: 8781: 8777: 8773: 8769: 8768:Linus Pauling 8765: 8764:Willard Libby 8761: 8757: 8753: 8749: 8745: 8744:George Beadle 8739: 8735: 8731: 8727: 8723: 8719: 8715: 8711: 8707: 8703: 8699: 8695: 8691: 8687: 8683: 8679: 8678:Elizabeth II 8675: 8671: 8667: 8666: 8664: 8660: 8652: 8648: 8644: 8640: 8636: 8632: 8628: 8624: 8620: 8616: 8612: 8608: 8604: 8600: 8596: 8592: 8588: 8587:Joseph Stalin 8584: 8580: 8576: 8572: 8568: 8564: 8563:Joseph Stalin 8560: 8556: 8552: 8548: 8544: 8540: 8536: 8532: 8528: 8524: 8520: 8516: 8512: 8508: 8504: 8500: 8496: 8492: 8488: 8484: 8480: 8479:Owen D. Young 8476: 8472: 8468: 8464: 8460: 8459: 8457: 8453: 8449: 8447: 8439: 8434: 8432: 8427: 8425: 8420: 8419: 8416: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8390: 8388: 8384: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8339: 8337: 8335:Apartheid-era 8333: 8327: 8324: 8323: 8321: 8319:pre-Apartheid 8317: 8313: 8309: 8302: 8297: 8295: 8290: 8288: 8283: 8282: 8279: 8266: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8218:van Schalkwyk 8216: 8214: 8211: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8118: 8115: 8111: 8104: 8099: 8097: 8092: 8090: 8085: 8084: 8081: 8064: 8060: 8057: 8053: 8051: 8047: 8045: 8041: 8039: 8035: 8033: 8029: 8025: 8023: 8019: 8017: 8013: 8011: 8007: 8003: 8001: 7997: 7996: 7993: 7986: 7982: 7972: 7968: 7965: 7961: 7959: 7955: 7953: 7949: 7947: 7943: 7939: 7937: 7933: 7930: 7926: 7922: 7918: 7914: 7912: 7908: 7906: 7902: 7900: 7896: 7894: 7890: 7888: 7884: 7882: 7878: 7876: 7872: 7870: 7866: 7864: 7860: 7856: 7852: 7848: 7846: 7842: 7838: 7834: 7830: 7826: 7822: 7818: 7816: 7812: 7808: 7806: 7802: 7800: 7796: 7794: 7793:Yasser Arafat 7790: 7789:Yitzhak Rabin 7786: 7784: 7780: 7778: 7774: 7770: 7767: 7763: 7761: 7757: 7755: 7751: 7747: 7745: 7741: 7739: 7735: 7733: 7729: 7725: 7723: 7722:Raúl Alfonsín 7719: 7717: 7713: 7711: 7707: 7705: 7701: 7699: 7695: 7694: 7691: 7684: 7680: 7675: 7667: 7662: 7660: 7655: 7653: 7648: 7647: 7644: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7576: 7572: 7571: 7568: 7561: 7558: 7555: 7552: 7551: 7549: 7547: 7543: 7536: 7533: 7530: 7527: 7526: 7524: 7522: 7518: 7511: 7508: 7505: 7502: 7501: 7499: 7497: 7493: 7486: 7483: 7480: 7477: 7476: 7474: 7472: 7468: 7463: 7462:Toni Morrison 7459: 7456: 7452: 7448: 7441: 7440:Michael Smith 7438: 7435: 7432: 7431: 7429: 7427: 7423: 7418: 7410: 7405: 7403: 7398: 7396: 7391: 7390: 7387: 7374: 7370: 7366: 7363: 7359: 7355: 7352: 7348: 7344: 7340: 7336: 7333: 7329: 7325: 7321: 7318: 7314: 7310: 7307: 7303: 7299: 7296: 7292: 7291:Denis Mukwege 7288: 7284: 7281: 7277: 7273: 7270: 7266: 7262: 7259: 7255: 7251: 7248: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7233: 7229: 7225: 7222: 7218: 7214: 7211: 7207: 7206:Leymah Gbowee 7203: 7199: 7195: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7181: 7177: 7173: 7170: 7166: 7162: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7147: 7144: 7140: 7136: 7132: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7117: 7114: 7110: 7106: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7092: 7088: 7084: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7068: 7066: 7062: 7055: 7050: 7047: 7042: 7039: 7038:David Trimble 7035: 7030: 7027: 7026:Jody Williams 7023: 7018: 7015: 7011: 7006: 7003: 6999: 6994: 6991: 6990:Yasser Arafat 6987: 6986:Yitzhak Rabin 6983: 6978: 6975: 6971: 6966: 6963: 6958: 6955: 6950: 6947: 6942: 6939: 6934: 6931: 6926: 6923: 6918: 6915: 6910: 6907: 6902: 6899: 6894: 6891: 6886: 6883: 6879: 6874: 6871: 6866: 6863: 6858: 6855: 6854:Mother Teresa 6850: 6847: 6843: 6838: 6835: 6830: 6827: 6823: 6818: 6817: 6815: 6811: 6804: 6799: 6796: 6792: 6791:Seán MacBride 6787: 6784: 6780: 6778: 6772: 6765: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6751: 6747: 6743: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6717: 6712: 6708: 6703: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6678: 6674: 6669: 6666: 6665:Linus Pauling 6661: 6658: 6653: 6650: 6645: 6642: 6637: 6634: 6629: 6626: 6621: 6614: 6607: 6604: 6599: 6596: 6591: 6588: 6583: 6580: 6575: 6574: 6572: 6568: 6561: 6556: 6553: 6552:John Boyd Orr 6548: 6541: 6538: 6534: 6529: 6526: 6522: 6517: 6514: 6509: 6506: 6501: 6494: 6487: 6480: 6473: 6466: 6463: 6458: 6455: 6450: 6447: 6442: 6439: 6434: 6431: 6426: 6423: 6422:Norman Angell 6418: 6411: 6408: 6404: 6399: 6396: 6391: 6388: 6383: 6376: 6373: 6372:Ludwig Quidde 6369: 6364: 6361: 6357: 6352: 6351: 6349: 6345: 6338: 6337:Charles Dawes 6334: 6329: 6322: 6315: 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Klerk 1991 4800: 4793: 4788: 4772: 4768: 4767: 4762: 4755: 4748: 4747:de Klerk 1991 4743: 4737:, p. 64. 4736: 4735:de Klerk 1991 4731: 4725:, p. 22. 4724: 4723:de Klerk 1991 4719: 4713:, p. 24. 4712: 4711:de Klerk 1991 4707: 4705: 4698:, p. 21. 4697: 4696:de Klerk 1991 4692: 4690: 4674: 4670: 4663: 4647: 4640: 4638: 4621: 4617: 4616: 4611: 4604: 4588: 4584: 4583: 4578: 4572: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4533: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4494: 4478: 4474: 4473: 4468: 4462: 4446: 4442: 4441: 4436: 4429: 4413: 4409: 4408: 4403: 4397: 4381: 4377: 4370: 4354: 4350: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4308: 4300: 4294: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4272: 4256: 4252: 4246: 4231:. 2 July 2013 4230: 4226: 4220: 4213: 4207: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4177: 4161: 4157: 4151: 4135: 4131: 4125: 4109: 4105: 4099: 4097: 4080: 4076: 4070: 4054: 4050: 4044: 4028: 4024: 4018: 4002: 3998: 3992: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3962: 3954: 3950: 3944: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3914: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3875: 3859: 3855: 3849: 3841: 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3060:de Klerk 1991 3056: 3050:, p. 47. 3049: 3048:de Klerk 1991 3044: 3037: 3033: 3032:de Klerk 1991 3028: 3021: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2993:de Klerk 1991 2989: 2983:, p. 42. 2982: 2981:de Klerk 1991 2977: 2971:, p. 43. 2970: 2969:de Klerk 1991 2965: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2949:de Klerk 1991 2945: 2938: 2934: 2933:de Klerk 1991 2929: 2923:, p. 35. 2922: 2921:de Klerk 1991 2917: 2911:, p. 27. 2910: 2909:de Klerk 1991 2905: 2898: 2894: 2889: 2882: 2877: 2870: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2853: 2848: 2841: 2836: 2829: 2824: 2817: 2812: 2806:, p. 16. 2805: 2804:de Klerk 1991 2800: 2793: 2788: 2786: 2778: 2773: 2767:, p. 18. 2766: 2765:de Klerk 1991 2761: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2747: 2743: 2742:de Klerk 1991 2738: 2731: 2730:de Klerk 1991 2726: 2724: 2717:, p. 20. 2716: 2715:de Klerk 1991 2711: 2705:, p. 17. 2704: 2703:de Klerk 1991 2699: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2685: 2684:de Klerk 1991 2680: 2678: 2676: 2668: 2667:de Klerk 1991 2663: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2641: 2636: 2629: 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Bartillat. 2319: 2315: 2308: 2301: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2284: 2283:de Klerk 1991 2279: 2272: 2271:de Klerk 1991 2267: 2260: 2256: 2255:de Klerk 1991 2251: 2244: 2243:de Klerk 1991 2239: 2232: 2227: 2221:, p. 81. 2220: 2219:de Klerk 1991 2215: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2201: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2174: 2172: 2162: 2155: 2154:de Klerk 1991 2150: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2135: 2128: 2126: 2121: 2118: 2116: 2112: 2101: 2099: 2094: 2092: 2087: 2085: 2080: 2076: 2073: 2069: 2060: 2056: 2054: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2022: 2017: 2008: 2005: 2000: 1996: 1994: 1988: 1982: 1971: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1951: 1949: 1944: 1942: 1937: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1923: 1921: 1917: 1911: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1889: 1888:Reuven Rivlin 1884: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1868: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1853: 1849: 1844: 1842: 1838: 1833: 1831: 1827: 1822: 1820: 1816: 1811: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1789: 1784: 1780: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1765: 1763: 1753: 1749: 1746: 1741: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1722: 1717: 1708: 1706: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1687: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1668: 1666: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1645: 1643: 1638: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1623: 1619: 1616: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1599: 1597: 1593: 1585: 1584:Liberty Medal 1581: 1577: 1574:de Klerk and 1572: 1567: 1561: 1550: 1548: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1528: 1525: 1521: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1495: 1489: 1483: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1459:Walter Sisulu 1456: 1455:Frank Chikane 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1412: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1393:de Klerk and 1391: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1350: 1348: 1342: 1340: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1303: 1299: 1297: 1292: 1290: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1246: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1203: 1201: 1197: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1167: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1141: 1139: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1048: 1046: 1043:, he led the 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1013: 1005: 1004: 991: 932: 928: 924: 915: 910: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 882: 878: 872: 869: 867: 864: 863: 861: 857: 852: 848: 843: 840: 838: 834: 827: 824: 823: 821: 817: 810: 807: 804: 803: 801: 797: 775: 774: 753: 746: 745: 743: 739: 733: 730: 724: 720: 717: 713: 709: 700: 696: 693: 689: 685:18 March 1936 673: 669: 664: 660: 652: 646: 642: 636: 632: 626: 620: 615: 612: 608: 604: 598: 594: 588: 581: 579: 576: 575: 573: 567: 561: 556: 553: 549: 542: 536: 533: 532:Piet Koornhof 530: 524: 520: 514: 508: 503: 500: 496: 492: 486: 482: 476: 472: 466: 460: 455: 452: 448: 445: 444:Stoffel Botha 442: 436: 433: 430: 424: 420: 414: 410: 406: 400: 395: 392: 388: 383: 378: 375: 369: 364: 359: 356: 350: 346: 342: 336: 331: 328: 324: 320: 316: 306: 302: 297: 292: 289: 283: 279: 273: 267: 262: 259: 254: 251: 248: 242: 239: 236: 230: 226: 222: 216: 211: 208: 203: 199: 193: 188: 183: 180: 174: 170: 166: 162: 154: 149: 146: 141: 136: 131: 128: 122: 119: 116: 110: 100: 95: 92: 87: 83: 76: 71: 66: 62: 53: 48: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 9840:Namrita Lall 9747:William Soga 9722:George Ekama 9712:Barry Schoub 9707:Pieter Steyn 9672:Phuti Ngoepe 9637:George Ellis 9632:Percy Amoils 9568: 9541:Oliver Tambo 9476:Taylor Swift 9424: 9391:Donald Trump 9370:Kent Brantly 9357:Pope Francis 9349:Barack Obama 9325:Ben Bernanke 9317:Barack Obama 9231:2001–present 9200:Bill Clinton 9192:Andrew Grove 9150: 9137:Bill Clinton 9053:The Computer 9005:Jimmy Carter 8981:Carol Sutton 8949:Alison Cheek 8895:Willy Brandt 8874:Frank Borman 8780:Emilio Segrè 8555:Adolf Hitler 8495:Pierre Laval 8445: 8351: 8347:van der Spuy 8312:South Africa 8212: 8206: 8140: 8032:Khan Academy 7952:Bill Drayton 7927:(Mali), and 7923:(Tanzania), 7859:Chiaki Mukai 7829:Graça Machel 7799:Mário Soares 7772: 7605: 7554:Robert Fogel 7484: 7372: 7349: / 7345: / 7330: / 7293: / 7245: / 7208: / 7204: / 7180:Barack Obama 7156: / 7141: / 7139:Grameen Bank 7126: / 7102:Shirin Ebadi 7091:Jimmy Carter 7078: / 7064:2001–present 7054:Kim Dae-jung 7036: / 7024: / 7012: / 7000: / 6988: / 6984: / 6982:Shimon Peres 6973: 6972: / 6898:Desmond Tutu 6880: / 6844: / 6824: / 6793: / 6781: / 6775: 6761:Willy Brandt 6675: / 6633:Georges Pire 6579:Léon Jouhaux 6560:Ralph Bunche 6535: / 6523: / 6513:Cordell Hull 6454:Robert Cecil 6405: / 6370: / 6358: / 6335: / 6301: / 6223:Alfred Fried 6221: / 6219:Tobias Asser 6201: / 6189: / 6177: / 6133: / 6121: / 6119:Henry Dunant 6024:Dlamini-Zuma 5977: 5848:South Africa 5730: 5716:John Vorster 5698:Jan de Klerk 5651:Elizabeth II 5619:South Africa 5568:Abe Williams 5513:Sipo Mzimela 5468:Tito Mboweni 5433:Pallo Jordan 5371: 5292: 5283: 5278: 5266: 5265: 5249: 5134: 5103: 5083: 5079: 5060: 5041: 5033:Bibliography 5012: 5000: 4988: 4976:. 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