563:
2068:(SNPs) suggested that the genetic diversity between continental populations is even smaller and accounts for 3 to 7% A later study based on three million SNPs found that 12% of the genetic variation is found between continental populations and only 1% within them. Most of these studies have used the
2063:
It is well established that the genetic diversity among human populations is low, although the distribution of the genetic diversity was only roughly estimated. Early studies argued that 85–90% of the genetic variation is found within individuals residing in the same populations within continents
1877:
would be the ratio of the average number of differences between pairs of chromosomes sampled within diploid individuals with the average number obtained when sampling chromosomes randomly from the population (excluding the grouping per individual). One can modify this definition and consider a
349:
412:
1084:
1261:
2552:"Similarity of the allele frequency and linkage disequilibrium pattern of single nucleotide polymorphisms in drug-related gene loci between Thai and northern East Asian populations: Implications for tagging SNP selection in Thais"
1992:
558:{\displaystyle F=1-{\frac {\operatorname {O} (f(\mathbf {Aa} ))}{\operatorname {E} (f(\mathbf {Aa} ))}}=1-{\frac {\operatorname {ObservedFrequency} (\mathbf {Aa} )}{\operatorname {ExpectedFrequency} (\mathbf {Aa} )}},\!}
189:
910:
631:
1841:
59:-statistics can also be thought of as a measure of the correlation between genes drawn at different levels of a (hierarchically) subdivided population. This correlation is influenced by several
1736:
1405:
2064:(intra-continental populations) and only an additional 10–15% is found between populations of different continents (continental populations). Later studies based on hundreds of thousands
902:
1419:
1126:
836:
808:
780:
2017:
722:
700:
2053:
1134:
1910:
1639:
1609:
1575:
1513:
1479:
1449:
1875:
1545:
674:
654:
392:
372:
3060:
3135:
1878:
grouping per sub-population instead of per individual. Population geneticists have used that idea to measure the degree of structure in a population.
344:{\displaystyle p^{2}(1-F)+pF{\text{ for }}\mathbf {AA} ;\ 2pq(1-F){\text{ for }}\mathbf {Aa} ;{\text{ and }}q^{2}(1-F)+qF{\text{ for }}\mathbf {aa} .}
3028:
1919:
3041:
2591:
Hannelius, Ulf; Salmela, Elina; Lappalainen, Tuuli; Guillot, Gilles; Lindgren, Cecilia M; Von Döbeln, Ulrika; Lahermo, Päivi; Kere, Juha (2008).
1079:{\displaystyle p={2\times \mathrm {obs} (AA)+\mathrm {obs} (Aa) \over 2\times (\mathrm {obs} (AA)+\mathrm {obs} (Aa)+\mathrm {obs} (aa))}=0.954}
2942:
Shalev, B. A.; Dvorin, A.; Herman, R.; Katz, Z.; Bornstein, S. (1991). "Long-term goose breeding for egg production and crammed liver weight".
2326:
Bowcock, Anne M.; Kidd, Judith R.; Mountain, Joanna L.; Herbert, Joan M.; Carotenuto, Luciano; Kidd, Kenneth K.; Cavalli-Sforza, Luca (1991).
3092:
2979:"Analysis of molecular variance inferred from metric distances among DNA haplotypes: Application to human mitochondrial DNA restriction data"
2593:"Population substructure in Finland and Sweden revealed by the use of spatial coordinates and a small number of unlinked autosomal SNPs"
1527:
of two levels; one from the individual (I) to the subpopulation (S) and one from the subpopulation to the total (T). Then the total
574:
3385:
3243:
2907:
Wright, Sewall (1965). "The
Interpretation of Population Structure by F-Statistics with Special Regard to Systems of Mating".
3140:
2310:
1755:
3055:
1647:
1317:
3085:
2088:
171:
are related to the amounts of heterozygosity at various levels of population structure. Together, they are called
49:
in a population; more specifically the expected degree of (usually) a reduction in heterozygosity when compared to
3180:
1578:
871:
3185:
2065:
2462:"The Distribution of Human Genetic Diversity: A Comparison of Mitochondrial, Autosomal, and Y-Chromosome Data"
2460:
Jorde, L.B.; Watkins, W.S.; Bamshad, M.J.; Dixon, M.E.; Ricker, C.E.; Seielstad, M.T.; Batzer, M.A. (2000).
3406:
3115:
3078:
403:
3160:
3033:
2126:
3038:
2550:
Mahasirimongkol, Surakameth; Chantratita, Wasun; Promso, Somying; Pasomsab, Ekawat; et al. (2006).
2732:
Nelis, Mari; Esko, Tõnu; Mägi, Reedik; Zimprich, Fritz; et al. (2009). Fleischer, Robert C (ed.).
2685:"Genome-wide Insights into the Patterns and Determinants of Fine-Scale Population Structure in Humans"
1741:
This may be further partitioned for population substructure, and it expands according to the rules of
3281:
3155:
2121:
1524:
180:
145:
3333:
2098:
1092:
816:
788:
760:
2000:
705:
683:
3145:
1256:{\displaystyle F=1-{\frac {\mathrm {obs} (Aa)/n}{2pq}}=1-{138/1612 \over 2(0.954)(0.046)}=0.023}
3130:
50:
2246:"Genetics in geographically structured populations: Defining, estimating and interpreting FST"
2022:
3372:
3266:
3261:
3165:
1913:, causing some confusion in the scientific literature. A common definition is the following:
72:
19:
Not to be confused with the "F-test" statistic as used in general statistical inference. See
1885:
1614:
1584:
1550:
1488:
1454:
1424:
3218:
2861:
2804:
2791:
Reich, David; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Patterson, Nick; Price, Alkes L.; et al. (2009).
2745:
2406:
2339:
2159:
8:
3362:
3238:
3125:
3101:
729:
76:
31:
2865:
2808:
2749:
2410:
2343:
2163:
3352:
3348:
3208:
3003:
2978:
2924:
2884:
2849:
2825:
2792:
2768:
2733:
2709:
2684:
2619:
2592:
2486:
2461:
2424:
2357:
2270:
2245:
2183:
1860:
1742:
1530:
865:
740:
677:
659:
639:
377:
357:
135:
123:
3050:
3343:
3338:
3276:
3203:
3195:
3170:
3008:
2959:
2889:
2830:
2773:
2714:
2665:
2624:
2573:
2532:
2491:
2442:
2437:
2394:
2375:
2370:
2327:
2306:
2275:
2226:
2218:
2214:
2175:
96:
2328:"Drift, admixture, and selection in human evolution: A study with DNA polymorphisms"
2187:
103:, but it was originally designed to measure the amount of allelic fixation owing to
3302:
3213:
2998:
2990:
2951:
2916:
2879:
2869:
2820:
2812:
2763:
2753:
2704:
2696:
2655:
2614:
2604:
2563:
2522:
2481:
2473:
2432:
2414:
2365:
2347:
2298:
2265:
2257:
2210:
2167:
3120:
3045:
2994:
2874:
2758:
2642:
Lao, Oscar; Lu, Timothy T.; Nothnagel, Michael; Junge, Olaf; et al. (2008).
2393:
Barbujani, Guido; Magagni, Arianna; Minch, Eric; Cavalli-Sforza, L. Luca (1997).
2302:
183:. In a simple two-allele system with inbreeding, the genotypic frequencies are:
3065:
394:
using heterozygotes in the above inbred population. This becomes one minus the
3367:
3357:
3271:
3150:
2700:
2399:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2131:
2108:
2103:
2093:
2069:
1987:{\displaystyle F_{ST}={\frac {\operatorname {var} (\mathbf {p} )}{p\,(1-p)}}\!}
1882:
1852:
1482:
399:
161:
100:
68:
24:
2955:
2660:
2643:
2568:
2551:
1266:
The different F-statistics look at different levels of population structure.
3400:
3307:
3297:
3253:
138:
from the 1960s onwards that heterozygosity in populations could be measured.
115:
104:
80:
64:
3323:
3175:
2893:
2834:
2777:
2718:
2669:
2628:
2609:
2577:
2536:
2495:
2419:
2279:
2179:
134:
dominants and heterozygotes to be the same, it was not until the advent of
3012:
2963:
2446:
2379:
2352:
2230:
2850:"Empirical Distributions of FST from Large-Scale Human Polymorphism Data"
395:
2816:
2549:
2928:
2361:
1516:
725:
568:
where the expected frequency at Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium is given by
114:-statistics was developed during the 1920s by the American geneticist
92:
3070:
3328:
2428:
2171:
736:
127:
88:
60:
2920:
2261:
2527:
2510:
2477:
2392:
131:
84:
46:
2590:
2683:
Biswas, Shameek; Scheinfeldt, Laura B.; Akey, Joshua M. (2009).
2644:"Correlation between Genetic and Geographic Structure in Europe"
2222:
2201:
Kulig, K (1985). "Utilization of emergency toxicology screens".
1418:
119:
20:
3051:
Worked example of calculating F-statistics from genotypic data
1296:), using the above for subpopulations and averaging them; and
16:
Statistically expected level of heterozygosity in a population
728:, two alleles from a random individual of the population are
2790:
2734:"Genetic Structure of Europeans: A View from the North–East"
626:{\displaystyle \operatorname {E} (f(\mathbf {Aa} ))=2pq,\!}
2325:
1881:
Unfortunately, there is a large number of definitions for
745:
398:
frequency of heterozygotes in a population divided by the
2293:
2459:
2150:
Wright, S (1950). "Genetical structure of populations".
1413:
724:, respectively. It is also the probability that at any
2976:
2941:
2058:
2731:
2682:
2025:
2003:
1922:
1888:
1863:
1836:{\displaystyle 1-F=\prod _{i=0}^{i=I}(1-F_{i,i+1})\!}
1758:
1650:
1617:
1587:
1553:
1533:
1491:
1457:
1427:
1320:
1137:
1095:
913:
874:
819:
791:
763:
708:
686:
662:
642:
577:
415:
380:
360:
192:
2641:
2047:
2011:
1986:
1904:
1869:
1835:
1731:{\displaystyle 1-F_{IT}=(1-F_{IS})\,(1-F_{ST}).\!}
1730:
1633:
1603:
1569:
1539:
1507:
1473:
1443:
1399:
1255:
1120:
1078:
896:
830:
802:
774:
716:
694:
668:
648:
625:
557:
386:
366:
343:
1983:
1832:
1727:
622:
554:
3398:
1400:{\displaystyle (1-F_{IS})(1-F_{ST})=1-F_{IT},\,}
1288:is the inbreeding coefficient of an individual (
1273:is the inbreeding coefficient of an individual (
2332:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
45:) describe the statistically expected level of
3034:Analyzing the genetic structure of populations
2977:Excoffier, L; Smouse, PE; Quattro, JM (1992).
2511:"Genetic variation, classification and 'race'"
1311:), and is calculated by solving the equation:
3086:
3061:F-statistics for Population Genetics Eco-Tool
2243:
2508:
2055:is the expected frequency of heterozygotes.
151:
2244:Holsinger, Kent E.; Weir, Bruce S. (2009).
2079:statistics or closely related statistics.
897:{\displaystyle f\left(\mathbf {Aa} \right)}
3093:
3079:
2793:"Reconstructing Indian population history"
2509:Jorde, Lynn B; Wooding, Stephen P (2004).
2203:The American Journal of Emergency Medicine
868:can be calculated, and the expectation of
3002:
2883:
2873:
2824:
2767:
2757:
2708:
2659:
2618:
2608:
2567:
2526:
2485:
2436:
2418:
2395:"An apportionment of human DNA diversity"
2369:
2351:
2269:
2029:
1964:
1698:
1396:
1117:
2292:
2019:is computed across sub-populations and
1417:
3100:
3399:
3386:Index of evolutionary biology articles
2906:
2847:
2689:The American Journal of Human Genetics
2466:The American Journal of Human Genetics
2149:
118:, who was interested in inbreeding in
3074:
3039:Wahlund effect, Wright's F-statistics
2200:
1857:A reformulation of the definition of
1414:Partition due to population structure
739:(1971) on a single population of the
374:is found by solving the equation for
3029:Shane's Simple Guide to F-Statistics
1307:) compared to the total population (
735:For example, consider the data from
2059:Fixation index in human populations
13:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1022:
1019:
1016:
996:
993:
990:
962:
959:
956:
936:
933:
930:
578:
462:
431:
175:-statistics, and are derived from
14:
3418:
3022:
1846:
1523:Consider a population that has a
1303:is the effect of subpopulations (
1292:) relative to the subpopulation (
2297:. Vol. 6. pp. 381–98.
2005:
1952:
886:
883:
824:
821:
796:
793:
768:
765:
710:
688:
597:
594:
541:
538:
519:
516:
481:
478:
450:
447:
334:
331:
279:
276:
236:
233:
2970:
2935:
2900:
2841:
2784:
2725:
2676:
2635:
2584:
3186:Constructive neutral evolution
2543:
2502:
2453:
2386:
2319:
2286:
2237:
2194:
2143:
2089:Malecot's method of coancestry
2066:single-nucleotide polymorphism
2042:
2030:
1977:
1965:
1956:
1948:
1829:
1798:
1721:
1699:
1695:
1673:
1410:as shown in the next section.
1368:
1346:
1343:
1321:
1241:
1235:
1232:
1226:
1173:
1164:
1064:
1061:
1052:
1035:
1026:
1009:
1000:
986:
975:
966:
949:
940:
604:
601:
590:
584:
545:
534:
523:
512:
488:
485:
474:
468:
457:
454:
443:
437:
402:frequency of heterozygotes at
313:
301:
267:
255:
215:
203:
1:
3066:Population Structure (slides)
2137:
1121:{\displaystyle q=1-p=0.046\,}
831:{\displaystyle \mathbf {aa} }
803:{\displaystyle \mathbf {Aa} }
775:{\displaystyle \mathbf {AA} }
3136:Fisher's fundamental theorem
2875:10.1371/journal.pone.0049837
2759:10.1371/journal.pone.0005472
2303:10.1007/978-1-4684-9063-3_14
2215:10.1016/0735-6757(85)90177-9
2012:{\displaystyle \mathbf {p} }
717:{\displaystyle \mathbf {a} }
695:{\displaystyle \mathbf {A} }
7:
3161:Coefficient of relationship
2127:Coefficient of relationship
2082:
10:
3423:
2995:10.1093/genetics/131.2.479
2701:10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.04.015
1850:
404:Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium
51:Hardy–Weinberg expectation
18:
3381:
3316:
3290:
3252:
3227:
3194:
3156:Coefficient of inbreeding
3108:
2956:10.1080/00071669108417396
2661:10.1016/j.cub.2008.07.049
2569:10.1007/s10038-006-0041-1
2556:Journal of Human Genetics
2122:Coefficient of inbreeding
1277:) relative to the total (
152:Definitions and equations
146:effective population size
3334:Evolutionary game theory
3116:Hardy–Weinberg principle
2099:Hardy-Weinberg principle
2048:{\displaystyle p\,(1-p)}
1451:can be partitioned into
1281:) population, as above;
3146:Shifting balance theory
2944:British Poultry Science
2250:Nature Reviews Genetics
3131:Linkage disequilibrium
3056:IAM based F-statistics
2610:10.1186/1471-2156-9-54
2420:10.1073/pnas.94.9.4516
2049:
2013:
1997:where the variance of
1988:
1906:
1905:{\displaystyle F_{ST}}
1871:
1837:
1797:
1732:
1635:
1634:{\displaystyle F_{ST}}
1605:
1604:{\displaystyle F_{IS}}
1571:
1570:{\displaystyle F_{IT}}
1541:
1520:
1509:
1508:{\displaystyle F_{IS}}
1475:
1474:{\displaystyle F_{ST}}
1445:
1444:{\displaystyle F_{IT}}
1401:
1257:
1122:
1080:
898:
832:
804:
776:
718:
696:
670:
650:
627:
559:
388:
368:
345:
181:inbreeding coefficient
144:can be used to define
3373:Quantitative genetics
3282:Balding–Nichols model
3267:Population bottleneck
3262:Small population size
3166:Selection coefficient
2353:10.1073/pnas.88.3.839
2050:
2014:
1989:
1907:
1872:
1838:
1771:
1733:
1636:
1606:
1572:
1542:
1510:
1476:
1446:
1421:
1402:
1258:
1123:
1081:
899:
833:
805:
777:
719:
697:
671:
651:
628:
560:
389:
369:
346:
3244:Background selection
3231:on genomic variation
3229:Effects of selection
3181:Population structure
2295:Evolutionary Biology
2023:
2001:
1920:
1886:
1861:
1756:
1648:
1615:
1585:
1551:
1531:
1525:population structure
1489:
1455:
1425:
1318:
1135:
1093:
911:
872:
817:
789:
761:
730:identical by descent
706:
684:
660:
640:
575:
413:
378:
358:
190:
122:. However, because
3407:Population genetics
3363:Population genomics
3239:Genetic hitchhiking
3126:Identity by descent
3102:Population genetics
2866:2012PLoSO...749837E
2817:10.1038/nature08365
2809:2009Natur.461..489R
2750:2009PLoSO...4.5472N
2411:1997PNAS...94.4516B
2344:1991PNAS...88..839B
2164:1950Natur.166..247W
750:
77:genetic hitchhiking
63:processes, such as
32:population genetics
3349:Landscape genetics
3044:2005-05-27 at the
2848:Elhaik, E (2012).
2045:
2009:
1984:
1902:
1867:
1833:
1743:binomial expansion
1728:
1631:
1601:
1567:
1537:
1521:
1505:
1471:
1441:
1397:
1253:
1118:
1076:
894:
866:allele frequencies
828:
800:
772:
746:
741:scarlet tiger moth
714:
692:
678:allele frequencies
666:
646:
623:
555:
384:
364:
341:
136:molecular genetics
124:complete dominance
3394:
3393:
3344:Genetic genealogy
3339:Fitness landscape
2312:978-1-4684-9065-7
1981:
1870:{\displaystyle F}
1540:{\displaystyle F}
1245:
1196:
1068:
862:
861:
813:Little spotting (
669:{\displaystyle q}
649:{\displaystyle p}
549:
529:ExpectedFrequency
507:ObservedFrequency
492:
387:{\displaystyle F}
367:{\displaystyle F}
328:
289:
273:
245:
230:
97:natural selection
3414:
3303:J. B. S. Haldane
3095:
3088:
3081:
3072:
3071:
3017:
3016:
3006:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2887:
2877:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2828:
2803:(7263): 489–94.
2788:
2782:
2781:
2771:
2761:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2712:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2663:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2622:
2612:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2571:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2530:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2489:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2440:
2422:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2373:
2355:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2273:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2172:10.1038/166247a0
2147:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2008:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1959:
1955:
1940:
1935:
1934:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1796:
1785:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1720:
1719:
1694:
1693:
1669:
1668:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1630:
1629:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1547:, known here as
1546:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1367:
1366:
1342:
1341:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1254:
1246:
1244:
1221:
1217:
1208:
1197:
1195:
1184:
1180:
1163:
1151:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1085:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1069:
1067:
1051:
1025:
999:
978:
965:
939:
921:
903:
901:
900:
895:
893:
889:
837:
835:
834:
829:
827:
809:
807:
806:
801:
799:
781:
779:
778:
773:
771:
751:
723:
721:
720:
715:
713:
701:
699:
698:
693:
691:
675:
673:
672:
667:
655:
653:
652:
647:
632:
630:
629:
624:
600:
564:
562:
561:
556:
550:
548:
544:
526:
522:
504:
493:
491:
484:
460:
453:
429:
393:
391:
390:
385:
373:
371:
370:
365:
350:
348:
347:
342:
337:
329:
326:
300:
299:
290:
287:
282:
274:
271:
243:
239:
231:
228:
202:
201:
43:fixation indices
3422:
3421:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3377:
3312:
3286:
3248:
3232:
3230:
3223:
3190:
3121:Genetic linkage
3104:
3099:
3046:Wayback Machine
3025:
3020:
2975:
2971:
2940:
2936:
2921:10.2307/2406450
2905:
2901:
2846:
2842:
2789:
2785:
2730:
2726:
2681:
2677:
2648:Current Biology
2640:
2636:
2589:
2585:
2562:(10): 896–904.
2548:
2544:
2521:(11s): S28-33.
2515:Nature Genetics
2507:
2503:
2458:
2454:
2391:
2387:
2324:
2320:
2313:
2291:
2287:
2262:10.1038/nrg2611
2242:
2238:
2199:
2195:
2158:(4215): 247–9.
2148:
2144:
2140:
2116:
2112:
2085:
2077:
2061:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1960:
1951:
1941:
1939:
1927:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1893:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1849:
1811:
1807:
1786:
1775:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1712:
1708:
1686:
1682:
1661:
1657:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1622:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1592:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1558:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1496:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1462:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1432:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1416:
1384:
1380:
1359:
1355:
1334:
1330:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1301:
1286:
1271:
1222:
1213:
1209:
1207:
1185:
1176:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1041:
1015:
989:
979:
955:
929:
922:
920:
912:
909:
908:
904:derived :
882:
878:
873:
870:
869:
864:From this, the
820:
818:
815:
814:
792:
790:
787:
786:
764:
762:
759:
758:
757:White-spotted (
709:
707:
704:
703:
687:
685:
682:
681:
661:
658:
657:
641:
638:
637:
593:
576:
573:
572:
537:
527:
515:
505:
503:
477:
461:
446:
430:
428:
414:
411:
410:
379:
376:
375:
359:
356:
355:
330:
327: for
325:
295:
291:
288: and
286:
275:
272: for
270:
232:
229: for
227:
197:
193:
191:
188:
187:
170:
165:
159:
154:
110:The concept of
41:(also known as
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3420:
3410:
3409:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3368:Phylogeography
3365:
3360:
3358:Microevolution
3355:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3320:
3318:
3317:Related topics
3314:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3272:Founder effect
3269:
3264:
3258:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3235:
3233:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3200:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3151:Price equation
3148:
3143:
3141:Neutral theory
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3105:
3098:
3097:
3090:
3083:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3036:
3031:
3024:
3023:External links
3021:
3019:
3018:
2969:
2934:
2915:(3): 395–420.
2899:
2860:(11): e49837.
2840:
2783:
2724:
2695:(5): 641–650.
2675:
2654:(16): 1241–8.
2634:
2583:
2542:
2528:10.1038/ng1435
2501:
2478:10.1086/302825
2452:
2385:
2318:
2311:
2285:
2236:
2193:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2132:Fixation index
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2104:Wahlund effect
2101:
2096:
2094:Heterozygosity
2091:
2084:
2081:
2073:
2060:
2057:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2007:
1995:
1994:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1938:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1866:
1853:Fixation index
1851:Main article:
1848:
1847:Fixation index
1845:
1844:
1843:
1831:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1745:, so that for
1739:
1738:
1726:
1723:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1653:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1536:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1483:Wahlund effect
1468:
1465:
1461:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1395:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1299:
1284:
1269:
1264:
1263:
1252:
1249:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1129:
1128:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1087:
1086:
1075:
1072:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
998:
995:
992:
988:
985:
982:
977:
974:
971:
968:
964:
961:
958:
954:
951:
948:
945:
942:
938:
935:
932:
928:
925:
919:
916:
892:
888:
885:
881:
877:
860:
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
843:
842:
839:
826:
823:
811:
798:
795:
785:Intermediate (
783:
770:
767:
755:
712:
690:
665:
645:
634:
633:
621:
618:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
599:
596:
592:
589:
586:
583:
580:
566:
565:
553:
547:
543:
540:
536:
533:
530:
525:
521:
518:
514:
511:
508:
502:
499:
496:
490:
487:
483:
480:
476:
473:
470:
467:
464:
459:
456:
452:
449:
445:
442:
439:
436:
433:
427:
424:
421:
418:
383:
363:
354:The value for
352:
351:
340:
336:
333:
324:
321:
318:
315:
312:
309:
306:
303:
298:
294:
285:
281:
278:
269:
266:
263:
260:
257:
254:
251:
248:
242:
238:
235:
226:
223:
220:
217:
214:
211:
208:
205:
200:
196:
168:
163:
157:
156:The measures F
153:
150:
101:Wahlund effect
69:founder effect
47:heterozygosity
25:F-distribution
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3419:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3380:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3315:
3309:
3308:Sewall Wright
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3254:Genetic drift
3251:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3226:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3096:
3091:
3089:
3084:
3082:
3077:
3076:
3073:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3014:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2989:(2): 479–91.
2988:
2984:
2980:
2973:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2938:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2903:
2895:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2844:
2836:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2787:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2728:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2679:
2671:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2638:
2630:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2587:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2546:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2472:(3): 979–88.
2471:
2467:
2463:
2456:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2405:(9): 4516–9.
2404:
2400:
2396:
2389:
2381:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2338:(3): 839–43.
2337:
2333:
2329:
2322:
2314:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2289:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2256:(9): 639–50.
2255:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2197:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2146:
2142:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2056:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2026:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1961:
1945:
1942:
1936:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1879:
1864:
1854:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1724:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1670:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1580:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1534:
1526:
1518:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1484:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1420:
1411:
1393:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1250:
1247:
1238:
1229:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1170:
1167:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1131:
1130:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1089:
1088:
1073:
1070:
1058:
1055:
1038:
1032:
1029:
1012:
1006:
1003:
983:
980:
972:
969:
952:
946:
943:
926:
923:
917:
914:
907:
906:
905:
890:
879:
875:
867:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
844:
840:
812:
784:
756:
753:
752:
749:
744:
742:
738:
733:
731:
727:
679:
663:
643:
619:
616:
613:
610:
607:
587:
581:
571:
570:
569:
551:
531:
528:
509:
506:
500:
497:
494:
471:
465:
440:
434:
425:
422:
419:
416:
409:
408:
407:
405:
401:
397:
381:
361:
338:
322:
319:
316:
310:
307:
304:
296:
292:
283:
264:
261:
258:
252:
249:
246:
240:
224:
221:
218:
212:
209:
206:
198:
194:
186:
185:
184:
182:
178:
174:
166:
149:
147:
143:
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
116:Sewall Wright
113:
108:
106:
105:genetic drift
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
81:meiotic drive
78:
74:
70:
66:
65:genetic drift
62:
58:
54:
52:
48:
44:
40:
38:
33:
26:
22:
3324:Biogeography
3298:R. A. Fisher
3176:Heritability
3109:Key concepts
2986:
2982:
2972:
2950:(4): 703–9.
2947:
2943:
2937:
2912:
2908:
2902:
2857:
2853:
2843:
2800:
2796:
2786:
2744:(5): e5472.
2741:
2737:
2727:
2692:
2688:
2678:
2651:
2647:
2637:
2600:
2597:BMC Genetics
2596:
2586:
2559:
2555:
2545:
2518:
2514:
2504:
2469:
2465:
2455:
2402:
2398:
2388:
2335:
2331:
2321:
2294:
2288:
2253:
2249:
2239:
2209:(6): 573–4.
2206:
2202:
2196:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2074:
2070:
2062:
1996:
1880:
1856:
1749:partitions:
1746:
1740:
1522:
1409:
1308:
1304:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1267:
1265:
863:
747:
734:
635:
567:
353:
176:
172:
155:
141:
140:
111:
109:
61:evolutionary
56:
55:
42:
36:
35:
29:
3277:Coalescence
1579:partitioned
1481:due to the
126:causes the
39:-statistics
3219:Ecological
3209:Artificial
2138:References
1517:inbreeding
132:homozygote
128:phenotypes
93:inbreeding
73:bottleneck
3329:Evolution
3196:Selection
2909:Evolution
2037:−
1972:−
1946:
1805:−
1773:∏
1763:−
1706:−
1680:−
1655:−
1577:, can be
1378:−
1353:−
1328:−
1205:−
1148:−
1106:−
984:×
927:×
754:Genotype
748:Table 1:
737:E.B. Ford
582:
532:
510:
501:−
466:
435:
426:−
308:−
262:−
210:−
99:, or the
89:gene flow
3401:Category
3353:genomics
3291:Founders
3042:Archived
2983:Genetics
2894:23185452
2854:PLOS ONE
2835:19779445
2778:19424496
2738:PLOS ONE
2719:19442770
2670:18691889
2629:18713460
2578:16957813
2537:15508000
2496:10712212
2280:19687804
2223:67025533
2188:36311175
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