Knowledge

Federal Aviation Regulations

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Fairchild 27. SR 422A became effective July 2, 1958, and was superseded by SR 422B, effective August 29, 1959. Only a few airplanes were certified under SR 422A, such as the Gulfstream I and the CL-44. First generation turbine-powered transport category airplanes such as the DC-8, DC-9, and B-727, were originally certified under SR 422B. SR 422B was recodified with minor changes to 14 CFR part 25, which became effective February 1965.
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19,000 pounds and seating 19 or fewer passengers. On August 30, 2017, a revised Part 23 ruling went into effect, changing the aircraft classifications. The new passenger classifications are: Level 1, seating for 0 to 1 passenger; Level 2, 2 to 6; Level 3, 7 to 9; Level 4, 10 to 19. Speed classifications are: low speed, Vc or Vmo equal to or less than 250 knots
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began scheduling flights and selling tickets on flights operated by a Part 135 certificated airline (owned by the same parent company). This essentially allowed them to function as a scheduled air carrier (typically under Part 121 rules) while adhering to the less stringent Part 135 regulations. This
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defines commuter and charter-type air carriers. These airlines can fly scheduled operations with aircraft with up to nine passengers (commuter flights), or they can fly on-demand, unscheduled air service for freight or with up to 30 passengers (charter flights). The Part 135 rules for pilots are less
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Since 1958, these rules have typically been referred to as "FARs", short for Federal Aviation Regulations. However, another set of regulations (Title 48) is titled "Federal Acquisitions Regulations", and this has led to confusion with the use of the acronym "FAR". Therefore, the FAA began to refer to
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For all pilots, there is an important distinction in the parts that address classes of flight. These parts do not distinguish type of aircraft, but rather type of activity done with the aircraft. Regulations for commuter and commercial aviation are far more intensive than those for general aviation,
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Most of the Federal Aviation Regulations, including Part 23, commenced on February 1, 1965. Prior to that date, airworthiness standards for airplanes in the normal, utility and acrobatic categories were promulgated in Part 3 of the US Civil Air Regulations. Many well-known types of light airplane,
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were promulgated in Part 4b of the US Civil Air Regulations which was in effect by November 1945. Effective August 27, 1957, Special Civil Air Regulation (SR) 422 was the basis for certification of the first turbine-powered transport airplanes, such as the Boeing 707, the Lockheed Electra, and the
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Prior to August 30, 2017, Part 23 had a large number of regulations to ensure airworthiness in areas such as structural loads, airframe, performance, stability, controllability, and safety mechanisms, how the seats must be constructed, oxygen and air pressurization systems, fire prevention, escape
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In 2016 the FAA proposed a new system of performance-based airworthiness standards instead of prescriptive design requirements. The familiar weight and propulsion classifications of small airplane regulations would be replaced by performance and risk-based standards for aircraft weighing less than
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contains rules for pilot training schools. The sections most relevant to aircraft pilots and AMTs (Aviation Maintenance Technicians) are listed below. Many of the FARs are designed to regulate certification of pilots, schools, or aircraft rather than the operation of airplanes. Once an airplane
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governs public charter operators. These companies arrange flights on certified airlines (Part 121 or 135) but then sell individual seats on those flights directly to the public. Unlike the airlines they partner with, Part 380 operators don't operate the aircraft themselves. Historically, this
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Do not use the acronym "FAR" to refer to FAA's regulations. Neither the Department of Transportation nor the Office of the Federal Register allow us to use "FAR" for our regulations. The Federal Acquisition Regulations apply government-wide and are allowed to use the acronym
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design is certified using some parts of these regulations, it is certified regardless of whether the regulations change in the future. For that reason, newer planes are certified using newer versions of the FARs, and in many aspects may be thus considered safer designs.
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Several airlines and labor unions are opposed to these "creative" applications of Part 380, calling it a "loophole" that permits these companies to skirt the Part 121 rules others must follow. As of 2024, the FAA is considering revisions to Part 380 regulations.
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conditions, or if VFR conditions are encountered after loss of communication with the ground and other aircraft, the pilot of the aircraft shall continue the flight under VFR and land as soon as practicable. If, however, the failure occurs in
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The FARs have tens of thousands of separate sections, many used by large numbers of researchers on any given day. A few of the regulations particularly relevant to laypersons, to political issues, or of historical interest are listed here.
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onerous, compared to Part 121: only 250 hours of flight time are required for a pilot to serve as first officer on a Part 135 flight and pilots are not subject to a mandatory retirement age. Additionally, Part 135 operators have lower
1016:(FAA sUAS Part 107) specifies regulations to fly under the Small UAS Rule, or small unmanned aircraft systems in the National Airspace System (NAS). Small unmanned aircraft systems (sUAS) are those that weigh less than 55 pounds. 868:, where the FAA put into place one of the largest airspace restrictions in U.S. history, with an area approximately twice the size of Massachusetts and more than five times the restricted airspace surrounding Washington, D.C. 585:
It also determined special aspects of aircraft performance such as stall speed (e.g., for single engine airplanes – not more than 61 knots), rate of climb (not less than 300 ft/min), take-off speed (not less than 1.2 x
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defines regularly scheduled air carriers. These are airlines who operate scheduled flights carrying either cargo or more than nine passengers. Among the many Part 121 rules, pilots must have 1,500 of flight time and
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Additionally, this regulation states that in an emergency requiring immediate action, the pilot-in-command may deviate from any regulation contained within Part 91 to the extent required to handle the emergency.
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screening requirements for passengers. Part 135 operators may not sell individual seats on charter flights. Applicants for a Part 135 certificate must have exclusive use of at least one aircraft.
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hatches, flight management procedures, flight control communications, emergency landing procedures, and other limitations, as well as testing of all the systems of the aircraft.
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to offer occasional flights between smaller cities and popular leisure destinations. However, more recently, the Part 380 rules have also seen some creative applications.
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contains the rules a certificated repair station must follow as well as any person who holds, or is required to hold, a repair station certificate issued under this part.
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is certification for airmen other than flight crewmembers; such as Air Traffic Control Tower Operators, Aircraft Dispatchers, Mechanics, Repairmen and Parachute Riggers.
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for non-scheduled flights. They are also available to other high-profile figures such as presidential and vice-presidential candidates (though not all do so, as Senator
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Most of the Federal Aviation Regulations, including Part 25, commenced on February 1, 1965. Prior to that date, airworthiness standards for airplanes in the
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The responsibility for screening requests for TFR and for subsequent granting or denying them, lies with the FAA's Office of System Operations Security.
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This regulation states that the pilot-in-command is the party directly responsible for, and is the final authority as to, an aircraft being operated.
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Part 125 – Certification and Operations: Airplanes Having a Seating Capacity of 20 or More Passengers or a Payload Capacity of 6,000 Pounds or More
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series, are well-known airplane types that were certified according to standards set out in FAR Part 25. Transport category airplanes are either:
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commuter category: multiengine airplanes, 19 or less passengers, 19,000 pounds or less MTOW, nonacrobatic operation (bank angle < 60Β°).
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Part 23 contains airworthiness standards required for issuance and change of type certificates for airplanes in these categories :
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Part 71 – Designation of Class A, Class B, Class C, Class D, and Class E Airspace Areas; Airways; Routes; and Reporting Points
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and equal to or less than Mmo 0.6 Mach; high speed, Vc or Vmo greater than 250 knots CAS and Mmo greater than 0.6 Mach.
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Part 129 – Operations: Foreign Air Carriers and Foreign Operators of U.S. Registered Aircraft Engaged in Common Carriage
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Part 135 – Operating Requirements: Commuter and On Demand Operations and Rules Governing Persons on Board Such Aircraft
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conditions and/or the VFR conditions are not forthcoming, the pilot should continue under the following conditions:
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and 10 or more passengers are type certified in this part. Rotorcraft with more than 20,000 lb (9,100 kg)
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to distinguish between different levels of training and different study programs they could offer to the students.
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The pertinent sections of the FAR (14 CFR Sections 91.137, 91.138, 91.139, 91.141, 91.143, 91.145, 99.7) describe
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This part contains airworthiness standards for rotorcraft in the normal category. Rotorcraft up to 7,000 lb
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In the absence of an ATC assigned or advised route, the pilot will follow the route set down in the flight plan.
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is certification for flight crewmembers other than pilots; such as flight engineers and flight navigators.
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Propeller-driven airplanes with greater than 19 seats or a MTOW greater than 19,000 pounds (8,618 kg).
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sector. Presidential TFRs are nearly 70 miles in diameter, and frequently close off not only the airport
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Liptak, Kevin; Mattingly, Phil; Bertrand, Natasha; Muntean, Pete; Liebermann, Oren (February 5, 2023).
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Part 101 – Moored Balloons, Kites, Unmanned Rockets, Unmanned Free Balloons, and Certain Model Aircraft
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is general operating rules for all aircraft. General aviation flights are conducted under this part.
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program, a government-backed initiative that subsidizes air service to under-served communities.
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Part 34 – Fuel Venting and Exhaust Emission Requirements for Turbine Engine Powered Airplanes
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are certified to these older standards, even though they remained in production after 1965.
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is a more structured method for pilot training, based on FAA syllabus and other standards.
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specifies flight and duty-time limitations and rest requirements for flightcrew members.
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Part 68 – Requirements for Operating Certain Small Aircraft without a Medical Certificate
1723:"Are JSX And SkyWest Charter Legal? The Fight Over Part 380 and Part 135 – Cranky Flier" 608:
are well-known airplanes types that were certified to standards set out in FAR Part 23.
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Dynamic Regulatory System – A comprehensive collection of regulatory guidance material
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Office of the Assistant Secretary for Budget and Programs and Chief Financial Officer
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In the absence of an assigned route, the pilot will follow the route advised by ATC;
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Part 23 – Airworthiness Standards: Normal, Utility, Acrobatic and Commuter Airplanes
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Headquarters: 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE (Transportation Department Building)
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This Part is organized into six subparts, to specify design criteria for each of
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The altitude assigned in the last contact with ATC before loss of communication;
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Part 117 – Flight and Duty Limitations and Rest Requirements: Flightcrew Members
129:(CFR). Title 14 is the principal set of rules and regulations (sometimes called 1939: 1523:. Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association Online. August 3, 2004. Archived from 1166: 617: 401: 154: 83: 778:. These are the regulations that define the operation of small non-commercial 449:
Part 121 – Operating Requirements: Domestic, Flag, and Supplemental Operations
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is certification for all pilots, flight instructors, and ground instructors.
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vectored, continue direct to the radar fix specified in the vector clearance;
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The table of contents, as reflected in the e-CFR updated December 20, 2018:
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and specific training is required. Hence, flights are often referred to as
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must be certified to additional Category A standards defined in this part.
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Part 48 – Registration and Marking Requirements for Small Unmanned Aircraft
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utility : limited acrobatic operation (60Β° < bank angle < 90Β°);
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Part 43 – Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance, Rebuilding, and Alteration
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Office of the Assistant Secretary for Aviation and International Affairs
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Part 36 – Noise Standards: Aircraft Type and Airworthiness Certification
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Part 23 Reform: FAA Releases Final Rule on Small Aircraft Certification
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Part 298 – Exemptions for air taxi and commuter air carrier operations
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Part 136 – Commercial Air Tours and National Parks Air Tour Management
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14 CFR – Title 14β€”Aeronautics and Space – Legal Information Institute
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section 10 (Using references in the text of an AC) para. h explains "
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and maintenance, typical airline flights, pilot training activities,
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is maintenance, preventive maintenance, rebuilding, and alteration.
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Examples of rotorcraft certified in this part are the Robinson R44,
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Many other FARs depend on definitions, which are found in Part 1.1
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The altitude advised by ATC to be expected in a further clearance.
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This part contains airworthiness standards for rotorcraft in the
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Office of Policy Development, Strategic Planning and Performance
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This part contains airworthiness standards for airplanes in the
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Part 29 – Airworthiness Standards: Transport Category Rotorcraft
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Part 119 – Certification: Air Carriers and Commercial Operators
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Part 25 – Airworthiness Standards: Transport Category Airplanes
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National Surface Transportation and Innovative Finance Bureau
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Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology
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prescribes operating rules for fractional ownership programs.
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Part 65 – Certification: Airmen Other Than Flight Crewmembers
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Part 63 – Certification: Flight Crewmembers Other Than Pilots
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Part 27 – Airworthiness Standards: Normal Category Rotorcraft
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Office of the Assistant Secretary for Transportation Policy
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is using but nearby airports as well. Others, including the
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and 9 or fewer passengers are type certified in this part.
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normal : nonacrobatic operation (bank angle < 60Β°);
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is one of the fifty titles that make up the United States
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For example, Part 25, Subpart D has section headings for
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Part 21 – Certification Procedures for Products and Parts
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Each title of the CFR is organized into sections, called
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of the Federal Aviation Restrictions deals with loss of
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Great Lakes St. Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation
1840: 1438: 1294: 874: 66:). A wide variety of activities are regulated, such as 27:
Rules prescribed by the Federal Aviation Administration
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Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration
1327:"Title 14: Aeronautics and Space PART 1 – Definitions" 518:(1) Procedural requirements for issuing and changing: 1856: 648:(MTOW) greater than 12,500 pounds (5,670 kg); or 2079:
John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center
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Jonesyoung, Stephen; Leff, Gary (October 25, 2023).
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is certification procedures for products and parts.
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Part 147 – Aviation Maintenance Technicians Schools
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Part 33 – Airworthiness Standards: Aircraft Engines
103:specific regulations by the term "14 CFR part XX". 90:and kite flying. The rules are designed to promote 358:Part 13 – Investigation and Enforcement Procedures 1246:. Federal Aviation Administration. Archived from 428:Part 97 – Standard Instrument Approach Procedures 394:Part 45 – Identification and Registration Marking 2107: 2059:Office of International Transportation and Trade 801: 2049:Office of Infrastructure Finance and Innovation 1685: 1282:. Federal Aviation Administration. May 31, 2002 1273:"FAA Order 1320.46C – Advisory Circular System" 551:nine or less passengers, 12,500 pounds or less 485:Part 183 – Representatives of The Administrator 2005:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 1793: 458:Part 133 – Rotorcraft External-Load Operations 1906: 1693:"Regularly Scheduled Air Carriers (Part 121)" 852:TFRs are deeply unpopular with pilots in the 413:Part 67 – Medical Standards and Certification 382:Part 35 – Airworthiness Standards: Propellers 312:National Aeronautics and Space Administration 107:FAA Order 1320.46C (Advisory Circular System) 2033:Under Secretary of Transportation for Policy 1570: 1495:Brown, Michael W. (November–December 2003). 1096: 965:Private, commuter, and commercial operations 915:The route assigned in the last contact with 425:Part 91 – General Operating and Flight Rules 404:, Flight Instructors, and Ground Instructors 1980:Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration 919:before loss of communication, or, if being 467:Part 137 – Agricultural Aircraft Operations 1922:United States Department of Transportation 1913: 1899: 1737: 1603: 1554:. Access Intelligence, LLC. Archived from 1043:is external load (helicopter) operations. 810:Example of a presidential TFR surrounding 492: 440:Part 107 – Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems 245:United States Department of Transportation 223:United States Department of Transportation 201:United States Department of Transportation 1302:"Federal Register :: Request Access" 845:, who did not ask for any TFR during the 286:Office of Commercial Space Transportation 1766:"FAA Part 135 Air Carrier Certification" 1441:"The Dilemma of Single Purpose Entities" 1414:"Electronic Code of Federal Regulations" 953:The minimum altitude for IFR operations; 805: 1661:"FAA sUAS PART 107: THE SMALL UAS RULE" 1545: 1388:"Airplane Performance and Airport Data" 82:launches, commercial space operations, 14: 2108: 1349:ELECTRONIC CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS 1331:ELECTRONIC CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS 1129:-like experience for their customers. 1125:terminals, offering a more exclusive, 862:Transportation Security Administration 355:Part 1 – Definitions and Abbreviations 330:Air Transportation Stabilization Board 155:Electronic Code of Federal Regulations 86:operations, Unmanned Aircraft Systems 1894: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1709: 1585:from the original on February 6, 2023 1494: 160: 143:federal agencies of the United States 1416:. ecfr.gpoaccess.gov. Archived from 1351:. U.S. Government Publishing Office. 1333:. U.S. Government Publishing Office. 875:Two-way radio communications failure 470:Part 139 – Certification of Airports 123:Title 14 CFR – Aeronautics and Space 58:. The FARs comprise Title 14 of the 2121:Transportation in the United States 2074:Bureau of Transportation Statistics 24: 1963:Deputy Secretary of Transportation 1953:Deputy Secretary of Transportation 1780: 1745:"Charter-Type Services (Part 135)" 1706: 1546:Thurber, Matt (February 1, 2003). 789: 697:Personnel and Cargo Accommodations 388:Part 39 – Airworthiness Directives 117: 25: 2147: 1834: 527:(iii) Airworthiness certificates; 97: 2062:Office of International Aviation 2022: 1878: 1866: 1105:business model has been used by 644:Jets with 10 or more seats or a 564:acrobatic : no restrictions 2126:Federal Aviation Administration 2083:Transportation Safety Institute 1985:Federal Railroad Administration 1970:Federal Aviation Administration 1816: 1758: 1653: 1631: 1597: 1539: 1513: 1488: 1474:Federal Aviation Administration 1458: 1432: 437:Part 105 – Parachute Operations 337: 290:FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION 241:Federal Aviation Administration 219:Federal Aviation Administration 197:Federal Aviation Administration 139:Federal Aviation Administration 48:Federal Aviation Administration 1990:Federal Transit Administration 1975:Federal Highway Administration 1406: 1380: 1369: 1355: 1337: 1319: 1265: 1229: 1132:Other air carriers, including 1081:are airworthiness directives. 1067: 434:Part 103 – Ultralight Vehicles 422:Part 73 – Special Use Airspace 46:) are rules prescribed by the 13: 1: 2131:Aviation in the United States 2043:Office of the Chief Economist 1222: 1172:Day-night average sound level 866:2023 Chinese balloon incident 819:temporary flight restrictions 802:Temporary flight restrictions 530:(iv) Airworthiness approvals; 1824:"Understanding FAR Part 135" 1521:"No TFRs for Kerry campaign" 1439:Stewart H. Lapayowker, P.A. 1121:enabled JSX to operate from 294:DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION 267:DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION 135:Department of Transportation 40:Federal Aviation Regulations 7: 2116:Code of Federal Regulations 2065:Office of Aviation Analysis 2010:Office of Inspector General 1944:Secretary of Transportation 1177:Joint Aviation Requirements 1155: 668:D – Design and Construction 476:Part 142 – Training Centers 127:Code of Federal Regulations 60:Code of Federal Regulations 34:Code of Federal Regulations 10: 2152: 1615:. No. May/June 2011. 1187:Night aviation regulations 835:September 11, 2001 attacks 812:Charleston, South Carolina 769: 749: 726: 623: 542: 524:(ii) Production approvals; 509: 479:Part 145 – Repair Stations 31: 2031: 2020: 1961: 1928: 1666:. faa.gov. Archived from 1207:Special flight rules area 1097:Public charter operations 501: 473:Part 141 – Flight Schools 400:Part 61 – Certification: 76:lighter-than-air aircraft 1445:Business Aviation Lawyer 1142:Southern Airways Express 908:– The pilot will follow: 2000:Maritime Administration 1801:George Mason University 703:Ventilation and Heating 493:Regulations of interest 269:(AVIATION PROCEEDINGS) 263:OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY 1182:National Security Area 833:movements. Before the 814: 764:maximum takeoff weight 760:maximum takeoff weight 733:Maximum takeoff weight 646:maximum takeoff weight 514:This part prescribes: 1146:Essential Air Service 809: 636:and later types, and 521:(i) Design approvals; 2091:Build America Bureau 1673:on November 11, 2018 1552:Aviation Maintenance 1212:Special use airspace 1123:fixed-based operator 1008:Part 91, Subpart (K) 884:radio communications 700:Emergency Provisions 50:(FAA) governing all 1613:FAA Safety Briefing 1527:on December 2, 2008 1394:on October 19, 2016 1253:on October 21, 2013 1197:Restricted airspace 1192:Prohibited airspace 1826:. August 20, 2013. 1548:"Meet Big Brother" 1420:on October 6, 2012 1217:Transport category 972:Part XX operations 815: 774:Part 91 defines a 756:transport category 720:transport category 630:transport category 606:Piper PA-34 Seneca 180:Regulatory Entity 161:Content as of 2018 131:administrative law 72:hot-air ballooning 54:activities in the 2103: 2102: 1949:Polly Trottenberg 1803:, Mercatus Center 1725:. August 21, 2023 1558:on August 8, 2008 335: 334: 16:(Redirected from 2143: 2026: 2025: 1915: 1908: 1901: 1892: 1891: 1883: 1882: 1871: 1870: 1869: 1862: 1828: 1827: 1820: 1814: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1791: 1778: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1762: 1756: 1755: 1753: 1751: 1741: 1735: 1734: 1732: 1730: 1719: 1704: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1689: 1683: 1682: 1680: 1678: 1672: 1665: 1657: 1651: 1650: 1648: 1646: 1635: 1629: 1628: 1626: 1624: 1619:. pp. 16–18 1610: 1604:James Williams. 1601: 1595: 1594: 1592: 1590: 1574: 1568: 1567: 1565: 1563: 1543: 1537: 1536: 1534: 1532: 1517: 1511: 1510: 1508: 1506: 1501: 1492: 1486: 1485: 1483: 1481: 1462: 1456: 1455: 1453: 1451: 1436: 1430: 1429: 1427: 1425: 1410: 1404: 1403: 1401: 1399: 1390:. 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The 502:Part 1 402:Pilots 214:60-109 171:Volume 112:"FAR." 64:14 CFR 1671:(PDF) 1664:(PDF) 1609:(PDF) 1500:(PDF) 1276:(PDF) 1251:(PDF) 1240:(PDF) 921:radar 906:Route 344:parts 177:Parts 151:Space 88:(UAS) 1810:2024 1774:2010 1752:2022 1731:2024 1700:2022 1679:2018 1647:2010 1625:2011 1591:2023 1564:2008 1533:2008 1507:2011 1482:2012 1452:2010 1426:2010 1400:2016 1313:2019 1288:2019 1259:2013 1140:and 1109:and 616:and 604:and 596:The 553:MTOW 192:1-59 149:and 137:and 44:FARs 38:The 1885:Law 1617:FAA 1118:JSX 1056:TSA 978:or 917:ATC 897:IFR 892:VFR 849:). 823:TFR 576:CAS 277:III 2112:: 1951:, 1942:, 1798:. 1782:^ 1708:^ 1611:. 1550:. 1472:. 1468:. 1443:. 1347:. 1329:. 1304:. 1278:. 1242:. 1136:, 746:. 600:, 590:S1 321:VI 292:, 288:, 265:, 254:II 243:, 221:, 199:, 141:, 114:" 74:, 1914:e 1907:t 1900:v 1861:: 1812:. 1776:. 1754:. 1733:. 1702:. 1681:. 1649:. 1627:. 1593:. 1566:. 1535:. 1509:. 1484:. 1454:. 1428:. 1402:. 1315:. 1290:. 1261:. 821:( 588:V 318:5 303:V 300:5 274:4 251:4 232:I 229:3 210:I 207:2 188:I 185:1 62:( 42:( 20:)

Index

FAR Part 121
Code of Federal Regulations
Federal Aviation Administration
aviation
United States
Code of Federal Regulations
aircraft design
hot-air ballooning
lighter-than-air aircraft
model rocket
model aircraft
(UAS)
safe aviation
FAA Order 1320.46C (Advisory Circular System)
Code of Federal Regulations
administrative law
Department of Transportation
Federal Aviation Administration
federal agencies of the United States
Aeronautics
Space
Electronic Code of Federal Regulations
1-59
Federal Aviation Administration
United States Department of Transportation
60-109
Federal Aviation Administration
United States Department of Transportation
110-199
Federal Aviation Administration

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