Design of the FAT file system

8279:

characters (including the drive letter, but excluding the NUL byte delimiter), thereby limiting the maximum supported depth of subdirectories to 32, whatever occurs earlier. Concurrent DOS, Multiuser DOS and DR DOS 3.31 to 6.0 (up to including the 1992-11 updates) do not store absolute paths to working directories internally and therefore do not show this limitation. The same applies to Atari GEMDOS, but the Atari Desktop does not support more than 8 sub-directory levels. Most applications aware of this extension support paths up to at least 127 bytes. FlexOS, 4680 OS and 4690 OS support a length of up to 127 bytes as well, allowing depths down to 60 levels. PalmDOS, DR DOS 6.0 (since BDOS 7.1) and higher, Novell DOS, and OpenDOS sport a MS-DOS-compatible CDS and therefore have the same length limits as MS-DOS/PC DOS.

1469:). This signature indicates an IBM PC compatible boot code and is tested by most boot loaders residing in the System BIOS or the MBR before passing execution to the boot sector's boot code (but, e.g., not by the original IBM PC ROM-BIOS). This signature does not indicate a particular file system or operating system. Since this signature is not present on all FAT-formatted disks (e.g., not on DOS 1.x or non-x86-bootable FAT volumes), operating systems must not rely on this signature to be present when logging in volumes (old issues of MS-DOS/PC DOS prior to 3.3 checked this signature, but newer issues as well as DR-DOS do not). Formatting tools must not write this signature if the written boot sector does not contain at least an x86-compatible dummy boot loader stub; at minimum, it must halt the CPU in an endless loop ( 9429:

If only the group ID matches, the operating system will grant group access to the application, and if the group ID does not match as well, it will grant world access. If an application's group ID and user ID are both 0, the operating system will bypass security checking. Once the permission class has been determined, the operating system will check if any of the access types of the requested file operation requires a permission according to the stored bitflags of the selected class owner, group or world in the file's directory entry. Owner, group and world access rights are independent and do not need to have diminishing access levels. Only, if none of the requested access types require a permission, the operating system will grant access, otherwise it fails.

10250:

also speeds up file allocations and avoids fragmentation, since never before allocated disk space is always unfragmented. DOS accomplishes this by keeping a pointer to the last allocated cluster on each mounted volume in memory and starts searching for free space from this location upwards instead of at the beginning of the FAT, as it was still done by DOS 2.x. If the end of the FAT is reached, it would wrap around to continue the search at the beginning of the FAT until either free space has been found or the original position has been reached again without having found free space. These pointers are initialized to point to the start of the FATs after bootup, but on FAT32 volumes, DOS 7.1 and higher will attempt to retrieve the last position from the

10186:, the time required to read and write fragmented files will increase as the operating system will have to follow the cluster chains in the FAT (with parts having to be loaded into memory first in particular on large volumes) and read the corresponding data physically scattered over the whole medium reducing chances for the low-level block device driver to perform multi-sector disk I/O or initiate larger DMA transfers, thereby effectively increasing I/O protocol overhead as well as arm movement and head settle times inside the disk drive. Also, file operations will become slower with growing fragmentation as it takes increasingly longer for the operating system to find files or free clusters. 10358:), which is a combination that is not expected in the MS-DOS environment, and therefore ignored by MS-DOS programs and third-party utilities. Notably, a directory containing only volume labels is considered as empty and is allowed to be deleted; such a situation appears if files created with long names are deleted from plain DOS. This method is very similar to the DELWATCH method to utilize the volume attribute to hide pending delete files for possible future undeletion since DR DOS 6.0 (1991) and higher. It is also similar to a method publicly discussed to store long filenames on Ataris and under Linux in 1992. 13835:): " file types are stored in the "Reserved bits" portion of the PC-DOS file directory structure only 4690 respects and preserves these attributes. Various non-4690 operating systems take different actions if these bits are turned on when copying from a diskette created on a 4690 system. PC-DOS and Windows 2000 Professional will copy the file without error and zero the bits. OS/2 1.2 will refuse to copy the file unless first run CHKDSK /F on the file. After CHKDSK, it will copy the file and zero the bits. when copy back to the 4690 system, file will copy as a local file." 10227:" operation, which always displays the free disk space as the last line. Displaying this line took longer and longer as the number of clusters increased. FAT32 therefore introduced a special file system information sector where the previously computed amount of free space is preserved over power cycles, so that the free space counter needs to be recalculated only when a removable FAT32 formatted medium gets ejected without first unmounting it or if the system is switched off without properly shutting down the operating system, a problem mostly visible with pre- 10280:

even less memory than an image of the FAT itself. In particular on highly fragmented or filled volumes, seeks become much faster than with linear scans over the actual FAT, even if an image of the FAT would be stored in memory. Also, operating on the logically high level of files and cluster-chains instead of on sector or track level, it becomes possible to avoid some degree of file fragmentation in the first place or to carry out local file defragmentation and reordering of directory entries based on their names or access patterns in the background.

1008:

corresponding clusters. The total number of sectors (as noted in the boot record) can be larger than the number of sectors used by data (clusters × sectors per cluster), FATs (number of FATs × sectors per FAT), the root directory (n/a for FAT32), and hidden sectors including the boot sector: this would result in unused sectors at the end of the volume. If a partition contains more sectors than the total number of sectors occupied by the file system it would also result in unused sectors, at the end of the partition, after the volume.

6409:: if those three bytes are considered as one little-endian 24-bit number, the 12 least significant bits represent the first entry (e.g. cluster 0) and the 12 most significant bits the second (e.g. cluster 1). In other words, while the low eight bits of the first cluster in the row are stored in the first byte, the top four bits are stored in the low nibble of the second byte, whereas the low four bits of the subsequent cluster in the row are stored in the high nibble of the second byte and its higher eight bits in the third byte. 8715:

volume label is not present, some systems may fall back to display the partition volume label instead, if an EBPB is present in the boot sector (not present with some non-bootable block device drivers, and possibly not writeable with boot sector write protection). Even if this volume label is present, partitioning tools like FDISK may display the partition volume label instead. The entry occupies a directory entry but has no file associated with it. Volume labels have a filesize entry of zero.

17406: 10246:

divided into on-line and off-line methods and work by trying to avoid fragmentation in the file system in the first place, deploying methods to better cope with existing fragmentation, and by reordering and optimizing the on-disk structures. With optimizations in place, the performance on FAT volumes can often reach that of more sophisticated file systems in practical scenarios, while at the same time retaining the advantage of being accessible even on very small or old systems.

9280:

record sizes cannot be used at the same time, however, both are stored only on file creation and never changed later on, thereby limiting the conflict to FlexOS, 4680 OS and 4690 OS systems accessing files created under foreign operating systems as well as potential display or file sorting problems on systems trying to interpret a record size as creation time. To avoid the conflict, the storage of creation dates should be an optional feature of operating systems supporting it.

10343: 19964: 17303: 9425:

against an optional global password provided by the operating system and an optional file password provided as part of the filename separated by a semicolon (not under FlexOS, 4680 OS, 4690 OS). If neither of them is provided, the request will fail. If one of them matches, the system will grant access (within the limits of the normal file attributes, that is, a read-only file can still not be opened for write this way), otherwise fail the request.

6332: 13561:): "CP/M 4.1 (DOS Plus ) allows the use of two file systems - CP/M and DOS. The version supplied with the Amstrad PC1512 cannot handle larger floppies than 360k (CP/M) / 1.2Mb (DOS), or larger hard drive partitions than 32Mb. The DOS file system can be either FAT12 or FAT16. The format is exactly as in PCDOS 2.11, except: Byte 0Ch of the directory entry holds the four "user attributes" F1'-F4' DRDOS-style passwords are not supported." 17314: 10855:". Few other operating systems support it. This creates a backwards-compatibility problem with older Windows versions (Windows 95 / 98 / 98 SE / ME) that see all-uppercase filenames if this extension has been used, and therefore can change the name of a file when it is transported between operating systems, such as on a USB flash drive. Current 2.6.x versions of Linux will recognize this extension when reading (source: kernel 2.6.18 36: 10302:) originally did not contain mechanisms which could alleviate fragmentation by asynchronously prefetching next data while the application was processing the previous chunks. Such features became available later. Later DOS versions also provided built-in support for look-ahead sector buffering and came with dynamically loadable disk caching programs working on physical or logical sector level, often utilizing 3777:) in this entry. Since logical sector 0 can never be a valid FS Information Sector, but FS Information Sectors use the same signature as found on many boot sectors , file system implementations should never attempt to use logical sector 0 as FS Information sector and instead assume that the feature is unsupported on that particular volume. Without a FS Information Sector, the minimum allowed 132: 77: 1116:) serves as indicator to DOS 3.3 and higher that some kind of BPB is present (although the exact size should not be determined from the jump target since some boot sectors contain private boot loader data following the BPB), while for DOS 1.x (and some DOS 3.0) volumes, they will have to fall back to the DOS 1.x method to detect the format via the media byte in the FAT (in logical 10024:" (parent directory) entries in subdirectories directly, therefore sector size 32 on a RAM disk is possible for FAT12, but requires 2 or more sectors per cluster. A FAT12 boot sector without the DOS 4 extensions needs 29 bytes before the first unnecessary FAT16B 32-bit number of hidden sectors, this leaves three bytes for the (on a RAM disk unused) boot code and the magic 11347:" directory volume labels if the user skips entering a volume label. The operating system would internally default to return the same string if no directory volume label could be found in the root of a volume, but without a real volume label stored as the first entry (after the directory entries), older operating systems could erroneously pick up VFAT LFN entries instead. 1195:) if the medium is not write-protected. Given the dependency on certain values explained above, this may, depending on the actual BPB format and contents, cause MS-DOS/PC DOS and OS/2 to no longer recognize a medium and throw error messages despite the fact that the medium is not defective and can still be read without problems under other operating systems. 8275:, directory, hidden, read-only, system and volume), the address of the first cluster of the file/directory's data, the size of the file/directory, and the date and (since PC DOS 1.1) also the time of last modification. Earlier versions of 86-DOS used 16-byte directory entries only, supporting no files larger than 16 MB and no time of last modification. 10254:. This mechanism is defeated, however, if an application often deletes and recreates temporary files as the operating system would then try to maintain the integrity of void data effectively causing more fragmentation in the end. In some DOS versions, the usage of a special API function to create temporary files can be used to avoid this problem. 1629:" here on non-write-protected floppy disks; see above.) This value must be changed if the disk content is externally changed, otherwise Atari STs may not recognize the change on re-insertion. This entry overlaps the OEM Name field on PC formatted disks. For maximum compatibility, it may be necessary to match certain patterns here; see above. 8975:. MSX-DOS supported FAT12 volumes only, but third-party extensions for FAT16 volumes exist. Therefore, this usage does not conflict with FAT32.IFS and FAT32+ below. It does not conflict with the usage for user attributes under CP/M-86 and DOS Plus as well, since they are no longer important for deleted files. 1517:. If the boot loader code is IBM compatible, it is important to ensure that the checksum over the boot sector does not match this checksum by accident. If this would happen to be the case, changing an unused bit (e.g., before or after the boot code area) can be used to ensure this condition is not met. 10209:

In fact, seeking for files in large subdirectories or computing the free disk space on FAT volumes is one of the most resource intensive operations, as it requires reading the directory tables or even the entire FAT linearly. Since the total amount of clusters and the size of their entries in the FAT

9428:

Under FlexOS, 4680 OS and 4690 OS the system assigns group and user IDs to applications when launched. When they request file access, their group and user IDs are compared with the group and user IDs of the file to be opened. If both IDs match, the application will be treated as file owner.

8615:

Versions of DOS prior to 5.0 start scanning directory tables from the top of the directory table to the bottom. In order to increase chances for successful file undeletion, DOS 5.0 and higher will remember the position of the last written directory entry and use this as a starting point for directory

8546:

Entry is available and no subsequent entry is in use. Also serves as an end marker when DOS scans a directory table. (Since MS-DOS 1.25 and PC DOS 2.0, not in earlier versions of MS-DOS, PC DOS, or 86-DOS. Instead, they will treat such entries as allocated. Therefore, this value must not be

7086:

file system uses 32 bits per FAT entry, thus one entry spans four bytes in little-endian byte order. The four top bits of each entry are reserved for other purposes; they are cleared during formatting and should not be changed otherwise. They must be masked off before interpreting the entry as 28-bit

6092:

instead. The file system starts on track 2, side 0, sector 1. There are 2 copies of the FAT and 96 entries in the root directory. In addition, there is a physical to logical track mapping to effect a 2:1 sector interleaving. The disks were formatted with the physical sectors in order numbered 1 to 10

3594:

bytes as shown above for FAT12 and FAT16. Microsoft and IBM operating systems determine the type of FAT file system used on a volume solely by the number of clusters, not by the used BPB format or the indicated file system type, that is, it is technically possible to use a "FAT32 EBPB" also for FAT12

3479:

Typically the serial number "xxxx-xxxx" is created by a 16-bit addition of both DX values returned by INT 21h/AH=2Ah (get system date) and INT 21h/AH=2Ch (get system time) for the high word and another 16-bit addition of both CX values for the low word of the serial number. Alternatively, some DR-DOS

2069:

Logical sectors per cluster. Allowed values are 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, and 128. Some MS-DOS 3.x versions supported a maximum cluster size of 4 KB only, whereas modern MS-DOS/PC DOS and Windows 95 support a maximum cluster size of 32 KB. Windows 98/SE/ME partially support a cluster size of 64 KB

1067:

of the boot sector (tested by most boot loaders residing in the System BIOS or the MBR) and this volume is booted from, the prior boot loader will pass execution to this entry point with certain register values, and the jump instruction will then skip past the rest of the (non-executable) header. See

10279:

Other high-level mechanisms may read in and process larger parts or the complete FAT on startup or on demand when needed and dynamically build up in-memory tree representations of the volume's file structures different from the on-disk structures. This may, on volumes with many free clusters, occupy

10249:

DOS 3.0 and higher will not immediately reuse disk space of deleted files for new allocations but instead seek for previously unused space before starting to use disk space of previously deleted files as well. This not only helps to maintain the integrity of deleted files for as long as possible but

8786:

entry since MS-DOS 7.0. Older versions of DOS can mistake this for a directory volume label, as they take the first entry with volume attribute set as volume label. This problem can be avoided if a directory volume label is enforced as part of the format process; for this reason some disk tools

8063:

on IBM compatible machines.) Volumes should not be created which would utilize this value as data cluster, but if this value occurs in existing volumes, the file system must treat it as normal data cluster in cluster-chains (ideally applying additional sanity checks), and should avoid to allocate it

3665:

Fortunately, under normal circumstances (sector size of 512 bytes), this cannot happen, as a FAT32 file system has at most 0xffffff6 = 268435446 clusters. One Fat sector fits 512 / 4 = 128 cluster descriptors. So at most only ceil(268435446 / 128) = 2097152 = 0x200000 sectors would be needed, making

1921:

MSX-DOS 2 code entry point for Z80 processors into MSX boot code. This is where MSX-DOS 2 machines jump to when passing control to the boot sector. This location overlaps with EBPB formats since DOS 4.0 / OS/2 1.2 or the x86 compatible boot sector code of IBM PC compatible boot sectors and will lead

902:

at logical sector 6. While many other vendors have continued to utilize a single-sector setup (logical sector 0 only) for the bootstrap loader, Microsoft's boot sector code has grown to span over logical sectors 0 and 2 since the introduction of FAT32, with logical sector 0 depending on sub-routines

11157:

Windows XP has been observed to create such hybrid disks when reformatting FAT16B formatted ZIP-100 disks to FAT32 format. The resulting volumes were FAT32 by format, but still used the FAT16B EBPB. (It is unclear how Windows determines the location of the root directory on FAT32 volumes, if only a

9424:

Single-user systems calculate the most restrictive rights of the three sets (DR DOS up to 5.0 used bits 0-3 only) and check if any of the requested file access types requires a permission and if a file password is stored. If not, file access is granted. Otherwise the stored password is checked

9350:

The usage for the owner IDs of existing files does not conflict with last modified date stamp for deleted files because they are never used at the same time. The usage of the last modified date stamp for deleted files does not conflict with access date since access dates are no longer important for

9279:

The usage for creation date for existing files does not conflict with last modified time for deleted files because they are never used at the same time. For the same reason, the usage for the record size of existing files and last modified time of deleted files does not conflict. Creation dates and

8663:

Deliberately setting this bit for files which will not be written to (executables, shared libraries and data files) may help avoid problems with concurrent file access in multi-tasking, multi-user or network environments with applications not specifically designed to work in such environments (i.e.

8496:

of the directory entry were used by other operating systems to store additional metadata, most notably the operating systems of the Digital Research family stored file passwords, access rights, owner IDs, and file deletion data there. While Microsoft's newer extensions are not fully compatible with

8206:

File system implementations should check cluster values in cluster-chains against the maximum allowed cluster value calculated by the actual size of the volume and treat higher values as if they were end-of-chain markers as well. (The low byte of the cluster number conceptually corresponds with the

7705:

For very early versions of DOS to recognize the file system, the system must have been booted from the volume or the volume's FAT must start with the volume's second sector (logical sector 1 with physical CHS address 0/0/2 or LBA address 1), that is, immediately following the boot sector. Operating

6079:

The DEC Rainbow 100 (all variations) supported one FAT12 format on 80-track, single-sided, quad-density 5.25" drives. The first two tracks were reserved for the boot loader, but didn't contain an MBR nor a BPB (MS-DOS used a static in-memory BPB instead). The boot sector (track 0, side 0, sector 1)

3564:

This entry is meant for display purposes only and must not be used by the operating system to identify the type of the file system. Nevertheless, it is sometimes used for identification purposes by third-party software and therefore the values should not differ from those officially used. Supported

3425:

Some boot managers use this entry to communicate the desired drive letter under which the volume should occur to operating systems such as OS/2 by setting bit 7 and specifying the drive number in bits 6-0 (C: = value 0, D: = value 1, ...). Since this normally affects the in-memory image of the boot

2197:

takes up 32 bytes. MS-DOS/PC DOS require this value to be a multiple of 16. The maximum value supported on floppy disks is 240, the maximum value supported by MS-DOS/PC DOS on hard disks is 512. DR-DOS supports booting off FAT12/FAT16 volumes, if the boot file is located in the first 2048

1819:

MSX-DOS 1 code entry point for Z80 processors into MSX boot code. This is where MSX-DOS 1 machines jump to when passing control to the boot sector. This location overlaps with BPB formats since DOS 3.2 or the x86 compatible boot sector code of IBM PC compatible boot sectors and will lead to a crash

978:

that stores information about the files and directories located in the root directory. It is only used with FAT12 and FAT16, and imposes on the root directory a fixed maximum size which is pre-allocated at creation of this volume. FAT32 stores the root directory in the Data Region, along with files

10100:

Microsoft's EFI FAT32 specification states that any FAT file system with less than 4085 clusters is FAT12, else any FAT file system with less than 65,525 clusters is FAT16, and otherwise it is FAT32. The entry for cluster 0 at the beginning of the FAT must be identical to the media descriptor byte

9307:

In multi-user versions, system access requires a logon with account name and password, and the system assigns group and user IDs to running applications according to the previously set up and stored authorization info and inheritance rules. For 4680 OS and 4690 OS, group ID 1 is reserved

9081:

Under DR DOS 3.31 and higher including PalmDOS, Novell DOS and OpenDOS as well as under Concurrent DOS, Multiuser DOS, System Manager, and REAL/32 and possibly also under FlexOS, 4680 OS, 4690 OS any non-zero value indicates the password hash of a protected file,

8019:

Reserved in some contexts, or also used as data clusters in some non-standard systems. Volume sizes which would utilize these values as data clusters should be avoided, but if these values occur in existing volumes, the file system must treat them as normal data clusters in cluster-chains (ideally

7869:

volume for TFAT-aware operating systems. If the cluster 1 entry in that FAT holds the value 0, this may indicate that the second FAT represents the last known valid transaction state and should be copied over the first FAT, whereas the first FAT should be copied over the second FAT if all bits are

6048:

file system containing the boot loader, followed by a single FAT. Also, the 640 KB format differed by using physical CHS sector numbers starting with 0 (not 1, as common) and incrementing sectors in the order sector-track-head (not sector-head-track, as common). The FAT started at the beginning of

6043:

supported two FAT12 formats on 80-track, double-sided, double-density 5.25" drives, which did not use conventional boot sectors at all. 800 KB data disks omitted a boot sector and began with a single copy of the FAT. The first byte of the relocated FAT in logical sector 0 was used to determine the

10637:

also allows verification of whether a long file name matches the 8.3 name; such a mismatch could occur if a file was deleted and re-created using DOS in the same directory position. The checksum is calculated using the algorithm below. (pFCBName is a pointer to the name as it appears in a regular

9432:

If multiuser file / directory password security is enabled the system will not fail at this stage but perform the password checking mechanism for the selected permission class similar to the procedure described above. With multi-user security loaded many utilities since DR DOS 6.0 will provide an

8714:

Volume Label. (Since MS-DOS 1.28 and PC DOS 2.0) Indicates an optional directory volume label, normally only residing in a volume's root directory. Ideally, the volume label should be the first entry in the directory (after reserved entries) in order to avoid problems with VFAT LFNs. If this

8278:

The FAT file system itself does not impose any limits on the depth of a subdirectory tree for as long as there are free clusters available to allocate the subdirectories, however, the internal Current Directory Structure (CDS) under MS-DOS/PC DOS limits the absolute path of a directory to 66

6143:

For as long as the FS Information Sector is located in logical sector 1, the location, where the FAT typically started in FAT12 and FAT16 file systems (with only one reserved sectors), the presence of this signature ensures that early versions of DOS will never attempt to mount a FAT32 volume, as

10245:

Various optimizations and tweaks to the implementation of FAT file system drivers, block device drivers and disk tools have been devised to overcome most of the performance bottlenecks in the file system's inherent design without having to change the layout of the on-disk structures. They can be

9416:

for directories for access rights "--?-"). Bits 1, 5, 9, 12-15 will be preserved when changing access rights. If execute bits are set on systems other than FlexOS, 4680 OS or 4690 OS, they will be treated similar to read bits. (Some versions of PASSWORD allow to set passwords on volume

8852:, FAT16B and FAT32 volumes were not supported by these operation systems. Even if a partition would have been converted to FAT16B it would still not be larger than 32 MB. Therefore, this usage does not conflict with FAT32.IFS, FAT16+ or FAT32+ as they can never occur on the same type of volume.): 8689:

Under DR DOS 3.31 and higher, under PalmDOS, Novell DOS, OpenDOS, Concurrent DOS, Multiuser DOS, REAL/32, password protected files and directories also have the hidden attribute set. Password-aware operating systems should not hide password-protected files from directory

7827:

Since DOS 7.1 the two most-significant bits of this cluster entry may hold two optional bitflags representing the current volume status on FAT16 and FAT32, but not on FAT12 volumes. These bitflags are not supported by all operating systems, but operating systems supporting this feature would set

2015:

supports logical sector sizes between 512 and 4096. DR-DOS supports booting off FAT12/FAT16 volumes with logical sector sizes up to 32 KB and INT 13h implementations supporting physical sectors up to 1024 bytes/sector. The minimum logical sector size for standard FAT32 volumes is 512 bytes,

1138:

Although officially documented as free for OEM use, MS-DOS/PC DOS (since 3.1), Windows 95/98/SE/ME and OS/2 check this field to determine which other parts of the boot record can be relied upon and how to interpret them. Therefore, setting the OEM label to arbitrary or bogus values may

10271:

by keeping track of the position of recently opened files or directories in various forms of lists (MS-DOS/PC DOS) or hash tables (DR-DOS), which can reduce file seek and open times significantly. Before DOS 5.0 special care must be taken when using such mechanisms in conjunction with disk

9374:

Access rights bitmap for world/group/owner read/write/execute/delete protection for password protected files, directories (or volume labels) under DR DOS 3.31 and higher, including PalmDOS, Novell DOS and OpenDOS, and under FlexOS, 4680 OS, 4690 OS, Concurrent DOS,

8226:

FAT32 uses 28 bits for cluster numbers. The remaining 4 bits in the 32-bit FAT entry are usually zero, but are reserved and should be left untouched. A standard conformant FAT32 file system driver or maintenance tool must not rely on the upper 4 bits to be zero and it must strip them off before

4132:

Originally, the FAT ID was meant to be a bit flag with all bits set except for bit 2 cleared to indicate an 80 track (vs. 40 track) format, bit 1 cleared to indicate a 9 sector (vs. 8 sector) format, and bit 0 cleared to indicate a single-sided (vs. double-sided) format, but this scheme was not

940:

for the sake of redundancy checking, although rarely used, even by disk repair utilities. These are maps of the Data Region, indicating which clusters are used by files and directories. In FAT12 and FAT16 they immediately follow the reserved sectors. Typically the extra copies are kept in tight

8191:

entry, however, this concept does not seem to have been broadly utilized in practice—and to the extent that in some scenarios volumes may not be recognized by some operating systems, if some of the low-order bits of the value stored in cluster 1 are not set. Also, some faulty file system

6268:

The sector's data may be outdated and not reflect the current media contents, because not all operating systems update or use this sector, and even if they do, the contents is not valid when the medium has been ejected without properly unmounting the volume or after a power-failure. Therefore,

1007:

format for all entries in the header (except for, where explicitly mentioned, some entries on Atari ST boot sectors) and the FAT(s). It is possible to allocate more FAT sectors than necessary for the number of clusters. The end of the last sector of each FAT copy can be unused if there are no

11714:

In regard to the jump instruction at the start of a boot sector: "Determine if the first byte of the boot sector is an E9H or EBIT (the first byte of a 3-byte NEAR or 2-byte short jump) or an EBH (the first byte of a 2-byte jump followed by a NOP). If so, a BPB is located beginning at offset

11426:

Article 135481, Revision: 1.1, retrieved 2011-12-22: "For each hard disk, specifies whether to record the date that files are last accessed. Last access dates are turned off for all drives when your computer is started in safe mode, and are not maintained for floppy disks by default. Syntax:

7751:

since DOS 2.0. The remaining 4 bits (if FAT12), 8 bits (if FAT16) or 20 bits (if FAT32, the 4 MSB bits are zero) of this entry are always 1. These values were arranged so that the entry would also function as a "trap-all" end-of-chain marker for all data clusters holding a value of zero.

1199:

reads that self-marked disks without any problems but giving some strange values for non-meaning parameters which not exist or are not used when the disk was formatted with older BPB specification, e.g. disk serial number (which exists only for disks formatted on DOS 5.0 or later, and in

8702:

System. Indicates that the file belongs to the system and must not be physically moved (e.g., during defragmentation), because there may be references into the file using absolute addressing bypassing the file system (boot loaders, kernel images, swap files, extended attributes, etc.).

3531:(DPT) instead of using the INT 1Eh pointer to retrieve the ROM table as in later issues of the boot sector. The re-usage of this location for the mostly cosmetical partition volume label minimized problems if some older system utilities would still attempt to patch the former DPT. 3433:

flags (bits 7-2 always cleared, bit 1: disk I/O errors encountered, possible bad sectors, run surface scan on next boot, bit 0: volume is "dirty" and was not properly unmounted before shutdown, run CHKDSK on next boot). Should be set to 0 by formatting tools. See also: Bitflags in the

10174:

The FAT file system does not contain built-in mechanisms which prevent newly written files from becoming scattered across the partition. On volumes where files are created and deleted frequently or their lengths often changed, the medium will become increasingly fragmented over time.

2006:

The minimum allowed value for non-bootable FAT12/FAT16 volumes with up to 65,535 logical sectors is 32 bytes, or 64 bytes for more than 65,535 logical sectors. The minimum practical value is 128. Some pre-DOS 3.31 OEM versions of DOS used logical sector sizes up to 8192 bytes for

2901:

A zero entry indicates that this entry is reserved, but not used. A value of 0 may indicate LBA-only access, but may cause a divide-by-zero exception in some boot loaders, which can be avoided by storing a neutral value of 1 here, if no CHS geometry can be reasonably emulated.

2876:

2003:

Bytes per logical sector; the most common value is 512. Some operating systems don't support other sector sizes. For simplicity and maximum performance, the logical sector size is often identical to a disk's physical sector size, but can be larger or smaller in some scenarios.

1524:

has been observed on disk images. This can be the result of a faulty implementation in the formatting tool based on faulty documentation, but it may also indicate a swapped byte order of the disk image, which might have occurred in transfer between platforms using a different

4128:

byte in cluster 0 of the first FAT in order to determine FAT12 diskette formats even if a BPB is present. Depending on the FAT ID found and the drive type detected they default to use one of the following BPB prototypes instead of using the values actually stored in the BPB.

8313:

Space (though trailing spaces in either the base name or the extension are considered to be padding and not a part of the file name; also filenames with space in them could not easily be used on the DOS command line prior to Windows 95 because of the lack of a suitable

13301:, including the description of many undocumented features and internals. It is part of the author's yet larger MPDOSTIP.ZIP collection maintained up to 2001 and distributed on many sites at the time. The provided link points to a HTML-converted older version of the file.) 3350:

are reserved for internal purposes such as remote or ROM boot and should never occur on disk. Some boot loaders such as the MS-DOS/PC DOS boot loader use this value when loading the operating system, others ignore it altogether or use the drive number provided in the

9318:

With DELWATCH 2.00 and higher under Novell DOS 7, OpenDOS 7.01 and DR-DOS 7.02 and higher, this entry is used to store the last modified date stamp for pending delete files and directories. Cleared when file is undeleted or purged. See offset

7845:

If bit 14 (on FAT16) or bit 26 (on FAT32) is cleared, the operating system has encountered disk I/O errors on startup, a possible indication for bad sectors. Operating systems aware of this extension will interpret this as a recommendation to carry out a surface scan

7823:

and higher are officially reserved. Some operating systems may not be able to mount some volumes if any of these bits are not set, therefore the default end-of-chain marker should not be changed.) For DOS 1 and 2, the entry was documented as reserved for future use.

6279:

and ignore the data stored in the FS information sector, if these bitflags indicate that the volume was not properly unmounted before. This does not cause any problems other than a possible speed penalty for the first free space query or data cluster allocation; see

1679:

File system and operating system specific Atari ST boot code. No assumptions must be made in regard to the load position of the code, which must be relocatable. If loading an operating system (TOS.IMG) fails, the code can return to the Atari ST BIOS with a 68000 RTS

3462:

on some OS/2 1.0-1.1 and PC DOS 3.4 disks indicating an earlier form of the EBPB format with only the serial number following. MS-DOS/PC DOS 4.0 and higher, OS/2 1.2 and higher as well as the Windows NT family recognize both signatures accordingly.)

6208:

during format and updated by the operating system later on. Must not be absolutely relied upon to be correct in all scenarios. Before using this value, the operating system should sanity check this value to be less than or equal to the volume's count of clusters.

7961:

Reserved for internal purposes; MS-DOS/PC DOS use this cluster value as a temporary non-free cluster indicator while constructing cluster chains during file allocation (only seen on disk if there is a crash or power failure in the middle of this process).

8428:) should be avoided in filenames under DR DOS 3.31 and higher, PalmDOS, Novell DOS, OpenDOS, Concurrent DOS, Multiuser DOS, System Manager and REAL/32, because it may conflict with the syntax to specify file and directory passwords: " 8791:" directory volume labels when the user does not specify a volume label. Since volume labels normally don't have the system attribute set at the same time, it is possible to distinguish between volume labels and VFAT LFN entries. The attribute combination 3968:

to indicate a shortened form of the FAT32 EBPB with only the serial number following (and no Volume Label and File system type entries), but since these 19 mostly unused bytes might serve different purposes in some scenarios, implementations should accept

10003:). Typically FAT drivers look only at the number of clusters to distinguish FAT12, FAT16, and FAT32: the human readable strings identifying the FAT variant in the boot record are ignored, because they exist only for media formatted with DOS 4.0 or later. 3741:

is not officially allowed and can never indicate a valid root directory start cluster. Some non-standard FAT32 implementations may treat it as an indicator to search for a fixed-sized root directory where it would be expected on FAT16 volumes; see offset

13674:

calls for retrieving EAs (DosQueryPathInfo, DosQueryFileInfo and DosEnumAttribute) do not rely on this byte. Also the opposite could occur. In this situation only the performance of directory scans will be decreased. Both situations are corrected by

10353:

Long File Names (LFNs) are stored on a FAT file system using a trick: adding additional entries into the directory before the normal file entry. The additional entries are marked with the Volume Label, System, Hidden, and Read Only attributes (yielding

3511:

in the file system should also update this entry, but not all software does. The partition volume label is typically displayed in partitioning tools since it is accessible without mounting the volume. Supported since OS/2 1.2 and MS-DOS 4.0 and higher.

8227:

evaluating the cluster number in order to cope with possible future expansions where these bits may be used for other purposes. They must not be cleared by the file system driver when allocating new clusters, but should be cleared during a reformat.

10361:

Because older versions of DOS could mistake LFN names in the root directory for the volume label, VFAT was designed to create a blank volume label in the root directory before adding any LFN name entries (if a volume label did not already exist).

10275:

Windows NT will allocate disk space to files on FAT in advance, selecting large contiguous areas, but in case of a failure, files which were being appended will appear larger than they were ever written into, with a lot of random data at the end.

6101:

The "FS Information Sector" was introduced in FAT32 for speeding up access times of certain operations (in particular, getting the amount of free space). It is located at a logical sector number specified in the FAT32 EBPB boot record at position

1037:) is the first sector (logical sector 0 with physical CHS address 0/0/1 or LBA address 0). For partitioned storage devices such as hard disks, the Boot Sector is the first sector of a partition, as specified in the partition table of the device. 9092:) or, if this fails, tries to extract a semicolon-appended password from the filespec passed to the operating system and checks it against the hash code stored here. A set password will be preserved even if a file is deleted and later undeleted. 8690:

views, even if this bit may be set. The password protection mechanism does not depend on the hidden attribute being set up to including DR-DOS 7.03, but if the hidden attribute is set, it should not be cleared for any password-protected files.

12539:; Rubin, Darryl; Ryan, Ralph; Schulmeisters, Karl; Shah, Rajen; Shaw, Barry; Short, Anthony; Slivka, Ben; Smirl, Jon; Stillmaker, Betty; Stoddard, John; Tillman, Dennis; Whitten, Greg; Yount, Natalie; Zeck, Steve (1988). "Technical advisors". 10325:

Write-behind caching was often not enabled by default with Microsoft software (if present) given the problem of data loss in case of a power failure or crash, made easier by the lack of hardware protection between applications and the system.

9211:

With DELWATCH 2.00 and higher under Novell DOS 7, OpenDOS 7.01 and DR-DOS 7.02 and higher, this entry is used to store the last modified time stamp for pending delete files and directories. Cleared when file is undeleted or purged. See offset

11118:

memory representation and therefore a big-endian representation must be assumed when calculating the checksum. As a consequence of this, for checksum verification code running on x86 machines, pairs of bytes must be swapped before the 16-bit

8187:) were used to indicate the number of sectors (0 to 13) used up in the last cluster occupied by a file, different end markers were repurposed under DOS to indicate different types of media, with the currently used end marker indicated in the 7862:. While the cluster 1 entry can be accessed by file system drivers once they have mounted the volume, the EBPB entry is available even when the volume is not mounted and thus easier to use by disk block device drivers or partitioning tools.) 3734:

Cluster number of root directory start, typically 2 (first cluster) if it contains no bad sector. (Microsoft's FAT32 implementation imposes an artificial limit of 65,535 entries per directory, whilst many third-party implementations do not.)

1353:

File system and operating system specific boot code; often starts immediately behind BPB, but sometimes additional "private" boot loader data is stored between the end of the BPB and the start of the boot code; therefore the jump at offset

3595:

and FAT16 volumes as well as a DOS 4.0 EBPB for small FAT32 volumes. Since such volumes were found to be created by Windows operating systems under some odd conditions, operating systems should be prepared to cope with these hybrid forms.

7791:, that is, with the exception of bits 31-28 on FAT32 volumes these bits are normally always set. Some Microsoft operating systems, however, set these bits if the volume is not the volume holding the running operating system (that is, use 2812:

Officially introduced with DOS 3.31 and not used by DOS 3.2, some DOS 3.2 utilities were designed to be aware of this new format already. Official documentation recommends to trust these values only if the logical sectors entry at offset

9308:

for the system, group ID 2 for vendor, group ID 3 for the default user group. Background applications started by users have a group ID 2 and user ID 1, whereas operating system background tasks have group IDs 1 or 0 and user IDs 1 or 0.

6008:

supported a non-standard double-sided 720 KB FAT12 format instead. The differences in the boot sector layout and media IDs made these formats incompatible with many other operating systems. The geometry parameters for these formats are:

10210:

was still small on FAT12 and FAT16 volumes, this could still be tolerated on FAT12 and FAT16 volumes most of the time, considering that the introduction of more sophisticated disk structures would have also increased the complexity and

7891:). This extension, however, is not supported by mainstream operating systems, as it conflicts with other possible uses of the cluster 1 entry. Most conflicts can be ruled out if this extension is only allowed for FAT12 with less than 2129:

might use 1. Most versions of MS-DOS/PC DOS do not support more than 2 FATs. Some DOS operating systems support only two FATs in their built-in disk driver, but support other FAT counts for block device drivers loaded later on.

9992:, and storing this value needs more than two bytes. Therefore, FAT32 introduced a new 32-bit value in the FAT32 boot sector immediately following the 32-bit value for the total number of sectors introduced in the FAT16B variant. 9907:

The FAT12, FAT16, FAT16B, and FAT32 variants of the FAT file systems have clear limits based on the number of clusters and the number of sectors per cluster (1, 2, 4, ..., 128). For the typical value of 512 bytes per sector:

11236:

in order to check for and repair potential logical file system errors. If the bad sector flag is cleared, it will force a surface scan to be carried out as well. This can be disabled by setting AUTOSCAN=0 in the section in

8459:

Additionally, the following special characters are not allowed in the first, fourth, fifth and eight character of a filename, as they conflict with the host command processor (HCP) and input sequence table build file names:

13428: 10369:

characters (26 bytes) by using fields in the record which contain file size or time stamps (but not the starting cluster field, for compatibility with disk utilities, the starting cluster field is set to a value of 0. See

7830:

If bit 15 (on FAT16) or bit 27 (on FAT32) is not set when mounting the volume, the volume was not properly unmounted before shutdown or ejection and thus is in an unknown and possibly "dirty" state. On FAT32 volumes, the

6291:

is 512 bytes, whereas otherwise it would be 128 bytes. Some FAT32 implementations support a slight variation of Microsoft's specification by making the FS information sector optional by specifying a value of

1723:

If the logical sector size is larger than 512 bytes, the remainder is not included in the checksum and is typically zero-filled. Since some PC operating systems erroneously do not accept FAT formatted floppies if the

14034: 9666:

Under Novell DOS, OpenDOS and DR-DOS 7.02 and higher, this entry holds the deletion time of pending delete files or directories under DELWATCH 2.00 or higher. The last modified time stamp is copied to

9620:

1.2 and higher as well as by Windows NT) in FAT12 and FAT16; first cluster of EA file or 0, if not used. A different method to store extended attributes has been devised for FAT32 volumes, see FAT32.IFS under offset

8744:. (Since DOS 2.0) Typically set by the operating system as soon as the file is created or modified to mark the file as "dirty", and reset by backup software once the file has been backed up to indicate "pure" state. 8729:

Subdirectory. (Since MS-DOS 1.40 and PC DOS 2.0) Indicates that the cluster-chain associated with this entry gets interpreted as subdirectory instead of as a file. Subdirectories have a filesize entry of zero.

2917:

Count of hidden sectors preceding the partition that contains this FAT volume. This field should always be zero on media that are not partitioned. This DOS 3.31 entry is incompatible with a similar entry at offset

2704:

Count of hidden sectors preceding the partition that contains this FAT volume. This field should always be zero on media that are not partitioned. This DOS 3.0 entry is incompatible with a similar entry at offset

10201:

that indicate used and available clusters, which could then be quickly looked up in order to find free contiguous areas. Another solution is the linkage of all free clusters into one or more lists (as is done in

7902:

Because these first two FAT entries store special values, there are no data clusters 0 or 1. The first data cluster (after the root directory if FAT12/FAT16) is cluster 2, marking the beginning of the data area.

2538:

version 1.0) ignore the boot sector parameters altogether and use the media descriptor value from the first byte of the FAT to choose among internally pre-defined parameter templates. Must be greater or equal to

1257:

and both total sector entries are 0, the file system entry may serve as a 64-bit total sector count entry and the OEM label entry may be used as alternative file system type instead of the normal entry at offset

11075:

representation. Since this has been mixed up numerous times in books and even in original Microsoft reference documents, this article uses the offset-based byte-wise on-disk representation to avoid any possible

9752:

VFAT LFN entries also have this entry set to 0; on FAT12 and FAT16 volumes this can be used as part of a detection mechanism to distinguish between pending delete files under DELWATCH and VFAT LFNs; see above.

9711:

Under Novell DOS, OpenDOS and DR-DOS 7.02 and higher, this entry holds the deletion date of pending delete files or directories under DELWATCH 2.00 or higher. The last modified date stamp is copied to

2615:

The following extensions were documented since DOS 3.0, however, they were already supported by some issues of DOS 2.11. MS-DOS 3.10 still supported the DOS 2.0 format, but could use the DOS 3.0 format as well.

10163:...when it says <, it does not mean <=. Note also that the numbers are correct. The first number for FAT12 is 4085; the second number for FAT16 is 65525. These numbers and the "<" signs are not wrong." 8102:

can be part of a valid cluster chain on FAT32 volumes, but disk utilities should avoid creating FAT32 volumes, where this condition could occur. The file system should avoid to allocate this cluster for files.

2185:

entry in the FAT. This extension, however, is not supported by mainstream operating systems, as it can conflict with other uses of the cluster 1 entry for maintenance flags, the current end-of-chain-marker, or

10261:

since DOS 3.0. DOS 5.0 and higher will start to reuse these entries only when previously unused directory entries have been used up in the table and the system would otherwise have to expand the table itself.

3697:), displayed either in mixed or upper case, thereby indicating which access type failed). Formatting tools or non-DR SYS-type tools may clear these bits, but other disk tools should leave bits 15-8 unchanged. 8126:

Last cluster in file (EOC). File system implementations must treat all these values as end-of-chain marker at the same time. Most file system implementations (including 86-DOS, MS-DOS, PC DOS and DR-DOS) use

903:

in logical sector 2. The Backup Boot Sector area consists of three logical sectors 6, 7, and 8 as well. In some cases, Microsoft also uses sector 12 of the reserved sectors area for an extended boot loader.

9082:

directory or volume label. The hash is calculated from the first eight characters of a password. If the file operation to be carried out requires a password as per the access rights bitmap stored at offset

8443:) is used for filelists by many DR-DOS, PalmDOS, Novell DOS, OpenDOS and Multiuser DOS, System Manager and REAL/32 commands, as well as by 4DOS and may therefore sometimes be difficult to use in filenames. 9312:

and applications started as primary or secondary always get group ID 2 and user ID 1. When applications create files, the system will store their user ID and group ID and the required permissions with the

996:

This is where the actual file and directory data is stored and takes up most of the partition. FAT32 typically commences the Root Directory Table in cluster number 2: the first cluster of the Data Region.

2108:. The number of logical sectors before the first FAT in the file system image. At least 1 for this sector, usually 32 for FAT32 (to hold the extended boot sector, FS info sector and backup boot sectors). 11342:

To avoid potential misinterpretation of directory volume labels with VFAT LFN entries by non-VFAT aware operating systems, the DR-DOS 7.07 FDISK and FORMAT tools are known to explicitly write dummy

15602: 12892:

Digital Equipment Corporation. Rainbow 100 MS-DOS 2.01 Technical Documentation Volume 1 (QV025-GZ), Microsoft MS-DOS Operating System BIOS Listing (AA-X432A-TV), Universal Disk Driver, Page 1-17. 1983.

9208:. If the record size is set to 0 (default) or 1, the operating systems assume a record granularity of 1 byte for the file, for which it will not perform record boundary checks in read/write operations. 9158:

hold an access bitmap and this is not a FAT32 volume or a volume using OS/2 Extended Attributes, then this entry actually holds a password hash, otherwise it can be assumed to be a file creation time.

6353:

colours or remove coloured links that may impede users' ability to distinguish links from regular text, or links coloured for purely aesthetic reasons. See the guides to editing for accessibility of

7680:) is a contiguous number of sectors immediately following the area of reserved sectors. It represents a list of entries that map to each cluster on the volume. Each entry records one of four things: 2898:

A bug in all versions of MS-DOS/PC DOS up to including 7.10 causes these operating systems to crash for CHS geometries with 256 heads, therefore almost all BIOSes choose a maximum of 255 heads only.

2686:

A bug in all versions of MS-DOS/PC DOS up to including 7.10 causes these operating systems to crash for CHS geometries with 256 heads, therefore almost all BIOSes choose a maximum of 255 heads only.

1610:) on volumes containing an Atari ST boot loader. See OEM Name precautions for PC formatted disks above. The offset and length of this entry are different compared to the entry on PC formatted disks. 14063: 10638:

directory entry, i.e. the first eight characters are the filename, and the last three are the extension. The dot is implicit. Any unused space in the filename is padded with space characters (ASCII

1110:), whereas MS-DOS/PC DOS do not. (See below for Atari ST compatibility.) The presence of one of these opstring patterns (in combination with a test for a valid media descriptor value at offset 19290: 12515:; Borman, Reuben; Borman, Rob; Butler, John; Carroll, Chuck; Chamberlain, Mark; Chell, David; Colee, Mike; Courtney, Mike; Dryfoos, Mike; Duncan, Rachel; Eckhardt, Kurt; Evans, Eric; Farmer, Rick; 3176:

addresses become the same for as long as a volume's logical sector size is identical to the underlying medium's physical sector size. Under these conditions, it is also simple to translate between

6398:

Each version of the FAT file system uses a different size for FAT entries. Smaller numbers result in a smaller FAT, but waste space in large partitions by needing to allocate in large clusters.

7776:

used hard-wired drive profiles instead of a FAT ID, but used this byte to distinguish between media formatted with 32-byte or 16-byte directory entries, as they were used prior to 86-DOS 0.42.

14216: 8251:

location, all directory tables are stored in the data region. The actual number of entries in a directory stored in the data region can grow by adding another cluster to the chain in the FAT.

6060:

640 KB: Bytes per logical sector: 256 bytes, logical sectors per cluster: 8, reserved logical sectors: 16, number of FATs: 1, root directory entries: 112, total logical sectors: 2560, FAT ID:

6053:

800 KB: Bytes per logical sector: 1024 bytes, logical sectors per cluster: 1, reserved logical sectors: 0, number of FATs: 1, root directory entries: 192, total logical sectors: 800, FAT ID:

6020:

720 KB: Bytes per logical sector: 512 bytes, logical sectors per cluster: 2, reserved logical sectors: 1, number of FATs: 2, root directory entries: 176, total logical sectors: 1440, FAT ID:

10829:, or vice versa; and has no special characters, and fits within the 8.3 limits, a VFAT entry is not created on Windows NT and later versions of Windows such as XP. Instead, two bits in byte 6232:. Must not be absolutely relied upon to be correct in all scenarios. Before using this value, the operating system should sanity check this value to be a valid cluster number on the volume. 6013:

315 KB: Bytes per logical sector: 512 bytes, logical sectors per cluster: 1, reserved logical sectors: 1, number of FATs: 2, root directory entries: 128, total logical sectors: 630, FAT ID:

3363:

command or it can be dynamically fixed up by the prior bootstrap loader in order to force the boot sector code to load the operating system from alternative physical disks than the default.

10957:

For maximum compatibility with MS-DOS/PC DOS and DR-DOS, operating systems trying to determine a floppy disk's format should test on all mentioned opcode sequences at sector offset

10006:

Determining the number of directory entries per cluster is straightforward. Each entry occupies 32 bytes; this results in 16 entries per sector for a sector size of 512 bytes. The DOS 5

9294:

FlexOS, 4680 OS, 4690 OS, Multiuser DOS, System Manager, REAL/32 and DR DOS 6.0 and higher with multi-user security enabled use this field to store owner IDs. Offset

8432:". The operating system will strip off one (and also two—since DR-DOS 7.02) semicolons and pending passwords from the filenames before storing them on disk. (The command processor 7944:

Otherwise, if this value occurs in cluster chains (e.g. in directory entries of zero length or deleted files), file system implementations should treat this like an end-of-chain marker.

8271:, each file or (since MS-DOS 1.40 and PC DOS 2.0) subdirectory stored within it is represented by a 32-byte entry in the table. Each entry records the name, extension, attributes ( 8090:, respectively) will always be smaller than this value. Therefore, this value cannot normally occur in cluster-chains, but if it does, it may be treated as a normal data cluster, since 2892:

Number of heads for disks with INT 13h CHS geometry, e.g., 2 for a double sided floppy. Unused for drives, which don't support CHS access any more. Identical to an entry available

1732:

in this place (and add an IBM compatible boot loader or stub) and use an unused word in the private data or the boot code area or the serial number in order to ensure that the checksum

8411:) was not allowed as first character in a filename in DOS 1 and 2 due to its use as free entry marker. A special case was added to circumvent this limitation with DOS 3.0 and higher. 3681:

Drive description / mirroring flags (bits 3-0: zero-based number of active FAT, if bit 7 set. If bit 7 is clear, all FATs are mirrored as usual. Other bits reserved and should be 0.)

8842:

store user attributes F1'—F4' here. (DOS Plus 1.2 with BDOS 4.1 supports passwords only on CP/M media, not on FAT12 or FAT16 media. While DOS Plus 2.1 supported

10560:) set to represent that it is the last logical LFN entry, and it has the highest sequence number. The sequence number decreases in the following entries. The entry representing the 5961:, which differ either in the size of the directory entries (16 bytes vs. 32 bytes) or in the extent of the reserved sectors area (several whole tracks vs. one logical sector only). 3380:) to dynamically update this EBPB entry to the DL value provided at boot time or the value stored in the partition table. This enables booting off alternative drives, even when the 13436: 11630: 11148:), DH = month (1..12), DL = day (1..31). INT 21h/AH=2Ch "Get system time" returned values: CH = hour (0..23), CL = minute (0..59), DH = second (0..59), DL = 1/100 seconds (0..99). 5976:

had a different boot sector layout, to accommodate that computer's non-IBM compatible BIOS. The jump instruction and OEM name were omitted, and the MS-DOS BPB parameters (offsets

7873:

Some non-standard FAT12/FAT16 implementations utilize the cluster 1 entry to store the starting cluster of a variable-sized root directory (typically 2). This may occur when the

3008:

are both 0 (as seen on some DOS 3.x FAT16 volumes), many operating systems (including MS-DOS/PC DOS) will retrieve the value from the corresponding partition's entry (at offset

1446:) to dynamically update this entry to the DL value provided at boot time or the value stored in the partition table. This enables booting off alternative drives, even when the 12523:; McKinney, Bruce; Martin, Pascal; Mathers, Estelle; Matthews, Bob; Melin, David; Mergentime, Charles; Nevin, Randy; Newell, Dan; Newell, Tani; Norris, David; O'Leary, Mike; 11521: 2569:

MS-DOS/PC DOS treats bit 1 as a flag to choose a 9-sectors per track format rather than an 8-sectors format, and bit 0 as a flag to indicate double-sided media. Values

14229: 12519:; Geary, Michael; Griffin, Bob; Hogarth, Doug; Johnson, James W.; Kermaani, Kaamel; King, Adrian; Koch, Reed; Landowski, James; Larson, Chris; Lennon, Thomas; Lipkie, Dan; 8775:

Under DR DOS 6.0 and higher, including PalmDOS, Novell DOS and OpenDOS, the volume attribute is set for pending delete files and directories under DELWATCH.

2936:(AAP) selected at boot time, the BPB entry will be dynamically updated by the enhanced MBR to reflect the "relative sectors" value in the partition table, stored at offset 870:) which contains some basic file system information, in particular its type and pointers to the location of the other sections, and usually contains the operating system's 11639: 10214:

of real-mode operating systems with their minimum total memory requirements of 128 KB or less (such as with DOS) for which FAT has been designed and optimized originally.

10178:

While the design of the FAT file system does not cause any organizational overhead in disk structures or reduce the amount of free storage space with increased amounts of

9047:

will allow conventional undeletion asking the user for the missing first filename character. S/DOS 1 and PTS-DOS 6.51 and higher also support this feature if enabled with

8795:

could occasionally also occur as part of a valid pending delete file under DELWATCH, however on FAT12 and FAT16 volumes, VFAT LFN entries always have the cluster value at

8094:

could have been a non-standard data cluster on FAT12 volumes before the introduction of the bad cluster marker with DOS 2.0 or the introduction of FAT16 with DOS 3.0, and

6377:—small blocks of contiguous space. Cluster sizes vary depending on the type of FAT file system being used and the size of the drive; typical cluster sizes range from 2 to 11637: 14030: 13348: 12724: 12451: 12341: 3973:

as an alternative signature and then fall back to use the directory volume label in the file system instead of in the EBPB for compatibility with potential extensions.

2110:

Since DR-DOS 7.0x FAT32 formatted volumes use a single-sector boot sector, FS info sector and backup sector, some volumes formatted under DR-DOS use a value of 4 here.

9988:

Because each FAT32 entry occupies 32 bits (4 bytes) the maximal number of clusters (268435444) requires 2097152 FAT sectors for a sector size of 512 bytes. 2097152 is

13177: 10294:

While the single-tasking DOS had provisions for multi-sector reads and track blocking/deblocking, the operating system and the traditional PC hard disk architecture (

8985:

DR-DOS 7.0x reserved bits other than 3 and 4 for internal purposes since 1997. The value should be set to 0 by formatting tools and must not be changed by disk tools.

10217:

With the introduction of FAT32, long seek and scan times became more apparent, particularly on very large volumes. A possible justification suggested by Microsoft's

8446:

Under Multiuser DOS and REAL/32, the exclamation mark (!) is not a valid filename character since it is used to separate multiple commands in a single command line.

2309:

3.5-inch (90 mm) double sided, 80 tracks per side, 18 or 36 sectors per track (1440 KB, known as "1.44 MB"; or 2880 KB, known as "2.88 MB").

2275:

Designated for non-standard custom partitions (utilizing non-standard BPB formats or requiring special media access such as 48-/64-bit addressing); corresponds with

2083:

For logical sector sizes of 1 KB, 2 KB and 4 KB, Windows NT 4.0 supports cluster sizes of 128 KB, while for 2 KB and 4 KB sectors the cluster size can reach 256 KB.

8042:). (NB. The correspondence of the low byte of the cluster number with the FAT ID and media descriptor values is the reason, why these cluster values are reserved.) 3683:

DR-DOS 7.07 FAT32 boot sectors with dual LBA and CHS support utilize bits 15-8 to store an access flag and part of a message. These bits contain either bit pattern

12289: 8565:

is also used for pending delete files under DELWATCH. Once they are removed from the deletion tracking queue, the first character of an erased file is replaced by

11847: 11232:

If a volume's dirty shutdown flag is still cleared on startup, the volume was not properly unmounted. This would, for example, cause Windows 98 WIN.COM to start

8608:

was chosen for this purpose in 86-DOS because 8-inch CP/M floppies came pre-formatted with this value filled and so could be used to store files out of the box.

7942:

Free Cluster; also used by DOS to refer to the parent directory starting cluster in ".." entries of subdirectories of the root directory on FAT12/FAT16 volumes.

3691:(upper-case letter 'O', bit 13 cleared for LBA access). The byte is also used for the second character in a potential "No␠IBMBIO␠␠COM" error message (see offset 878: 12583:(xix+1570 pages; 26 cm) (NB. This edition was published in 1988 after extensive rework of the withdrawn 1986 first edition by a different team of authors. 3842:" file to be loaded (up to the first 29,696 bytes or the actual file size, whatever is smaller) and executed by the boot sector, followed by a terminating NUL ( 2299:, but not recognized by unaware systems by design; value not required to be identical to FAT ID, never used as cluster end-of-chain marker (Reserved for DR-DOS) 2279:, but not recognized by unaware systems by design; value not required to be identical to FAT ID, never used as cluster end-of-chain marker (Reserved for DR-DOS) 1386:

for volumes located outside the first 2-1 sectors. Since this location may contain code or other data in other boot sectors, it may not be written to when

17351: 15582: 3528: 3484:

option to generate a human-readable time stamp "mmdd-hhmm" build from BCD-encoded 8-bit values for the month, day, hour and minute instead of a serial number.

2870:

CHS geometry, e.g., 18 for a "1.44 MB" (1440 KB) floppy. Unused for drives, which don't support CHS access any more. Identical to an entry available

2181:) may also indicate a variable-sized root directory in some non-standard FAT12 and FAT16 implementations, which store the root directory start cluster in the 2054:

Linux, and by extension Android, supports a logical sector size far larger, officially documented in the Man page for the filesystem utilities as up to 32KB.

13942: 13472:"Standard of the Camera & Imaging Products Association, CIPA DC-009-Translation-2010, Design rule for Camera File system: DCF Version 2.0 (Edition 2010)" 11813: 12551:; Rabinowitz, Chip; Tomlin, Jim; Wilton, Richard; Wolverton, Van; Wong, William; Woodcock, JoAnne (Completely reworked ed.). Redmond, Washington, USA: 13066: 12944: 10835:

of the directory entry are used to indicate that the filename should be considered as entirely or partially lowercase. Specifically, bit 4 means lowercase

13064: 11549:

Haaf, Wilfried; Middel, Frank (November 1987). "Daten auf Scheiben – File- und Diskettenstrukturen unter CP/M, MSDOS und TOS: Dateiverwaltung unter TOS".

8082:

The cutover values for the maximum number of clusters for FAT12 and FAT16 file systems are defined as such that the highest possible data cluster values (

20023: 18802: 14168: 12586: 8474:: this can have surprising effects if characters handled in one way for a given code page are interpreted differently for another code page (DOS command 6032:

gained the ability to read and write disks with the standard boot sector in addition to those with the Apricot one. These formats were also supported by

3769:

Some FAT32 implementations support a slight variation of Microsoft's specification in making the FS Information Sector optional by specifying a value of

11904:, accessed on 2012-01-08). Comment: The author mentions that DOS 4.0 checks the OEM label, but denies that DOS 3.2 checks it as well (although it does). 10385:

terminator is added in the next character position. Then, if that terminator is also not at the boundary, remaining character positions are filled with

14059: 13390: 12027: 11313:, while formatting took somewhat longer and newer versions of DOS could not take advantage of the considerable speed-up caused by using the end marker 11170:

One utility providing an option to specify the desired format filler value for hard disks is DR-DOS' FDISK R2.31 with its optional wipe parameter

7760:) it is possible to determine the correct nibble and byte order (to be) used by the file system driver, however, the FAT file system officially uses a 15792: 9749:

Entries with the Volume Label flag, subdirectory ".." pointing to the FAT12 and FAT16 root, and empty files with size 0 should have first cluster 0.

4133:

followed by all OEMs and became obsolete with the introduction of hard disks and high-density formats. Also, the various 8-inch formats supported by

2557:

Initially, these values were meant to be used as bit flags; for any removable media without a recognized BPB format and a media descriptor of either

800:, and thus is a well-suited file system for data exchange between computers and devices of almost any type and age from 1981 through to the present. 2136:

volumes. If the value differs from 2, some Microsoft operating systems may attempt to mount the volume as a TFAT volume and use the second cluster (

18797: 8988:

On FAT32 volumes under OS/2 and eComStation the third-party FAT32.IFS driver utilizes this entry as a mark byte to indicate the presence of extra "

6029: 6001: 95: 13040:

Undocumented DOS: A programmer's guide to reserved MS-DOS functions and data structures - expanded to include MS-DOS 6, Novell DOS and Windows 3.1

12815: 11915: 19019: 13643: 12876: 8436:

uses semicolons for include lists and requires the semicolon to be doubled for password protected files with any commands supporting wildcards.)

6005: 18807: 712:(Execute right only with FlexOS, 4680 OS, 4690 OS; individual file / directory passwords not with FlexOS, 4680 OS, 4690 OS; 18302: 17680: 13471: 12337: 12285: 12237: 10206:

file systems). Instead, the FAT has to be scanned as an array to find free clusters, which can lead to performance penalties with large disks.

8963: 2: For a deleted file, the original first character of the filename. For the same feature in various other operating systems, see offset 8159:

for the root directory on FAT32 volumes, whereas some disk repair and defragment tools utilize other values in the set (e.g., SCANDISK may use

6049:

the next track. These differences make these formats unrecognizable by other operating systems. The geometry parameters for these formats are:

2155:

Maximum number of FAT12 or FAT16 root directory entries. 0 for FAT32, where the root directory is stored in ordinary data clusters; see offset

49: 1212:

or any other value stored in disk serial number field when using disk formatted on other system). This applies only to removable disk drives.

17380: 16318: 9771:

here. This can be used as part of a detection mechanism to distinguish between pending delete files under DELWATCH and VFAT LFNs; see above.

7779:

The second entry (cluster 1 in the FAT) nominally stores the end-of-cluster-chain marker as used by the formater, but typically always holds

6093:

on each track after the reserved tracks, but the logical sectors from 1 to 10 were stored in physical sectors 1, 6, 2, 7, 3, 8, 4, 9, 5, 10.

5973: 1215:

Some boot loaders make adjustments or refuse to pass control to a boot sector depending on certain values detected here (e.g., NEWLDR offset

16468: 9067:

Double usage for create time ms and file char does not create a conflict, since the creation time is no longer important for deleted files.

7799:

here). (In conjunction with alternative end-of-chain markers the lowest bits 2-0 can become zero for the lowest allowed end-of-chain marker

13281: 8152: 6361: 5997: 10374:

for additional explanations). Up to 20 of these 13-character entries may be chained, supporting a maximum length of 255 UCS-2 characters.

10242:(as files are rarely exact multiples of cluster size) starts to be a problem as well, especially when there are a great many small files. 18524: 16333: 12771: 7865:

If the number of FATs in the BPB is not set to 2, the second cluster entry in the first FAT (cluster 1) may also reflect the status of a

3886:, overlapping all the remaining entries of a standard FAT32 EBPB including this one. They can be detected via their OEM label signature " 14191: 13850: 13819: 8020:

applying additional sanity checks), similar to what MS-DOS, PC DOS and DR-DOS do, and should avoid allocating them for files otherwise.

2080:

For most DOS-based operating systems, the maximum cluster size remains at 32 KB (or 64 KB) even for sector sizes larger than 512 bytes.

17344: 16498: 15575: 12906: 11199:

In order to support the coexistence of DR-DOS with PC DOS and multiple parallel installations of DR-DOS, the extension of the default "

1721:

in order to indicate an Atari ST 68000 executable boot sector code. This checksum entry can be used to align the checksum accordingly.

19494: 13143: 13005: 11957: 11392: 11364:

distribution attribute type must have an on-disk bit value of 0 as files fall back to this type when attributes get lost accidentally.

6387:

Each file may occupy one or more clusters depending on its size. Thus, a file is represented by a chain of clusters (referred to as a

3798:

Since DR-DOS 7.0x FAT32 formatted volumes use a single-sector boot sector, some volumes formatted under DR-DOS use a value of 2 here.

19599: 19519: 19310: 19305: 19151: 11632: 9968:

flag bad clusters or the end of a file, cluster number 0 flags a free cluster, and cluster number 1 is not used. Likewise 65524+3 is

9597:

bits must be set to 0 during format and must not be modified by disk tools later on; bit 15 is used internally, but not on disk

1474: 8414:

The following additional characters are allowed on Atari's GEMDOS, but should be avoided for compatibility with MS-DOS/PC DOS:

19317: 13659: 12971: 11935: 11763: 11737: 2086:

Some versions of DR-DOS provide limited support for 128 KB clusters with 512 bytes/sector using a sectors/cluster value of 0.

2027:

supports a sector size of 512 for volumes larger than 64 KB, 256 bytes for volumes larger 32 KB and 128 bytes for smaller volumes.

13759: 12026:

Seagate Technologies, "The Transition to Advanced Format 4K Sector Hard Drives (archived by Wayback Machine @Archive.org)", 2010 (

11513: 9984:). Lines in square brackets indicate the unusual cluster size 128, and for FAT32 the bigger than necessary cluster sizes 32 or 64. 1139:

cause MS-DOS, PC DOS and OS/2 to not recognize the volume properly and cause data corruption on writes. Common examples are "

17671: 16155: 13913: 1922:

to a crash on the MSX machine unless special precautions have been taken such as catching the CPU in a tight loop here (opstring

13114: 12847: 11897: 11551: 11207:

option, where ext represents the new extension. Other potential DR-DOS boot file names to be expected in special scenarios are "

10322:

to increase performance by gaining direct access to the cached data in linear memory rather than through conventional DOS APIs.

10161: 9741:

Start of file in clusters in FAT12 and FAT16. Low two bytes of first cluster in FAT32; with the high two bytes stored at offset

8497:

these extensions by default, most of them can coexist in third-party FAT implementations (at least on FAT12 and FAT16 volumes).

3834:, must be initialized to 0 by formatting tools, but must not be changed by file system implementations or disk tools later on.) 2247:

8-inch (200 mm) single sided, 77 tracks per side, 26 sectors per track, 128 bytes per sector (250.25 KB) (DR-DOS only)

19850: 18040: 14291: 14266: 11635: 941:

synchronization on writes, and on reads they are only used when errors occur in the first FAT. The first two clusters (cluster

12375: 18212: 17337: 17189: 15568: 14950: 13554: 13336: 12938: 12712: 12435: 12329: 12014: 11622: 1499:

for sector sizes 512 or higher. If the physical sector size is larger, it may be repeated at the end of the physical sector.

889:

The total count of reserved sectors is indicated by a field inside the Boot Sector, and is usually 32 on FAT32 file systems.

477: 471: 16848: 10101:

found in the BPB, whereas the entry for cluster 1 reflects the end-of-chain value used by the formatter for cluster chains (

8098:

could have been a non-standard data cluster on FAT16 volumes before the introduction of FAT32 with DOS 7.10. Theoretically,

19919: 19720: 19243: 18626: 18217: 18187: 17318: 15591: 14132: 13302: 13170: 12091: 7964:

If this value occurs in on-disk cluster chains, file system implementations should treat this like an end-of-chain marker.

1406:

Physical drive number (only in DOS 3.2 to 3.31 boot sectors). With OS/2 1.0 and DOS 4.0, this entry moved to sector offset

14239: 14179: 9631:

The storage of the high two bytes of the first cluster in a file on FAT32 partially conflicts with access rights bitmaps.

8500:

32-byte directory entries, both in the Root Directory Region and in subdirectories, are of the following format (see also

8106:

Disk utilities must not attempt to restore "lost clusters" holding this value in the FAT, but count them as bad clusters.

19564: 18894: 18691: 16568: 16208: 15627: 15523: 14998: 11556: 8661:

Read Only. (Since DOS 2.0) If this bit is set, the operating system will not allow a file to be opened for modification.

2967:

to store the high 4 bytes of a 64-bit hidden sectors value for volumes located outside the first 2−1 sectors.)

13797: 12277: 8758:(internally set for character device names found in filespecs, never found on disk), must not be changed by disk tools. 7843:

on the next startup (but not on insertion of removable media) to ensure and possibly reestablish the volume's integrity.

20013: 18015: 16740: 16649: 16165: 15797: 15513: 14684: 14493: 13720: 13317: 11140:

The following DOS functions return these register values: INT 21h/AH=2Ah "Get system date" returned values: CX = year (

8668: 3846:) character. This is also part of an error message, indicating the actual boot file name and access method (see offset 2395:

5.25-inch double sided, 80 tracks per side, 15 sectors per track (1200 KB, known as "1.2 MB") (since DOS 3.0)

153: 55: 14891: 13277:

NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds

9790:

support unique distribution attributes stored in some bits of the previously reserved areas in the directory entries:

8717:

Pending delete files and directories under DELWATCH have the volume attribute set until they are purged or undeleted.

1820:

on the MSX machine unless special precautions have been taken such as catching the CPU in a tight loop here (opstring

19091: 18115: 15135: 13967: 13884: 13575: 13088: 13056: 12653: 12560: 12127: 12054: 12006: 11891: 11707: 11614: 10918: 2600:

Logical sectors per File Allocation Table for FAT12/FAT16. FAT32 sets this to 0 and uses the 32-bit value at offset

1106:) on removable disks. On hard disks, DR DOS additionally accepts the swapped JMPS sequence starting with a NOP ( 182: 113: 63: 15049: 13696: 12616: 11835: 11419: 5954:

by trying to read of a single-density address mark. If this results in an error, the medium must be double-density.

979:

and other directories, allowing it to grow without such a constraint. Thus, for FAT32, the Data Region starts here.

19655: 18827: 18671: 14801: 14523: 14483: 12168: 11514:"Microsoft Extensible Firmware Initiative FAT32 File System Specification, FAT: General Overview of On-Disk Format" 10923: 13938: 2788:

Total logical sectors including hidden sectors. This DOS 3.2 entry is incompatible with a similar entry at offset

16488: 16431: 16393: 16378: 14123:

Microsoft Extensible Firmware Initiative FAT32 File System Specification, FAT: General Overview of On-Disk Format

14008: 9095:

Create time (since DOS 7.0 with VFAT). The hour, minute and second are encoded according to the following bitmap:

9049: 6391:). These clusters are not necessarily stored adjacent to one another on the disk's surface but are often instead 6269:

operating systems should first inspect a volume's optional shutdown status bitflags residing in the FAT entry of

12928: 11801: 10291:, which becomes more visible the lesser memory is available for sector buffering and track blocking/deblocking: 9976:

for FAT12. The number of sectors per cluster is a power of 2 fitting in a single byte, the smallest value is 1 (

19993: 19750: 19745: 19504: 19452: 17552: 17385: 17234: 16816: 16343: 11429: 9333: 8671:

digital camera file system standard utilizes the Read Only attribute to allow directories or individual files (

564: 14092: 13605: 12584: 10482:

for VFAT LFN, other values reserved for future use; for special usage of bits 4 and 3 in SFNs see further up)

19544: 18874: 18387: 18035: 17557: 16358: 14580: 12330:"Information processing -- Volume and file structure of flexible disk cartridges for information interchange" 9225:

Create date (since DOS 7.0 with VFAT). The year, month and day are encoded according to the following bitmap:

3666:

third byte of the number of FAT sectors 0x20 at most, which is less than the forbidden 0x28 and 0x29 values.

3260: 2924:

in DOS 3.0-3.3 BPBs. At least, it can be trusted if it holds zero, or if the logical sectors entry at offset

2362:

Designated to be used for any partitioned fixed or removable media, where the geometry is defined in the BPB.

17: 8598:

utilities must replace this character with a regular character as part of the undeletion process. See also:

6748:

Fourth chain (7 clusters) for a non-fragmented, possibly truncated file (here: #B, #C, #D, #E, #F, #10, #11)

6262:) (All four bytes should match before the contents of this sector should be assumed to be in valid format.) 1041:

Common structure of the Boot Sector used by most FAT versions for IBM compatible x86 machines since DOS 2.0

17395: 17199: 17068: 16755: 16745: 16619: 16523: 16383: 15740: 15695: 15518: 14934: 14508: 13538:. The FDOS.EQU file in the machine readable source kit has equates for the corresponding directory entries. 13386: 11178:

utilities, DR-DOS FDISK is not only a partitioning tool, but can also format freshly created partitions as

10190: 2193:

This value must be adjusted so that directory entries always consume full logical sectors, given that each

2023:

Floppy drives and controllers use physical sector sizes of 128, 256, 512 and 1024 bytes (e.g., PC/AX). The

3412:. Some DR-DOS FAT12/FAT16 boot sectors use this entry as a scratchpad as well, but for different purposes. 2070:

as well, but some FCB services are not available on such disks and various applications fail to work. The

876:

Important information from the Boot Sector is accessible through an operating system structure called the

20008: 19889: 19367: 17664: 17576: 17307: 16675: 16634: 16533: 16388: 16185: 15900: 15850: 15439: 15287: 15219: 14513: 14320: 11128:

DR-DOS is able to boot off FAT12/FAT16 logical sectored media with logical sector sizes up to 1024 bytes.

10989:, although they still do not feature a BPB. In both cases, a test for a valid media descriptor at offset 10315: 10221:

for limiting the maximum size of FAT32 partitions created on Windows was the time required to perform a "

6045: 3000:

is zero, but some operating systems (some old versions of DR DOS) use this entry also for smaller disks.

758: 14116: 12225: 9944:

FAT32 maximum : 16 sectors per cluster × 268,173,557 clusters = 2,196,877,778,944 bytes (≈2,046 GB)

6084:. The 8088 bootstrap was loaded by the Z80. Track 1, side 0, sector 2 starts with the Media/FAT ID byte 19998: 19549: 19457: 19407: 19166: 18499: 18494: 17893: 17515: 16897: 16777: 16483: 15982: 15622: 15615: 15610: 15324: 15314: 15304: 14696: 14286: 14259: 12813: 11923: 11099: 10876: 9942:

FAT32 maximum : 8 sectors per cluster × 268,435,444 clusters = 1,099,511,578,624 bytes (≈1,024 GB)

9190: 8821:

is always non-zero for pending delete files under DELWATCH. This check does not work on FAT32 volumes.

3376: 2938: 2312:

Designated for use with custom floppy and superfloppy formats where the geometry is defined in the BPB.

1715: 1442: 1225: 1217: 1022: 741: 91: 13641: 12874: 6743:

Third chain (7 clusters) for a fragmented, possibly grown file (here: #9, #A, #14, #15, #16, #19, #1A)

3662:

in order to avoid any misinterpretation with the EBPB format under non-FAT32 aware operating systems.

19815: 19760: 19539: 19524: 18782: 18202: 17698: 17420: 17229: 17194: 16624: 16614: 16553: 16463: 16353: 16323: 15972: 15670: 13761:

OpenDOS Developer's Reference Series — System and Programmer's Guide — Programmer's Guide

10583:

to be non-zero can be used to distinguish between VFAT LFNs and pending delete files under DELWATCH.

10330: 10265:

Since DOS 3.3 the operating system provides means to improve the performance of file operations with

10179: 6350: 2933: 219: 13478: 12278:"Information technology -- Volume and file structure of disk cartridges for information interchange" 9765:

File size in bytes. Entries with the Volume Label or Subdirectory flag set should have a size of 0.

9088:, the system tries to match the hash against the hash code of the currently set global password (by 6771:

file system uses 16 bits per FAT entry, thus one entry spans two bytes in little-endian byte order:

3590:

In essence FAT32 inserts 28 bytes into the EBPB, followed by the remaining 26 (or sometimes only 7)

3374:

If this belongs to a boot volume, the DR-DOS 7.07 enhanced MBR can be configured (see NEWLDR offset

2489:

8-inch single sided, 77 tracks per side, 26 sectors per track, 128 bytes per sector (250.25 KB)

1440:

If this belongs to a boot volume, the DR-DOS 7.07 enhanced MBR can be configured (see NEWLDR offset

19863: 19770: 19559: 19534: 18746: 18741: 17602: 16594: 16538: 16518: 16363: 16132: 16017: 15907: 15389: 15242: 15145: 15090: 14965: 14821: 14590: 14183: 13934: 13880: 12611: 10897: 10284: 10218: 9039:

First character of a deleted file under Novell DOS, OpenDOS and DR-DOS 7.02 and higher. A value of

3248: 2546:

On removable drives, DR-DOS will assume the presence of a BPB if this value is greater or equal to

2471:

8-inch double sided, 77 tracks per side, 26 sectors per track, 128 bytes per sector (500.5 KB)

563:

Modified date/time, creation date/time (DOS 7.0 and higher only), access date (only available with

266: 14122: 12779: 7835:

may hold outdated data and thus should not be used. The operating system would then typically run

3458:

to indicate that an EBPB with the following 3 entries exists (since OS/2 1.2 and DOS 4.0). Can be

3010: 2492:

8-inch double sided, 77 tracks per side, 8 sectors per track, 1024 bytes per sector (1232 KB)

1493:

to catch the CPU in a tight loop while maintaining an opcode pattern recognized by MS-DOS/PC DOS.

20018: 20003: 19417: 18959: 18949: 18944: 18519: 18504: 18444: 17878: 17873: 17833: 17179: 17174: 17018: 17013: 16973: 16933: 16883: 16629: 16373: 16368: 16243: 16218: 16180: 16150: 16100: 15912: 15835: 15760: 15680: 15655: 15488: 15444: 15426: 15125: 15115: 14570: 13340: 12716: 12443: 10881: 10299: 9924:

FAT32 range : 65,525 to 268,435,444 clusters : 512 to 2,097,152 sectors per copy of FAT

9152:

If bits 15-11 > 23 or bits 10-5 > 59 or bits 4-0 > 29 here, or when bits 12-0 at offset

9142:

is recorded only to a 2 second resolution. Finer resolution for file creation is found at offset

3419: 645: 296: 157: 14236:

of an article with summary of limits in FAT32 which is no longer available on Microsoft website.

13275: 10552:

If there are multiple LFN entries required to represent a file name, the entry representing the

8449:

Under IBM 4680 OS and 4690 OS, the following characters are not allowed in filenames:

8247:

Aside from the root directory table in FAT12 and FAT16 file systems, which occupies the special

2365:

3.5-inch single sided, 80 tracks per side, 9 sectors per track (360 KB) (MS-DOS 3.1 and MSX-DOS)

497: 461: 457: 19988: 19967: 19735: 19725: 18854: 18272: 17853: 17657: 17639: 17159: 17123: 16735: 16720: 16478: 16436: 16328: 16258: 16175: 16160: 15755: 15334: 15299: 15237: 14716: 14536: 14400: 14330: 13048: 13038: 10295: 10235: 10183: 9938:

FAT16 maximum : 64 sectors per cluster × 65,524 clusters = 2,147,090,432 bytes (≈2,047 MB)

9063:

Create time, fine resolution: 10 ms units, values from 0 to 199 (since DOS 7.0 with VFAT).

2418: 1074:

Since DOS 2.0, valid x86-bootable disks must start with either a short jump followed by a NOP (

705: 12543:. By Duncan, Ray; Bostwick, Steve; Burgoyne, Keith; Byers, Robert A.; Hogan, Thom; Kyle, Jim; 11470: 10586:

For example, a filename like "File with very long filename.ext" would be formatted like this:

2741:

were adapted to support a 6 bytes longer format already (of which not all entries were used).

19156: 18666: 17888: 17858: 17751: 17741: 17702: 17694: 17505: 17500: 17473: 17288: 17108: 17053: 16993: 16978: 16787: 16458: 16413: 16270: 16223: 15470: 15379: 15329: 15272: 15018: 14988: 14939: 14791: 14764: 14641: 14531: 14444: 14335: 14252: 14188: 13854: 13823: 13457: 13411: 13369: 12745: 12472: 8547:

used as end marker, if a volume should remain accessible under PC DOS 1.0/1.1 as well.)

8264: 8176: 3720:. FAT32 implementations should refuse to mount volumes with version numbers unknown by them. 2994:

in DOS 3.2-3.3 BPBs. Officially, it must be used only if the logical sectors entry at offset

2684:

Number of heads for disks with INT 13h CHS geometry, e.g., 2 for a double sided floppy.

2507:

5.25-inch double sided, 40 tracks per side, 8 sectors per track (320 KB) (since DOS 1.1)

2486:

5.25-inch single sided, 40 tracks per side, 8 sectors per track (160 KB) (since DOS 1.0)

2468:

5.25-inch double sided, 40 tracks per side, 9 sectors per track (360 KB) (since DOS 2.0)

2456:

5.25-inch single sided, 40 tracks per side, 9 sectors per track (180 KB) (since DOS 2.0)

2392:

3.5-inch double sided, 80 tracks per side, 18 sectors per track (1440 KB) (DOS 3.2 only)

2028: 1342:(60 or 79 bytes); size and contents varies between operating systems and versions, see below 1091: 196: 12997: 12902: 11949: 11384: 9931:

FAT32 minimum : 1 sector per cluster × 65,525 clusters = 33,548,800 bytes (32,762.5 KB)

7984:

Used as data clusters; value points to next cluster. MS-DOS/PC DOS accept values up to

2389:

3.5-inch double sided, 80 tracks per side, 9 sectors per track (720 KB) (since DOS 3.2)

1868:, this flag indicates, if the volume holds deleted files which can be undeleted (see offset 19914: 19820: 19554: 19529: 19372: 19213: 18964: 18651: 18454: 18327: 18110: 17510: 17425: 17273: 17268: 17113: 17083: 17048: 16938: 16644: 16639: 16543: 16493: 16451: 16421: 16308: 15895: 15860: 15807: 15745: 15544: 15505: 15319: 15038: 15013: 14654: 14471: 14461: 14417: 14382: 13139: 10902: 10891: 10417:

Sequence Number (bit 6: last logical, first physical LFN entry, bit 5: 0; bits 4-0: number

9960:, because FAT32 version 0 uses only 28 bits in the 32-bit cluster numbers, cluster numbers 9934:

FAT12 maximum : 64 sectors per cluster × 4,084 clusters = 133,824,512 bytes (≈ 127 MB)

8843: 8034:. For compatibility with MS-DOS/PC DOS, file systems should avoid to use data cluster 3244: 3178: 2950: 2943: 2008: 1956: 1625:), used by Atari ST to detect a disk change. (Windows 9x Volume Tracker will always store " 1367: 1102:) DOS 3.1 disks). For backward compatibility MS-DOS, PC DOS and DR-DOS also accept a jump ( 862: 389: 313: 11981:. Comment: Includes a complete listing of the ROM BIOS source code of the original IBM PC. 8026:

on FAT12 (but not on FAT16 or FAT32) volumes as additional end-of-chain marker similar to

6405:

file system uses 12 bits per FAT entry, thus two entries span 3 bytes. It is consistently

3356: 2444:

3.5-inch and 5.25-inch double sided, 80 tracks per side, 8 sectors per track (640 KB)

2414:

3.5-inch and 5.25-inch single sided, 80 tracks per side, 8 sectors per track (320 KB)

1485:, however, because DOS tests for other opcodes as signatures. Many MSX-DOS 2 floppies use 8: 19755: 17435: 17430: 17214: 17073: 17028: 17003: 16958: 16904: 16703: 16558: 16441: 15890: 15875: 15815: 15735: 15705: 15549: 15495: 15434: 15023: 14691: 14632: 14548: 13667: 11141: 9929:

FAT16 minimum : 1 sector per cluster × 4,085 clusters = 2,091,520 bytes (2,042.5 KB)

9613: 9365:

High two bytes of first cluster number in FAT32; with the low two bytes stored at offset

9246: 8993: 8488:

Before Microsoft added support for long filenames and creation/access time stamps, bytes

5958: 575: 12969: 11786:. The DISK.ASM file in the machine readable source kit shows that DR-DOS tests on value 11761: 11735: 10113:). The entries for cluster numbers 0 and 1 end at a byte boundary even for FAT12, e.g., 7850:) on the next boot. (A similar set of bitflags exists in the FAT12/FAT16 EBPB at offset 7710:

in the FAT's cluster 0 entry on DOS 1.0-1.1 FAT diskettes, where no valid BPB is found.

2942:

in the AAP or NEWLDR MBR, so that it becomes possible to boot the operating system from

19700: 19635: 17975: 17566: 17361: 17219: 17169: 16943: 16862: 16767: 16473: 16313: 16280: 16253: 16248: 16095: 15922: 15825: 15820: 15720: 15539: 15401: 15364: 15277: 15003: 14993: 14978: 14919: 14749: 14412: 14405: 14392: 14345: 13769: 12643: 12436:"Microsoft DOS V1.1 and V2.0: /msdos/v20source/SKELIO.TXT, /msdos/v20source/HRDDRV.ASM" 12233: 11445: 11257:

See other links for special precautions in regard to occurrences of a cluster value of

10933: 10907: 10155:(FAT16). As noted below "less than 4085" is also used for Linux implementations, or as 8848: 8038:

in cluster chains on FAT12 volumes (that is, treat it as a reserved cluster similar to

6388: 6355: 3381: 3015: 2522:) in the first byte of each copy of the FAT. Certain operating systems before DOS 3.2 ( 2032: 1462: 1447: 1069: 1034: 852: 605: 383: 369: 364: 350: 345: 340: 326: 309: 210: 13909: 11843: 8139:

as end-of-file marker when allocating files, but versions of Linux before 2.5.40 used

6738:

Second chain (7 clusters) for a non-fragmented file (here: #2, #3, #4, #5, #6, #7, #8)

1228:

will only treat a disk as bootable if the first four characters of the OEM label are "

18529: 17283: 17209: 17164: 17063: 17058: 17033: 16988: 16953: 16823: 16127: 15937: 15770: 15354: 15294: 15130: 14816: 14786: 14778: 14647: 14622: 14543: 14518: 14340: 13453: 13407: 13365: 13110: 13084: 13052: 13001: 12934: 12845: 12741: 12649: 12574: 12566: 12556: 12536: 12468: 12123: 12010: 12002: 11953: 11895: 11887: 11703: 11618: 11560: 11457: 11388: 11145: 10287:

of FAT file systems also result from performance limitations of the underlying block

10198: 10055:(128) with a sector size 1024 and 2048, respectively. For the common sector size 512 9351:

deleted files. However, owner IDs and access dates cannot be used at the same time.

9254: 9250: 8480:) with respect to lower and upper case, sorting, or validity as file name character. 6185: 6137: 2429: 2399: 2376: 2344: 2328: 2089:

MS-DOS/PC DOS will hang on startup if this value is erroneously specified as 0.

583: 579: 14627: 11449: 9922:

FAT16 range : 4,085 to 65,524 clusters : 16 to 256 sectors per copy of FAT

8338:

under DR-DOS which accept single arguments and therefore allow spaces to be entered.

7745:

reserved) in bits 7-0, which is also copied into the BPB of the boot sector, offset

3796:

First logical sector number of a copy of the three FAT32 boot sectors, typically 6.

3527:

This area was used by boot sectors of DOS 3.2 to 3.3 to store a private copy of the

3259:

Further structure used by FAT12 and FAT16 since OS/2 1.0 and DOS 4.0, also known as

2035:

custom hard disks used sector sizes of 1024 bytes instead of the default 512 bytes.

19263: 19004: 18332: 17649: 17440: 17375: 17224: 17133: 16968: 16911: 16869: 16730: 16698: 16654: 16609: 16528: 16288: 16085: 15962: 15952: 15715: 15710: 15374: 15282: 15080: 14730: 14674: 14363: 13820:"IBM Information about 4690 OS unique file distribution attributes - United States" 12371: 11839: 11805: 11009:

in the sector following the boot sector (logical sector 1 on FAT12/FAT16 floppies).

10973:. Although PC DOS 1.0 floppy disks do not contain a BPB, they start with 10239: 10234:

With the huge cluster sizes (16 KB, 32 KB, 64 KB) forced by larger FAT partitions,

10211: 8366: 8315: 5993: 3168:

On unpartitioned media the volume's number of hidden sectors is zero and therefore

2737: 231: 17329: 13552: 11809: 10821:

If a filename contains only lowercase letters, or is a combination of a lowercase

10346:

FAT32 directory structure with three files, two of which use VFAT long file names.

7666:

Second chain (6 clusters) for a non-fragmented file (here: #3, #4, #5, #6, #7, #8)

3964:

Most FAT32 file system implementations do not support an alternative signature of

3712:

Version (defined as 0.0). The high byte of the version number is stored at offset

19873: 19594: 19499: 19253: 19181: 19176: 19171: 18656: 18619: 18614: 18609: 18604: 18599: 18594: 18589: 17390: 17260: 17143: 17118: 17103: 17093: 17043: 17038: 16792: 16426: 16142: 16007: 15997: 15942: 15927: 15785: 15675: 15483: 15396: 14904: 14298: 14195: 14117:

ECMA-107 Volume and File Structure of Disk Cartridges for Information Interchange

13801: 13700: 13647: 13558: 13449: 13429:"Microsoft makes source code for MS-DOS and Word for Windows available to public" 13403: 13361: 13360:(NB. While the publishers claim this would be MS-DOS 1.1 and 2.0, it actually is 13135: 13106: 12975: 12880: 12851: 12819: 12775: 12737: 12736:(NB. While the publishers claim this would be MS-DOS 1.1 and 2.0, it actually is 12590: 12552: 12548: 12532: 12464: 12463:(NB. While the publishers claim this would be MS-DOS 1.1 and 2.0, it actually is 12367: 12117: 12083: 11901: 11767: 11741: 10307: 10303: 9803:

Compound file on update: Distribute file to all controllers when file is updated.

6220:

Number of the most recently known to be allocated data cluster. Should be set to

6076:, using the first byte of the FAT in logical sector 1 to determine the capacity. 6064:, logical sectors per FAT: 2, physical sectors per track: 16, number of heads: 2. 2259:

5.25-inch (130 mm) double sided, 80 tracks per side, 9 sector, 720 KB (

2036: 2024: 1188: 797: 290: 147: 141: 13670:

these EAs will no longer be found using DosFindFirst/Next calls only. The other

9913:

FAT12 requirements : 3 sectors on each copy of FAT for every 1,024 clusters

8978:

Windows NT and later versions uses bits 3 and 4 to encode case information (see

6057:, logical sectors per FAT: 2, physical sectors per track: 5, number of heads: 2. 6024:, logical sectors per FAT: 3, physical sectors per track: 9, number of heads: 2. 6017:, logical sectors per FAT: 2, physical sectors per track: 9, number of heads: 1. 3836:

DR-DOS 7.07 FAT32 boot sectors use these 12 bytes to store the filename of the "

3365:

A similar entry existed (only) in DOS 3.2 to 3.31 boot sectors at sector offset

19161: 18909: 18721: 18584: 18574: 18569: 18564: 18559: 18554: 18549: 18544: 18539: 17908: 17898: 17607: 16750: 16293: 16105: 16080: 16012: 15880: 15855: 15830: 15780: 15750: 15660: 15560: 15384: 15369: 15309: 14487: 14358: 14226:. Explains inability to work with extremely large volumes under Windows 95/98. 14127: 14055: 13044: 12504: 11416: 11111: 10913: 10319: 10311: 9806:

Compound file on close: Distribute file to all controllers when file is closed.

9605: 9309: 8476: 6040: 2368:

5.25-inch double sided, 80 tracks per side, 9 sectors per track (720 KB) (

1579:). For compatibility with PC operating systems, Atari ST formatted disks since 697: 304: 13448:(NB. While the author claims this would be MS-DOS 1.1 and 2.0, it actually is 13402:(NB. While the author claims this would be MS-DOS 1.1 and 2.0, it actually is 8235:

The root directory table in FAT12 and FAT16 file systems occupies the special

7657:

First chain (1 cluster) for the root directory, pointed to by an entry in the

5950:

Microsoft recommends to distinguish between the two 8-inch formats for FAT ID

1236:

will only boot from a disk if the first four characters of the OEM label are "

19982: 19949: 19924: 19909: 19845: 19840: 19835: 19830: 19825: 19670: 19615: 19584: 19574: 19437: 19427: 19397: 19392: 19342: 19322: 19300: 19285: 19238: 19203: 19146: 19141: 19131: 19009: 18954: 18929: 18924: 18904: 18777: 18317: 17756: 17726: 17581: 17239: 17098: 16998: 16338: 16298: 16075: 16050: 16042: 15977: 15845: 15645: 15414: 15359: 15033: 14973: 14832: 14211: 14128:

Understanding FAT32 file systems (explained for embedded firmware developers)

13795: 13765: 13034: 12544: 12524: 12520: 12512: 12046: 11609:

Chappell, Geoff (January 1994). Schulman, Andrew; Pedersen, Amorette (eds.).

11564: 11423: 11052: 10288: 10231:-style PCs, on plain DOS systems and some battery-powered consumer products. 10223: 9920:

FAT12 range : 1 to 4,084 clusters : 1 to 12 sectors per copy of FAT

9917:

FAT32 requirements : 1 sector on each copy of FAT for every 128 clusters

9915:

FAT16 requirements : 1 sector on each copy of FAT for every 256 clusters

8561:

Under DR DOS 6.0 and higher, including PalmDOS, Novell DOS and OpenDOS,

7764:

representation only and there are no known implementations of variants using

7761: 6406: 6068:

DOS Plus for the Master 512 could also access standard PC disks formatted to

3642:

Logical sectors per file allocation table (corresponds with the old entry at

3360: 2731: 1665: 1646: 1533:

representation only and there are no known implementations of variants using

1530: 1179:

The Volume Tracker in Windows 95/98/SE/ME will overwrite the OEM label with "

1004: 793: 701: 548: 13389:. Software Gems: The Computer History Museum Historical Source Code Series. 12578: 11067:

processors (note the swapped order), whereas it would have to be written as

10147:

The only available values reserved for future standardization are therefore

9927:

FAT12 minimum : 1 sector per cluster × 1 clusters = 512 bytes (0.5 KiB)

9565:

World execute requires permission (FlexOS, 4680 OS, 4690 OS only)

9521:

Group execute requires permission (FlexOS, 4680 OS, 4690 OS only)

9477:

Owner execute requires permission (FlexOS, 4680 OS, 4690 OS only)

9043:(229), as set by DELPURGE, will prohibit undeletion by UNDELETE, a value of 8059:

Reserved; do not use. (NB. Corresponds with the default format filler value

3781:

of FAT32 volumes can be reduced downto 128 bytes for special purposes.

19810: 19780: 19640: 18984: 18979: 18842: 18837: 18832: 18751: 18696: 18646: 18579: 18534: 18509: 18439: 18434: 18429: 18424: 18419: 18377: 18342: 18252: 18247: 18075: 17883: 17623: 17531: 17008: 16963: 16890: 16855: 16563: 16513: 16303: 16055: 16002: 15967: 15885: 15865: 15685: 15665: 15478: 15186: 14774: 14741: 14679: 14659: 14203: 13332: 13298: 13294: 13076: 12767: 12708: 12528: 12431: 10371: 9797:

Mirror file on update: Distribute file to server only when file is updated.

8501: 6342: 1899:, MSX-DOS 2 stores a volume serial number here for media change detection. 1233: 1063:

Jump instruction. If the boot sector has a valid signature residing in the

540: 17405: 14162: 14150: 14144: 14138: 13975: 13621:). Comment: This older version of the README file still discusses the old 13579: 12791:

The numbering starts with 2; the first two numbers, 0 and 1, are reserved.

12226:"Volume and File Structure of Disk Cartridges for Information Interchange" 12050: 10556:

of the filename comes first. The sequence number of this entry has bit 6 (

10310:

memory and sometimes providing adaptive caching strategies or even run in

9995:

The boot record extensions introduced with DOS 4.0 start with a magic 40 (

19785: 19482: 19477: 19472: 19056: 18973: 17945: 17495: 17078: 17023: 16928: 16782: 16670: 16548: 16403: 16195: 16170: 15765: 15176: 14275: 14156: 13910:"Design goals and implementation of the new High Performance File System" 13876: 13694: 12927:

Tyagi, Tarun (2004-10-31). "Clusters size in FAT and NTFS file systems".

12606: 11444:

Bhat, W. A. (2010). "Review of FAT data structure of FAT32 file system".

11361: 11357: 11278: 11091: 10342: 9800:

Mirror file on close: Distribute file to server only when file is closed.

9787: 9783: 9650: 8755: 8741: 8272: 8268: 7773: 7769: 7722: 6717: 3359:(e.g., with many BIOSes and MBRs). The entry is sometimes changed by the 3352: 2292: 2213:

Total logical sectors. 0 for FAT32. (If zero, use 4 byte value at offset

1707: 1153: 1030: 1026: 871: 847: 781: 745: 693: 689: 417: 13851:"IBM 4690 save and restore file distribution attributes - United States" 12164: 7996:(sometimes more; see below), whereas for Atari GEMDOS only values up to 7706:

systems assume this hard-wired location of the FAT in order to find the

3426:

sector only, this does not cause compatibility problems with other uses;

2359:

Fixed disk (i.e., typically a partition on a hard disk). (since DOS 2.0)

1967:

are stored since DOS 2.0, but not always used before DOS 3.2, values at

1740:

overlay would be both IBM PC and Atari ST executable at the same time).

19775: 19680: 19387: 19362: 19126: 19081: 18817: 18474: 18287: 18180: 18175: 18170: 18130: 18105: 17980: 17736: 17586: 17570: 17562: 16983: 16807: 16348: 16238: 16112: 16032: 15957: 15775: 15454: 15252: 14207: 13651: 12516: 12508: 11613:. The Andrew Schulman Programming Series (1st printing, 1st ed.). 11310: 11306: 11282: 11115: 11072: 10036: 10029: 9646: 8672: 7877:

in the BPB holds a value of 0 and no FAT32 EBPB is found (no signature

7765: 7726: 5969: 3937:

artifacts after partitioning with MS-DOS FDISK, but not yet formatted.

3838: 2260: 2071: 1737: 1711: 1688: 1661: 1534: 1526: 1510: 1201: 1196: 1159: 1147: 1141: 789: 749: 677: 447: 441: 239: 14000: 9810:

Some incompatible extensions found in some operating systems include:

6108:(usually logical sector 1, immediately after the boot record itself). 5957:

The table does not list a number of incompatible 8-inch and 5.25-inch

3035:

volumes with 32-bit cluster entries) can use a 64-bit entry at offset

2988:). This DOS 3.31 entry is incompatible with a similar entry at offset 2518:

This value must reflect the media descriptor stored (in the entry for

1714:

words of the 512 bytes boot sector including this word must match the

1529:. BPB values and FAT12, FAT16 and FAT32 file systems are meant to use 19944: 19939: 19934: 19929: 19904: 19894: 19855: 19805: 19800: 19795: 19790: 19695: 19690: 19685: 19675: 19665: 19650: 19630: 19625: 19620: 19569: 19514: 19509: 19489: 19467: 19447: 19402: 19382: 19337: 19332: 19327: 19295: 19258: 19248: 19233: 19228: 19223: 19208: 19193: 19188: 19116: 19111: 19106: 19086: 19076: 19071: 19066: 19051: 19046: 18994: 18989: 18969: 18939: 18914: 18899: 18869: 18822: 18812: 18792: 18787: 18772: 18767: 18681: 18402: 18397: 18292: 17938: 17933: 17928: 17923: 17918: 17826: 17821: 17816: 17811: 17547: 16604: 16599: 16233: 16122: 16070: 15840: 15409: 15150: 15028: 14759: 13838: 13807: 13344: 12720: 12447: 11517: 11238: 11107: 11064: 10928: 10156: 8471: 8172: 7828:

these bits on shutdown and clear the most significant bit on startup:

6331: 6152:

to follow certain bit patterns, which are not met by this signature.

3875: 3326:). Allowed values for possible physical drives depending on BIOS are 1580: 1274: 737: 215: 10272:

defragmentation software bypassing the file system or disk drivers.

9891: 9859: 2982:

Total logical sectors (if greater than 65535; otherwise, see offset

380: 361: 337: 323: 19579: 19357: 19061: 18889: 18726: 18716: 18701: 18676: 18661: 18636: 18631: 18514: 18489: 18484: 18469: 18464: 18459: 18449: 18414: 18409: 18392: 18372: 18367: 18362: 18357: 18352: 18347: 18337: 18322: 18312: 18307: 18297: 18282: 18277: 18267: 18262: 18257: 18242: 18237: 18232: 18227: 18222: 18207: 18192: 18165: 18160: 18155: 18150: 18145: 18140: 18135: 18125: 18120: 18100: 18095: 18085: 18080: 18070: 18065: 18055: 18050: 18045: 18020: 18010: 17903: 17806: 17801: 17796: 17791: 17786: 17781: 17776: 17771: 17766: 17467: 17184: 17088: 16948: 16708: 16573: 16203: 16060: 15947: 15932: 15870: 15730: 15690: 15227: 15171: 15140: 14929: 14754: 14610: 14503: 14456: 14350: 14084: 13655: 13609: 11702:]. München: Markt & Technik Verlag (published 1986). 1984. 11233: 11095: 11001:

and higher). If these tests fail, DOS checks for the presence of a

10634: 10267: 8839: 8595: 7847: 7836: 6380: 6033: 3415: 2667:

CHS geometry, e.g., 15 for a "1.20 MB" (1200 KB) floppy.

2422: 2126: 2016:

which can be reduced downto 128 bytes without support for the

1546: 1502: 1294: 1099: 1075: 516: 498: 472: 442: 14153:: Includes libfat libraries and fusefat, a FUSE file system driver 14001:"Inside the High Performance File System - Part 2/6: Introduction" 13815:

Information about 4690 OS unique file distribution attributes

12499: 12497: 12495: 12493: 12491: 12489: 12487: 12485: 12483: 12481: 9012:(critical EAs), whereas version 0.97 and higher since 2003-09 use 6247:

during format, but not be relied upon and never changed later on)

6168:

during format, but not be relied upon and never changed later on)

2689:

A zero entry indicates that this entry is reserved, but not used.

2669:

A zero entry indicates that this entry is reserved, but not used.

19868: 19660: 19645: 19442: 19432: 19422: 19198: 19014: 18859: 18847: 18005: 18000: 17995: 17990: 17985: 17970: 17965: 17960: 17955: 17950: 17913: 17868: 17863: 17848: 17843: 17838: 17204: 17138: 16876: 16762: 16725: 16713: 16398: 16117: 16090: 16065: 16027: 16022: 15725: 15650: 15181: 15155: 14982: 14615: 14585: 14476: 14432: 13028: 13026: 13024: 13022: 11997:

Hans-Dieter Jankowski, Dietmar Rabich, Julian F. Reschke (1992).

11878: 11876: 11874: 11872: 11870: 11868: 11866: 11864: 9836: 9180: 9176: 8960: 8835: 6287:

If this sector is present on a FAT32 volume, the minimum allowed

6224:

during format and updated by the operating system later on. With

5964:

The implementation of a single-sided 315 KB FAT12 format used in

3767:, typically 1, i.e., the second of the three FAT32 boot sectors. 3403: 3323: 2867: 2664: 2535: 2075: 2045:) since 2010, but will also be able to emulate 512 byte sectors ( 1959:(BPB) used by FAT versions since DOS 2.0 (bytes at sector offset 1749: 1169: 1136:). This value determines in which system the disk was formatted. 709: 681: 673: 15992: 12570: 11758:

The Boot Sector of IBM Personal Computer DOS Version 1.10 (1982)

11732:

The Boot Sector of IBM Personal Computer DOS Version 1.00 (1981)

11690: 11688: 11686: 11684: 11682: 11680: 11678: 11676: 11674: 11672: 11670: 11668: 11666: 10257:

Additionally, directory entries of deleted files will be marked

8687:

Hidden. Hides files or directories from normal directory views.

8289:

Legal characters for DOS short filenames include the following:

6729:

End of chain indicator / maintenance flags (in reserved cluster

4090:, volumes with more than 4,294,967,295 (2-1) sectors (f.e. some 3809:) are reserved and indicate that no backup sector is available. 2132:

Volumes declaring 2 FATs in this entry will never be treated as

1176:

Some vendors store licensing info or access keys in this entry.

19730: 19715: 19710: 19705: 19377: 19352: 19280: 19136: 19121: 19101: 19096: 19041: 19034: 19029: 19024: 18919: 18884: 18731: 18382: 18197: 17761: 17488: 17462: 17278: 17128: 16797: 16578: 16503: 15917: 15191: 15100: 15095: 14899: 14600: 14244: 13676: 13164: 13162: 13160: 12998:"Windows 98 Resource Kit - Chapter 10 - Disks and File Systems" 12478: 11664: 11662: 11660: 11658: 11656: 11654: 11652: 11650: 11648: 11646: 11274: 11056: 10124:

The first data cluster is 2, and consequently the last cluster

9794:

Local: Don't distribute file but keep on local controller only.

9779: 9336:

enabled in CONFIG.SYS for the corresponding drive); see offset

9172: 8215:

values; see note above for MS-DOS/PC DOS special usage of

7840: 6341:

may overuse or misuse colour, making it hard to understand for

5965: 4134: 4091: 3430: 3032: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2012: 1681: 1087: 785: 766: 685: 669: 284: 278: 272: 235: 227: 13019: 11861: 11696:

Microsoft MS-DOS 3.1 Programmierhandbuch in englischer Sprache

11604: 11602: 11600: 11598: 11596: 11594: 10965:

to looking for a valid media descriptor byte at sector offset

10389:. No directory entry containing a lone terminator will exist. 7721:

The first entry (cluster 0 in the FAT) holds the FAT ID since

4120:

Versions of DOS before 3.2 totally or partially relied on the

1571:

Jump instruction. Original Atari ST boot sectors start with a

993:(for files and directories) ... (to end of partition or disk) 19765: 19740: 19462: 19347: 19218: 18999: 18864: 18736: 18711: 18706: 18686: 18060: 18030: 18025: 17746: 17731: 17721: 17716: 17483: 17478: 17244: 16680: 16508: 16213: 15987: 15700: 15449: 15247: 15232: 15209: 15204: 15199: 15110: 15105: 15043: 14924: 14877: 14872: 14865: 14860: 14855: 14850: 14806: 14796: 14701: 14669: 14563: 14558: 14553: 14449: 14377: 14325: 14217:

Fdisk does not recognize full size of hard disks larger than

13711: 13709: 12527:; Olsson, Mike; Osterman, Larry; Ostling, Ridge; Pai, Sunil; 11700:

Microsoft MS-DOS 3.1 Programmer's Reference Manual in English

11592: 11590: 11588: 11586: 11584: 11582: 11580: 11578: 11576: 11574: 11190:. This reduces the risk to accidentally format wrong volumes. 11187: 11183: 11179: 11175: 10886: 10543: 10509: 10445: 10366: 10194: 10008: 9875: 9024:(critical EAs) as bitflags for compatibility with Windows NT. 8354: 8330: 8320: 7083: 6768: 6402: 3931:

for FAT12/FAT16 (Used for various purposes; see FAT12/FAT16)

3888: 3830: 3406:

current head high byte for the assumed 16-bit word at offset

3402:

In some MS-DOS/PC DOS boot code used as a scratchpad for the

2511: 2369: 1572: 1506: 1360:

cannot be used to reliably derive the exact BPB format from.

1269: 1095: 544: 375: 356: 332: 318: 13939:"Microsoft TechNet: A Brief and Incomplete History of FAT32" 13792:

Implementation of extended attributes on the FAT file system

13157: 12966:

Detailed Notes on the "Dirty Shutdown Flag" under MS-Windows

11643: 4098:

entry instead. In this case, the OEM label at sector offset

3048:

A simple formula translates a volume's given cluster number

3031:, values exceeding the 4,294,967,295 (2−1) limit (f.e. some 2031:

used sector sizes of 512, 1024 and 2048 bytes. In 2005 some

1728:

signature is not present here, it is advisable to place the

1082:

as seen since DOS 3.0—and on DOS 1.1) or a near jump (

19412: 19275: 19268: 18934: 18879: 18479: 18090: 17628: 16772: 16446: 16265: 16228: 15120: 15085: 15075: 15070: 15008: 14944: 14914: 14909: 14845: 14840: 14811: 14720: 14711: 14664: 14605: 14575: 14466: 14437: 14427: 14422: 14387: 14369: 14223: 13671: 12713:"Microsoft DOS V1.1 and V2.0: /msdos/v20source/DEVDRIV.txt" 12503: 10350: 10203: 9617: 9054:

in CONFIG.SYS. For the same feature in MSX-DOS, see offset

8594:

Entry has been previously erased and/or is available. File

8433: 8080:

Bad sector in cluster or reserved cluster (since DOS 2.0).

7866: 4094:

volumes with 32-bit cluster entries) can use this entry as

2796:

It must not be used if the logical sectors entry at offset

2729:

Officially, MS-DOS 3.20 still used the DOS 3.0 format, but

2713:

It must not be used if the logical sectors entry at offset

2343:

Fixed disk, 4-sided, 12 sectors per track (1.95? MB) (

2187: 2133: 2047: 1432:

ever since, although they are not part of the signature at

1286: 529: 523: 515: 483: 465: 451: 14180:

Microsoft TechNet: A Brief and Incomplete History of FAT32

13965: 13768:

August 1997. Caldera Part No. 200-DODG-003. Archived from

13706: 13337:"Microsoft DOS V1.1 and V2.0: /msdos/v20source/FORMAT.TXT" 13327: 13325: 12992: 12990: 12988: 12986: 12984: 12805: 12803: 12801: 12799: 12703: 12701: 12699: 12697: 12695: 12693: 12691: 12689: 12687: 12685: 12601: 12599: 12189: 12187: 12185: 12159: 11944: 11942: 11778: 11776: 11571: 11122: 10062:

Both editions of each ECMA-107 and ISO/IEC 9293 specify a

8282:

Each entry can be preceded by "fake entries" to support a

6200:

Last known number of free data clusters on the volume, or

6044:

disk's capacity. 640 KB boot disks began with a miniature

2495:(8-inch single sided, (single and) double density (DOS 1)) 2474:(8-inch double sided, (single and) double density (DOS 1)) 1420:). Most Microsoft and IBM boot sectors maintain values of 812:

FAT file system regions, which includes four main regions

652:

FAT12/FAT16: File, directory and volume access rights for

19899: 19589: 18641: 17446: 16690: 14726: 14706: 14595: 14497: 13168: 13032: 12683: 12681: 12679: 12677: 12675: 12673: 12671: 12669: 12667: 12665: 12157: 12155: 12153: 12151: 12149: 12147: 12145: 12143: 12141: 12139: 11884:

Programmer's Technical Reference for MSDOS and the IBM PC

10228: 9554:

World delete/rename/attribute change requires permission

9510:

Group delete/rename/attribute change requires permission

9466:

Owner delete/rename/attribute change requires permission

8675:) to be marked as "protected" from deletion by the user. 7091:

Example of FAT32 table start with several cluster chains

6775:

Example of FAT16 table start with several cluster chains

6413:

Example of FAT12 table start with several cluster chains

2041: 481: 223: 14222:: Microsoft Knowledge Base Article 263044, copy made by 13994: 13992: 13632: 13037:; Maxey, David; Michels, Raymond J.; Kyle, Jim (1994) . 12836: 12834: 12832: 12830: 12828: 12426: 12424: 12422: 12420: 12418: 12416: 12414: 12412: 12077: 12075: 12073: 12071: 11411: 11409: 11338: 11336: 11059:

compatible machines, this can be written as 16-bit word

10381:

at a directory entry boundary (13, 26, 39, ...), then a

1191:") even on a seemingly read-only disk access (such as a 14233: 14174: 13869: 13530: 13528: 13526: 13524: 13522: 13520: 13518: 13322: 12981: 12796: 12596: 12410: 12408: 12406: 12404: 12402: 12400: 12398: 12396: 12394: 12392: 12182: 11993: 11991: 11989: 11987: 11939: 11773: 11555:. c't Kartei (in German). Vol. 1987, no. 11. 9253:

supported under DOS/Windows, theoretically up to 127 =

7811:; bit 3 should be reserved as well given that clusters 6756:

Fifth chain (1 cluster) for a sub-directory (here: #13)

6373:

A volume's data area is divided into identically sized

4047:

for FAT12/FAT16 (File system type, padded with blanks (

1481:). These opstrings should not be used at sector offset 892:

For FAT32 file systems, the reserved sectors include a

724:

permission classes only with multiuser security loaded)

14830: 13516: 13514: 13512: 13510: 13508: 13506: 13504: 13502: 13500: 13498: 13380: 13378: 13269: 13267: 13265: 13263: 13261: 13259: 13257: 13255: 13253: 13251: 13249: 13247: 13245: 13243: 13241: 13239: 13237: 13235: 13233: 13231: 13229: 13227: 13225: 13223: 13221: 13219: 13217: 12958: 12662: 12136: 11752: 11750: 10867:

determines whether this feature is used when writing.

10571:

On FAT12 and FAT16 volumes, testing for the values at

8529:

The first byte can have the following special values:

3585: 1495:

This signature must be located at fixed sector offset

14151:

FAT12/FAT16/FAT32 file system implementation for *nix

13989: 13961: 13959: 13215: 13213: 13211: 13209: 13207: 13205: 13203: 13201: 13199: 13197: 12825: 12068: 12041: 12039: 12037: 12035: 11726: 11724: 11406: 11333: 10985:. PC DOS 1.10 floppy disks even start with 8454:? * : . ; , ! + = < > " - / \ | 7718:

The first two entries in a FAT store special values:

726:

FAT32: Partial, only with DR-DOS, REAL/32 and 4690 OS

17679: 13754: 13752: 13750: 13748: 13541: 13422: 13420: 12389: 12119:

Microsoft MS-DOS Programmer's Reference: version 5.0

11984: 11261:

on FAT12 volumes under MS-DOS/PC DOS 3.3 and higher.

11136: 11134: 9604:

File renames require either write or delete rights,

8112:

0xFF8 - 0xFFF (and optionally 0xFF0; see note)

8022:

MS-DOS/PC DOS 3.3 and higher treats a value of

5988:

in the standard boot sector) were located at offset

3687:(low-case letter 'o', bit 13 set for CHS access) or 846:

The first reserved sector (logical sector 0) is the

17359: 13746: 13744: 13742: 13740: 13738: 13736: 13734: 13732: 13730: 13728: 13495: 13375: 13306: 12866: 12864: 12862: 12860: 11747: 10296:

only one outstanding input/output request at a time

2125:Number of File Allocation Tables. Almost always 2; 962:(number of root entries * 32) / (bytes per sector) 567:

enabled), deletion date/time (only with DELWATCH 2)

255:

FAT32 (32-bit version with 28 bits used),

86:

may be too technical for most readers to understand

14048: 13956: 13846:4690 save and restore file distribution attributes 13593: 13194: 12895: 12641: 12637: 12635: 12633: 12165:"Standard Floppy Disk Formats Supported by MS-DOS" 12032: 11721: 11193: 10564:of the filename has sequence number 1. A value of 9380:Typical values stored on a single-user system are 3021:If both of these entries are 0 on volumes using a 13417: 13331: 12707: 12541:The MS-DOS Encyclopedia: versions 1.0 through 3.2 12430: 11166: 11164: 11131: 11055:representation must be assumed in the context of 10238:in form of disk space waste by file slack due to 10132:. This results in data cluster numbers 2...4085 ( 7684:the cluster number of the next cluster in a chain 6349:Please remove or fix instances of distracting or 2140:) of the first FAT to determine the TFAT status. 2074:family and some alternative DOS versions such as 19980: 15590: 13927: 13725: 13536:Caldera OpenDOS Machine Readable Source Kit 7.01 13469: 13128: 12857: 12810:PORT-DOS - Userprompt Guide for Apricot Portable 12324: 12322: 12320: 12318: 12316: 12314: 12312: 12310: 12308: 12306: 12272: 12270: 12268: 12266: 12264: 12262: 12260: 12258: 12256: 12254: 12081: 11784:Caldera OpenDOS Machine Readable Source Kit 7.01 11305:. Thereby. the volume remained accessible under 11098:boot sectors holds the alignment value, not the 11086: 11084: 11082: 11071:in programs for other CPU architectures using a 11023: 11021: 11019: 11017: 11015: 9375:Multiuser DOS, System Manager, and REAL/32. 8969:if enabled in MSX boot sectors at sector offset 4070:If both total logical sectors entries at offset 3254: 3002:For partitioned media, if this and the entry at 2417:Used also for RAM disks and ROM disks (e.g., on 1549:floppies have a very similar boot sector layout 14170:Volume and file size limits of FAT file systems 13134: 12933:. New Delhi, India: Gardners Books. p. 4. 12630: 12366: 11544: 11542: 11540: 11538: 11253: 11251: 11249: 11247: 11226: 11106:is not stored anywhere on disk. In contrast to 10568:is used to indicate that the entry is deleted. 10377:If the position of the LFN's last character is 8318:). Another exception are the internal commands 6761:Bad clusters (3 clusters) (here: #17, #18, #1D) 3824:Reserved (may be changed to format filler byte 1752:volumes have a very similar boot sector layout 1267:In a similar fashion, if this entry is set to " 808:A FAT file system is composed of four regions: 14157:MS-DOS: Directory and Subdirectory Limitations 13896:Clusters cannot be 64 kilobytes or larger 11161: 11151: 10076: 6752:Empty clusters (here: #12, #1B, #1C, #1E, #1F) 3078: 2315:Used also for other media types such as tapes. 1955:Common structure of the first 25 bytes of the 1094:) DOS 2.x formatted disks as well as on some ( 17665: 17345: 15576: 14260: 13784: 13650:): "This byte is not modified while running 13293:(NB. NWDOSTIP.TXT is a comprehensive work on 12303: 12251: 11907: 11827: 11793: 11269: 11267: 11079: 11012: 10953: 10951: 10949: 9000:. Version 0.70 to 0.96 used the magic values 8769:Reserved, must not be changed by disk tools. 3190: 3140: 3066: 987:(number of clusters) * (sectors per cluster) 14163:Overview of FAT, HPFS, and NTFS File Systems 13966:Les Bell; Associates Pty Ltd (1996-09-02) . 12766: 11535: 11350: 11244: 8263:is a special type of file that represents a 7973:0x0002 - 0xFFEF (0x0002 - 0x7FFF) 3499:Partition Volume Label, padded with blanks ( 3422:over the system's ROM-BIOS in this location. 14077: 14028: 14005:Significant Bits, Brisbug PC User Group Inc 13901: 13569: 13567: 13463: 13105: 12220: 12218: 12216: 12214: 12212: 12210: 12208: 12206: 12204: 12202: 12112: 12110: 12108: 11971: 11330:had a special meaning in directory entries. 11320: 11114:processors as used in Atari machines use a 10080: 10032:the smallest supported sector size is 128. 9718:for possible later restoration. See offset 9673:for possible later restoration. See offset 8430:...\DIRSPEC.EXT;DIRPWD\FILESPEC.EXT;FILEPWD 3152: 3144: 3062: 1695:) instruction and all registers unaltered. 64:Learn how and when to remove these messages 20024:File systems supported by the Linux kernel 17672: 17658: 17352: 17338: 17313: 15583: 15569: 14267: 14253: 14022: 13640:FAT32.TXT for FAT32.IFS version 0.9.13." ( 13101: 13099: 13097: 13063:(xviii+856+vi pages, 3.5"-floppy) Errata: 12930:Data Recovery With and Without Programming 12167:. Microsoft Help and Support. 2003-05-12. 11548: 11264: 11203:" boot file name can be changed using the 10946: 10251: 8628:Short file extension (padded with spaces) 8586:" (since MS-DOS 1.40 and PC DOS 2.0) 8342:! # $ % & ' ( ) - @ ^ _ ` { } ~ 7832: 3958:for FAT12/FAT16 (Extended boot signature, 3764: 3565:since OS/2 1.2 and MS-DOS 4.0 and higher. 2866:Physical sectors per track for disks with 2663:Physical sectors per track for disks with 2017: 934:This typically contains two copies of the 909: 894: 14165:: Microsoft Knowledge Base Article 100108 14147:: Microsoft Knowledge Base Article 154997 14141:: Microsoft Knowledge Base Article 140418 13719:, IBM document SC30-4137-01, 2007-12-06 ( 13316:, IBM document SC30-4134-01, 2008-01-10 ( 12903:"Detailed Explanation of FAT Boot Sector" 12607:"Detailed Explanation of FAT Boot Sector" 10843:, which allows for combinations such as " 9183:store a record size in the word at entry 7701:a zero to note that the cluster is unused 7695:) entry that indicates the end of a chain 6716:indicating a volume on a non-partitioned 6708:/ endianness marker (in reserved cluster 4016:Not available if the signature at offset 3194: 395:EBD0A0A2-B9E5-443387C0-68B6B72699C7 183:Learn how and when to remove this message 114:Learn how and when to remove this message 98:, without removing the technical details. 14198:: allows formatting volumes larger than 14159:: Microsoft Knowledge Base Article 39927 14054: 14031:"Getting longer filenames out of GEMDOS" 13662:. If another program sets the value to 13564: 12642:Lai, Robert S.; The Waite Group (1987). 12199: 12105: 11950:"Troubleshooting Disks and File Systems" 11886:. DOSREF, Shareware version 01/12/1992. 11608: 10341: 9189:. This is mainly used for their special 8230: 8005:0xFF0 - 0xFF5 (0xFF1 - 0xFF5) 6314: 6096: 5959:FAT12 floppy formats supported by 86-DOS 3873:for FAT12/FAT16 (Physical Drive Number) 1893:" signature is present at sector offset 1862:" signature is present at sector offset 1011: 954:File Allocation Table #2 ... (optional) 195:For broader coverage of this topic, see 27:Computer file system architecture design 14230:Microsoft Windows XP: FAT32 File System 14139:Detailed Explanation of FAT Boot Sector 13998: 13683: 13573: 13384: 13094: 13081:Inside the IBM PC, Revised and Enlarged 13070: 12020: 10642:). For example, "Readme.txt" would be " 10335: 10051:correspond to the maximal cluster size 9767:VFAT LFN entries never store the value 9576:World write/modify requires permission 9532:Group write/modify requires permission 9488:Owner write/modify requires permission 6243:Reserved (byte values should be set to 6164:Reserved (byte values should be set to 3267:are the same as for the DOS 3.31 BPB): 3202: 3074: 1947: 1885:MSX-DOS 2 disk serial number (default: 14: 19981: 13907: 13817:, IBM document R1001487, 2003-07-30. ( 13790:Bob Eager, Tavi Systems (2000-10-28). 13043:(2 ed.). Reading, Massachusetts: 12762: 12760: 12758: 12756: 12754: 12230:Standard ECMA-107 (2nd ed., June 1995) 11508: 11506: 11504: 11502: 11500: 10392:LFN entries use the following format: 10365:Each phony entry can contain up to 13 8470:The DOS file names are in the current 3546:File system type, padded with blanks ( 3148: 3070: 2550:, whereas for fixed disks, it must be 2039:hard disks use 4096 bytes per sector ( 1509:bootable if the checksum over the 256 1382:to store the high 4 bytes of the 790:Windows 9x family of operating systems 594:2 seconds for last modified time, 17653: 17333: 17190:Next-Generation Secure Computing Base 15564: 14248: 13848:. IBM document R1000622, 2010-08-31 ( 13717:4690 OS Programming Guide Version 5.2 13426: 13280:. MPDOSTIP (in German) (3 ed.). 12926: 12362: 12360: 12358: 12045: 11718:(NB. This book contains many errors.) 11498: 11496: 11494: 11492: 11490: 11488: 11486: 11484: 11482: 11480: 10097:, FAT16) for future standardization. 10072: 8527:Short file name (padded with spaces) 7752:Additionally, for FAT IDs other than 7698:a special entry to mark a bad cluster 3247:: the formula gives the known CHS to 3210: 949:) in the map contain special values. 925:(number of FATs) * (sectors per FAT) 96:make it understandable to non-experts 14145:Description of the FAT32 File System 13933: 13601:FAT32.TXT for FAT32.IFS version 0.74 13387:"Microsoft MS-DOS early source code" 13273: 12905:. DEW Associates Corporation. 2002. 12082:de Boyne Pollard, Jonathan (2010) . 11913: 11833: 11799: 11557:Verlag Heinz Heise GmbH & Co. KG 11443: 11301:instead of utilizing the end marker 10283:Some of the perceived problems with 9587:World read/copy requires permission 9543:Group read/copy requires permission 9499:Owner read/copy requires permission 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 6981: 6976: 6603: 6596: 6325: 3454:Extended boot signature. (Should be 3206: 3115:(FAT32), the root directory entries 1520:In rare cases, a reversed signature 974: 966: 125: 70: 29: 16319:Distributed Transaction Coordinator 13968:"OS/2 High Performance File System" 12873:. Yellow Pig's BBC Computer Pages ( 12751: 11979:IBM PC Technical Reference Handbook 10997:instead of valid media descriptors 10028:at the end of all boot sectors. On 9332:Last access date (since DOS 7.0 if 8971: 7887: 7858: 7658: 6302: 6275: 6228:the system should start at cluster 6104: 6036:2.1e/g for the Apricot ACT series. 5324: 4648: 4572: 4137:and MS-DOS do not fit this scheme. 4100: 4072: 4059: 4018: 3894: 3848: 3693: 3586:FAT32 Extended BIOS Parameter Block 3367: 3198: 3082: 3037: 2958: 2790: 2707: 2602: 2585:are reserved and must not be used. 2291:Designated for non-standard custom 2215: 2177: 2157: 1895: 1864: 1434: 1383: 1356: 1339:FAT32 Extended BIOS Parameter Block 1260: 1249: 1064: 24: 16650:User Interface Privilege Isolation 14173:: Microsoft Technet, copy made by 13877:"Limitations of FAT32 File System" 13169:Seattle Computer Products (1981). 12355: 12195:MS-DOS 3.3 Programmer's Reference. 12001:. Sybex, 4th edition, 12th batch. 11477: 11377: 10969:before assuming the presence of a 8483: 8362:" * / : < > ? \ | 8254: 7874: 7747: 7713: 6721: 6713: 6288: 6281: 5984: 5978: 5248: 5172: 5096: 5020: 4944: 4868: 4792: 4152: 4078: 4057:Not available if the signature at 3778: 3744: 3654:in this entry should never become 3643: 3568:Not available if the signature at 3514:Not available if the signature at 3263:(EBPB) (bytes below sector offset 3087:, where the reserved sector count 3004: 2996: 2990: 2984: 2926: 2920: 2893: 2871: 2815: 2798: 2715: 1854:MSX-DOS 2 undelete flag (default: 1736:is not matched (unless the shared 1232:". Similarly, the ROM BIOS of the 1112: 860:). It includes an area called the 765:FAT12/FAT16: Per-volume only with 721: 717: 713: 665: 661: 657: 653: 25: 20035: 14135:including lots of info about LFNs 14110: 13274:Paul, Matthias R. (1997-07-30) . 12084:"All about BIOS parameter blocks" 11615:Addison Wesley Publishing Company 11552:c't - magazin für computertechnik 11437: 11417:Windows 95 CD-ROM CONFIG.TXT File 10919:Timeline of DOS operating systems 10579: 10573: 9302:the group ID of a file's creator. 8898:F3': Ignore Close Checksum Error 8807: 8797: 7906: 7895:and FAT16 volumes with less than 7852: 6258:FS information sector signature ( 6179:FS information sector signature ( 6131:FS information sector signature ( 4043: 4010: 3990: 3954: 3927: 3869: 3650: 3570: 3516: 3408: 2554:to assume the presence of a BPB. 2105: 1412: 1247:, the signature at sector offset 1204:after overwriting OEM label with 917:More reserved sectors (optional) 835: 45:This article has multiple issues. 19963: 19962: 17404: 17312: 17302: 17301: 14274: 14234:Internet Archive Wayback Machine 14224:Internet Archive Wayback Machine 14175:Internet Archive Wayback Machine 13314:4690 OS User's Guide Version 5.2 12648:(2nd ed.). Addison Wesley. 11914:Paul, Matthias R. (2004-08-25). 11800:Paul, Matthias R. (2002-02-20). 11629:(xxvi+738+iv pages, 3.5"-floppy 11293:) to fill the first byte of all 10924:Transaction-Safe FAT File System 10831: 10534: 10517: 10500: 10487: 10470: 10453: 10409: 10167: 10140:) for FAT16, and 2...268435445 ( 10059:yields 128 sectors per cluster. 9743: 9725: 9720: 9714: 9705: 9700: 9680: 9675: 9669: 9660: 9655: 9623: 9367: 9343: 9338: 9326: 9321: 9219: 9214: 9185: 9154: 9144: 9084: 9056: 8965: 8817: 8407: 8267:(also known as a folder). Since 8171:instead). While in the original 7875:number of root directory entries 6330: 6039:The DOS Plus adaptation for the 3508: 3156:, where the sectors per cluster 1870: 1660:Private boot sector data (mixed 1513:words of the boot sector equals 1362:(In conjunction with at least a 1273:", it indicates the usage of an 1183:" signatures (a left-over from " 990: 841: 600:2 seconds for deletion time 130: 75: 34: 16379:Remote Differential Compression 14095:from the original on 2014-05-05 14066:from the original on 2014-04-23 14037:from the original on 2014-04-24 14011:from the original on 2015-09-23 13945:from the original on 2008-11-18 13916:from the original on 2011-07-16 13887:from the original on 2011-08-15 13393:from the original on 2019-08-10 13351:from the original on 2019-08-14 13284:from the original on 2016-11-05 13183:from the original on 2012-10-03 13146:from the original on 2017-12-17 13117:from the original on 2014-07-01 13008:from the original on 2012-05-01 12947:from the original on 2021-12-03 12920: 12909:from the original on 2011-09-26 12886: 12727:from the original on 2019-08-14 12619:from the original on 2011-11-28 12454:from the original on 2019-08-14 12378:from the original on 2011-10-06 12344:from the original on 2012-01-17 12292:from the original on 2012-01-17 12240:from the original on 2018-10-07 12171:from the original on 2015-01-09 12094:from the original on 2016-08-26 12057:from the original on 2016-06-16 11960:from the original on 2014-06-07 11850:from the original on 2017-09-09 11816:from the original on 2017-09-09 11524:from the original on 2021-07-23 11395:from the original on 2011-08-12 9698:Last modified date; see offset 9388:for all access rights "RWED"), 8876:F1': Modify default open rules 8375:Allowed in long file names only 6080:was Z80 code beginning with DI 5704: 4720:Byte payload / physical sector 4014:for FAT12/FAT16 (Volume Label) 1505:will assume a disk to be Atari 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 528:FAT32: 268,173,300 for 32 53:or discuss these issues on the 17386:Common Language Infrastructure 17235:Windows System Assessment Tool 14240:Visual Layout of a FAT16 drive 13999:Bridges, Dan (February 1996). 13941:. Microsoft TechNet Magazine. 12531:; Perez, Gary; Peters, Chris; 11005:byte in the first byte of the 10159:'s FAT specification puts it: 10085:, and reserve cluster numbers 9902: 9608:CHAIN requires execute rights. 9404:for access rights "R-?-") and 8555:Initial character is actually 8242: 8204:as valid end-of-chain marker. 8175:implementation in Microsoft's 8155:up to 3.0.26) continue to use 8000:are allowed on FAT16 volumes. 7622: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7541: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7062: 7057: 7024: 7019: 7009: 7004: 6685: 6678: 6649: 6640: 6635: 6626: 6321: 4104:may be retrieved as new-style 3644:offset 0x0B in the DOS 2.0 BPB 3322:for (first) fixed disk as per 3215:, where the sectors per track 2078:fully support 64 KB clusters. 1774:Dummy jump instruction (e.g., 1016: 895:File System Information Sector 508: 13: 1: 14085:"mount(8): mount file system" 13912:. Microsoft Systems Journal. 13576:"Long Filename Specification" 12645:Writing MS-DOS Device Drivers 11370: 10016:command removes the initial " 9980:), the biggest value is 128 ( 8664:non-SHARE-enabled programs). 6309: 6204:if unknown. Should be set to 4142: 4115: 3898:. In this case, the bytes at 3878:are located at sector offset 3716:, and the low byte at offset 3597: 3318:for (first) removable media, 3269: 3261:Extended BIOS Parameter Block 3255:Extended BIOS Parameter Block 2821: 2743: 2618: 2051:) for a transitional period. 1953: 1789:OEM Name (padded with spaces 1746: 1621:Disk serial number (default: 1608:0x4C 0x6F 0x61 0x64 0x65 0x72 1598:OEM Name (padded with spaces 1543: 1333:Extended BIOS Parameter Block 1132:OEM Name (padded with spaces 1039: 792:. It continues to be used on 596:10 ms for creation time, 277:FAT16: August 1984 (IBM 271:FAT12: August 1980 (SCP 253:FAT16 (16-bit versions), 16524:Open XML Paper Specification 16384:Remote Installation Services 15592:Microsoft Windows components 14119:, identical to ISO/IEC 9293. 11712:. 8411-310-02, 036-014-012. 11006: 8778:An attribute combination of 8395:; allowed in long file names 8365:Windows/MS-DOS has no shell 8353:This excludes the following 8192:implementations only accept 8188: 7856:or the FAT32 EBPB at offset 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7040: 7035: 6965: 6960: 6902: 6897: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6730: 6709: 6665: 6658: 6587: 6581: 6532: 6523: 6491: 6485: 6480: 6474: 6395:throughout the Data Region. 6273:or the FAT32 EBPB at offset 6270: 6149: 6145: 5636:First physical sector (CHS) 4096:64-bit total logical sectors 3994:for FAT12/FAT16 (Volume ID) 3933:May hold format filler byte 3738: 3435: 3135:rounds up to a whole number. 2519: 2182: 2137: 1839:MSX-DOS 2 volume signature " 1642:DOS 3.0 BIOS Parameter Block 1117: 946: 942: 803: 496:4,294,967,295 bytes (4 257:exFAT (64-bit versions) 251:FAT12 (12-bit version), 7: 16676:Windows Subsystem for Linux 16635:Mandatory Integrity Control 16389:Windows Deployment Services 16186:Wireless Zero Configuration 15440:Filesystem-level encryption 13385:Shustek, Len (2014-03-24). 13335:; Microsoft (2013-12-19) . 12711:; Microsoft (2013-12-19) . 12434:; Microsoft (2013-12-19) . 10977:as well, but do not show a 10870: 9880:File address in the memory 9396:for access rights "RW?-"), 8887:F2': Partial close default 8419:" + , ; < = > | 4083: 3625: 3384:code ignores the DL value. 3297: 3052:to a logical sector number 3023: 2514: 55x DS-DOS 2.11 only) 2372: 55x DS-DOS 2.11 only) 2233:Media descriptor (compare: 2164: 1450:code ignores the DL value. 1363: 1338: 1327: 1244: 598:1 day for access date, 144:the scope of other articles 10: 20040: 17516:Holographic Versatile Disc 16778:Universal Windows Platform 16484:Kernel Transaction Manager 16469:Hardware Abstraction Layer 16166:Multimedia Class Scheduler 14287:Comparison of file systems 14033:. comp.sys.atari.st.tech. 14029:Natuerlich! (1992-03-24). 13691:FAT32.IFS Wiki and Sources 12812:. User-Prompt Guides, UK ( 12772:"An Inside Look at MS-DOS" 11834:Bass, Wally (1994-02-14). 11002: 10877:Comparison of file systems 10626: 10618: 10610: 10602: 10495:Checksum of DOS file name 10328: 10189:Other file systems, e.g., 10093:, FAT12) and later 65526 ( 10069:determined by the formula 9645:Last modified time (since 9442:File access rights bitmap: 8286:(LFN); see further below. 8212: 8208: 7707: 6705: 6144:they expect the values in 4864:Logical sectors / cluster 4147: 4125: 4121: 3477:Volume ID (serial number) 3223:, and the number of sides 2957:) use boot sector offsets 2849: 2771: 2646: 2295:formats; corresponds with 2234: 1805: 1641: 1394:do not all contain zero.) 1323: 1319: 1315: 1226:Wang Professional Computer 898:at logical sector 1 and a 522:FAT16: 65,460 for 32 502:- 1) with FAT16B and FAT32 194: 20014:Windows disk file systems 19958: 19882: 19608: 18760: 17709: 17691: 17637: 17616: 17595: 17540: 17524: 17455: 17421:Advanced Intelligent Tape 17413: 17402: 17368: 17297: 17257: 17230:Windows Services for UNIX 17152: 16921: 16840: 16833: 16806: 16689: 16663: 16615:Data Execution Prevention 16587: 16464:Graphics Device Interface 16412: 16354:Network Access Protection 16279: 16194: 16141: 16041: 15973:Remote Desktop Connection 15806: 15636: 15598: 15532: 15504: 15469: 15425: 15350: 15343: 15265: 15218: 15164: 15066: 15059: 14964: 14890: 14773: 14740: 14316: 14307: 14282: 13470:JEIDA/JEITA/CIPA (2010). 13427:Levin, Roy (2014-03-25). 13171:"SCP 86-DOS 1.0 Addendum" 12122:. Microsoft press. 1991. 11999:Atari Profibuch ST-STE-TT 11802:"Need DOS 6.22 (Not OEM)" 10331:File system fragmentation 9972:for FAT16, and 4084+3 is 9782:-based operating systems 8979: 8931:Delete requires password 8783: 8283: 6300:) in the entry at offset 5396:Total number of clusters 4940:Reserved logical sectors 4568:Physical sectors / track 4208: 4203: 4196: 4172: 4165: 4158: 4082:are 0 on volumes using a 3828:as an artifact by MS-DOS 3763:Logical sector number of 3591: 3480:disk utilities provide a 2934:Advanced Active Partition 1417: 1332: 1277:located at sector offset 933: 924: 921: 845: 833: 830: 757: 736:FAT12/FAT16: Per-volume, 730: 644: 614: 604: 590: 571: 559: 554: 536: 506: 492: 436: 431: 423: 413: 405: 400: 303: 261: 245: 209: 16595:Security and Maintenance 16539:Security Account Manager 16133:Windows XP visual styles 15390:Extended file attributes 15091:Compact Disc File System 13881:Microsoft Knowledge Base 13547:John C. Elliott (1998). 12840:John C. Elliott (1998). 12612:Microsoft Knowledge Base 12088:Frequently Given Answers 12051:"The x86 Interrupt List" 11844:comp.os.msdos.programmer 11415:Microsoft (2006-11-15). 11326:This is the reason, why 11294: 11102:itself. The magic value 11027:The signature at offset 10987:0xEB 0x?? 0x90 10970: 10940: 10898:FAT filesystem and Linux 10648: 10136:) for FAT12, 2...65525 ( 10020:" (this directory) and " 9191:database-like file types 8942:Write requires password 8805:and the length entry at 8787:explicitly write dummy " 6088:. Unformatted disks use 4432:Formatted capacity (KB) 3507:" Software changing the 2794:in BPBs since DOS 3.31. 2711:in BPBs since DOS 3.31. 2198:root directory entries. 2194: 2106:reserved logical sectors 1975:are used since DOS 3.0) 1310: 936: 928: 514:FAT12: 4,068 for 8 267:Standalone Disk BASIC-80 17180:Media Control Interface 17014:Help and Support Center 16630:Kernel Patch Protection 16394:System Resource Manager 16374:Remote Desktop Services 16369:Print Services for UNIX 16151:Service Control Manager 15761:Windows Error Reporting 15681:DirectX Diagnostic Tool 15489:Installable File System 13433:Official Microsoft Blog 13341:Computer History Museum 12717:Computer History Museum 12444:Computer History Museum 11174:. In contrast to other 10882:Drive letter assignment 9896:File execution address 8953:Read requires password 8909:F4': Disable checksums 8815:, whereas the entry at 8782:is used to designate a 8559:. (since DOS 3.0) 8439:The at-sign character ( 8398:Control characters 0–31 8179:different end markers ( 8151:. Versions of mkdosfs ( 5092:Root directory entries 4788:Bytes / logical sector 3429:In Windows NT used for 3314:Physical drive number ( 2163:A value of 0 without a 1874:in directory entries). 969:(FAT12 and FAT16 only) 297:Windows Embedded CE 6.0 283:FAT16B: November 1987 ( 17640:List of Ecma standards 17369:Application interfaces 17160:Desktop Cleanup Wizard 16736:COM Structured storage 16437:Desktop Window Manager 16329:Windows Media Services 14537:TiVo Media File System 14401:Encrypting File System 13574:vinDaci (1998-01-06). 11882:Dave Williams (1992). 10525:First cluster (always 10444:Name characters (five 10347: 10236:internal fragmentation 10184:external fragmentation 10165: 10039:operating systems the 9950: 8846:with a partition type 6724:for partitioned disks) 5244:Logical sectors / FAT 5168:Total logical sectors 3509:directory volume label 3357:underlying boot loader 3103:, the sectors per FAT 2932:If this belongs to an 2419:Columbia Data Products 2029:Magneto-optical drives 959:Root Directory Region 547:characters when using 295:exFAT: November 2006 ( 249:File Allocation Table: 19994:Computer file systems 17596:Radio link interfaces 17541:Programming languages 17506:Ultra Density Optical 16788:Windows Mixed Reality 16459:Enhanced Write Filter 16309:Roaming user profiles 14532:Macintosh File System 13549:CP/M 4.1 disc formats 13458:TeleVideo PC DOS 2.11 13412:TeleVideo PC DOS 2.11 13370:TeleVideo PC DOS 2.11 12746:TeleVideo PC DOS 2.11 12473:TeleVideo PC DOS 2.11 12372:"The FAT file system" 12193:Microsoft (1987-07). 11559:. pp. 241–246 . 11158:FAT16 EBPB was used.) 10592:Sequence number 10542:Name characters (two 10508:Name characters (six 10345: 10252:FS Information Sector 10117:for media descriptor 9910: 8844:logical sectored FATs 8578:'Dot' entry; either " 8249:Root Directory Region 8237:Root Directory Region 8231:Root directory region 8177:Standalone Disk BASIC 8115:0xFFF8 - 0xFFFF 8064:for files otherwise. 8008:0xFFF0 - 0xFFF5 7899:clusters and 2 FATs. 7833:FS Information Sector 7674:File Allocation Table 6315:File Allocation Table 6097:FS Information Sector 5464:Logical sector order 4146:FAT ID (compare with 4122:media descriptor byte 3765:FS Information Sector 3219:are stored at offset 3160:are stored at offset 2018:FS Information Sector 2009:logical sectored FATs 1706:Checksum. The 16-bit 1463:Boot sector signature 1012:Reserved sectors area 937:File Allocation Table 929:File Allocation Table 910:FS Information Sector 879:Drive Parameter Block 197:File Allocation Table 156:and help introduce a 17511:Universal Media Disc 17069:Mobile Device Center 17019:Health & Fitness 16817:Solitaire Collection 16645:User Account Control 16640:Protected Media Path 16544:Server Message Block 16494:Logical Disk Manager 15746:System Policy Editor 15731:System Configuration 15545:GUID Partition Table 14892:Distributed parallel 14640:Shared File System ( 13908:Duncan, Ray (1989). 13781:(Printed in the UK.) 13666:for a file that has 13638:Henk Kelder (2003). 12842:DOSPLUS disc formats 11810:alt.msdos.programmer 11285:supported an option 10903:List of file systems 10892:Extended Boot Record 10863:); the mount option 10839:and bit 3 lowercase 10336:VFAT long file names 10182:, as it occurs with 8465:@ # ( ) { } $ & 7689:end of cluster-chain 5622:sector+ head+ track+ 5617:sector+ head+ track+ 5599:sector+ head+ track+ 5594:sector+ head+ track+ 5589:sector+ head+ track+ 5579:sector+ head+ track+ 5574:sector+ head+ track+ 5569:sector+ head+ track+ 5564:sector+ head+ track+ 5554:sector+ head+ track+ 5549:sector+ head+ track+ 5544:sector+ head+ track+ 5539:sector+ head+ track+ 3906:are normally set to 3529:Disk Parameter Table 3436:second cluster entry 3245:Cylinder-head-sector 3239:, and sector number 3095:, the number of FATs 3091:is stored at offset 1957:BIOS Parameter Block 1948:BIOS Parameter Block 1336:(32 or 51 bytes) or 1311:BIOS Parameter Block 1224:The boot ROM of the 863:BIOS Parameter Block 289:FAT32: August 1996 ( 17456:File systems (disk) 17414:File systems (tape) 17215:Virtual DOS machine 16559:System Idle Process 16534:Resource Protection 16442:Portable Executable 16334:Active DRM Services 15736:System File Checker 15706:Performance Monitor 15550:Apple Partition Map 15496:Virtual file system 15435:Access-control list 14549:NetWare File System 11031:in boot sectors is 10461:Attributes (always 9614:Extended Attributes 9298:holds the user ID, 8994:extended attributes 8784:VFAT long file name 8401:Character 127 (DEL) 8378:Lower case letters 8293:Upper case letters 8219:on FAT12 volumes.) 7970:0x002 - 0xFEF 7092: 6776: 6414: 6289:logical sector size 6260:0x00 0x00 0x55 0xAA 6181:0x72 0x72 0x41 0x61 6133:0x52 0x52 0x61 0x41 3892:" at sector offset 3779:logical sector size 3737:A cluster value of 3648:The byte at offset 2953:boot loaders (like 1976: 1753: 1575:BRA.S instruction ( 1550: 1370:boot loaders (like 1042: 1021:On non-partitioned 886:) in DOS and OS/2. 813: 537:Max filename length 206: 20009:Windows components 17685:by standard number 17362:Ecma International 17220:Windows on Windows 16944:Backup and Restore 16756:Transaction Server 16474:I/O request packet 16314:Folder redirection 15983:Speech Recognition 15741:System Information 15696:Management Console 15540:Master Boot Record 15365:Data deduplication 15004:Google File System 14920:Google File System 14406:Extent File System 14368:Byte File System ( 14194:2009-07-21 at the 13972:PC Support Advisor 13800:2006-06-13 at the 13699:2013-05-11 at the 13646:2022-01-25 at the 13557:2014-08-26 at the 13033:Schulman, Andrew; 12974:2014-05-21 at the 12964:Daniel B. Sedory. 12879:2014-05-21 at the 12871:The BBC Master 512 12850:2013-06-07 at the 12818:2013-05-22 at the 12589:2018-10-14 at the 11900:2014-05-20 at the 11766:2014-05-21 at the 11756:Daniel B. Sedory. 11740:2014-05-21 at the 11730:Daniel B. Sedory. 11076:misinterpretation. 10993:would fail (value 10934:Volume Boot Record 10908:Master Boot Record 10825:with an uppercase 10577:to be zero and at 10429:), deleted entry: 10348: 10199:free space bitmaps 10064:Max Cluster Number 9864:File load address 8349:Characters 230–255 8346:Characters 128–228 8284:VFAT long filename 7911:FAT entry values: 7090: 6774: 6412: 6389:singly linked list 6028:Later versions of 4124:in the BPB or the 3604:FAT32 EBPB offset 3123:, the sector size 2432: MS-DOS only) 1954: 1747: 1544: 1208:will report it as 1070:Volume Boot Record 1040: 900:Backup Boot Sector 853:Volume Boot Record 811: 406:Directory contents 204: 154:discuss this issue 19999:Disk file systems 19976: 19975: 17699:ISO romanizations 17647: 17646: 17327: 17326: 17253: 17252: 17210:Video for Windows 17165:Games for Windows 17034:Internet Explorer 16128:Windows Spotlight 15771:Windows Installer 15558: 15557: 15465: 15464: 15355:Case preservation 15261: 15260: 14960: 14959: 14886: 14885: 14648:Smart File System 14202:with FAT32 under 14133:Understanding FAT 14062:. comp.os.minix. 13454:Altos MS-DOS 2.11 13452:and a mixture of 13408:Altos MS-DOS 2.11 13406:and a mixture of 13366:Altos MS-DOS 2.11 13364:and a mixture of 13111:"FAT under Linux" 13002:Microsoft TechNet 12940:978-81-7656-922-4 12742:Altos MS-DOS 2.11 12740:and a mixture of 12535:; Pollock, John; 12469:Altos MS-DOS 2.11 12467:and a mixture of 12340:catalogue. 1987. 12288:catalogue. 1994. 12282:ISO/IEC 9293:1994 12015:978-3-88745-888-1 11954:Microsoft TechNet 11624:978-0-201-60835-9 11465:Missing or empty 11389:Microsoft TechNet 11295:directory entries 11273:Some versions of 10631: 10630: 10627:Normal 8.3 entry 10550: 10549: 9900: 9899: 9776: 9775: 9601: 9600: 9277: 9276: 9135: 9134: 9131:Seconds/2 (0–29) 9020:(normal EAs) and 9008:(normal EAs) and 8957: 8956: 8773: 8772: 8613: 8612: 8472:OEM character set 8224: 8223: 7652: 7651: 7087:cluster address. 7080: 7079: 6700: 6699: 6371: 6370: 6266: 6265: 5947: 5946: 4113: 4112: 3583: 3582: 3111:(FAT12/FAT16) or 3060:Determine (once) 3046: 3045: 2807: 2806: 2724: 2723: 2610: 2609: 2400:Altos MS-DOS 2.11 2377:Altos MS-DOS 2.11 2345:Altos MS-DOS 2.11 2329:Altos MS-DOS 2.11 1945: 1944: 1745: 1744: 1542: 1541: 1489:at sector offset 1293:" to indicate an 1086:as seen on most ( 1001: 1000: 831:Reserved sectors 774: 773: 193: 192: 185: 175: 174: 124: 123: 116: 68: 16:(Redirected from 20031: 19966: 19965: 17686: 17674: 17667: 17660: 17651: 17650: 17642:(1961 – present) 17441:Linear Tape-Open 17408: 17376:ANSI escape code 17354: 17347: 17340: 17331: 17330: 17316: 17315: 17305: 17304: 17225:Windows SideShow 17004:Food & Drink 16898:Spider Solitaire 16838: 16837: 16731:ActiveX Document 16699:Active Scripting 16655:Windows Firewall 16610:Credential Guard 16289:Active Directory 16086:Indexing Service 15716:Resource Monitor 15711:Recovery Console 15585: 15578: 15571: 15562: 15561: 15375:Execute in place 15348: 15347: 15081:Boot File System 15064: 15063: 14828: 14827: 14364:Boot File System 14314: 14313: 14269: 14262: 14255: 14246: 14245: 14220: 14201: 14104: 14103: 14101: 14100: 14081: 14075: 14074: 14072: 14071: 14060:"Long filenames" 14052: 14046: 14045: 14043: 14042: 14026: 14020: 14019: 14017: 14016: 13996: 13987: 13986: 13984: 13983: 13974:. Archived from 13963: 13954: 13953: 13951: 13950: 13931: 13925: 13924: 13922: 13921: 13905: 13899: 13898: 13893: 13892: 13873: 13867: 13865: 13863: 13862: 13853:. Archived from 13842: 13836: 13834: 13832: 13831: 13822:. Archived from 13811: 13805: 13788: 13782: 13780: 13778: 13777: 13756: 13723: 13713: 13704: 13687: 13681: 13665: 13654:and neighter by 13636: 13630: 13628: 13624: 13620: 13618: 13617: 13608:. Archived from 13597: 13591: 13590: 13588: 13587: 13578:. Archived from 13571: 13562: 13545: 13539: 13534:Caldera (1997). 13532: 13493: 13492: 13490: 13489: 13483: 13477:. Archived from 13476: 13467: 13461: 13447: 13445: 13444: 13435:. Archived from 13424: 13415: 13401: 13399: 13398: 13382: 13373: 13359: 13357: 13356: 13329: 13320: 13310: 13304: 13292: 13290: 13289: 13271: 13192: 13191: 13189: 13188: 13182: 13175: 13166: 13155: 13154: 13152: 13151: 13132: 13126: 13125: 13123: 13122: 13103: 13092: 13074: 13068: 13062: 13030: 13017: 13016: 13014: 13013: 12994: 12979: 12962: 12956: 12955: 12953: 12952: 12924: 12918: 12917: 12915: 12914: 12899: 12893: 12890: 12884: 12868: 12855: 12838: 12823: 12807: 12794: 12793: 12788: 12787: 12778:. Archived from 12764: 12749: 12735: 12733: 12732: 12705: 12660: 12659: 12639: 12628: 12627: 12625: 12624: 12603: 12594: 12582: 12549:Petzold, Charles 12533:Petzold, Charles 12501: 12476: 12462: 12460: 12459: 12428: 12387: 12386: 12384: 12383: 12364: 12353: 12352: 12350: 12349: 12326: 12301: 12300: 12298: 12297: 12274: 12249: 12248: 12246: 12245: 12222: 12197: 12191: 12180: 12179: 12177: 12176: 12161: 12134: 12133: 12114: 12103: 12102: 12100: 12099: 12079: 12066: 12065: 12063: 12062: 12043: 12030: 12024: 12018: 11995: 11982: 11975: 11969: 11968: 11966: 11965: 11946: 11937: 11934: 11932: 11931: 11922:. Archived from 11911: 11905: 11880: 11859: 11858: 11856: 11855: 11831: 11825: 11824: 11822: 11821: 11797: 11791: 11789: 11782:Caldera (1997). 11780: 11771: 11754: 11745: 11728: 11719: 11717: 11692: 11641: 11628: 11606: 11569: 11568: 11546: 11533: 11532: 11530: 11529: 11510: 11475: 11474: 11468: 11463: 11461: 11453: 11441: 11435: 11433: 11413: 11404: 11403: 11401: 11400: 11381: 11365: 11354: 11348: 11346: 11340: 11331: 11329: 11324: 11318: 11316: 11304: 11300: 11288: 11271: 11262: 11260: 11255: 11242: 11230: 11224: 11222: 11218: 11214: 11210: 11206: 11202: 11197: 11191: 11173: 11168: 11159: 11155: 11149: 11138: 11129: 11126: 11120: 11110:processors, the 11105: 11088: 11077: 11070: 11063:in programs for 11062: 11050: 11046: 11042: 11038: 11034: 11030: 11025: 11010: 11003:media descriptor 11000: 10996: 10992: 10988: 10984: 10980: 10976: 10968: 10960: 10955: 10866: 10862: 10858: 10854: 10850: 10846: 10834: 10817: 10814: 10811: 10808: 10805: 10802: 10799: 10796: 10793: 10790: 10787: 10784: 10781: 10778: 10775: 10772: 10769: 10766: 10763: 10760: 10757: 10754: 10751: 10748: 10745: 10742: 10739: 10736: 10733: 10730: 10727: 10724: 10721: 10718: 10715: 10712: 10709: 10706: 10703: 10700: 10697: 10694: 10691: 10688: 10685: 10682: 10679: 10676: 10673: 10670: 10667: 10664: 10661: 10658: 10655: 10652: 10645: 10641: 10619:"File with ver" 10611:"y long filena" 10589: 10588: 10582: 10576: 10567: 10559: 10528: 10481: 10464: 10432: 10428: 10424: 10420: 10395: 10394: 10388: 10384: 10357: 10300:no DMA transfers 10270: 10260: 10240:cluster overhang 10226: 10212:memory footprint 10154: 10150: 10143: 10139: 10135: 10131: 10127: 10120: 10116: 10112: 10108: 10104: 10096: 10092: 10088: 10084: 10082: 10078: 10074: 10068: 10058: 10054: 10050: 10046: 10043:command options 10042: 10027: 10023: 10019: 10015: 10011: 10002: 9998: 9991: 9983: 9979: 9975: 9971: 9967: 9963: 9959: 9848: 9844: 9813: 9812: 9770: 9746: 9723: 9717: 9703: 9678: 9672: 9658: 9626: 9616:handle (used by 9446: 9445: 9436: 9420: 9415: 9411: 9407: 9403: 9399: 9395: 9391: 9387: 9383: 9370: 9341: 9324: 9301: 9297: 9231: 9230: 9217: 9188: 9157: 9147: 9101: 9100: 9091: 9087: 9059: 9053: 9046: 9042: 9023: 9019: 9015: 9011: 9007: 9003: 8999: 8992:" files holding 8991: 8974: 8968: 8856: 8855: 8851: 8820: 8814: 8810: 8804: 8800: 8794: 8790: 8781: 8641: 8640: 8639:File Attributes 8607: 8601: 8585: 8581: 8568: 8564: 8558: 8532: 8531: 8507: 8506: 8495: 8491: 8479: 8466: 8455: 8442: 8431: 8427: 8420: 8410: 8394: 8390: 8385: 8381: 8373: 8367:escape character 8363: 8343: 8337: 8333: 8327: 8323: 8310: 8306: 8300: 8296: 8218: 8213:media descriptor 8203: 8199: 8195: 8186: 8182: 8170: 8166: 8162: 8158: 8150: 8146: 8142: 8138: 8134: 8130: 8123: 8120: 8101: 8097: 8093: 8089: 8085: 8077: 8062: 8056: 8041: 8037: 8033: 8029: 8025: 8016: 8013: 7999: 7995: 7991: 7987: 7981: 7978: 7958: 7939: 7914: 7913: 7898: 7894: 7890: 7884: 7880: 7861: 7855: 7822: 7818: 7814: 7810: 7806: 7802: 7798: 7794: 7790: 7786: 7782: 7768:values instead. 7759: 7755: 7750: 7744: 7740: 7736: 7732: 7729:(allowed values 7667: 7662: 7093: 7089: 6777: 6773: 6762: 6757: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6725: 6681: 6668: 6652: 6647: 6632: 6629: 6599: 6554: 6551: 6535: 6530: 6488: 6483: 6415: 6411: 6383: 6366: 6334: 6326: 6305: 6299: 6295: 6278: 6261: 6246: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6207: 6203: 6188: 6182: 6167: 6140: 6134: 6111: 6110: 6107: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6075: 6071: 6063: 6056: 6023: 6016: 5991: 5987: 5981: 5953: 5912:DS-DOS 2.11 only 5706: 5327: 5251: 5175: 5163:64 (16 sectors) 5157:240 (15 sectors) 5154:224 (14 sectors) 5142:224 (14 sectors) 5136:224 (14 sectors) 5099: 5023: 4947: 4871: 4795: 4651: 4644:Number of heads 4575: 4500:Cylinders (CHS) 4223: 4218: 4213: 4206: 4201: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4177: 4170: 4163: 4155: 4143: 4106:file system type 4103: 4089: 4081: 4075: 4066: 4062: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4025: 4021: 4013: 3993: 3972: 3967: 3961: 3957: 3936: 3930: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3891: 3885: 3881: 3872: 3851: 3845: 3841: 3833: 3827: 3808: 3804: 3776: 3772: 3747: 3719: 3715: 3696: 3690: 3686: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3598: 3577: 3573: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3523: 3519: 3506: 3502: 3483: 3461: 3457: 3411: 3379: 3370: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3321: 3317: 3270: 3266: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3185: 3181: 3175: 3171: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3055: 3051: 3040: 3030: 3026: 3013: 3007: 2999: 2993: 2987: 2965: 2961: 2941: 2929: 2923: 2822: 2818: 2801: 2793: 2744: 2740: 2734: 2718: 2710: 2619: 2605: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2553: 2549: 2542: 2327:Double density ( 2298: 2278: 2218: 2180: 2174: 2170: 2161:in FAT32 EBPBs. 2160: 1977: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1929: 1925: 1898: 1892: 1888: 1873: 1867: 1861: 1857: 1842: 1827: 1823: 1792: 1777: 1754: 1748:FAT12-formatted 1735: 1731: 1727: 1720: 1694: 1686: 1628: 1624: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1586: 1578: 1551: 1537:values instead. 1523: 1516: 1498: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1472: 1468: 1445: 1437: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1415: 1409: 1393: 1389: 1381: 1377: 1359: 1292: 1284: 1280: 1272: 1263: 1256: 1252: 1239: 1231: 1220: 1211: 1207: 1194: 1186: 1182: 1172: 1166: 1162: 1156: 1150: 1144: 1135: 1115: 1109: 1105: 1085: 1081: 1043: 836:reserved sectors 820:Size in sectors 814: 810: 798:embedded systems 531: 525: 519: 510: 501: 485: 479: 475: 467: 463: 459: 453: 449: 445: 396: 386: 382: 372: 367: 363: 353: 348: 343: 339: 329: 325: 232:Digital Research 207: 203: 188: 181: 170: 167: 161: 134: 133: 126: 119: 112: 108: 105: 99: 79: 78: 71: 60: 38: 37: 30: 21: 20039: 20038: 20034: 20033: 20032: 20030: 20029: 20028: 19979: 19978: 19977: 19972: 19954: 19878: 19604: 18756: 17705: 17687: 17684: 17678: 17648: 17643: 17633: 17612: 17591: 17536: 17520: 17451: 17409: 17400: 17391:Office Open XML 17364: 17358: 17328: 17323: 17293: 17261:Microsoft Store 17259: 17249: 17195:POSIX subsystem 17175:File Protection 17148: 17119:Program Manager 17104:Phone Companion 17094:Outlook Express 17044:Make Compatible 16974:Desktop Gadgets 16934:Anytime Upgrade 16917: 16829: 16802: 16793:Windows Runtime 16685: 16659: 16625:Family features 16583: 16408: 16364:DFS Replication 16275: 16190: 16181:Error Reporting 16137: 16037: 15913:Mobility Center 15908:Movies & TV 15802: 15786:Windows Insider 15676:Driver Verifier 15671:Drive Optimizer 15638: 15632: 15623:Booting process 15594: 15589: 15559: 15554: 15528: 15500: 15484:File system API 15461: 15421: 15397:File change log 15339: 15315:Record-oriented 15288:Self-certifying 15257: 15214: 15160: 15055: 14956: 14882: 14826: 14769: 14736: 14309: 14303: 14299:Unix filesystem 14278: 14273: 14232:. Copy made by 14218: 14199: 14196:Wayback Machine 14189:FAT32 Formatter 14113: 14108: 14107: 14098: 14096: 14083: 14082: 14078: 14069: 14067: 14056:Torvalds, Linus 14053: 14049: 14040: 14038: 14027: 14023: 14014: 14012: 13997: 13990: 13981: 13979: 13964: 13957: 13948: 13946: 13932: 13928: 13919: 13917: 13906: 13902: 13890: 13888: 13875: 13874: 13870: 13860: 13858: 13849: 13843: 13839: 13829: 13827: 13818: 13812: 13808: 13802:Wayback Machine 13789: 13785: 13775: 13773: 13758: 13757: 13726: 13714: 13707: 13701:Wayback Machine 13688: 13684: 13663: 13648:Wayback Machine 13637: 13633: 13626: 13622: 13615: 13613: 13606:"@Macarlo, Inc" 13604: 13598: 13594: 13585: 13583: 13572: 13565: 13559:Wayback Machine 13546: 13542: 13533: 13496: 13487: 13485: 13481: 13474: 13468: 13464: 13450:SCP MS-DOS 1.25 13442: 13440: 13425: 13418: 13404:SCP MS-DOS 1.25 13396: 13394: 13383: 13376: 13362:SCP MS-DOS 1.25 13354: 13352: 13330: 13323: 13311: 13307: 13287: 13285: 13272: 13195: 13186: 13184: 13180: 13173: 13167: 13158: 13149: 13147: 13136:Andries Brouwer 13133: 13129: 13120: 13118: 13107:Andries Brouwer 13104: 13095: 13075: 13071: 13059: 13031: 13020: 13011: 13009: 12996: 12995: 12982: 12976:Wayback Machine 12968:. 2001-12-04. ( 12963: 12959: 12950: 12948: 12941: 12925: 12921: 12912: 12910: 12901: 12900: 12896: 12891: 12887: 12881:Wayback Machine 12869: 12858: 12852:Wayback Machine 12839: 12826: 12820:Wayback Machine 12808: 12797: 12785: 12783: 12765: 12752: 12738:SCP MS-DOS 1.25 12730: 12728: 12706: 12663: 12656: 12640: 12631: 12622: 12620: 12605: 12604: 12597: 12591:Wayback Machine 12563: 12553:Microsoft Press 12537:Reynolds, Aaron 12505:Zbikowski, Mark 12502: 12479: 12465:SCP MS-DOS 1.25 12457: 12455: 12429: 12390: 12381: 12379: 12368:Andries Brouwer 12365: 12356: 12347: 12345: 12328: 12327: 12304: 12295: 12293: 12276: 12275: 12252: 12243: 12241: 12224: 12223: 12200: 12192: 12183: 12174: 12172: 12163: 12162: 12137: 12130: 12116: 12115: 12106: 12097: 12095: 12080: 12069: 12060: 12058: 12044: 12033: 12025: 12021: 11996: 11985: 11976: 11972: 11963: 11961: 11948: 11947: 11940: 11929: 11927: 11912: 11908: 11902:Wayback Machine 11881: 11862: 11853: 11851: 11832: 11828: 11819: 11817: 11798: 11794: 11787: 11781: 11774: 11768:Wayback Machine 11755: 11748: 11742:Wayback Machine 11729: 11722: 11710: 11694: 11693: 11644: 11625: 11607: 11572: 11547: 11536: 11527: 11525: 11512: 11511: 11478: 11466: 11464: 11455: 11454: 11442: 11438: 11428: 11414: 11407: 11398: 11396: 11383: 11382: 11378: 11373: 11368: 11355: 11351: 11344: 11341: 11334: 11327: 11325: 11321: 11314: 11302: 11298: 11286: 11272: 11265: 11258: 11256: 11245: 11231: 11227: 11220: 11216: 11212: 11208: 11204: 11200: 11198: 11194: 11171: 11169: 11162: 11156: 11152: 11139: 11132: 11127: 11123: 11103: 11089: 11080: 11068: 11060: 11048: 11044: 11040: 11036: 11032: 11028: 11026: 11013: 10998: 10994: 10990: 10986: 10982: 10978: 10974: 10966: 10958: 10956: 10947: 10943: 10873: 10864: 10861:fs/vfat/namei.c 10860: 10856: 10852: 10848: 10844: 10830: 10819: 10818: 10815: 10812: 10809: 10806: 10803: 10800: 10797: 10794: 10791: 10788: 10785: 10782: 10779: 10776: 10773: 10770: 10767: 10764: 10761: 10758: 10755: 10752: 10749: 10746: 10743: 10740: 10737: 10734: 10731: 10728: 10725: 10722: 10719: 10716: 10713: 10710: 10707: 10704: 10701: 10698: 10695: 10692: 10689: 10686: 10683: 10680: 10677: 10674: 10671: 10668: 10665: 10662: 10659: 10656: 10653: 10650: 10643: 10639: 10578: 10572: 10565: 10557: 10526: 10479: 10462: 10430: 10426: 10422: 10418: 10401:Length (bytes) 10386: 10382: 10355: 10338: 10333: 10266: 10258: 10222: 10170: 10152: 10148: 10141: 10137: 10133: 10129: 10125: 10118: 10114: 10110: 10106: 10102: 10094: 10090: 10086: 10070: 10066: 10056: 10052: 10048: 10044: 10040: 10025: 10021: 10017: 10013: 10007: 10000: 9996: 9989: 9981: 9977: 9973: 9969: 9965: 9961: 9957: 9956:268435444+3 is 9949: 9947: 9946: 9945: 9943: 9941: 9940: 9939: 9937: 9936: 9935: 9933: 9932: 9930: 9928: 9926: 9925: 9923: 9921: 9919: 9918: 9916: 9914: 9905: 9846: 9842: 9819:Length (bytes) 9768: 9742: 9719: 9713: 9699: 9674: 9668: 9654: 9647:PC DOS 1.1 9622: 9434: 9418: 9413: 9409: 9405: 9401: 9397: 9393: 9389: 9385: 9381: 9366: 9337: 9320: 9299: 9295: 9213: 9206:sequential file 9184: 9153: 9143: 9123:Minutes (0–59) 9089: 9083: 9055: 9048: 9044: 9040: 9021: 9017: 9013: 9009: 9005: 9001: 8997: 8996:with parameter 8989: 8982:); otherwise 0. 8970: 8964: 8847: 8816: 8812: 8806: 8802: 8796: 8792: 8788: 8779: 8605: 8599: 8583: 8579: 8566: 8562: 8556: 8513:Length (bytes) 8493: 8489: 8486: 8484:Directory entry 8475: 8464: 8453: 8440: 8429: 8425: 8424:The semicolon ( 8418: 8406: 8405:Character 229 ( 8392: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8379: 8374: 8372:+ , . ; = 8371: 8364: 8361: 8341: 8335: 8329: 8325: 8319: 8316:escaping system 8308: 8304: 8298: 8294: 8261:directory table 8257: 8255:Directory table 8245: 8233: 8216: 8201: 8197: 8193: 8184: 8180: 8168: 8164: 8160: 8156: 8148: 8144: 8140: 8136: 8132: 8128: 8121: 8118: 8099: 8095: 8091: 8087: 8083: 8075: 8060: 8054: 8039: 8035: 8031: 8027: 8023: 8014: 8011: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7985: 7979: 7976: 7956: 7937: 7909: 7896: 7892: 7886: 7882: 7878: 7857: 7851: 7844: 7829: 7820: 7816: 7812: 7808: 7804: 7800: 7796: 7792: 7788: 7784: 7780: 7757: 7753: 7746: 7742: 7738: 7734: 7730: 7716: 7714:Special entries 7670: 7665: 7656: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6728: 6720:drive (must be 6704: 6677: 6664: 6648: 6645: 6630: 6625: 6595: 6552: 6549: 6531: 6528: 6484: 6479: 6378: 6367: 6348: 6335: 6324: 6317: 6312: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6274: 6259: 6244: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6205: 6201: 6184: 6180: 6165: 6136: 6132: 6117:Length (bytes) 6103: 6099: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6073: 6069: 6061: 6054: 6021: 6014: 5989: 5983: 5977: 5951: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5937:Tandy 2000 only 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5911: 5906: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5705:DRIVER.SYS /F:n 5631: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5532:Sector mapping 5323: 5321: 5320:Hidden sectors 5247: 5245: 5171: 5169: 5148:112 (7 sectors) 5139:112 (7 sectors) 5133:112 (7 sectors) 5130:112 (7 sectors) 5124:112 (7 sectors) 5121:68 (17 sectors) 5118:68 (17 sectors) 5112:192 (6 sectors) 5109:68 (17 sectors) 5106:112 (7 sectors) 5095: 5093: 5019: 5017: 5016:Number of FATs 4943: 4941: 4867: 4865: 4791: 4789: 4647: 4645: 4571: 4569: 4495:243 / 250 4221: 4216: 4209: 4204: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4180: 4173: 4166: 4159: 4151: 4118: 4099: 4087: 4086:with signature 4077: 4071: 4064: 4058: 4052: 4048: 4042: 4023: 4017: 4009: 3989: 3970: 3965: 3959: 3953: 3934: 3926: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3893: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3868: 3847: 3843: 3837: 3829: 3825: 3806: 3802: 3774: 3770: 3743: 3717: 3713: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3659: 3655: 3649: 3607:Length (bytes) 3588: 3575: 3569: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3521: 3515: 3504: 3500: 3481: 3459: 3455: 3407: 3375: 3366: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3319: 3315: 3279:Length (bytes) 3264: 3257: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3231:. Track number 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3189: 3183: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3161: 3157: 3139: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3061: 3053: 3049: 3036: 3028: 3027:with signature 3022: 3009: 3003: 2995: 2989: 2983: 2963: 2959: 2937: 2925: 2919: 2831:Length (bytes) 2814: 2797: 2789: 2753:Length (bytes) 2736: 2730: 2714: 2706: 2628:Length (bytes) 2601: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2551: 2547: 2543:since DOS 4.0. 2540: 2296: 2276: 2214: 2195:directory entry 2176: 2172: 2168: 2156: 2037:Advanced Format 2025:Atari Portfolio 1986:Length (bytes) 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1950: 1927: 1923: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1869: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1840: 1825: 1821: 1790: 1775: 1760:Length (bytes) 1733: 1729: 1725: 1718: 1692: 1684: 1626: 1622: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1584: 1583:1.4 start with 1576: 1557:Length (bytes) 1521: 1514: 1496: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1470: 1466: 1441: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1411: 1407: 1391: 1387: 1379: 1375: 1355: 1290: 1282: 1278: 1268: 1259: 1254: 1248: 1237: 1229: 1216: 1209: 1205: 1192: 1184: 1180: 1168: 1164: 1158: 1152: 1146: 1140: 1133: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1083: 1079: 1049:Length (bytes) 1023:storage devices 1019: 1014: 975:Directory Table 806: 778:FAT file system 769: 760: 752: 732: 725: 647: 599: 597: 595: 591:Date resolution 527: 521: 469: 455: 440:FAT12: 32 437:Max volume size 427:Cluster tagging 414:File allocation 394: 393: 388: 379: 374: 368: 360: 355: 349: 344: 336: 331: 322: 317: 294: 291:Windows 95 OSR2 288: 282: 276: 270: 256: 254: 252: 250: 200: 189: 178: 177: 176: 171: 165: 162: 160:to the article. 151: 148:FAT file system 146:, specifically 135: 131: 120: 109: 103: 100: 92:help improve it 89: 80: 76: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 20037: 20027: 20026: 20021: 20019:Ecma standards 20016: 20011: 20006: 20004:DOS technology 20001: 19996: 19991: 19974: 19973: 19971: 19970: 19959: 19956: 19955: 19953: 19952: 19947: 19942: 19937: 19932: 19927: 19922: 19917: 19912: 19907: 19902: 19897: 19892: 19886: 19884: 19880: 19879: 19877: 19876: 19871: 19866: 19861: 19858: 19853: 19848: 19843: 19838: 19833: 19828: 19823: 19818: 19813: 19808: 19803: 19798: 19793: 19788: 19783: 19778: 19773: 19768: 19763: 19758: 19753: 19748: 19743: 19738: 19733: 19728: 19723: 19718: 19713: 19708: 19703: 19698: 19693: 19688: 19683: 19678: 19673: 19668: 19663: 19658: 19653: 19648: 19643: 19638: 19633: 19628: 19623: 19618: 19612: 19610: 19606: 19605: 19603: 19602: 19597: 19592: 19587: 19582: 19577: 19572: 19567: 19562: 19557: 19552: 19547: 19542: 19537: 19532: 19527: 19522: 19517: 19512: 19507: 19502: 19497: 19492: 19487: 19486: 19485: 19480: 19470: 19465: 19460: 19455: 19450: 19445: 19440: 19435: 19430: 19425: 19420: 19415: 19410: 19405: 19400: 19395: 19390: 19385: 19380: 19375: 19370: 19365: 19360: 19355: 19350: 19345: 19340: 19335: 19330: 19325: 19320: 19315: 19314: 19313: 19303: 19298: 19293: 19288: 19283: 19278: 19273: 19272: 19271: 19266: 19256: 19251: 19246: 19241: 19236: 19231: 19226: 19221: 19216: 19211: 19206: 19201: 19196: 19191: 19186: 19185: 19184: 19179: 19174: 19169: 19164: 19159: 19154: 19149: 19144: 19134: 19129: 19124: 19119: 19114: 19109: 19104: 19099: 19094: 19089: 19084: 19079: 19074: 19069: 19064: 19059: 19054: 19049: 19044: 19039: 19038: 19037: 19032: 19022: 19017: 19012: 19007: 19002: 18997: 18992: 18987: 18982: 18977: 18967: 18962: 18957: 18952: 18947: 18942: 18937: 18932: 18927: 18922: 18917: 18912: 18907: 18902: 18897: 18892: 18887: 18882: 18877: 18872: 18867: 18862: 18857: 18852: 18851: 18850: 18845: 18840: 18835: 18830: 18820: 18815: 18810: 18805: 18800: 18795: 18790: 18785: 18780: 18775: 18770: 18764: 18762: 18758: 18757: 18755: 18754: 18749: 18744: 18739: 18734: 18729: 18724: 18719: 18714: 18709: 18704: 18699: 18694: 18689: 18684: 18679: 18674: 18669: 18664: 18659: 18654: 18649: 18644: 18639: 18634: 18629: 18624: 18623: 18622: 18617: 18612: 18607: 18602: 18597: 18592: 18587: 18582: 18577: 18572: 18567: 18562: 18557: 18552: 18547: 18542: 18532: 18527: 18522: 18517: 18512: 18507: 18502: 18497: 18492: 18487: 18482: 18477: 18472: 18467: 18462: 18457: 18452: 18447: 18442: 18437: 18432: 18427: 18422: 18417: 18412: 18407: 18406: 18405: 18395: 18390: 18385: 18380: 18375: 18370: 18365: 18360: 18355: 18350: 18345: 18340: 18335: 18330: 18325: 18320: 18315: 18310: 18305: 18300: 18295: 18290: 18285: 18280: 18275: 18270: 18265: 18260: 18255: 18250: 18245: 18240: 18235: 18230: 18225: 18220: 18215: 18210: 18205: 18200: 18195: 18190: 18185: 18184: 18183: 18178: 18173: 18163: 18158: 18153: 18148: 18143: 18138: 18133: 18128: 18123: 18118: 18113: 18108: 18103: 18098: 18093: 18088: 18083: 18078: 18073: 18068: 18063: 18058: 18053: 18048: 18043: 18038: 18033: 18028: 18023: 18018: 18013: 18008: 18003: 17998: 17993: 17988: 17983: 17978: 17973: 17968: 17963: 17958: 17953: 17948: 17943: 17942: 17941: 17936: 17931: 17926: 17921: 17911: 17906: 17901: 17896: 17891: 17886: 17881: 17876: 17871: 17866: 17861: 17856: 17851: 17846: 17841: 17836: 17831: 17830: 17829: 17824: 17819: 17814: 17809: 17804: 17799: 17794: 17789: 17784: 17779: 17774: 17769: 17759: 17754: 17749: 17744: 17739: 17734: 17729: 17724: 17719: 17713: 17711: 17707: 17706: 17692: 17689: 17688: 17677: 17676: 17669: 17662: 17654: 17645: 17644: 17638: 17635: 17634: 17632: 17631: 17626: 17620: 17618: 17614: 17613: 17611: 17610: 17605: 17599: 17597: 17593: 17592: 17590: 17589: 17584: 17579: 17574: 17560: 17555: 17550: 17544: 17542: 17538: 17537: 17535: 17534: 17528: 17526: 17522: 17521: 17519: 17518: 17513: 17508: 17503: 17498: 17493: 17492: 17491: 17486: 17481: 17471: 17468:CD File System 17465: 17459: 17457: 17453: 17452: 17450: 17449: 17444: 17438: 17433: 17428: 17423: 17417: 17415: 17411: 17410: 17403: 17401: 17399: 17398: 17393: 17388: 17383: 17378: 17372: 17370: 17366: 17365: 17357: 17356: 17349: 17342: 17334: 17325: 17324: 17322: 17321: 17310: 17298: 17295: 17294: 17292: 17291: 17286: 17281: 17276: 17271: 17265: 17263: 17255: 17254: 17251: 17250: 17248: 17247: 17242: 17237: 17232: 17227: 17222: 17217: 17212: 17207: 17202: 17197: 17192: 17187: 17182: 17177: 17172: 17167: 17162: 17156: 17154: 17150: 17149: 17147: 17146: 17141: 17136: 17131: 17126: 17124:Steps Recorder 17121: 17116: 17111: 17106: 17101: 17096: 17091: 17086: 17081: 17076: 17071: 17066: 17061: 17056: 17051: 17046: 17041: 17036: 17031: 17026: 17021: 17016: 17011: 17006: 17001: 16996: 16991: 16986: 16981: 16976: 16971: 16966: 16961: 16956: 16951: 16946: 16941: 16936: 16931: 16925: 16923: 16919: 16918: 16916: 16915: 16908: 16901: 16894: 16887: 16880: 16873: 16866: 16859: 16852: 16844: 16842: 16835: 16831: 16830: 16828: 16827: 16820: 16812: 16810: 16804: 16803: 16801: 16800: 16795: 16790: 16785: 16780: 16775: 16770: 16765: 16760: 16759: 16758: 16753: 16751:OLE Automation 16748: 16743: 16738: 16733: 16728: 16718: 16717: 16716: 16711: 16706: 16695: 16693: 16687: 16686: 16684: 16683: 16678: 16673: 16667: 16665: 16661: 16660: 16658: 16657: 16652: 16647: 16642: 16637: 16632: 16627: 16622: 16617: 16612: 16607: 16602: 16597: 16591: 16589: 16585: 16584: 16582: 16581: 16576: 16571: 16566: 16561: 16556: 16551: 16546: 16541: 16536: 16531: 16526: 16521: 16519:Object Manager 16516: 16511: 16506: 16501: 16496: 16491: 16486: 16481: 16479:Imaging Format 16476: 16471: 16466: 16461: 16456: 16455: 16454: 16449: 16439: 16434: 16429: 16424: 16418: 16416: 16410: 16409: 16407: 16406: 16401: 16396: 16391: 16386: 16381: 16376: 16371: 16366: 16361: 16356: 16351: 16346: 16341: 16336: 16331: 16326: 16321: 16316: 16311: 16306: 16301: 16296: 16291: 16285: 16283: 16277: 16276: 16274: 16273: 16268: 16263: 16262: 16261: 16256: 16251: 16246: 16241: 16236: 16226: 16221: 16216: 16211: 16206: 16200: 16198: 16192: 16191: 16189: 16188: 16183: 16178: 16176:Task Scheduler 16173: 16168: 16163: 16158: 16153: 16147: 16145: 16139: 16138: 16136: 16135: 16130: 16125: 16120: 16115: 16110: 16109: 16108: 16106:Special folder 16103: 16098: 16093: 16088: 16078: 16073: 16068: 16063: 16058: 16053: 16047: 16045: 16039: 16038: 16036: 16035: 16030: 16025: 16020: 16018:Voice Recorder 16015: 16010: 16005: 16000: 15995: 15990: 15985: 15980: 15975: 15970: 15965: 15960: 15955: 15950: 15945: 15940: 15935: 15930: 15925: 15920: 15915: 15910: 15905: 15904: 15903: 15893: 15888: 15883: 15878: 15873: 15868: 15863: 15858: 15853: 15848: 15843: 15838: 15833: 15828: 15823: 15818: 15812: 15810: 15804: 15803: 15801: 15800: 15795: 15790: 15789: 15788: 15781:Windows Update 15778: 15773: 15768: 15763: 15758: 15753: 15751:System Restore 15748: 15743: 15738: 15733: 15728: 15723: 15718: 15713: 15708: 15703: 15698: 15693: 15688: 15683: 15678: 15673: 15668: 15663: 15661:Device Manager 15658: 15653: 15651:Command Prompt 15648: 15642: 15640: 15634: 15633: 15631: 15630: 15625: 15620: 15619: 15618: 15613: 15605: 15599: 15596: 15595: 15588: 15587: 15580: 15573: 15565: 15556: 15555: 15553: 15552: 15547: 15542: 15536: 15534: 15530: 15529: 15527: 15526: 15524:Log-structured 15521: 15516: 15510: 15508: 15502: 15501: 15499: 15498: 15493: 15492: 15491: 15481: 15475: 15473: 15467: 15466: 15463: 15462: 15460: 15459: 15458: 15457: 15452: 15442: 15437: 15431: 15429: 15427:Access control 15423: 15422: 15420: 15419: 15418: 15417: 15412: 15404: 15399: 15394: 15393: 15392: 15385:File attribute 15382: 15377: 15372: 15370:Data scrubbing 15367: 15362: 15357: 15351: 15345: 15341: 15340: 15338: 15337: 15332: 15327: 15325:Steganographic 15322: 15317: 15312: 15307: 15305:Log-structured 15302: 15297: 15292: 15291: 15290: 15285: 15280: 15269: 15267: 15263: 15262: 15259: 15258: 15256: 15255: 15250: 15245: 15240: 15235: 15230: 15224: 15222: 15216: 15215: 15213: 15212: 15207: 15202: 15197: 15194: 15189: 15184: 15179: 15174: 15168: 15166: 15162: 15161: 15159: 15158: 15153: 15148: 15143: 15138: 15133: 15128: 15123: 15118: 15113: 15108: 15103: 15098: 15093: 15088: 15083: 15078: 15073: 15067: 15061: 15057: 15056: 15054: 15053: 15046: 15041: 15036: 15031: 15026: 15021: 15016: 15011: 15006: 15001: 14996: 14991: 14986: 14976: 14970: 14968: 14962: 14961: 14958: 14957: 14955: 14954: 14947: 14942: 14937: 14932: 14927: 14922: 14917: 14912: 14907: 14902: 14896: 14894: 14888: 14887: 14884: 14883: 14881: 14880: 14875: 14870: 14869: 14868: 14858: 14853: 14848: 14843: 14837: 14835: 14825: 14824: 14819: 14814: 14809: 14804: 14799: 14794: 14789: 14783: 14781: 14771: 14770: 14768: 14767: 14762: 14757: 14752: 14746: 14744: 14738: 14737: 14735: 14734: 14724: 14714: 14709: 14704: 14699: 14694: 14689: 14688: 14687: 14682: 14672: 14667: 14662: 14657: 14652: 14651: 14650: 14645: 14635: 14630: 14628:Reliance Nitro 14625: 14620: 14619: 14618: 14608: 14603: 14598: 14593: 14588: 14583: 14578: 14573: 14568: 14567: 14566: 14556: 14551: 14546: 14541: 14540: 14539: 14534: 14526: 14521: 14516: 14511: 14506: 14501: 14491: 14488:Classic Mac OS 14481: 14480: 14479: 14469: 14464: 14459: 14454: 14453: 14452: 14442: 14441: 14440: 14435: 14430: 14425: 14415: 14410: 14409: 14408: 14403: 14395: 14390: 14385: 14380: 14375: 14374: 14373: 14366: 14361: 14359:Be File System 14353: 14348: 14343: 14338: 14333: 14328: 14323: 14317: 14311: 14305: 14304: 14302: 14301: 14296: 14295: 14294: 14283: 14280: 14279: 14272: 14271: 14264: 14257: 14249: 14243: 14242: 14237: 14227: 14214: 14186: 14177: 14166: 14160: 14154: 14148: 14142: 14136: 14130: 14125: 14120: 14112: 14111:External links 14109: 14106: 14105: 14089:Linux man page 14076: 14058:(1992-12-23). 14047: 14021: 13988: 13955: 13926: 13900: 13883:. 2007-03-26. 13868: 13837: 13806: 13783: 13724: 13705: 13682: 13631: 13592: 13563: 13540: 13494: 13462: 13416: 13374: 13321: 13305: 13193: 13156: 13138:(2002-09-20). 13127: 13093: 13069: 13057: 13045:Addison Wesley 13035:Brown, Ralf D. 13018: 12980: 12957: 12939: 12919: 12894: 12885: 12856: 12824: 12795: 12750: 12661: 12654: 12629: 12615:. 2003-12-06. 12595: 12561: 12545:Letwin, Gordon 12521:McDonald, Marc 12513:Ballmer, Steve 12477: 12388: 12370:(2002-09-20). 12354: 12302: 12250: 12198: 12181: 12135: 12128: 12104: 12067: 12049:(2002-12-29). 12047:Brown, Ralf D. 12031: 12019: 11983: 11970: 11956:. 2005-11-05. 11938: 11916:"NOVOLTRK.REG" 11906: 11860: 11836:"Cluster Size" 11826: 11792: 11772: 11760:. 2005-07-29 ( 11746: 11734:. 2005-08-02 ( 11720: 11708: 11642: 11623: 11570: 11534: 11520:. 2000-12-06. 11476: 11436: 11432:=drive1+|- ... 11422:2013-01-28 at 11405: 11385:"File Systems" 11375: 11374: 11372: 11369: 11367: 11366: 11349: 11332: 11319: 11263: 11243: 11225: 11192: 11160: 11150: 11130: 11121: 11112:Motorola 680x0 11078: 11011: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10938: 10937: 10931: 10926: 10921: 10916: 10914:Partition type 10911: 10905: 10900: 10895: 10889: 10884: 10879: 10872: 10869: 10649: 10629: 10628: 10625: 10621: 10620: 10617: 10613: 10612: 10609: 10605: 10604: 10601: 10597: 10596: 10593: 10548: 10547: 10540: 10537: 10531: 10530: 10523: 10520: 10514: 10513: 10506: 10503: 10497: 10496: 10493: 10490: 10484: 10483: 10476: 10473: 10467: 10466: 10459: 10456: 10450: 10449: 10442: 10439: 10435: 10434: 10415: 10412: 10406: 10405: 10402: 10399: 10337: 10334: 10312:protected mode 10289:device drivers 10169: 10166: 9986: 9985: 9911: 9904: 9901: 9898: 9897: 9894: 9889: 9886: 9882: 9881: 9878: 9873: 9870: 9866: 9865: 9862: 9857: 9854: 9850: 9849: 9839: 9834: 9831: 9827: 9826: 9823: 9820: 9817: 9808: 9807: 9804: 9801: 9798: 9795: 9774: 9773: 9763: 9760: 9756: 9755: 9739: 9736: 9732: 9731: 9730: 9729: 9709: 9694: 9691: 9687: 9686: 9685: 9684: 9664: 9653:); see offset 9641: 9638: 9634: 9633: 9629: 9628: 9610: 9609: 9606:IBM 4680 BASIC 9599: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9589: 9588: 9585: 9582: 9578: 9577: 9574: 9571: 9567: 9566: 9563: 9560: 9556: 9555: 9552: 9549: 9545: 9544: 9541: 9538: 9534: 9533: 9530: 9527: 9523: 9522: 9519: 9516: 9512: 9511: 9508: 9505: 9501: 9500: 9497: 9494: 9490: 9489: 9486: 9483: 9479: 9478: 9475: 9472: 9468: 9467: 9464: 9461: 9457: 9456: 9453: 9450: 9444: 9443: 9439: 9438: 9430: 9426: 9422: 9377: 9376: 9372: 9361: 9358: 9354: 9353: 9348: 9347: 9330: 9315: 9314: 9310:IBM 4680 BASIC 9304: 9303: 9290: 9287: 9283: 9282: 9275: 9274: 9271: 9267: 9266: 9263: 9259: 9258: 9243: 9239: 9238: 9235: 9227: 9226: 9223: 9209: 9168: 9165: 9161: 9160: 9150: 9149: 9133: 9132: 9129: 9125: 9124: 9121: 9117: 9116: 9113: 9109: 9108: 9105: 9097: 9096: 9093: 9077: 9074: 9070: 9069: 9065: 9064: 9061: 9035: 9032: 9028: 9027: 9026: 9025: 8986: 8983: 8976: 8955: 8954: 8951: 8948: 8944: 8943: 8940: 8937: 8933: 8932: 8929: 8926: 8922: 8921: 8918: 8915: 8911: 8910: 8907: 8904: 8900: 8899: 8896: 8893: 8889: 8888: 8885: 8882: 8878: 8877: 8874: 8871: 8867: 8866: 8863: 8860: 8854: 8853: 8831: 8828: 8824: 8823: 8771: 8770: 8767: 8764: 8760: 8759: 8753: 8750: 8746: 8745: 8739: 8736: 8732: 8731: 8727: 8724: 8720: 8719: 8712: 8709: 8705: 8704: 8700: 8697: 8693: 8692: 8685: 8682: 8678: 8677: 8659: 8656: 8652: 8651: 8648: 8645: 8637: 8634: 8630: 8629: 8626: 8623: 8619: 8618: 8611: 8610: 8592: 8588: 8587: 8576: 8572: 8571: 8553: 8549: 8548: 8544: 8540: 8539: 8536: 8525: 8522: 8518: 8517: 8514: 8511: 8485: 8482: 8468: 8467: 8457: 8456: 8422: 8421: 8403: 8402: 8399: 8396: 8376: 8369: 8351: 8350: 8347: 8344: 8339: 8311: 8301: 8256: 8253: 8244: 8241: 8232: 8229: 8222: 8221: 8124: 8116: 8113: 8109: 8108: 8078: 8073: 8070: 8066: 8065: 8057: 8052: 8049: 8045: 8044: 8017: 8009: 8006: 8002: 8001: 7982: 7974: 7971: 7967: 7966: 7959: 7954: 7951: 7947: 7946: 7940: 7935: 7932: 7928: 7927: 7924: 7921: 7918: 7908: 7907:Cluster values 7905: 7715: 7712: 7703: 7702: 7699: 7696: 7685: 7669: 7668: 7663: 7653: 7650: 7649: 7646: 7643: 7640: 7637: 7634: 7631: 7628: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7602: 7599: 7596: 7593: 7589: 7588: 7585: 7582: 7579: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7553: 7550: 7547: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7520: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7496: 7493: 7490: 7487: 7484: 7481: 7478: 7475: 7472: 7469: 7466: 7463: 7459: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7435: 7432: 7429: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7403: 7400: 7397: 7394: 7390: 7389: 7386: 7383: 7380: 7377: 7374: 7371: 7368: 7365: 7362: 7359: 7356: 7353: 7350: 7347: 7344: 7341: 7337: 7336: 7333: 7330: 7327: 7324: 7321: 7318: 7315: 7312: 7309: 7306: 7303: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7276: 7275: 7272: 7269: 7266: 7263: 7260: 7257: 7254: 7251: 7248: 7245: 7242: 7239: 7236: 7233: 7230: 7227: 7223: 7222: 7219: 7216: 7213: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7146: 7145: 7142: 7139: 7136: 7133: 7130: 7127: 7124: 7121: 7118: 7115: 7112: 7109: 7106: 7103: 7100: 7097: 7078: 7077: 7074: 7071: 7068: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7052: 7049: 7046: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7030: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7013: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6999: 6996: 6993: 6990: 6987: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6971: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6955: 6952: 6948: 6947: 6944: 6941: 6938: 6935: 6932: 6929: 6926: 6923: 6920: 6917: 6914: 6911: 6908: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6891: 6890: 6887: 6884: 6881: 6878: 6875: 6872: 6869: 6866: 6863: 6860: 6857: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6830: 6829: 6826: 6823: 6820: 6817: 6814: 6811: 6808: 6805: 6802: 6799: 6796: 6793: 6790: 6787: 6784: 6781: 6764: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6726: 6701: 6698: 6697: 6694: 6691: 6688: 6683: 6675: 6672: 6669: 6661: 6656: 6653: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6623: 6620: 6617: 6613: 6612: 6609: 6606: 6601: 6593: 6590: 6585: 6579: 6576: 6573: 6570: 6567: 6564: 6561: 6558: 6555: 6547: 6543: 6542: 6539: 6536: 6526: 6521: 6518: 6515: 6512: 6509: 6506: 6503: 6500: 6497: 6494: 6489: 6477: 6472: 6468: 6467: 6464: 6461: 6458: 6455: 6452: 6449: 6446: 6443: 6440: 6437: 6434: 6431: 6428: 6425: 6422: 6419: 6369: 6368: 6338: 6336: 6329: 6323: 6320: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6264: 6263: 6256: 6253: 6249: 6248: 6241: 6238: 6234: 6233: 6218: 6215: 6211: 6210: 6198: 6195: 6191: 6190: 6177: 6174: 6170: 6169: 6162: 6159: 6155: 6154: 6129: 6126: 6122: 6121: 6118: 6115: 6098: 6095: 6066: 6065: 6058: 6041:BBC Master 512 6030:Apricot MS-DOS 6026: 6025: 6018: 5945: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5909: 5907: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5839: 5838: 5835: 5832: 5829: 5826: 5823: 5820: 5817: 5814: 5811: 5808: 5805: 5802: 5799: 5796: 5793: 5790: 5787: 5784: 5781: 5778: 5775: 5771: 5770: 5767: 5764: 5761: 5758: 5755: 5752: 5749: 5746: 5743: 5740: 5737: 5734: 5731: 5728: 5725: 5722: 5719: 5716: 5713: 5710: 5707: 5701: 5700: 5697: 5694: 5691: 5688: 5685: 5682: 5679: 5676: 5673: 5670: 5667: 5664: 5661: 5658: 5655: 5652: 5649: 5646: 5643: 5640: 5637: 5633: 5632: 5630:sector+ track+ 5629: 5627: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5612:sector+ track+ 5611: 5609: 5607:sector+ track+ 5606: 5604: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5584:sector+ track+ 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5559:sector+ track+ 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5529: 5528: 5525: 5522: 5519: 5516: 5513: 5510: 5507: 5504: 5501: 5498: 5495: 5492: 5489: 5486: 5483: 5480: 5477: 5474: 5471: 5468: 5465: 5461: 5460: 5457: 5454: 5451: 5448: 5445: 5442: 5439: 5436: 5433: 5430: 5427: 5424: 5421: 5418: 5415: 5412: 5409: 5406: 5403: 5400: 5397: 5393: 5392: 5389: 5386: 5383: 5380: 5377: 5374: 5371: 5368: 5365: 5362: 5359: 5356: 5353: 5350: 5347: 5344: 5341: 5338: 5335: 5332: 5329: 5317: 5316: 5313: 5310: 5307: 5304: 5301: 5298: 5295: 5292: 5289: 5286: 5283: 5280: 5277: 5274: 5271: 5268: 5265: 5262: 5259: 5256: 5253: 5241: 5240: 5237: 5234: 5231: 5228: 5225: 5222: 5219: 5216: 5213: 5210: 5207: 5204: 5201: 5198: 5195: 5192: 5189: 5186: 5183: 5180: 5177: 5165: 5164: 5161: 5158: 5155: 5152: 5149: 5146: 5143: 5140: 5137: 5134: 5131: 5128: 5127:64 (4 sectors) 5125: 5122: 5119: 5116: 5115:64 (4 sectors) 5113: 5110: 5107: 5104: 5101: 5089: 5088: 5085: 5082: 5079: 5076: 5073: 5070: 5067: 5064: 5061: 5058: 5055: 5052: 5049: 5046: 5043: 5040: 5037: 5034: 5031: 5028: 5025: 5013: 5012: 5009: 5006: 5003: 5000: 4997: 4994: 4991: 4988: 4985: 4982: 4979: 4976: 4973: 4970: 4967: 4964: 4961: 4958: 4955: 4952: 4949: 4937: 4936: 4933: 4930: 4927: 4924: 4921: 4918: 4915: 4912: 4909: 4906: 4903: 4900: 4897: 4894: 4891: 4888: 4885: 4882: 4879: 4876: 4873: 4861: 4860: 4857: 4854: 4851: 4848: 4845: 4842: 4839: 4836: 4833: 4830: 4827: 4824: 4821: 4818: 4815: 4812: 4809: 4806: 4803: 4800: 4797: 4785: 4784: 4781: 4778: 4775: 4772: 4769: 4766: 4763: 4760: 4757: 4754: 4751: 4748: 4745: 4742: 4739: 4736: 4733: 4730: 4727: 4724: 4721: 4717: 4716: 4713: 4710: 4707: 4704: 4701: 4698: 4695: 4692: 4689: 4686: 4683: 4680: 4677: 4674: 4671: 4668: 4665: 4662: 4659: 4656: 4653: 4641: 4640: 4637: 4634: 4631: 4628: 4625: 4622: 4619: 4616: 4613: 4610: 4607: 4604: 4601: 4598: 4595: 4592: 4589: 4586: 4583: 4580: 4577: 4565: 4564: 4561: 4558: 4555: 4552: 4549: 4546: 4543: 4540: 4537: 4534: 4531: 4528: 4525: 4522: 4519: 4516: 4513: 4510: 4507: 4504: 4501: 4497: 4496: 4493: 4490: 4487: 4484: 4481: 4478: 4475: 4472: 4469: 4466: 4463: 4460: 4457: 4454: 4451: 4448: 4445: 4442: 4439: 4436: 4433: 4429: 4428: 4425: 4422: 4419: 4416: 4413: 4410: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4398: 4395: 4392: 4389: 4386: 4383: 4380: 4377: 4374: 4371: 4368: 4365: 4361: 4360: 4357: 4354: 4351: 4348: 4345: 4342: 4339: 4336: 4333: 4330: 4327: 4324: 4321: 4318: 4315: 4312: 4309: 4306: 4303: 4300: 4297: 4293: 4292: 4289: 4286: 4283: 4280: 4277: 4274: 4271: 4268: 4265: 4262: 4259: 4256: 4253: 4250: 4247: 4244: 4241: 4238: 4235: 4232: 4229: 4225: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4207: 4202: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4178: 4171: 4164: 4157: 4150:at BPB offset 4141: 4117: 4114: 4111: 4110: 4039: 4036: 4033: 4029: 4028: 4006: 4003: 4000: 3996: 3995: 3986: 3983: 3980: 3976: 3975: 3950: 3947: 3944: 3940: 3939: 3923: 3920: 3917: 3913: 3912: 3865: 3862: 3859: 3855: 3854: 3822: 3819: 3816: 3812: 3811: 3794: 3791: 3788: 3784: 3783: 3761: 3758: 3755: 3751: 3750: 3732: 3729: 3726: 3722: 3721: 3710: 3707: 3704: 3700: 3699: 3679: 3676: 3673: 3669: 3668: 3640: 3637: 3634: 3630: 3629: 3622: 3619: 3616: 3612: 3611: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3601:Sector offset 3587: 3584: 3581: 3580: 3544: 3541: 3538: 3534: 3533: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3487: 3486: 3475: 3472: 3469: 3465: 3464: 3452: 3449: 3446: 3442: 3441: 3440: 3439: 3427: 3423: 3413: 3397: 3394: 3391: 3387: 3386: 3312: 3309: 3306: 3302: 3301: 3294: 3291: 3288: 3284: 3283: 3280: 3277: 3274: 3273:Sector offset 3256: 3253: 3243:correspond to 3235:, head number 3182:addresses and 3166: 3165: 3136: 3044: 3043: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2970: 2969: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2905: 2904: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2880: 2879: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2854: 2853: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2836: 2835: 2832: 2829: 2826: 2825:Sector offset 2809:DOS 3.31 BPB: 2805: 2804: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2776: 2775: 2768: 2765: 2762: 2758: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2747:Sector offset 2722: 2721: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2692: 2691: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2672: 2671: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2651: 2650: 2643: 2640: 2637: 2633: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2622:Sector offset 2608: 2607: 2598: 2595: 2592: 2588: 2587: 2516: 2515: 2508: 2504: 2503: 2501: 2497: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2483: 2482: 2480: 2476: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2465: 2464: 2462: 2458: 2457: 2453: 2452: 2450: 2446: 2445: 2441: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2433: 2426: 2415: 2411: 2410: 2408: 2404: 2403: 2398:Single sided ( 2396: 2393: 2390: 2386: 2385: 2381: 2380: 2375:Single sided ( 2373: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2356: 2355: 2353: 2349: 2348: 2340: 2339: 2337: 2333: 2332: 2324: 2323: 2321: 2317: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2306: 2305: 2301: 2300: 2288: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2280: 2272: 2271: 2269: 2265: 2264: 2256: 2255: 2253: 2249: 2248: 2244: 2243: 2241: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2221: 2220: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2201: 2200: 2167:(no signature 2153: 2150: 2147: 2143: 2142: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2113: 2112: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2092: 2091: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2057: 2056: 2001: 1998: 1995: 1991: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1980:Sector offset 1949: 1946: 1943: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1932: 1931: 1919: 1916: 1912: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1901: 1900: 1883: 1880: 1876: 1875: 1852: 1849: 1845: 1844: 1837: 1834: 1830: 1829: 1817: 1814: 1810: 1809: 1802: 1799: 1795: 1794: 1787: 1784: 1780: 1779: 1776:0xEB 0xFE 0x90 1772: 1769: 1765: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1743: 1742: 1704: 1701: 1697: 1696: 1691:byte sequence 1677: 1674: 1670: 1669: 1658: 1655: 1651: 1650: 1638: 1635: 1631: 1630: 1623:0x00 0x00 0x00 1619: 1616: 1612: 1611: 1596: 1593: 1589: 1588: 1569: 1566: 1562: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1545:FAT-formatted 1540: 1539: 1487:0xEB 0xFE 0x90 1479:0xCD 0x19 0xCB 1473:) or issue an 1471:0xF4 0xEB 0xFD 1460: 1457: 1453: 1452: 1404: 1401: 1397: 1396: 1384:hidden sectors 1351: 1348: 1344: 1343: 1307: 1304: 1300: 1299: 1130: 1127: 1123: 1122: 1108:0x90 0xEB 0x?? 1104:0x69 0x?? 0x?? 1084:0xE9 0x?? 0x?? 1080:0xEB 0x?? 0x90 1065:last two bytes 1061: 1058: 1054: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 999: 998: 994: 988: 985: 981: 980: 970: 963: 960: 956: 955: 951: 950: 932: 926: 923: 919: 918: 914: 913: 906: 905: 844: 839: 832: 828: 827: 824: 821: 818: 805: 802: 794:mobile devices 772: 771: 763: 755: 754: 734: 728: 727: 706:System Manager 698:Concurrent DOS 650: 642: 641: 616: 612: 611: 608: 602: 601: 592: 588: 587: 573: 569: 568: 561: 560:Dates recorded 557: 556: 552: 551: 538: 534: 533: 512: 504: 503: 494: 490: 489: 470:FAT32: 2 456:FAT16: 2 438: 434: 433: 429: 428: 425: 421: 420: 415: 411: 410: 407: 403: 402: 398: 397: 307: 301: 300: 263: 259: 258: 247: 243: 242: 213: 191: 190: 173: 172: 138: 136: 129: 122: 121: 104:September 2021 83: 81: 74: 69: 43: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 20036: 20025: 20022: 20020: 20017: 20015: 20012: 20010: 20007: 20005: 20002: 20000: 19997: 19995: 19992: 19990: 19989:1980 software 19987: 19986: 19984: 19969: 19961: 19960: 19957: 19951: 19948: 19946: 19943: 19941: 19938: 19936: 19933: 19931: 19928: 19926: 19923: 19921: 19918: 19916: 19913: 19911: 19908: 19906: 19903: 19901: 19898: 19896: 19893: 19891: 19888: 19887: 19885: 19881: 19875: 19872: 19870: 19867: 19865: 19862: 19859: 19857: 19854: 19852: 19849: 19847: 19844: 19842: 19839: 19837: 19834: 19832: 19829: 19827: 19824: 19822: 19819: 19817: 19814: 19812: 19809: 19807: 19804: 19802: 19799: 19797: 19794: 19792: 19789: 19787: 19784: 19782: 19779: 19777: 19774: 19772: 19769: 19767: 19764: 19762: 19759: 19757: 19754: 19752: 19749: 19747: 19744: 19742: 19739: 19737: 19734: 19732: 19729: 19727: 19724: 19722: 19719: 19717: 19714: 19712: 19709: 19707: 19704: 19702: 19699: 19697: 19694: 19692: 19689: 19687: 19684: 19682: 19679: 19677: 19674: 19672: 19669: 19667: 19664: 19662: 19659: 19657: 19654: 19652: 19649: 19647: 19644: 19642: 19639: 19637: 19634: 19632: 19629: 19627: 19624: 19622: 19619: 19617: 19614: 19613: 19611: 19607: 19601: 19598: 19596: 19593: 19591: 19588: 19586: 19583: 19581: 19578: 19576: 19573: 19571: 19568: 19566: 19563: 19561: 19558: 19556: 19553: 19551: 19548: 19546: 19543: 19541: 19538: 19536: 19533: 19531: 19528: 19526: 19523: 19521: 19518: 19516: 19513: 19511: 19508: 19506: 19503: 19501: 19498: 19496: 19493: 19491: 19488: 19484: 19481: 19479: 19476: 19475: 19474: 19471: 19469: 19466: 19464: 19461: 19459: 19456: 19454: 19451: 19449: 19446: 19444: 19441: 19439: 19436: 19434: 19431: 19429: 19426: 19424: 19421: 19419: 19416: 19414: 19411: 19409: 19406: 19404: 19401: 19399: 19396: 19394: 19391: 19389: 19386: 19384: 19381: 19379: 19376: 19374: 19371: 19369: 19366: 19364: 19361: 19359: 19356: 19354: 19351: 19349: 19346: 19344: 19341: 19339: 19336: 19334: 19331: 19329: 19326: 19324: 19321: 19319: 19316: 19312: 19309: 19308: 19307: 19304: 19302: 19299: 19297: 19294: 19292: 19289: 19287: 19284: 19282: 19279: 19277: 19274: 19270: 19267: 19265: 19262: 19261: 19260: 19257: 19255: 19252: 19250: 19247: 19245: 19242: 19240: 19237: 19235: 19232: 19230: 19227: 19225: 19222: 19220: 19217: 19215: 19212: 19210: 19207: 19205: 19202: 19200: 19197: 19195: 19192: 19190: 19187: 19183: 19180: 19178: 19175: 19173: 19170: 19168: 19165: 19163: 19160: 19158: 19155: 19153: 19150: 19148: 19145: 19143: 19140: 19139: 19138: 19135: 19133: 19130: 19128: 19125: 19123: 19120: 19118: 19115: 19113: 19110: 19108: 19105: 19103: 19100: 19098: 19095: 19093: 19090: 19088: 19085: 19083: 19080: 19078: 19075: 19073: 19070: 19068: 19065: 19063: 19060: 19058: 19055: 19053: 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18688: 18685: 18683: 18680: 18678: 18675: 18673: 18670: 18668: 18665: 18663: 18660: 18658: 18655: 18653: 18650: 18648: 18645: 18643: 18640: 18638: 18635: 18633: 18630: 18628: 18625: 18621: 18618: 18616: 18613: 18611: 18608: 18606: 18603: 18601: 18598: 18596: 18593: 18591: 18588: 18586: 18583: 18581: 18578: 18576: 18573: 18571: 18568: 18566: 18563: 18561: 18558: 18556: 18553: 18551: 18548: 18546: 18543: 18541: 18538: 18537: 18536: 18533: 18531: 18528: 18526: 18523: 18521: 18518: 18516: 18513: 18511: 18508: 18506: 18503: 18501: 18498: 18496: 18493: 18491: 18488: 18486: 18483: 18481: 18478: 18476: 18473: 18471: 18468: 18466: 18463: 18461: 18458: 18456: 18453: 18451: 18448: 18446: 18443: 18441: 18438: 18436: 18433: 18431: 18428: 18426: 18423: 18421: 18418: 18416: 18413: 18411: 18408: 18404: 18401: 18400: 18399: 18396: 18394: 18391: 18389: 18386: 18384: 18381: 18379: 18376: 18374: 18371: 18369: 18366: 18364: 18361: 18359: 18356: 18354: 18351: 18349: 18346: 18344: 18341: 18339: 18336: 18334: 18331: 18329: 18326: 18324: 18321: 18319: 18316: 18314: 18311: 18309: 18306: 18304: 18301: 18299: 18296: 18294: 18291: 18289: 18286: 18284: 18281: 18279: 18276: 18274: 18271: 18269: 18266: 18264: 18261: 18259: 18256: 18254: 18251: 18249: 18246: 18244: 18241: 18239: 18236: 18234: 18231: 18229: 18226: 18224: 18221: 18219: 18216: 18214: 18211: 18209: 18206: 18204: 18201: 18199: 18196: 18194: 18191: 18189: 18186: 18182: 18179: 18177: 18174: 18172: 18169: 18168: 18167: 18164: 18162: 18159: 18157: 18154: 18152: 18149: 18147: 18144: 18142: 18139: 18137: 18134: 18132: 18129: 18127: 18124: 18122: 18119: 18117: 18114: 18112: 18109: 18107: 18104: 18102: 18099: 18097: 18094: 18092: 18089: 18087: 18084: 18082: 18079: 18077: 18074: 18072: 18069: 18067: 18064: 18062: 18059: 18057: 18054: 18052: 18049: 18047: 18044: 18042: 18039: 18037: 18034: 18032: 18029: 18027: 18024: 18022: 18019: 18017: 18014: 18012: 18009: 18007: 18004: 18002: 17999: 17997: 17994: 17992: 17989: 17987: 17984: 17982: 17979: 17977: 17974: 17972: 17969: 17967: 17964: 17962: 17959: 17957: 17954: 17952: 17949: 17947: 17944: 17940: 17937: 17935: 17932: 17930: 17927: 17925: 17922: 17920: 17917: 17916: 17915: 17912: 17910: 17907: 17905: 17902: 17900: 17897: 17895: 17892: 17890: 17887: 17885: 17882: 17880: 17877: 17875: 17872: 17870: 17867: 17865: 17862: 17860: 17857: 17855: 17852: 17850: 17847: 17845: 17842: 17840: 17837: 17835: 17832: 17828: 17825: 17823: 17820: 17818: 17815: 17813: 17810: 17808: 17805: 17803: 17800: 17798: 17795: 17793: 17790: 17788: 17785: 17783: 17780: 17778: 17775: 17773: 17770: 17768: 17765: 17764: 17763: 17760: 17758: 17755: 17753: 17750: 17748: 17745: 17743: 17740: 17738: 17735: 17733: 17730: 17728: 17725: 17723: 17720: 17718: 17715: 17714: 17712: 17708: 17704: 17703:IEC standards 17700: 17696: 17695:ISO standards 17690: 17682: 17675: 17670: 17668: 17663: 17661: 17656: 17655: 17652: 17641: 17636: 17630: 17627: 17625: 17622: 17621: 17619: 17615: 17609: 17606: 17604: 17601: 17600: 17598: 17594: 17588: 17585: 17583: 17582:Minimal BASIC 17580: 17578: 17575: 17572: 17568: 17564: 17561: 17559: 17556: 17554: 17551: 17549: 17546: 17545: 17543: 17539: 17533: 17530: 17529: 17527: 17523: 17517: 17514: 17512: 17509: 17507: 17504: 17502: 17499: 17497: 17494: 17490: 17487: 17485: 17482: 17480: 17477: 17476: 17475: 17472: 17469: 17466: 17464: 17461: 17460: 17458: 17454: 17448: 17445: 17442: 17439: 17437: 17434: 17432: 17429: 17427: 17424: 17422: 17419: 17418: 17416: 17412: 17407: 17397: 17394: 17392: 17389: 17387: 17384: 17382: 17379: 17377: 17374: 17373: 17371: 17367: 17363: 17360:Standards of 17355: 17350: 17348: 17343: 17341: 17336: 17335: 17332: 17320: 17311: 17309: 17300: 17299: 17296: 17290: 17287: 17285: 17282: 17280: 17277: 17275: 17272: 17270: 17267: 17266: 17264: 17262: 17256: 17246: 17243: 17241: 17240:Windows To Go 17238: 17236: 17233: 17231: 17228: 17226: 17223: 17221: 17218: 17216: 17213: 17211: 17208: 17206: 17203: 17201: 17198: 17196: 17193: 17191: 17188: 17186: 17183: 17181: 17178: 17176: 17173: 17171: 17168: 17166: 17163: 17161: 17158: 17157: 17155: 17151: 17145: 17142: 17140: 17137: 17135: 17132: 17130: 17127: 17125: 17122: 17120: 17117: 17115: 17112: 17110: 17109:Photo Gallery 17107: 17105: 17102: 17100: 17097: 17095: 17092: 17090: 17087: 17085: 17082: 17080: 17077: 17075: 17072: 17070: 17067: 17065: 17062: 17060: 17057: 17055: 17054:Meeting Space 17052: 17050: 17047: 17045: 17042: 17040: 17037: 17035: 17032: 17030: 17027: 17025: 17024:HyperTerminal 17022: 17020: 17017: 17015: 17012: 17010: 17007: 17005: 17002: 17000: 16997: 16995: 16994:Easy Transfer 16992: 16990: 16987: 16985: 16982: 16980: 16977: 16975: 16972: 16970: 16967: 16965: 16962: 16960: 16957: 16955: 16952: 16950: 16947: 16945: 16942: 16940: 16937: 16935: 16932: 16930: 16927: 16926: 16924: 16920: 16914: 16913: 16909: 16907: 16906: 16902: 16900: 16899: 16895: 16893: 16892: 16888: 16886: 16885: 16881: 16879: 16878: 16874: 16872: 16871: 16867: 16865: 16864: 16860: 16858: 16857: 16853: 16851: 16850: 16846: 16845: 16843: 16839: 16836: 16832: 16826: 16825: 16821: 16819: 16818: 16814: 16813: 16811: 16809: 16805: 16799: 16796: 16794: 16791: 16789: 16786: 16784: 16781: 16779: 16776: 16774: 16771: 16769: 16766: 16764: 16761: 16757: 16754: 16752: 16749: 16747: 16744: 16742: 16739: 16737: 16734: 16732: 16729: 16727: 16724: 16723: 16722: 16719: 16715: 16712: 16710: 16707: 16705: 16702: 16701: 16700: 16697: 16696: 16694: 16692: 16688: 16682: 16679: 16677: 16674: 16672: 16669: 16668: 16666: 16664:Compatibility 16662: 16656: 16653: 16651: 16648: 16646: 16643: 16641: 16638: 16636: 16633: 16631: 16628: 16626: 16623: 16621: 16618: 16616: 16613: 16611: 16608: 16606: 16603: 16601: 16598: 16596: 16593: 16592: 16590: 16586: 16580: 16577: 16575: 16572: 16570: 16567: 16565: 16562: 16560: 16557: 16555: 16552: 16550: 16547: 16545: 16542: 16540: 16537: 16535: 16532: 16530: 16527: 16525: 16522: 16520: 16517: 16515: 16512: 16510: 16507: 16505: 16502: 16500: 16497: 16495: 16492: 16490: 16489:Library files 16487: 16485: 16482: 16480: 16477: 16475: 16472: 16470: 16467: 16465: 16462: 16460: 16457: 16453: 16450: 16448: 16445: 16444: 16443: 16440: 16438: 16435: 16433: 16430: 16428: 16425: 16423: 16420: 16419: 16417: 16415: 16411: 16405: 16402: 16400: 16397: 16395: 16392: 16390: 16387: 16385: 16382: 16380: 16377: 16375: 16372: 16370: 16367: 16365: 16362: 16360: 16357: 16355: 16352: 16350: 16347: 16345: 16342: 16340: 16337: 16335: 16332: 16330: 16327: 16325: 16322: 16320: 16317: 16315: 16312: 16310: 16307: 16305: 16302: 16300: 16297: 16295: 16292: 16290: 16287: 16286: 16284: 16282: 16278: 16272: 16269: 16267: 16264: 16260: 16257: 16255: 16252: 16250: 16249:Reparse point 16247: 16245: 16242: 16240: 16237: 16235: 16232: 16231: 16230: 16227: 16225: 16222: 16220: 16217: 16215: 16212: 16210: 16207: 16205: 16202: 16201: 16199: 16197: 16193: 16187: 16184: 16182: 16179: 16177: 16174: 16172: 16169: 16167: 16164: 16162: 16159: 16157: 16154: 16152: 16149: 16148: 16146: 16144: 16140: 16134: 16131: 16129: 16126: 16124: 16121: 16119: 16116: 16114: 16111: 16107: 16104: 16102: 16099: 16097: 16094: 16092: 16089: 16087: 16084: 16083: 16082: 16079: 16077: 16074: 16072: 16069: 16067: 16064: 16062: 16059: 16057: 16054: 16052: 16051:Action Center 16049: 16048: 16046: 16044: 16040: 16034: 16031: 16029: 16026: 16024: 16021: 16019: 16016: 16014: 16011: 16009: 16006: 16004: 16001: 15999: 15996: 15994: 15991: 15989: 15986: 15984: 15981: 15979: 15978:Snipping Tool 15976: 15974: 15971: 15969: 15966: 15964: 15961: 15959: 15956: 15954: 15951: 15949: 15946: 15944: 15941: 15939: 15936: 15934: 15931: 15929: 15926: 15924: 15921: 15919: 15916: 15914: 15911: 15909: 15906: 15902: 15899: 15898: 15897: 15894: 15892: 15889: 15887: 15884: 15882: 15879: 15877: 15874: 15872: 15869: 15867: 15864: 15862: 15859: 15857: 15854: 15852: 15849: 15847: 15844: 15842: 15839: 15837: 15836:Character Map 15834: 15832: 15829: 15827: 15824: 15822: 15819: 15817: 15814: 15813: 15811: 15809: 15805: 15799: 15796: 15794: 15791: 15787: 15784: 15783: 15782: 15779: 15777: 15774: 15772: 15769: 15767: 15764: 15762: 15759: 15757: 15754: 15752: 15749: 15747: 15744: 15742: 15739: 15737: 15734: 15732: 15729: 15727: 15724: 15722: 15719: 15717: 15714: 15712: 15709: 15707: 15704: 15702: 15699: 15697: 15694: 15692: 15689: 15687: 15684: 15682: 15679: 15677: 15674: 15672: 15669: 15667: 15664: 15662: 15659: 15657: 15656:Control Panel 15654: 15652: 15649: 15647: 15646:App Installer 15644: 15643: 15641: 15635: 15629: 15626: 15624: 15621: 15617: 15614: 15612: 15609: 15608: 15607:Architecture 15606: 15604: 15601: 15600: 15597: 15593: 15586: 15581: 15579: 15574: 15572: 15567: 15566: 15563: 15551: 15548: 15546: 15543: 15541: 15538: 15537: 15535: 15531: 15525: 15522: 15520: 15517: 15515: 15514:Cryptographic 15512: 15511: 15509: 15507: 15503: 15497: 15494: 15490: 15487: 15486: 15485: 15482: 15480: 15477: 15476: 15474: 15472: 15468: 15456: 15453: 15451: 15448: 15447: 15446: 15443: 15441: 15438: 15436: 15433: 15432: 15430: 15428: 15424: 15416: 15413: 15411: 15408: 15407: 15405: 15403: 15400: 15398: 15395: 15391: 15388: 15387: 15386: 15383: 15381: 15378: 15376: 15373: 15371: 15368: 15366: 15363: 15361: 15360:Copy-on-write 15358: 15356: 15353: 15352: 15349: 15346: 15342: 15336: 15333: 15331: 15328: 15326: 15323: 15321: 15318: 15316: 15313: 15311: 15308: 15306: 15303: 15301: 15298: 15296: 15293: 15289: 15286: 15284: 15281: 15279: 15276: 15275: 15274: 15271: 15270: 15268: 15264: 15254: 15251: 15249: 15246: 15244: 15241: 15239: 15236: 15234: 15231: 15229: 15226: 15225: 15223: 15221: 15217: 15211: 15208: 15206: 15203: 15201: 15198: 15195: 15193: 15190: 15188: 15185: 15183: 15180: 15178: 15175: 15173: 15170: 15169: 15167: 15163: 15157: 15154: 15152: 15149: 15147: 15144: 15142: 15139: 15137: 15134: 15132: 15129: 15127: 15124: 15122: 15119: 15117: 15114: 15112: 15109: 15107: 15104: 15102: 15099: 15097: 15094: 15092: 15089: 15087: 15084: 15082: 15079: 15077: 15074: 15072: 15069: 15068: 15065: 15062: 15058: 15052: 15051: 15047: 15045: 15042: 15040: 15037: 15035: 15032: 15030: 15027: 15025: 15022: 15020: 15017: 15015: 15012: 15010: 15007: 15005: 15002: 15000: 14997: 14995: 14992: 14990: 14987: 14984: 14980: 14977: 14975: 14972: 14971: 14969: 14967: 14963: 14953: 14952: 14948: 14946: 14943: 14941: 14938: 14936: 14933: 14931: 14928: 14926: 14923: 14921: 14918: 14916: 14913: 14911: 14908: 14906: 14903: 14901: 14898: 14897: 14895: 14893: 14889: 14879: 14876: 14874: 14871: 14867: 14864: 14863: 14862: 14859: 14857: 14854: 14852: 14849: 14847: 14844: 14842: 14839: 14838: 14836: 14834: 14833:wear leveling 14829: 14823: 14820: 14818: 14815: 14813: 14810: 14808: 14805: 14803: 14800: 14798: 14795: 14793: 14790: 14788: 14785: 14784: 14782: 14780: 14776: 14772: 14766: 14763: 14761: 14758: 14756: 14753: 14751: 14748: 14747: 14745: 14743: 14739: 14732: 14728: 14725: 14722: 14718: 14715: 14713: 14710: 14708: 14705: 14703: 14700: 14698: 14695: 14693: 14690: 14686: 14683: 14681: 14678: 14677: 14676: 14673: 14671: 14668: 14666: 14663: 14661: 14658: 14656: 14653: 14649: 14646: 14643: 14639: 14638: 14636: 14634: 14631: 14629: 14626: 14624: 14621: 14617: 14614: 14613: 14612: 14609: 14607: 14604: 14602: 14599: 14597: 14594: 14592: 14589: 14587: 14584: 14582: 14579: 14577: 14574: 14572: 14569: 14565: 14562: 14561: 14560: 14557: 14555: 14552: 14550: 14547: 14545: 14542: 14538: 14535: 14533: 14530: 14529: 14527: 14525: 14522: 14520: 14517: 14515: 14512: 14510: 14507: 14505: 14502: 14499: 14495: 14492: 14489: 14485: 14482: 14478: 14475: 14474: 14473: 14470: 14468: 14465: 14463: 14460: 14458: 14455: 14451: 14448: 14447: 14446: 14443: 14439: 14436: 14434: 14431: 14429: 14426: 14424: 14421: 14420: 14419: 14416: 14414: 14411: 14407: 14404: 14402: 14399: 14398: 14396: 14394: 14391: 14389: 14386: 14384: 14381: 14379: 14376: 14371: 14367: 14365: 14362: 14360: 14357: 14356: 14354: 14352: 14349: 14347: 14344: 14342: 14339: 14337: 14334: 14332: 14329: 14327: 14324: 14322: 14319: 14318: 14315: 14312: 14306: 14300: 14297: 14293: 14290: 14289: 14288: 14285: 14284: 14281: 14277: 14270: 14265: 14263: 14258: 14256: 14251: 14250: 14247: 14241: 14238: 14235: 14231: 14228: 14225: 14221: 14215: 14213: 14212:Windows Vista 14209: 14205: 14197: 14193: 14190: 14187: 14185: 14181: 14178: 14176: 14172: 14171: 14167: 14164: 14161: 14158: 14155: 14152: 14149: 14146: 14143: 14140: 14137: 14134: 14131: 14129: 14126: 14124: 14121: 14118: 14115: 14114: 14094: 14090: 14086: 14080: 14065: 14061: 14057: 14051: 14036: 14032: 14025: 14010: 14006: 14002: 13995: 13993: 13978:on 2014-03-01 13977: 13973: 13969: 13962: 13960: 13944: 13940: 13937:(July 2006). 13936: 13935:Chen, Raymond 13930: 13915: 13911: 13904: 13897: 13886: 13882: 13878: 13872: 13857:on 2014-05-21 13856: 13852: 13847: 13841: 13826:on 2014-05-21 13825: 13821: 13816: 13810: 13803: 13799: 13796: 13793: 13787: 13772:on 2017-10-07 13771: 13767: 13766:Caldera, Inc. 13763: 13762: 13755: 13753: 13751: 13749: 13747: 13745: 13743: 13741: 13739: 13737: 13735: 13733: 13731: 13729: 13721: 13718: 13712: 13710: 13702: 13698: 13695: 13692: 13686: 13680: 13678: 13673: 13669: 13661: 13657: 13653: 13649: 13645: 13642: 13635: 13629:magic values. 13612:on 2012-03-30 13611: 13607: 13602: 13599:Henk Kelder. 13596: 13582:on 2001-04-20 13581: 13577: 13570: 13568: 13560: 13556: 13553: 13550: 13544: 13537: 13531: 13529: 13527: 13525: 13523: 13521: 13519: 13517: 13515: 13513: 13511: 13509: 13507: 13505: 13503: 13501: 13499: 13484:on 2013-09-30 13480: 13473: 13466: 13459: 13455: 13451: 13439:on 2014-03-28 13438: 13434: 13430: 13423: 13421: 13413: 13409: 13405: 13392: 13388: 13381: 13379: 13371: 13367: 13363: 13350: 13346: 13342: 13338: 13334: 13333:Paterson, Tim 13328: 13326: 13318: 13315: 13309: 13303: 13300: 13296: 13283: 13279: 13278: 13270: 13268: 13266: 13264: 13262: 13260: 13258: 13256: 13254: 13252: 13250: 13248: 13246: 13244: 13242: 13240: 13238: 13236: 13234: 13232: 13230: 13228: 13226: 13224: 13222: 13220: 13218: 13216: 13214: 13212: 13210: 13208: 13206: 13204: 13202: 13200: 13198: 13179: 13172: 13165: 13163: 13161: 13145: 13141: 13137: 13131: 13116: 13112: 13108: 13102: 13100: 13098: 13090: 13089:0-89303-583-1 13086: 13082: 13078: 13073: 13067: 13065: 13060: 13058:0-201-63287-X 13054: 13050: 13046: 13042: 13041: 13036: 13029: 13027: 13025: 13023: 13007: 13003: 12999: 12993: 12991: 12989: 12987: 12985: 12977: 12973: 12970: 12967: 12961: 12946: 12942: 12936: 12932: 12931: 12923: 12908: 12904: 12898: 12889: 12882: 12878: 12875: 12872: 12867: 12865: 12863: 12861: 12853: 12849: 12846: 12843: 12837: 12835: 12833: 12831: 12829: 12821: 12817: 12814: 12811: 12806: 12804: 12802: 12800: 12792: 12782:on 2011-07-20 12781: 12777: 12773: 12769: 12763: 12761: 12759: 12757: 12755: 12747: 12743: 12739: 12726: 12722: 12718: 12714: 12710: 12709:Paterson, Tim 12704: 12702: 12700: 12698: 12696: 12694: 12692: 12690: 12688: 12686: 12684: 12682: 12680: 12678: 12676: 12674: 12672: 12670: 12668: 12666: 12657: 12655:0-201-60837-5 12651: 12647: 12646: 12638: 12636: 12634: 12618: 12614: 12613: 12608: 12602: 12600: 12592: 12588: 12585: 12580: 12576: 12572: 12568: 12564: 12562:1-55615-049-0 12558: 12554: 12550: 12546: 12542: 12538: 12534: 12530: 12529:Paterson, Tim 12526: 12522: 12518: 12514: 12510: 12506: 12500: 12498: 12496: 12494: 12492: 12490: 12488: 12486: 12484: 12482: 12474: 12470: 12466: 12453: 12449: 12445: 12441: 12437: 12433: 12432:Paterson, Tim 12427: 12425: 12423: 12421: 12419: 12417: 12415: 12413: 12411: 12409: 12407: 12405: 12403: 12401: 12399: 12397: 12395: 12393: 12377: 12373: 12369: 12363: 12361: 12359: 12343: 12339: 12335: 12334:ISO 9293:1987 12331: 12325: 12323: 12321: 12319: 12317: 12315: 12313: 12311: 12309: 12307: 12291: 12287: 12283: 12279: 12273: 12271: 12269: 12267: 12265: 12263: 12261: 12259: 12257: 12255: 12239: 12235: 12231: 12227: 12221: 12219: 12217: 12215: 12213: 12211: 12209: 12207: 12205: 12203: 12196: 12190: 12188: 12186: 12170: 12166: 12160: 12158: 12156: 12154: 12152: 12150: 12148: 12146: 12144: 12142: 12140: 12131: 12129:1-55615-329-5 12125: 12121: 12120: 12113: 12111: 12109: 12093: 12089: 12085: 12078: 12076: 12074: 12072: 12056: 12052: 12048: 12042: 12040: 12038: 12036: 12028: 12023: 12016: 12012: 12008: 12007:3-88745-888-5 12004: 12000: 11994: 11992: 11990: 11988: 11980: 11974: 11959: 11955: 11951: 11945: 11943: 11936: 11926:on 2016-03-04 11925: 11921: 11920:www.drdos.org 11917: 11910: 11903: 11899: 11896: 11893: 11892:1-878830-02-3 11889: 11885: 11879: 11877: 11875: 11873: 11871: 11869: 11867: 11865: 11849: 11845: 11841: 11837: 11830: 11815: 11811: 11807: 11803: 11796: 11785: 11779: 11777: 11769: 11765: 11762: 11759: 11753: 11751: 11743: 11739: 11736: 11733: 11727: 11725: 11716: 11711: 11709:3-89090-368-1 11705: 11701: 11697: 11691: 11689: 11687: 11685: 11683: 11681: 11679: 11677: 11675: 11673: 11671: 11669: 11667: 11665: 11663: 11661: 11659: 11657: 11655: 11653: 11651: 11649: 11647: 11640: 11638: 11636: 11633: 11631: 11626: 11620: 11616: 11612: 11611:DOS Internals 11605: 11603: 11601: 11599: 11597: 11595: 11593: 11591: 11589: 11587: 11585: 11583: 11581: 11579: 11577: 11575: 11566: 11562: 11558: 11554: 11553: 11545: 11543: 11541: 11539: 11523: 11519: 11515: 11509: 11507: 11505: 11503: 11501: 11499: 11497: 11495: 11493: 11491: 11489: 11487: 11485: 11483: 11481: 11472: 11459: 11451: 11447: 11440: 11431: 11425: 11424:archive.today 11421: 11418: 11412: 11410: 11394: 11390: 11386: 11380: 11376: 11363: 11359: 11353: 11339: 11337: 11323: 11312: 11308: 11296: 11292: 11284: 11280: 11276: 11270: 11268: 11254: 11252: 11250: 11248: 11240: 11235: 11229: 11196: 11189: 11185: 11181: 11177: 11167: 11165: 11154: 11147: 11143: 11137: 11135: 11125: 11117: 11113: 11109: 11101: 11097: 11093: 11087: 11085: 11083: 11074: 11066: 11058: 11054: 11053:little-endian 11024: 11022: 11020: 11018: 11016: 11008: 11004: 10972: 10964: 10954: 10952: 10950: 10945: 10935: 10932: 10930: 10927: 10925: 10922: 10920: 10917: 10915: 10912: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10893: 10890: 10888: 10885: 10883: 10880: 10878: 10875: 10874: 10868: 10857:/fs/fat/dir.c 10842: 10838: 10833: 10828: 10824: 10647: 10636: 10623: 10622: 10615: 10614: 10607: 10606: 10599: 10598: 10594: 10591: 10590: 10587: 10584: 10581: 10575: 10569: 10563: 10555: 10545: 10541: 10538: 10536: 10533: 10532: 10524: 10521: 10519: 10516: 10515: 10511: 10507: 10504: 10502: 10499: 10498: 10494: 10491: 10489: 10486: 10485: 10478:Type (always 10477: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10468: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10451: 10447: 10443: 10440: 10437: 10436: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10407: 10403: 10400: 10397: 10396: 10393: 10390: 10380: 10375: 10373: 10368: 10363: 10359: 10352: 10344: 10340: 10332: 10327: 10323: 10321: 10317: 10313: 10309: 10305: 10301: 10297: 10292: 10290: 10286: 10285:fragmentation 10281: 10277: 10273: 10269: 10263: 10255: 10253: 10247: 10243: 10241: 10237: 10232: 10230: 10225: 10220: 10215: 10213: 10207: 10205: 10200: 10196: 10192: 10187: 10185: 10181: 10180:fragmentation 10176: 10172: 10168:Fragmentation 10164: 10160: 10158: 10145: 10144:) for FAT32. 10122: 10098: 10071:MAX=1+trunc(( 10065: 10060: 10038: 10033: 10031: 10010: 10004: 9993: 9955: 9952: 9951: 9948: 9909: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9887: 9884: 9883: 9879: 9877: 9874: 9871: 9868: 9867: 9863: 9861: 9858: 9855: 9852: 9851: 9840: 9838: 9835: 9832: 9829: 9828: 9824: 9821: 9818: 9815: 9814: 9811: 9805: 9802: 9799: 9796: 9793: 9792: 9791: 9789: 9785: 9781: 9772: 9764: 9761: 9758: 9757: 9754: 9750: 9745: 9740: 9737: 9734: 9733: 9727: 9724:for a format 9722: 9716: 9710: 9707: 9704:for a format 9702: 9697: 9696: 9695: 9692: 9689: 9688: 9682: 9679:for a format 9677: 9671: 9665: 9662: 9659:for a format 9657: 9652: 9648: 9644: 9643: 9642: 9639: 9636: 9635: 9632: 9625: 9619: 9615: 9612: 9611: 9607: 9603: 9602: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9590: 9586: 9583: 9580: 9579: 9575: 9572: 9569: 9568: 9564: 9561: 9558: 9557: 9553: 9550: 9547: 9546: 9542: 9539: 9536: 9535: 9531: 9528: 9525: 9524: 9520: 9517: 9514: 9513: 9509: 9506: 9503: 9502: 9498: 9495: 9492: 9491: 9487: 9484: 9481: 9480: 9476: 9473: 9470: 9469: 9465: 9462: 9459: 9458: 9454: 9451: 9448: 9447: 9441: 9440: 9431: 9427: 9423: 9412:for files or 9379: 9378: 9373: 9369: 9364: 9363: 9362: 9359: 9356: 9355: 9352: 9345: 9342:for a format 9340: 9335: 9331: 9328: 9325:for a format 9323: 9317: 9316: 9311: 9306: 9305: 9293: 9292: 9291: 9288: 9285: 9284: 9281: 9272: 9269: 9268: 9265:Month (1–12) 9264: 9261: 9260: 9256: 9252: 9248: 9244: 9241: 9240: 9236: 9233: 9232: 9229: 9224: 9221: 9218:for a format 9216: 9210: 9207: 9203: 9199: 9195: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9178: 9174: 9171: 9170: 9169: 9166: 9163: 9162: 9159: 9156: 9146: 9141: 9137: 9136: 9130: 9127: 9126: 9122: 9119: 9118: 9115:Hours (0–23) 9114: 9111: 9110: 9106: 9103: 9102: 9099: 9094: 9086: 9080: 9079: 9078: 9075: 9072: 9071: 9068: 9062: 9058: 9051: 9038: 9037: 9036: 9033: 9030: 9029: 8995: 8987: 8984: 8981: 8977: 8973: 8967: 8962: 8959: 8958: 8952: 8949: 8946: 8945: 8941: 8938: 8935: 8934: 8930: 8927: 8924: 8923: 8919: 8916: 8913: 8912: 8908: 8905: 8902: 8901: 8897: 8894: 8891: 8890: 8886: 8883: 8880: 8879: 8875: 8872: 8869: 8868: 8864: 8861: 8858: 8857: 8850: 8845: 8841: 8840:DOS Plus 8837: 8834: 8833: 8832: 8829: 8826: 8825: 8822: 8819: 8809: 8799: 8785: 8776: 8768: 8765: 8762: 8761: 8757: 8754: 8751: 8748: 8747: 8743: 8740: 8737: 8734: 8733: 8728: 8725: 8722: 8721: 8718: 8713: 8710: 8707: 8706: 8701: 8698: 8695: 8694: 8691: 8686: 8683: 8680: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8657: 8654: 8653: 8649: 8646: 8643: 8642: 8638: 8635: 8632: 8631: 8627: 8624: 8621: 8620: 8617: 8616:table scans. 8609: 8597: 8593: 8590: 8589: 8577: 8574: 8573: 8570: 8554: 8551: 8550: 8545: 8542: 8541: 8537: 8534: 8533: 8530: 8526: 8523: 8520: 8519: 8515: 8512: 8509: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8498: 8481: 8478: 8473: 8463: 8462: 8461: 8452: 8451: 8450: 8447: 8444: 8437: 8435: 8417: 8416: 8415: 8412: 8409: 8400: 8397: 8377: 8370: 8368: 8360: 8359: 8358: 8356: 8348: 8345: 8340: 8332: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8302: 8292: 8291: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8280: 8276: 8274: 8270: 8266: 8262: 8252: 8250: 8240: 8238: 8228: 8220: 8214: 8210: 8190: 8178: 8174: 8154: 8125: 8117: 8114: 8111: 8110: 8107: 8104: 8079: 8074: 8071: 8068: 8067: 8058: 8053: 8050: 8047: 8046: 8043: 8018: 8010: 8007: 8004: 8003: 7983: 7975: 7972: 7969: 7968: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7952: 7949: 7948: 7945: 7941: 7936: 7933: 7930: 7929: 7925: 7922: 7919: 7916: 7915: 7912: 7904: 7900: 7889: 7876: 7871: 7868: 7863: 7860: 7854: 7849: 7842: 7838: 7834: 7825: 7777: 7775: 7771: 7767: 7763: 7762:little-endian 7749: 7728: 7724: 7719: 7711: 7709: 7700: 7697: 7694: 7690: 7686: 7683: 7682: 7681: 7679: 7675: 7664: 7660: 7655: 7654: 7647: 7644: 7641: 7638: 7635: 7632: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7603: 7600: 7597: 7594: 7591: 7590: 7586: 7583: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7554: 7551: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7522: 7521: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7497: 7494: 7491: 7488: 7485: 7482: 7479: 7476: 7473: 7470: 7467: 7464: 7461: 7460: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7436: 7433: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7404: 7401: 7398: 7395: 7392: 7391: 7387: 7384: 7381: 7378: 7375: 7372: 7369: 7366: 7363: 7360: 7357: 7354: 7351: 7348: 7345: 7342: 7339: 7338: 7334: 7331: 7328: 7325: 7322: 7319: 7316: 7313: 7310: 7307: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7278: 7277: 7273: 7270: 7267: 7264: 7261: 7258: 7255: 7252: 7249: 7246: 7243: 7240: 7237: 7234: 7231: 7228: 7225: 7224: 7220: 7217: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7148: 7147: 7143: 7140: 7137: 7134: 7131: 7128: 7125: 7122: 7119: 7116: 7113: 7110: 7107: 7104: 7101: 7098: 7095: 7094: 7088: 7085: 7075: 7072: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7053: 7050: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7015: 7014: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7000: 6997: 6994: 6991: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6956: 6953: 6950: 6949: 6945: 6942: 6939: 6936: 6933: 6930: 6927: 6924: 6921: 6918: 6915: 6912: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6893: 6892: 6888: 6885: 6882: 6879: 6876: 6873: 6870: 6867: 6864: 6861: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6832: 6831: 6827: 6824: 6821: 6818: 6815: 6812: 6809: 6806: 6803: 6800: 6797: 6794: 6791: 6788: 6785: 6782: 6779: 6778: 6772: 6770: 6759: 6754: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6732: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6703: 6702: 6695: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6673: 6670: 6667: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6654: 6651: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6628: 6624: 6621: 6618: 6615: 6614: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6583: 6580: 6577: 6574: 6571: 6568: 6565: 6562: 6559: 6556: 6548: 6545: 6544: 6540: 6537: 6534: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6519: 6516: 6513: 6510: 6507: 6504: 6501: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6487: 6482: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6470: 6469: 6465: 6462: 6459: 6456: 6453: 6450: 6447: 6444: 6441: 6438: 6435: 6432: 6429: 6426: 6423: 6420: 6417: 6416: 6410: 6408: 6407:little-endian 6404: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6390: 6385: 6382: 6376: 6364: 6363: 6358: 6357: 6352: 6346: 6344: 6339:This article 6337: 6333: 6328: 6327: 6319: 6307: 6304: 6290: 6285: 6283: 6282:fragmentation 6277: 6272: 6257: 6254: 6251: 6250: 6242: 6239: 6236: 6235: 6219: 6216: 6213: 6212: 6199: 6196: 6193: 6192: 6187: 6178: 6175: 6172: 6171: 6163: 6160: 6157: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6147: 6139: 6130: 6127: 6124: 6123: 6119: 6116: 6113: 6112: 6109: 6106: 6094: 6077: 6059: 6052: 6051: 6050: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6035: 6031: 6019: 6012: 6011: 6010: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5986: 5980: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5962: 5960: 5955: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5908: 5903:DOS 3.2 only; 5901: 5896: 5891: 5888: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5844: 5841: 5840: 5836: 5833: 5830: 5827: 5824: 5821: 5818: 5815: 5812: 5809: 5806: 5803: 5800: 5797: 5794: 5791: 5788: 5785: 5782: 5779: 5776: 5774:BPB Presence 5773: 5772: 5768: 5765: 5762: 5759: 5756: 5753: 5750: 5747: 5744: 5741: 5738: 5735: 5732: 5729: 5726: 5723: 5720: 5717: 5714: 5711: 5708: 5703: 5702: 5698: 5695: 5692: 5689: 5686: 5683: 5680: 5677: 5674: 5671: 5668: 5665: 5662: 5659: 5656: 5653: 5650: 5647: 5644: 5641: 5638: 5635: 5634: 5628: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5534: 5531: 5530: 5526: 5523: 5520: 5517: 5514: 5511: 5508: 5505: 5502: 5499: 5496: 5493: 5490: 5487: 5484: 5481: 5478: 5475: 5472: 5469: 5466: 5463: 5462: 5458: 5455: 5452: 5449: 5446: 5443: 5440: 5437: 5434: 5431: 5428: 5425: 5422: 5419: 5416: 5413: 5410: 5407: 5404: 5401: 5398: 5395: 5394: 5390: 5387: 5384: 5381: 5378: 5375: 5372: 5369: 5366: 5363: 5360: 5357: 5354: 5351: 5348: 5345: 5342: 5339: 5336: 5333: 5330: 5326: 5319: 5318: 5314: 5311: 5308: 5305: 5302: 5299: 5296: 5293: 5290: 5287: 5284: 5281: 5278: 5275: 5272: 5269: 5266: 5263: 5260: 5257: 5254: 5250: 5243: 5242: 5238: 5235: 5232: 5229: 5226: 5223: 5220: 5217: 5214: 5211: 5208: 5205: 5202: 5199: 5196: 5193: 5190: 5187: 5184: 5181: 5178: 5174: 5167: 5166: 5162: 5159: 5156: 5153: 5150: 5147: 5144: 5141: 5138: 5135: 5132: 5129: 5126: 5123: 5120: 5117: 5114: 5111: 5108: 5105: 5102: 5098: 5091: 5090: 5086: 5083: 5080: 5077: 5074: 5071: 5068: 5065: 5062: 5059: 5056: 5053: 5050: 5047: 5044: 5041: 5038: 5035: 5032: 5029: 5026: 5022: 5015: 5014: 5010: 5007: 5004: 5001: 4998: 4995: 4992: 4989: 4986: 4983: 4980: 4977: 4974: 4971: 4968: 4965: 4962: 4959: 4956: 4953: 4950: 4946: 4939: 4938: 4934: 4931: 4928: 4925: 4922: 4919: 4916: 4913: 4910: 4907: 4904: 4901: 4898: 4895: 4892: 4889: 4886: 4883: 4880: 4877: 4874: 4870: 4863: 4862: 4858: 4855: 4852: 4849: 4846: 4843: 4840: 4837: 4834: 4831: 4828: 4825: 4822: 4819: 4816: 4813: 4810: 4807: 4804: 4801: 4798: 4794: 4787: 4786: 4782: 4779: 4776: 4773: 4770: 4767: 4764: 4761: 4758: 4755: 4752: 4749: 4746: 4743: 4740: 4737: 4734: 4731: 4728: 4725: 4722: 4719: 4718: 4714: 4711: 4708: 4705: 4702: 4699: 4696: 4693: 4690: 4687: 4684: 4681: 4678: 4675: 4672: 4669: 4666: 4663: 4660: 4657: 4654: 4650: 4643: 4642: 4638: 4635: 4632: 4629: 4626: 4623: 4620: 4617: 4614: 4611: 4608: 4605: 4602: 4599: 4596: 4593: 4590: 4587: 4584: 4581: 4578: 4574: 4567: 4566: 4562: 4559: 4556: 4553: 4550: 4547: 4544: 4541: 4538: 4535: 4532: 4529: 4526: 4523: 4520: 4517: 4514: 4511: 4508: 4505: 4502: 4499: 4498: 4494: 4491: 4488: 4485: 4482: 4479: 4476: 4473: 4470: 4467: 4464: 4461: 4458: 4455: 4452: 4449: 4446: 4443: 4440: 4437: 4434: 4431: 4430: 4426: 4423: 4420: 4417: 4414: 4411: 4408: 4405: 4402: 4399: 4396: 4393: 4390: 4387: 4384: 4381: 4378: 4375: 4372: 4369: 4366: 4363: 4362: 4358: 4355: 4352: 4349: 4346: 4343: 4340: 4337: 4334: 4331: 4328: 4325: 4322: 4319: 4316: 4313: 4310: 4307: 4304: 4301: 4298: 4295: 4294: 4290: 4287: 4284: 4281: 4278: 4275: 4272: 4269: 4266: 4263: 4260: 4257: 4254: 4251: 4248: 4245: 4242: 4239: 4236: 4233: 4230: 4227: 4226: 4220: 4215: 4212: 4200: 4191: 4186: 4183: 4179: 4176: 4169: 4162: 4154: 4149: 4145: 4144: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4130: 4127: 4123: 4109: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4093: 4085: 4080: 4074: 4068: 4061: 4045: 4040: 4037: 4034: 4031: 4030: 4027: 4020: 4012: 4007: 4004: 4001: 3998: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3984: 3981: 3978: 3977: 3974: 3956: 3951: 3948: 3945: 3942: 3941: 3938: 3929: 3924: 3921: 3918: 3915: 3914: 3911: 3896: 3890: 3877: 3871: 3866: 3863: 3860: 3857: 3856: 3853: 3850: 3840: 3832: 3823: 3820: 3817: 3814: 3813: 3810: 3799: 3795: 3792: 3789: 3786: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3766: 3762: 3759: 3756: 3753: 3752: 3749: 3746: 3740: 3733: 3730: 3727: 3724: 3723: 3711: 3708: 3705: 3702: 3701: 3698: 3695: 3680: 3677: 3674: 3671: 3670: 3667: 3663: 3652: 3645: 3641: 3638: 3635: 3632: 3631: 3628: 3627: 3623: 3620: 3617: 3614: 3613: 3609: 3606: 3603: 3600: 3599: 3596: 3593: 3579: 3572: 3566: 3545: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3525: 3518: 3510: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3489: 3488: 3485: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3467: 3466: 3453: 3450: 3447: 3444: 3443: 3437: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3421: 3417: 3414: 3410: 3405: 3401: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3392: 3389: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3378: 3372: 3369: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3325: 3313: 3310: 3307: 3304: 3303: 3300: 3299: 3295: 3292: 3289: 3286: 3285: 3281: 3278: 3275: 3272: 3271: 3268: 3262: 3252: 3251:translation. 3250: 3246: 3187: 3180: 3137: 3059: 3058: 3057: 3042: 3039: 3034: 3025: 3019: 3017: 3012: 3006: 2998: 2992: 2986: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2956: 2952: 2947: 2945: 2940: 2935: 2928: 2922: 2916: 2913: 2910: 2907: 2906: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2894:since DOS 3.0 2891: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2881: 2878: 2873: 2872:since DOS 3.0 2869: 2865: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2855: 2852: 2851: 2847: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2837: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2824: 2823: 2820: 2817: 2810: 2803: 2800: 2792: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2777: 2774: 2773: 2769: 2766: 2763: 2760: 2759: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2733: 2727: 2726:DOS 3.2 BPB: 2720: 2717: 2709: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2683: 2680: 2677: 2674: 2673: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2652: 2649: 2648: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2634: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2621: 2620: 2617: 2613: 2612:DOS 3.0 BPB: 2604: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2589: 2586: 2555: 2544: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2513: 2509: 2506: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2498: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2485: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2477: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2459: 2455: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2447: 2443: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2424: 2423:HP 200LX 2420: 2416: 2413: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2387: 2383: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2371: 2367: 2364: 2361: 2358: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2318: 2314: 2311: 2308: 2307: 2303: 2302: 2294: 2290: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2282: 2274: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2250: 2246: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2238: 2236: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2222: 2217: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2202: 2199: 2196: 2191: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2166: 2159: 2154: 2151: 2148: 2145: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2128: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2114: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2059: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2049: 2044: 2043: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2021: 2019: 2014: 2010: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1992: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1978: 1958: 1952: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1933: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1913: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1902: 1897: 1884: 1881: 1878: 1877: 1872: 1866: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1846: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1831: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1811: 1808: 1807: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1796: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1781: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1766: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1755: 1751: 1741: 1739: 1717: 1713: 1710:over the 256 1709: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1698: 1690: 1683: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1671: 1667: 1666:little-endian 1663: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1652: 1648: 1647:little-endian 1644: 1643: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1632: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1613: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1590: 1582: 1574: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1563: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1552: 1548: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1531:little-endian 1528: 1518: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1476: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1444: 1436: 1419: 1414: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1398: 1395: 1385: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1358: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1345: 1341: 1340: 1335: 1334: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1312: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1289:volumes use " 1288: 1276: 1271: 1265: 1262: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1235: 1227: 1222: 1219: 1213: 1203: 1198: 1190: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1161: 1155: 1149: 1143: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1114: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1077: 1071: 1066: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1051: 1048: 1045: 1044: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1009: 1006: 1005:little-endian 995: 992: 989: 986: 983: 982: 977: 976: 971: 968: 964: 961: 958: 957: 953: 952: 948: 944: 939: 938: 930: 927: 920: 916: 915: 912:(FAT32 only) 911: 908: 907: 904: 901: 897: 896: 890: 887: 885: 881: 880: 873: 869: 865: 864: 859: 855: 854: 850:(also called 849: 843: 840: 837: 829: 825: 822: 819: 816: 815: 809: 801: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 768: 764: 762: 756: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 729: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 702:Multiuser DOS 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 649: 643: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 617: 613: 609: 607: 603: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 553: 550: 546: 542: 539: 535: 518: 513: 505: 500: 495: 493:Max file size 491: 487: 474: 444: 439: 435: 430: 426: 422: 419: 416: 412: 408: 404: 399: 391: 385: 377: 371: 366: 358: 352: 347: 342: 334: 328: 320: 315: 311: 308: 306: 305:Partition IDs 302: 298: 292: 286: 280: 274: 268: 264: 260: 248: 244: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 214: 212: 208: 202: 198: 187: 184: 169: 159: 158:summary style 155: 149: 145: 143: 139:This article 137: 128: 127: 118: 115: 107: 97: 93: 87: 84:This article 82: 73: 72: 67: 65: 58: 57: 52: 51: 46: 41: 32: 31: 19: 18:FAT OEM label 19821:27000 series 17532:Universal 3D 17274:File Manager 17114:Photo Viewer 17049:Media Center 17009:Groove Music 16939:Address Book 16910: 16903: 16896: 16891:Purble Place 16889: 16882: 16875: 16868: 16861: 16856:Chess Titans 16854: 16847: 16834:Discontinued 16822: 16815: 16514:Ntoskrnl.exe 16422:Boot Manager 16414:Architecture 16304:Group Policy 16196:File systems 16096:Saved search 16003:Sticky Notes 15968:Quick Assist 15896:Media Player 15866:Feedback Hub 15861:Fax and Scan 15756:Task Manager 15686:Event Viewer 15666:Disk Cleanup 15479:File manager 15048: 14949: 14775:Flash memory 14742:Optical disc 14680:soft updates 14660:Soup (Apple) 14310:non-rotating 14276:File systems 14204:Windows 2000 14184:Raymond Chen 14169: 14097:. Retrieved 14088: 14079: 14068:. Retrieved 14050: 14039:. Retrieved 14024: 14013:. Retrieved 14004: 13980:. Retrieved 13976:the original 13971: 13947:. Retrieved 13929: 13918:. Retrieved 13903: 13895: 13889:. Retrieved 13871: 13859:. Retrieved 13855:the original 13845: 13840: 13828:. Retrieved 13824:the original 13814: 13813:IBM (2003). 13809: 13791: 13786: 13774:. Retrieved 13770:the original 13760: 13716: 13690: 13685: 13639: 13634: 13614:. Retrieved 13610:the original 13600: 13595: 13584:. Retrieved 13580:the original 13548: 13543: 13535: 13486:. Retrieved 13479:the original 13465: 13441:. Retrieved 13437:the original 13432: 13395:. Retrieved 13353:. Retrieved 13313: 13308: 13299:OpenDOS 7.01 13295:Novell DOS 7 13286:. Retrieved 13276: 13185:. Retrieved 13148:. Retrieved 13130: 13119:. Retrieved 13080: 13077:Peter Norton 13072: 13039: 13010:. Retrieved 12965: 12960: 12949:. Retrieved 12929: 12922: 12911:. Retrieved 12897: 12888: 12870: 12841: 12809: 12790: 12784:. Retrieved 12780:the original 12768:Tim Paterson 12729:. Retrieved 12644: 12621:. Retrieved 12610: 12540: 12456:. Retrieved 12439: 12380:. Retrieved 12346:. Retrieved 12333: 12294:. Retrieved 12281: 12242:. Retrieved 12229: 12194: 12173:. Retrieved 12118: 12096:. Retrieved 12087: 12059:. Retrieved 12022: 11998: 11978: 11977:IBM (1983). 11973: 11962:. Retrieved 11928:. Retrieved 11924:the original 11919: 11909: 11883: 11852:. Retrieved 11829: 11818:. Retrieved 11795: 11783: 11757: 11731: 11713: 11699: 11695: 11610: 11550: 11526:. Retrieved 11439: 11397:. Retrieved 11379: 11352: 11322: 11290: 11228: 11195: 11153: 11124: 10962: 10840: 10836: 10826: 10822: 10820: 10657:lfn_checksum 10632: 10585: 10570: 10561: 10553: 10551: 10546:characters) 10512:characters) 10448:characters) 10404:Description 10398:Byte offset 10391: 10378: 10376: 10372:8.3 filename 10364: 10360: 10349: 10339: 10324: 10293: 10282: 10278: 10274: 10264: 10256: 10248: 10244: 10233: 10219:Raymond Chen 10216: 10208: 10188: 10177: 10173: 10171: 10162: 10151:(FAT12) and 10146: 10128:gets number 10123: 10099: 10089:up to 4086 ( 10063: 10061: 10034: 10005: 9994: 9987: 9953: 9912: 9906: 9892:Petrov DOSFS 9860:Petrov DOSFS 9825:Description 9816:Byte offset 9809: 9777: 9766: 9751: 9748: 9630: 9455:Description 9349: 9278: 9237:Description 9228: 9205: 9201: 9197: 9193: 9181:4690 OS 9177:4680 OS 9151: 9139: 9107:Description 9098: 9066: 8865:Description 8777: 8774: 8716: 8688: 8666: 8662: 8650:Description 8614: 8603: 8560: 8538:Description 8528: 8510:Byte offset 8502:8.3 filename 8499: 8487: 8469: 8458: 8448: 8445: 8438: 8423: 8413: 8404: 8357:characters: 8352: 8288: 8281: 8277: 8260: 8258: 8248: 8246: 8236: 8234: 8225: 8205: 8119:0x?FFFFFF8 - 8105: 8081: 8021: 8012:0x?FFFFFF0 - 7977:0x?0000002 - 7963: 7943: 7926:Description 7910: 7901: 7872: 7864: 7826: 7778: 7720: 7717: 7704: 7692: 7688: 7677: 7673: 7671: 7081: 6766: 6400: 6397: 6392: 6386: 6374: 6372: 6360: 6354: 6351:hard-to-read 6343:colour-blind 6340: 6318: 6286: 6267: 6142: 6114:Byte offset 6100: 6078: 6067: 6038: 6027: 5963: 5956: 5949: 5322:(BPB offset 5246:(BPB offset 5170:(BPB offset 5094:(BPB offset 5018:(BPB offset 4942:(BPB offset 4866:(BPB offset 4790:(BPB offset 4646:(BPB offset 4570:(BPB offset 4276:5.25" / 3.5" 4261:5.25" / 3.5" 4258:5.25" / 3.5" 4210: 4198: 4181: 4174: 4167: 4160: 4139: 4131: 4119: 4105: 4095: 4069: 4056: 4015: 3963: 3932: 3874: 3835: 3800: 3797: 3768: 3736: 3682: 3664: 3647: 3626:DOS 3.31 BPB 3624: 3589: 3567: 3563: 3526: 3513: 3478: 3373: 3364: 3298:DOS 3.31 BPB 3296: 3276:EBPB offset 3258: 3188: 3167: 3047: 3020: 3001: 2954: 2948: 2931: 2900: 2897: 2875: 2848: 2811: 2808: 2795: 2770: 2728: 2725: 2712: 2688: 2685: 2668: 2645: 2614: 2611: 2556: 2545: 2517: 2192: 2190:extensions. 2162: 2131: 2109: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2053: 2046: 2040: 2022: 2005: 1951: 1804: 1757:Byte offset 1722: 1640: 1554:Byte offset 1519: 1501: 1494: 1475:INT 19h 1439: 1371: 1364:DOS 3.31 BPB 1361: 1337: 1331: 1309: 1266: 1242: 1234:Philips :YES 1223: 1214: 1178: 1175: 1137: 1073: 1046:Byte offset 1027:floppy disks 1020: 1002: 984:Data Region 973: 935: 899: 893: 891: 888: 883: 877: 875: 867: 861: 857: 851: 807: 777: 775: 694:4690 OS 690:4680 OS 610:Not natively 541:8.3 filename 464:for 64 450:for 64 287:MS-DOS 3.31) 211:Developer(s) 201: 179: 166:January 2023 163: 140: 110: 101: 85: 61: 54: 48: 47:Please help 44: 19609:20000–29999 18761:10000–19999 17443:(Ultrium-1) 17289:Minesweeper 17258:Spun off to 17079:MSN Dial-up 17074:Movie Maker 16979:Diagnostics 16929:ActiveMovie 16671:COMMAND.COM 16549:Shadow Copy 16404:Server Core 16244:Mount Point 16171:Shadow Copy 15766:Windows Ink 15445:Permissions 15060:Specialized 14292:distributed 12525:O'Rear, Bob 12517:Gates, Bill 12509:Allen, Paul 11358:IBM 4680 OS 11345:NO␠NAME␠␠␠␠ 11279:MS-DOS 1.25 11221:JO␠␠␠␠␠␠SYS 11217:IO␠␠␠␠␠␠SYS 11213:DRDOS␠␠␠SYS 11209:DRBIOS␠␠SYS 11205:SYS /DR:ext 11201:IBMBIO␠␠COM 11100:magic value 10851:" but not " 10845:example.TXT 10644:README␠␠TXT 10595:Entry data 9903:Size limits 9841:File type, 9788:IBM 4690 OS 9784:IBM 4680 OS 9726:description 9706:description 9681:description 9661:description 9651:MS-DOS 1.20 9433:additional 9421:) as well.) 9419:PASSWORD /V 9414:PASSWORD /P 9410:PASSWORD /R 9402:PASSWORD /W 9394:PASSWORD /D 9386:PASSWORD /N 9344:description 9327:description 9273:Day (1–31) 9220:description 9198:direct file 9194:random file 9090:PASSWORD /G 8789:NO␠NAME␠␠␠␠ 8673:DCF objects 8269:86-DOS 0.42 8243:Data region 7795:instead of 7774:MS-DOS 1.14 7770:86-DOS 0.42 7723:MS-DOS 1.20 6718:superfloppy 6322:Cluster map 5942:DR-DOS only 4450:250 ("new") 4441:250 ("old") 4364:Modulation 3839:IBMBIO␠␠COM 3505:NO␠NAME␠␠␠␠ 3438:in the FAT. 3353:DL register 2850:DOS 2.0 BPB 2828:BPB offset 2772:DOS 3.0 BPB 2750:BPB offset 2647:DOS 2.0 BPB 2625:BPB offset 2532:PC DOS 2510:Hard disk ( 2428:Hard disk ( 2293:superfloppy 2011:. Atari ST 1983:BPB offset 1918:varies (2) 1889:). If the " 1816:varies (2) 1806:DOS 3.0 BPB 1716:magic value 1410:(at offset 1031:Boot Sector 1017:Boot Sector 991:Data Region 922:FAT Region 872:boot loader 848:Boot Sector 842:Boot Sector 834:(number of 782:file system 759:Transparent 746:DoubleSpace 733:compression 731:Transparent 648:permissions 646:File system 418:Linked list 19983:Categories 19388:16949 (TS) 18985:11941 (TR) 17683:standards 17587:Full BASIC 17571:ECMAScript 17563:JavaScript 17269:DVD Player 17084:NetMeeting 16984:DriveSpace 16849:3D Pinball 16349:SharePoint 16113:Start menu 15958:Phone Link 15821:Calculator 15776:PowerShell 15637:Management 15471:Interfaces 15455:Sticky bit 15335:Versioning 15300:Journaling 15243:Rubberhose 15039:SMB (CIFS) 14831:host-side 14208:Windows XP 14099:2014-05-20 14070:2014-05-05 14041:2014-05-05 14015:2014-06-24 13982:2014-06-24 13949:2014-05-20 13920:2014-05-20 13891:2011-08-21 13861:2014-05-20 13830:2014-05-20 13776:2014-05-20 13652:Windows 95 13616:2012-01-14 13586:2007-03-13 13488:2011-04-13 13443:2014-03-29 13397:2014-03-29 13355:2014-03-25 13288:2012-01-11 13187:2013-03-10 13150:2012-01-11 13121:2014-05-20 13047:. p. 13012:2012-07-16 12951:2021-12-03 12913:2011-10-16 12786:2011-07-18 12731:2014-03-25 12623:2011-10-16 12458:2014-03-25 12382:2011-10-16 12348:2012-01-06 12296:2012-01-06 12244:2011-07-30 12175:2012-09-11 12098:2014-06-02 12061:2011-10-14 11964:2014-06-15 11930:2011-12-17 11854:2006-10-14 11820:2006-10-14 11634:) Errata: 11528:2011-07-03 11467:|url= 11399:2011-07-31 11371:References 11307:PC DOS 1.0 11283:PC DOS 2.0 11116:big-endian 11073:big-endian 11047:at offset 11039:at offset 11035:, that is 10981:at offset 10329:See also: 10142:0x0FFFFFF5 10111:0x0FFFFFFF 10037:Windows NT 10030:Windows NT 9966:0x0FFFFFFF 9962:0x0FFFFFF7 9958:0x0FFFFFF7 9769:0x00000000 9437:parameter. 9245:Year (0 = 9202:keyed file 9004:(no EAs), 8813:0x00000000 8604:The value 8387:Stored as 8239:location. 8202:0x?FFFFFFF 8169:0x0FFFFFF8 8157:0x0FFFFFF8 8153:dosfstools 8149:0x0FFFFFF8 8137:0x0FFFFFFF 8122:0x?FFFFFFF 8100:0x0FFFFFF7 8076:0x?FFFFFF7 8055:0x?FFFFFF6 8015:0x?FFFFFF5 7994:0x0FFFFFEF 7980:0x?FFFFFEF 7957:0x?0000001 7938:0x?0000000 7885:at offset 7821:0x?FFFFFF0 7809:0x?FFFFFF8 7797:0x0FFFFFFF 7793:0xFFFFFFFF 7789:0x0FFFFFFF 7766:big-endian 7727:PC DOS 1.1 7687:a special 7661:(here: #2) 6393:fragmented 6310:FAT region 6230:0x00000002 6226:0xFFFFFFFF 6222:0xFFFFFFFF 6206:0xFFFFFFFF 6202:0xFFFFFFFF 5970:Apricot PC 5917:MS-DOS 3.1 5188:1232 (616) 4116:Exceptions 4084:FAT32 EBPB 4063:is set to 4051:), e.g., " 4022:is set to 3876:exFAT BPBs 3801:Values of 3689:0100:1111b 3685:0110:1111b 3574:is set to 3550:), e.g., " 3520:is set to 3503:), e.g., " 3399:Reserved; 3227:at offset 3138:Determine 3127:at offset 3119:at offset 3107:at offset 3099:at offset 3077:+ceil((32× 3024:FAT32 EBPB 2261:Tandy 2000 2175:at offset 2165:FAT32 EBPB 2072:Windows NT 1941:Signature 1887:0x00000000 1858:. If the " 1712:big-endian 1689:big-endian 1662:big-endian 1602:), e.g., " 1535:big-endian 1527:endianness 1511:big-endian 1477:and RETF ( 1424:at offset 1285:, whereas 1245:FAT32 EBPB 1243:If, in an 1202:Windows 9x 1197:Windows 9x 1025:, such as 972:This is a 856:or simply 761:encryption 750:DriveSpace 678:Novell DOS 668:only with 615:Attributes 584:2107-12-31 580:2099-12-31 576:1980-01-01 572:Date range 446:(256 424:Bad blocks 401:Structures 262:Introduced 142:duplicates 50:improve it 19343:15926 WIP 18707:9592/9593 18632:9000/9001 18520:8805/8806 17436:Super DLT 17064:Messenger 17059:Messaging 16989:DVD Maker 16959:CD Player 16954:CardSpace 16905:Solitaire 16605:BitLocker 16600:AppLocker 16234:Hard link 16123:Task View 16101:Namespace 16071:ClearType 15891:Messaging 15876:Magnifier 15841:Clipchamp 15816:3D Viewer 15330:Synthetic 15273:Clustered 15220:Encrypted 15151:OverlayFS 14760:ISO 13490 14336:Amiga OFS 14331:Amiga FFS 13689:Netlabs. 13345:Microsoft 13091:, p. 157. 13083:, Brady. 12721:Microsoft 12448:Microsoft 11840:Newsgroup 11806:Newsgroup 11565:0724-8679 11518:Microsoft 11239:MSDOS.SYS 11119:addition. 11108:Intel x86 11094:entry in 11033:0x55 0xAA 11007:first FAT 10929:Turbo FAT 10865:shortname 10853:Mixed.txt 10849:HELLO.txt 10837:extension 10827:extension 10603:"me.ext" 10157:Microsoft 10026:0x55 0xAA 9999:) or 41 ( 8920:Reserved 8811:is never 8516:Contents 8265:directory 8189:cluster 1 8173:8-bit FAT 7659:FAT32 BPB 6271:cluster 1 6150:cluster 1 6146:cluster 0 6120:Contents 5910:Sanyo 55x 4350:HD 135tpi 4338:HD 135tpi 4335:DD 135tpi 4108:instead. 3610:Contents 3418:stores a 3342:. Values 3282:Contents 3186:as well: 3041:instead. 3018:instead. 3014:) in the 2930:is zero. 2834:Contents 2819:is zero. 2802:is zero. 2756:Contents 2719:is zero. 2631:Contents 2606:instead. 2520:cluster 0 2183:cluster 1 2138:cluster 1 2127:RAM disks 2104:Count of 1989:Contents 1924:0x18 0xFE 1910:reserved 1822:0x18 0xFE 1763:Contents 1730:0x55 0xAA 1726:0x55 0xAA 1693:0x4E 0x75 1587:instead. 1585:0xE9 0x?? 1577:0x60 0x?? 1560:Contents 1522:0xAA 0x55 1503:Atari STs 1467:0x55 0xAA 1275:exFAT BPB 1210:0000-0000 1092:TeleVideo 1078:sequence 1052:Contents 1003:FAT uses 967:Directory 823:Contents 804:Structure 770:FAT32: No 753:FAT32: No 738:SuperStor 635:Directory 619:Read-only 543:, or 255 526:clusters 520:clusters 476:(16 468:clusters) 454:clusters) 246:Full name 216:Microsoft 56:talk page 19968:Category 17693:List of 17525:Graphics 17308:Category 17185:MS-DOS 7 17170:ScanDisk 17089:NTBackup 16969:Contacts 16949:Cardfile 16884:Hold 'Em 16863:FreeCell 16709:VBScript 16620:Defender 16588:Security 16574:Winlogon 16529:Registry 16143:Services 16076:Explorer 16061:AutoPlay 15948:Paint 3D 15933:OneDrive 15923:Narrator 15871:Get Help 15826:Calendar 15721:Settings 15691:IExpress 15415:Symbolic 15344:Features 15320:Semantic 15228:eCryptfs 15172:configfs 15141:SquashFS 15029:POHMELFS 14930:OrangeFS 14755:ISO 9660 14675:UFS/UFS2 14623:Reliance 14611:ReiserFS 14457:Files-11 14351:bcachefs 14308:Disk and 14192:Archived 14093:Archived 14064:Archived 14035:Archived 14009:Archived 13943:Archived 13914:Archived 13885:Archived 13798:Archived 13697:Archived 13656:SCANDISK 13644:Archived 13555:Archived 13391:Archived 13349:Archived 13282:Archived 13178:Archived 13144:Archived 13115:Archived 13079:(1986). 13006:Archived 13004:. 1998. 12972:Archived 12945:Archived 12907:Archived 12877:Archived 12848:Archived 12816:Archived 12770:(1983). 12725:Archived 12617:Archived 12587:Archived 12579:16581341 12571:87-21452 12452:Archived 12376:Archived 12342:Archived 12290:Archived 12238:Archived 12236:. 1995. 12169:Archived 12092:Archived 12055:Archived 11958:Archived 11898:Archived 11848:Archived 11814:Archived 11790:as well. 11764:Archived 11738:Archived 11522:Archived 11458:cite web 11450:58178285 11420:Archived 11393:Archived 11391:. 2001. 11234:SCANDISK 11092:checksum 11051:. Since 10963:addition 10871:See also 10841:basename 10823:basename 10798:pFCBName 10783:>> 10765:<< 10693:unsigned 10675:pFCBName 10666:unsigned 10651:unsigned 10635:checksum 10320:Cloaking 10314:through 10268:FASTOPEN 10115:0xF9FFFF 9990:0x200000 9417:labels ( 9249:, 119 = 9050:SAVENAME 8596:undelete 8303:Numbers 7848:SCANDISK 7837:SCANDISK 6712:), with 6375:clusters 6356:contrast 6034:DOS Plus 5994:Portable 5968:for the 5905:(DR-DOS) 5842:Support 4356:QD 96tpi 4341:QD 96tpi 4332:HD 96tpi 4323:DD 48tpi 4320:DD 48tpi 4311:DD 48tpi 4302:DD 48tpi 4296:Density 4148:media ID 4053:FAT32␠␠␠ 3889:EXFAT␠␠␠ 3805:(and/or 3560:FAT␠␠␠␠␠ 3556:FAT16␠␠␠ 3552:FAT12␠␠␠ 3416:VGA-Copy 2955:BootDuet 2534:1.x and 1738:fat code 1708:checksum 1668:format) 1649:format) 1547:Atari ST 1372:BootDuet 1330:bytes), 1295:NTFS BPB 1291:NTFS␠␠␠␠ 1270:EXFAT␠␠␠ 1206:?????IHC 1185:␠OGACIHC 1181:?????IHC 1170:FreeDOS␠ 1167:", and " 1165:mkdosfs␠ 1160:IBM␠␠7.1 1154:MSWIN4.1 1148:MSDOS5.0 1142:IBM␠␠3.3 1118:sector 1 1100:Olivetti 1076:opstring 784:used on 555:Features 532:clusters 511:of files 460:(4 19869:29199-2 19741:23094-2 19736:23094-1 19726:23090-3 19595:19794-5 19590:19775-1 19378:16612-2 19368:16355-1 19057:13406-2 19015:12234-2 18783:10118-3 17624:ECMA-35 17548:C++/CLI 17396:OpenXPS 17284:Mahjong 17205:Interix 17139:WinHelp 17039:Journal 17029:Imaging 16877:InkBall 16763:DirectX 16726:ActiveX 16714:JScript 16427:Console 16399:Hyper-V 16294:Domains 16118:Taskbar 16091:IFilter 16066:AutoRun 16028:WordPad 16023:Weather 15938:OneNote 15928:Notepad 15851:Cortana 15726:Sysprep 15533:Layouts 15519:Default 15182:debugfs 15156:UnionFS 15050:more... 14983:OpenAFS 14951:more... 14616:Reiser4 14586:OpenZFS 14477:HAMMER2 14433:ext3cow 14413:Episode 11842:: 11808:: 11430:ACCDATE 11362:4690 OS 10049:/A:256K 10045:/A:128K 9954:Legend: 9837:RISC OS 9822:System 9584:0x0800 9573:0x0400 9562:0x0200 9551:0x0100 9540:0x0080 9529:0x0040 9518:0x0020 9507:0x0010 9496:0x0008 9485:0x0004 9474:0x0002 9463:0x0001 9435:/U:name 9334:ACCDATE 9140:seconds 8990:␠EA.␠SF 8961:MSX-DOS 8836:CP/M-86 8801:set to 8742:Archive 8273:archive 8072:0xFFF7 8051:0xFFF6 7953:0x0001 7934:0x0000 7096:Offset 6780:Offset 6418:Offset 5932:DOS 5.0 5927:DOS 3.3 5922:MSX-DOS 5898:DOS 3.2 5893:DOS 3.0 5882:DOS 2.0 5877:DOS 2.0 5872:DOS 2.0 5864:DOS 1.0 5859:DOS 2.0 5854:DOS 1.0 5849:DOS 1.1 3404:INT 13h 3355:by the 3324:INT 13h 3133:ceil(x) 2868:INT 13h 2665:INT 13h 2536:MSX-DOS 2421:and on 2076:PTS-DOS 2033:Seagate 1926:for JR 1824:for JR 1750:MSX-DOS 1676:varies 1673:varies 1657:varies 1416:in the 1350:varies 1347:varies 1306:varies 1189:Chicago 1187:" for " 817:Region 742:Stacker 710:REAL/32 682:OpenDOS 674:PalmDOS 662:Execute 639:Archive 565:ACCDATE 486:sectors 482:4 378:: 359:: 335:: 321:: 240:Caldera 152:Please 90:Please 19883:30000+ 18722:9797-1 18530:8820-5 18475:8501-1 18031:1073-2 18026:1073-1 17710:1–9999 17558:Eiffel 17489:FAT16B 17470:(CDFS) 17463:CD-ROM 17317: 17306: 17279:Hover! 17153:Others 17134:Travel 17129:Syskey 16912:Tinker 16870:Hearts 16798:WinUSB 16783:WinAPI 16768:Native 16579:WinUSB 16504:MinWin 16281:Server 16081:Search 15993:Sports 15963:Photos 15953:People 15831:Camera 15406:Links 15380:Extent 15310:Object 15278:Global 15196:specfs 15192:procfs 15187:kernfs 15165:Pseudo 15146:UMSDOS 15101:Davfs2 15096:cramfs 15034:Hadoop 15014:Lustre 14900:BeeGFS 14866:NILFS2 14601:QNX4FS 14564:NILFS2 14472:HAMMER 14462:Fossil 13677:CHKDSK 13660:DEFRAG 13087: 13055: 12937: 12652: 12577: 12569: 12559: 12126: 12013: 12005: 11890: 11706: 11621: 11563: 11448: 11277:since 11275:FORMAT 11172:/W:246 11104:0x1234 11069:0x55AA 11061:0xAA55 11057:IBM PC 10847:" or " 10807:return 10527:0x0000 10387:0xFFFF 10383:0x0000 10197:, use 10153:0xFFF6 10138:0xFFF5 10107:0xFFFF 10095:0xFFF6 10057:/A:64K 10041:FORMAT 9970:0xFFF7 9964:up to 9847:0x0FFF 9843:0x0000 9780:FlexOS 9592:12-15 9406:0x0DDD 9398:0x0555 9390:0x0111 9382:0x0000 9204:, and 9173:FlexOS 9112:15-11 8803:0x0000 8756:Device 8582:" or " 8535:Value 8209:FAT ID 8198:0xFFFF 8165:0xFFF8 8145:0xFFF8 8133:0xFFFF 8096:0xFFF7 8088:0xFFF5 8069:0xFF7 8048:0xFF6 7998:0x7FFF 7990:0xFFEF 7950:0x001 7931:0x000 7923:FAT32 7920:FAT16 7917:FAT12 7897:0x3FEF 7841:CHKDSK 7817:0xFFF0 7805:0xFFF8 7785:0xFFFF 7772:up to 7708:FAT ID 7592:+0070 7523:+0060 7462:+0050 7393:+0040 7340:+0030 7279:+0020 7226:+0010 7149:+0000 7016:+0030 6951:+0020 6894:+0010 6833:+0000 6706:FAT ID 6616:+0020 6546:+0010 6471:+0000 6362:colour 6298:0x0000 6294:0xFFFF 6252:0x1FC 6237:0x1F0 6214:0x1EC 6194:0x1E8 6173:0x1E4 6158:0x004 6125:0x000 6074:360 KB 6070:180 KB 6002:PC duo 5992:. The 5966:MS-DOS 5285:2 (1?) 4905:1 (2?) 4135:86-DOS 4126:FAT ID 4092:DR-DOS 4032:0x052 3999:0x047 3979:0x043 3943:0x042 3916:0x041 3858:0x040 3815:0x034 3807:0xFFFF 3803:0x0000 3787:0x032 3775:0x0000 3771:0xFFFF 3754:0x030 3725:0x02C 3703:0x02A 3672:0x028 3633:0x024 3615:0x00B 3537:0x036 3490:0x02B 3468:0x027 3445:0x026 3431:CHKDSK 3390:0x025 3305:0x024 3287:0x00B 3131:, and 3033:DR-DOS 2973:0x020 2949:(Some 2908:0x01C 2883:0x01A 2857:0x018 2839:0x00B 2779:0x01E 2761:0x00B 2738:FORMAT 2695:0x01C 2675:0x01A 2654:0x018 2636:0x00B 2591:0x016 2528:MS-DOS 2524:86-DOS 2235:FAT ID 2224:0x015 2204:0x013 2146:0x011 2116:0x010 2095:0x00E 2060:0x00D 2013:GEMDOS 1994:0x00B 1935:0x1FE 1915:0x030 1904:0x02B 1891:VOL_ID 1879:0x027 1860:VOL_ID 1848:0x026 1841:VOL_ID 1833:0x020 1813:0x01E 1798:0x00B 1783:0x003 1768:0x000 1734:0x1234 1719:0x1234 1700:0x1FE 1685:0x4E75 1682:opcode 1654:0x01E 1634:0x00B 1615:0x008 1604:Loader 1592:0x002 1565:0x000 1515:0x1234 1456:0x1FE 1400:0x1FD 1374:) use 1303:0x00B 1193:DIR A: 1126:0x003 1088:Compaq 1057:0x000 1029:, the 874:code. 826:Notes 786:MS-DOS 767:DR-DOS 686:FlexOS 670:DR-DOS 666:Delete 631:Volume 627:System 623:Hidden 432:Limits 285:Compaq 279:PC DOS 265:1977 ( 236:Novell 228:Compaq 19950:80000 19945:56000 19940:55000 19935:50001 19930:45001 19925:42010 19920:40500 19915:39075 19910:38500 19905:37001 19900:32000 19895:31000 19890:30170 19874:29500 19864:29148 19860:29110 19856:28000 19851:27729 19846:27006 19841:27005 19836:27002 19831:27001 19826:27000 19816:26324 19811:26300 19806:26262 19801:26000 19796:25964 19791:25178 19786:24728 19781:24707 19776:24617 19771:24613 19766:24517 19761:23941 19756:23360 19751:23271 19746:23270 19731:23092 19721:23009 19716:23008 19711:23003 19706:23000 19701:22537 19696:22395 19691:22301 19686:22300 19681:22275 19676:22000 19671:21827 19666:21500 19661:21122 19656:21047 19651:21001 19646:21000 19641:20830 19636:20802 19631:20400 19626:20121 19621:20022 19616:20000 19600:19831 19585:19770 19580:19757 19575:19752 19570:19600 19565:19510 19560:19509 19555:19508 19550:19507 19545:19506 19540:19505 19535:19503 19530:19502 19525:19501 19520:19500 19515:19439 19510:19407 19505:19136 19500:19125 19495:19115 19490:19114 19473:19092 19468:19011 19463:19005 19458:18916 19453:18629 19448:18245 19443:18181 19438:18014 19433:18004 19428:17799 19423:17506 19418:17442 19413:17369 19408:17203 19403:17100 19398:17025 19393:17024 19383:16750 19373:16485 19363:16262 19358:16023 19353:15938 19348:15930 19338:15926 19333:15924 19328:15919 19323:15897 19318:15707 19306:15706 19301:15693 19296:15686 19291:15511 19286:15504 19281:15438 19276:15445 19259:15444 19254:15408 19249:15398 19244:15291 19239:15288 19234:15189 19229:15022 19224:14971 19219:14882 19214:14764 19209:14698 19204:14651 19199:14649 19194:14644 19189:14617 19137:14496 19132:14443 19127:14396 19122:14289 19117:14224 19112:14031 19107:14000 19102:13818 19097:13816 19092:13616 19087:13584 19082:13568 19077:13567 19072:13490 19067:13485 19062:13450 19052:13399 19047:13250 19042:13216 19025:13211 19020:12620 19010:12207 19005:12182 19000:12052 18995:12006 18990:11992 18980:11941 18970:11940 18965:11898 18960:11889 18955:11801 18950:11785 18945:11784 18940:11783 18935:11544 18930:11404 18925:11179 18920:11172 18915:11170 18910:11073 18905:10967 18900:10962 18895:10957 18890:10861 18885:10746 18880:10664 18875:10646 18870:10628 18865:10589 18860:10585 18855:10383 18823:10303 18818:10279 18813:10218 18808:10206 18803:10179 18798:10165 18793:10161 18788:10160 18778:10116 18773:10007 18768:10006 17617:Other 17484:FAT16 17479:FAT12 17245:WinFS 17144:Write 16841:Games 16808:Games 16681:WoW64 16509:NTLDR 16499:LSASS 16432:CSRSS 16239:links 16214:exFAT 16043:Shell 16008:Store 15998:Start 15988:Skype 15943:Paint 15918:Money 15846:Clock 15793:WinRE 15701:Netsh 15639:tools 15628:Games 15506:Lists 15450:Modes 15295:Flash 15266:Types 15248:SSHFS 15233:EncFS 15210:WinFS 15205:tmpfs 15200:sysfs 15177:devfs 15111:FTPFS 15106:EROFS 15044:SSHFS 14925:OCFS2 14878:UBIFS 14873:YAFFS 14861:NILFS 14856:LogFS 14851:JFFS2 14807:EROFS 14797:exFAT 14702:Xiafs 14685:WAPBL 14670:UBIFS 14581:OneFS 14559:NILFS 14554:Next3 14544:MINIX 14450:exFAT 14378:Btrfs 14346:AthFS 14326:AdvFS 14219:64 GB 14200:32 GB 13844:IBM. 13715:IBM. 13482:(PDF) 13475:(PDF) 13312:IBM. 13181:(PDF) 13174:(PDF) 13140:"FAT" 11698:[ 11446:S2CID 11356:This 11297:with 11289:(for 11259:0xFF0 11241:file. 11188:FAT32 11184:FAT16 11180:FAT12 11176:FDISK 11096:Atari 11049:0x1FF 11041:0x1FE 11029:0x1FE 10991:0x015 10983:0x002 10967:0x015 10959:0x000 10941:Notes 10936:(VBR) 10910:(MBR) 10894:(EBR) 10887:exFAT 10756:& 10663:const 10616:0x01 10608:0x02 10600:0x03 10562:start 10544:UCS-2 10510:UCS-2 10446:UCS-2 10438:0x01 10367:UCS-2 10195:exFAT 10149:0xFF6 10134:0xFF5 10130:MAX+1 10103:0xFFF 10091:0xFF6 10087:MAX+1 10009:RMDIR 9974:0xFF7 9885:0x10 9876:ANDOS 9869:0x0E 9853:0x0C 9830:0x0C 9759:0x1C 9735:0x1A 9690:0x18 9637:0x16 9452:Mask 9357:0x14 9313:file. 9286:0x12 9242:15-9 9234:Bits 9164:0x10 9120:10-5 9104:Bits 9073:0x0E 9031:0x0D 8972:0x026 8950:0x01 8939:0x02 8928:0x04 8917:0x08 8906:0x10 8895:0x20 8884:0x40 8873:0x80 8862:Mask 8827:0x0C 8766:0x80 8752:0x40 8738:0x20 8726:0x10 8711:0x08 8699:0x04 8684:0x02 8658:0x01 8647:Mask 8633:0x0B 8622:0x08 8591:0xE5 8575:0x2E 8552:0x05 8543:0x00 8521:0x00 8355:ASCII 8331:RMDIR 8321:MKDIR 8217:0xFF0 8194:0xFFF 8161:0xFF8 8141:0xFF8 8129:0xFFF 8092:0xFF7 8084:0xFF5 8040:0xFF7 8036:0xFF0 8032:0xFFF 8028:0xFF8 8024:0xFF0 7986:0xFEF 7893:0xFEF 7888:0x042 7870:set. 7813:0xFF0 7801:0xFF8 7781:0xFFF 7756:(and 7748:0x015 7737:with 7084:FAT32 6769:FAT16 6403:FAT12 6345:users 6303:0x030 6276:0x041 6105:0x030 6006:Xi FD 5990:0x050 5985:0x017 5979:0x00B 5438:2847? 5337:3 (0) 5294:9 (7) 5239:2002 4987:1 (2) 4664:2 (1) 4636:9 (8) 4621:9 (8) 4288:5.25" 4273:5.25" 4264:5.25" 4255:5.25" 4252:5.25" 4243:5.25" 4234:5.25" 4228:Size 4101:0x003 4079:0x013 4073:0x020 4060:0x042 4044:0x036 4035:0x47 4019:0x042 4011:0x02B 4002:0x3C 3991:0x027 3982:0x38 3955:0x026 3946:0x37 3928:0x025 3919:0x36 3904:0x03F 3900:0x00B 3895:0x003 3884:0x077 3880:0x040 3870:0x024 3861:0x35 3849:0x028 3831:FDISK 3818:0x29 3790:0x27 3757:0x25 3745:0x011 3728:0x21 3718:0x02A 3714:0x02B 3706:0x1F 3694:0x034 3675:0x1D 3651:0x026 3636:0x19 3618:0x00 3571:0x026 3540:0x2B 3517:0x026 3493:0x20 3471:0x1C 3448:0x1B 3409:0x024 3393:0x1A 3377:0x014 3368:0x1FD 3308:0x19 3290:0x00 3265:0x024 3229:0x01A 3221:0x018 3162:0x00D 3129:0x00B 3121:0x011 3113:0x024 3109:0x016 3101:0x010 3093:0x00E 3038:0x052 3005:0x013 2997:0x013 2991:0x01E 2985:0x013 2976:0x15 2964:0x1FD 2960:0x1FA 2939:0x1B6 2927:0x013 2921:0x01C 2911:0x11 2886:0x0F 2860:0x0D 2842:0x00 2816:0x013 2799:0x013 2791:0x020 2782:0x13 2764:0x00 2716:0x013 2708:0x01C 2698:0x11 2678:0x0F 2657:0x0D 2639:0x00 2603:0x024 2594:0x0B 2512:Sanyo 2430:Tandy 2402:only) 2379:only) 2370:Sanyo 2347:only) 2331:only) 2263:only) 2227:0x0A 2216:0x020 2207:0x08 2178:0x042 2158:0x02C 2149:0x06 2119:0x05 2098:0x03 2063:0x02 1997:0x00 1973:0x01B 1969:0x018 1965:0x017 1961:0x00B 1928:0x030 1896:0x020 1865:0x020 1826:0x01E 1687:with 1573:68000 1507:68000 1497:0x1FE 1491:0x000 1483:0x000 1443:0x014 1435:0x1FE 1430:0x1FD 1426:0x1FC 1408:0x024 1392:0x1FD 1388:0x1F9 1380:0x1FD 1376:0x1FA 1366:some 1357:0x001 1283:0x077 1279:0x040 1261:0x052 1250:0x042 1218:0x018 1113:0x015 1096:Epson 965:Root 780:is a 722:Owner 718:Group 714:World 658:Write 606:Forks 545:UCS-2 409:Table 376:exFAT 357:FAT32 333:FAT16 319:FAT12 18848:-238 18752:9995 18747:9985 18742:9984 18737:9945 18732:9899 18727:9897 18717:9660 18712:9594 18702:9564 18697:9529 18692:9506 18687:9496 18682:9407 18677:9362 18672:9314 18667:9293 18662:9241 18657:9227 18652:9141 18647:9126 18642:9075 18637:9036 18627:8879 18580:-8-I 18535:8859 18525:8807 18515:8691 18510:8652 18505:8651 18500:8632 18495:8613 18490:8601 18485:8583 18480:8571 18470:8373 18465:8217 18460:8178 18455:8093 18450:8000 18445:7942 18440:7816 18435:7813 18430:7812 18425:7811 18420:7810 18415:7736 18410:7637 18398:7498 18393:7200 18388:7185 18383:7098 18378:7064 18373:7027 18368:7010 18363:7002 18358:7001 18353:6943 18348:6709 18343:6523 18338:6438 18333:6429 18328:6425 18323:6385 18318:6373 18313:6346 18308:6344 18303:6166 18298:5964 18293:5807 18288:5800 18283:5776 18278:5775 18273:5725 18268:5428 18263:5427 18258:5426 18253:5218 18248:4909 18243:4217 18238:4165 18233:4157 18228:4031 18223:3977 18218:3950 18213:3901 18208:3864 18203:3602 18198:3601 18193:3307 18188:3297 18166:3166 18161:3103 18156:3029 18151:2921 18146:2852 18141:2848 18136:2788 18131:2720 18126:2711 18121:2709 18116:2533 18111:2281 18106:2240 18101:2146 18096:2145 18091:2108 18086:2047 18081:2033 18076:2022 18071:2015 18066:2014 18061:1989 18056:1745 18051:1629 18046:1538 18041:1413 18036:1155 18021:1007 18016:1004 18011:1000 17834:68-1 17629:JSON 17577:Dart 17381:APIW 17319:List 17200:HPFS 16964:Chat 16922:Apps 16824:Surf 16773:.NET 16741:DCOM 16569:WHEA 16564:USER 16554:SMSS 16344:WSUS 16324:MSMQ 16266:ReFS 16229:NTFS 16204:CDFS 16161:CLFS 16156:BITS 16056:Aero 16033:Xbox 16013:Tips 15901:2022 15886:Maps 15881:Mail 15856:Edge 15808:Apps 15603:APIs 15410:Hard 15402:Fork 15283:Grid 15136:MVFS 15131:NOVA 15126:LTFS 15121:Lnfs 15116:FUSE 15086:CDfs 15076:AXFS 15071:Aufs 15009:GPFS 14994:Coda 14945:Xsan 14935:PVFS 14915:GFS2 14910:CXFS 14905:Ceph 14846:JFFS 14841:CHFS 14822:NVFS 14812:F2FS 14802:TFAT 14787:APFS 14777:and 14721:z/OS 14712:Xsan 14697:WAFL 14692:VxFS 14665:Tux3 14655:SNFS 14637:SFS 14606:ReFS 14576:NTFS 14528:MFS 14514:HTFS 14509:HPFS 14504:HFS+ 14467:GPFS 14438:ext4 14428:ext3 14423:ext2 14397:EFS 14388:CXFS 14383:CVFS 14370:z/VM 14355:BFS 14341:APFS 14321:ADFS 14210:and 13672:OS/2 13664:0x00 13627:0xEC 13625:and 13623:0xEA 13456:and 13410:and 13368:and 13297:and 13085:ISBN 13053:ISBN 12935:ISBN 12776:Byte 12744:and 12650:ISBN 12575:OCLC 12567:LCCN 12557:ISBN 12471:and 12234:ECMA 12124:ISBN 12011:ISBN 12003:ISBN 11888:ISBN 11788:0x69 11704:ISBN 11619:ISBN 11561:ISSN 11471:help 11360:and 11328:0xE5 11315:0x00 11303:0x00 11299:0xE5 11281:and 11219:", " 11215:", " 11211:", " 11146:2099 11142:1980 11090:The 11045:0xAA 11043:and 11037:0x55 10999:0xF0 10995:0x00 10979:0x90 10975:0xEB 10859:and 10832:0x0C 10696:char 10669:char 10654:char 10646:".) 10640:0x20 10624:??? 10580:0x1C 10574:0x1A 10566:0xE5 10558:0x40 10535:0x1C 10518:0x1A 10501:0x0E 10488:0x0D 10480:0x00 10471:0x0C 10463:0x0F 10454:0x0B 10431:0xE5 10427:0x1F 10423:0x14 10419:0x01 10410:0x00 10356:0x0F 10351:VFAT 10316:DPMS 10298:and 10259:0xE5 10204:Unix 10191:HPFS 10119:0xF9 10053:0x80 10047:and 10001:0x29 9997:0x28 9982:0x80 9978:0x01 9786:and 9778:The 9744:0x14 9721:0x10 9715:0x12 9701:0x10 9676:0x0E 9670:0x10 9656:0x0E 9624:0x0C 9618:OS/2 9449:Bit 9368:0x1A 9339:0x10 9322:0x10 9300:0x13 9296:0x12 9270:4-0 9262:8-5 9255:2107 9251:2099 9247:1980 9215:0x0E 9186:0x10 9179:and 9155:0x14 9145:0x0D 9138:The 9128:4-0 9085:0x14 9057:0x0C 9045:0x00 9041:0xE5 9022:0x80 9018:0x40 9014:0x00 9010:0xEC 9006:0xEA 9002:0x00 8998:/EAS 8980:VFAT 8966:0x0D 8859:Bit 8849:0xF2 8838:and 8818:0x1A 8808:0x1C 8798:0x1A 8793:0x0F 8780:0x0F 8667:The 8644:Bit 8606:0xE5 8600:0x05 8567:0xE5 8563:0x05 8557:0xE5 8494:0x15 8490:0x0C 8477:CHCP 8434:4DOS 8408:0xE5 8328:and 8211:and 8185:0xCD 8181:0xC0 8086:and 8061:0xF6 7883:0x28 7879:0x29 7867:TFAT 7859:0x36 7853:0x1A 7758:0x00 7754:0xFF 7743:0xF7 7739:0xF1 7735:0xFF 7731:0xF0 7725:and 7672:The 7082:The 6767:The 6722:0xF8 6714:0xF0 6401:The 6359:and 6296:(or 6245:0x00 6186:rrAa 6166:0x00 6161:480 6148:and 6138:RRaA 6090:0xE5 6086:0xFA 6082:0xF3 6062:0xFF 6055:0xFD 6046:ADFS 6022:0xFE 6015:0xFC 6004:and 5972:and 5952:0xFE 5453:2863 5450:2847 5432:2371 5417:997? 5408:1227 5325:0x11 5249:0x0B 5233:5760 5230:2880 5218:2880 5215:1440 5212:2400 5206:1280 5197:4004 5194:2002 5185:2002 5173:0x08 5097:0x06 5021:0x05 4945:0x03 4869:0x02 4859:128 4808:1024 4793:0x00 4783:128 4732:1024 4649:0x0F 4573:0x0D 4489:2880 4486:1440 4474:1440 4468:1200 4444:1200 4285:3.5" 4282:3.5" 4279:3.5" 4270:3.5" 4267:3.5" 4222:0xE5 4217:0xED 4211:0xF0 4205:0xF8 4199:0xF9 4193:0xFA 4188:0xFB 4182:0xFC 4175:0xFD 4168:0xFE 4161:0xFF 4153:0x0A 4088:0x29 4076:and 4065:0x28 4055:"). 4049:0x20 4041:Cf. 4024:0x28 4008:Cf. 3988:Cf. 3971:0x28 3966:0x28 3960:0x29 3952:Cf. 3935:0xF6 3925:Cf. 3908:0x00 3867:Cf. 3844:0x00 3826:0xF6 3773:(or 3660:0x29 3656:0x28 3592:EBPB 3576:0x28 3558:", " 3554:", " 3548:0x20 3522:0x28 3501:0x20 3460:0x28 3456:0x29 3348:0xFF 3346:and 3344:0x7F 3340:0xFE 3336:0x80 3334:and 3332:0x7E 3328:0x00 3320:0x80 3316:0x00 3184:LSNs 3172:and 3151:−2)× 3029:0x29 2944:EBRs 2735:and 2583:0xF7 2579:0xF1 2577:and 2575:0xEF 2571:0x00 2567:0xFF 2563:0xFA 2559:0xF8 2552:0xF8 2548:0xF0 2541:0xF0 2500:0xFF 2479:0xFE 2461:0xFD 2449:0xFC 2437:0xFB 2407:0xFA 2384:0xF9 2352:0xF8 2336:0xF5 2320:0xF4 2304:0xF0 2297:0xF0 2284:0xEF 2277:0xF8 2268:0xEE 2252:0xED 2240:0xE5 2188:TFAT 2173:0x28 2169:0x29 2134:TFAT 2048:512e 1871:0x0C 1856:0x00 1791:0x20 1664:and 1600:0x20 1428:and 1422:0x00 1418:EBPB 1413:0x19 1287:NTFS 1255:0x29 1238::YES 1230:Wang 1163:", " 1157:", " 1151:", " 1145:", " 1134:0x20 945:and 796:and 788:and 776:The 654:Read 507:Max 480:for 387:e.a. 373:e.a. 370:0x0C 354:e.a. 351:0x0E 346:0x06 330:e.a. 281:3.0) 273:QDOS 19182:-20 19177:-17 19172:-14 19167:-12 19162:-11 19157:-10 18843:-28 18838:-22 18833:-21 18828:-11 18620:-16 18615:-15 18610:-14 18605:-13 18600:-12 18595:-11 18590:-10 18006:999 18001:965 17996:898 17991:860 17986:843 17981:838 17976:764 17971:732 17966:704 17961:690 17956:668 17951:657 17946:646 17914:639 17909:519 17904:518 17899:500 17894:361 17889:306 17884:302 17879:262 17874:261 17869:259 17864:233 17859:228 17854:226 17849:217 17844:216 17839:128 17827:-13 17822:-12 17817:-11 17812:-10 17681:ISO 17608:UWB 17603:NFC 17567:E4X 17501:UDF 17474:FAT 17447:VXA 17431:DLT 17426:DDS 17099:Pay 16999:Fax 16746:OLE 16721:COM 16704:WSH 16691:API 16452:DLL 16447:EXE 16359:PWS 16339:IIS 16299:DNS 16271:UDF 16259:EFS 16254:TxF 16224:FAT 16219:IFS 16209:DFS 15798:WMI 15253:ZFS 15238:EFS 15024:NFS 15019:NCP 14999:DFS 14989:AFP 14979:AFS 14966:NAS 14940:QFS 14817:JFS 14792:FAT 14779:SSD 14765:UDF 14750:HSF 14731:Sun 14727:ZFS 14717:zFS 14707:XFS 14633:RFS 14596:QFS 14591:PFS 14571:NSS 14524:LFS 14519:JFS 14498:MVS 14494:HFS 14484:HFS 14445:FAT 14418:ext 14393:DFS 14182:by 13794:. 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