1371:
141:
idioms and figures of speech, by the vocabulary indigenous to the locale". Other writers have noted that eye dialect has sometimes been used in derisive fashion toward ethnic or regional pronunciation, in particular by contrasting standard spelling with non-standard spelling to emphasize differences.
120:
points out that there are other ways to indicate speech variation such as altered syntax, punctuation, and colloquial or regional word choices. She observes that a reader must be prompted to access their memory of a given speech pattern and that non-orthographic signals that accomplish this may be
113:
In an article on written representations of speech in a non-literary context, such as transcription by sociolinguists, Denis R. Preston argued that such spellings serve mainly to "denigrate the speaker so represented by making him or her appear boorish, uneducated, rustic, gangsterish, and so on".
140:
in suggesting that writers avoid eye dialect; he argues that it is frequently pejorative, making a character seem stupid rather than regional, and is more distracting than helpful. Like
Walpole, Dufresne suggests that dialect should be rendered by "rhythm of the prose, by the syntax, the diction,
390:, for example, has traditionally been depicted using "crusty" yellow speech balloons and dialogue heavily laced with ellipses, suggesting a gravelly voice that only speaks with great effort. Robotic and computer characters often use square speech balloons and angular fonts reminiscent of
53:), casual, foreign, or uneducated, often to be humorous. This form of nonstandard spelling differs from others in that a difference in spelling does not indicate a difference in pronunciation of a word. That is, it is dialect to the eye, rather than to the ear.
243:...there wos other genlmen come down Tom-all-Alone's a-prayin, but they all mostly sed as the t'other wuns prayed wrong, and all mostly sounded as to be a-talking to theirselves, or a-passing blame on the t'others, and not a-talkin to us.
61:
Most authors are likely to use eye dialect with restraint, sprinkling nonstandard misspelling here and there to serve as a cue to the reader about all of a character's speech, rather than as an accurate phonetic representation.
144:
Eye dialect, when consistently applied, may render a character's speech indecipherable. An attempt to accurately render nonstandard speech may also prove difficult to readers unfamiliar with a particular accent.
84:
the spelling is merely a friendly nudge to the reader, a knowing look which establishes a sympathetic sense of superiority between the author and reader as contrasted with the humble speaker of dialect.
262:
series of books, Terry
Pratchett makes extensive use of eye dialect to extend the caricature of his characters, besides other visual devices such as changing the font used for certain dialogue.
29:
is a writer's use of deliberately nonstandard spelling either because they do not consider the standard spelling a good reflection of the pronunciation or because they are intending to portray
278:
in reference to the origins of the golem legend. Eye dialect is also used to establish a medieval setting, wherein many characters' grasp of spelling is heavily based on phonetics.
294:
deploys eye dialect on a handful of words for satirical effect; in this case the folly of the arresting police officers, who are made to seem like comic caricatures of themselves:
316:, which, as several commentators have noted, makes sense only when read aloud. In this case, Cummings's target was the attitudes of certain Americans to Japanese people following
125:
points out that use of eye dialect closely interacts with stereotypes about various groups, both relying on and reinforcing them in an attempt to efficiently characterize speech.
80:
in 1925. "The convention violated", he wrote, "is one of the eyes, not of the ear." According to Krapp, it was not used to indicate a real difference in pronunciation but
398:'s dialogue has routinely been written in an elegant font, implying his archaic vocabulary and pronunciation as a millennia-old god. After Thor passed the mantle to
117:
37:
to refer to a literary technique that implies the standard pronunciation of a given word that is not well-reflected by its standard spelling, such as
233:
Charles
Dickens combined eye dialect with pronunciation spelling and nonstandard grammar in the speech of his uneducated characters. An example in
122:
69:
a character (such as in a letter or diary entry), generally used to more overtly depict characters who are poorly educated or semi-literate.
968:
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470:), rather than the expected "что". The character is a delivery driver in Siberia and the eye dialect emphasizes his uneducated nature.
833:
356:. Only his rustic characters are given these spellings; for instance, the "overcivilized" Bounder J. Roundheels's dialogue contains
402:, her dialogue was written in the same font whenever she transformed into Thor, before reverting to normal when she did as well.
102:, that is, spellings of words that indicate that they are pronounced in a nonstandard way. For example, an author might write
870:
843:
816:
860:
601:
445:, the character Ogú replaces hard ⟨c⟩ with ⟨k⟩ (e.g. ⟨komida⟩ instead of ⟨comida⟩), to show that his accent is strange.
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Some cartoonists and comic book creators eschew phonetic eye dialects in favor of font changes or distinctive
1408:
1398:
1271:
Bowdre, Paul H., Jr. (1971). Eye dialect as a literary device. In J. V. Williamson & V. M. Burke (Eds.),
312:
An extreme example of a poem written entirely in (visually barely decipherable) eye dialect is "YgUDuh" by
483:
that disregards almost all French spelling conventions, as the main viewpoint character is a young child.
65:
While mostly used in dialogue, eye dialect may appear in the narrative depiction of altered spelling made
1238:
1403:
1248:
1318:
Macaulay, Ronald K. S. (1991). Coz It Izny Spelt When Then Say It: Displaying
Dialect in Writing.
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Ives, Sumner. (1971). A theory of literary dialect. In J. V. Williamson & V. M. Burke (Eds.),
612:
576:
99:
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is the following dialogue spoken by Jo, the miserable boy who sweeps a path across a street:
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Preston, Dennis R. (1982). Ritin' fowklower daun 'rong: Folklorists' failures in phonology.
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Fine, Elizabeth. (1983). In defense of literary dialect: A response to Dennis R. Preston.
8:
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The Stuff of
Literature: Physical Aspects of Texts and Their Relation to Literary Meaning
566:
77:
50:
34:
746:
Preston, Denis R. (1985). "The Li'l Abner
Syndrome: Written Representations of Speech".
675:
1351:
Preston, Dennis R. (1985). The Li'l Abner syndrome: Written representations of speech.
1227:
1173:
1156:
Nuessel, Frank H. Jr. (1982), "Eye
Dialect in Spanish: Some Pedagogical Applications",
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45:. However, eye dialect is also commonly used to indicate that a character's speech is
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Racism and Early
Blackface Comic Traditions: From the Old World to the New
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as an attempt at accurate transcription of a nonstandard pronunciation of
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Huck Finn's "hidden" Lessons: Teaching and
Learning Across the Color Line
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Walpole, Jane
Raymond (1974), "Eye Dialect in Fictional dialogue",
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frequently combined eye dialect with pronunciation spelling in his
20:
1022:
Speech and Thought Presentation in French: Concepts and Strategies
715:. The Century Co., for the Modern Language Association of America.
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is spelled "што" (as it is pronounced in contemporary Russian, so
41:
to represent more accurately the typical English pronunciation of
1340:
Preston, Dennis R. (1983). Mowr bayud spellin': A reply to Fine.
969:"Mr. Dooley's Brogue: The Literary Dialect of Finley Peter Dunne"
441:
332:
835:
Latinos Facing Racism: Discrimination, Resistance, and Endurance
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512:
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dialectal literature tends to spell ⟨zz⟩ instead of ⟨z⟩ (eg:
436:
427:
is short for "Niggaz Wit Attitudes", which uses eye dialect.
424:
391:
271:
1307:
Krapp, George P. (1926). The psychology of dialect writing.
1304:(pp. 145–177). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
1275:(pp. 178–179). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
1128:
Malin, Stephen D. (1965), "Eye Dialect in "Li'l Abner"",
1086:
The Lie That Tells a Truth: A Guide to Writing Fiction
130:
The Lie That Tells a Truth: A Guide to Writing Fiction
1289:
Ives, Sumner. (1950). A theory of literary dialect.
908:
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The Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language
452:, eye spelling is not uncommon. For example, in the
509:), actually reflecting the standard pronunciation.
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923:
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274:, who can communicate only by writing, resembles
16:Non-standard spelling emphasizing a pronunciation
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1183:
943:The Undecidable: Jacques Derrida and Paul Howard
661:
1244:The Columbia Guide to Standard American English
138:The Columbia Guide to Standard American English
918:
430:
394:, suggesting a stilted, emotionless cadence.
350:correkt, feends, hed, introduckshun, leppard,
706:
704:
414:used eye dialect for the title of his movie
831:
98:The term is less commonly used to refer to
966:
865:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. xiii.
774:
302:We must ask yew tew leave with us quoietly
1101:
912:
701:
298:Mr. Woilde, we 'ave come for tew take yew
158:Some authors who use eye dialect include
1192:Spoken Soul: The Story of Black English.
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718:
458:My son-in-law stole a carful of firewood
1209:
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832:Feagin, Joe R.; Cobas, José A. (2015).
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521:The Erotic Confessions of the Bohemians
456:'s story "Мой зять украл машину дров" (
1386:
1237:
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148:
1212:College Composition and Communication
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927:
719:Mcarthur, Tom (1998). "Eye dialect".
710:
465:
371:made extensive use of eye dialect in
31:informal or low-status language usage
1053:(Oct–Dec 1946), "Visual Morphemes",
858:
1196:, New York: John Wiley & Sons,
1025:. John Benjamins. pp. 264–65.
676:"Eye Dialect in English Literature"
13:
1265:
255:indicate standard pronunciations.
14:
1420:
1363:
967:Thogmartin, Clyde (Spring 1982).
946:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
300:Where felons and criminals dwell:
121:more effective than eye dialect.
1369:
1342:The Journal of American Folklore
1331:The Journal of American Folklore
1280:The Journal of American Folklore
673:
286:In his 1937 poem "The Arrest of
153:
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805:Hornback, Robert (2018-07-19).
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713:The English language in America
91:The English language in America
940:Gorman, Clare (June 1, 2015).
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643:
636:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
623:
594:
360:, while Li'l Abner's contains
346:lissen, aristocratick, mountin
1:
1374:The dictionary definition of
1102:Levenston, Edward A. (1992),
1088:, W.W. Norton & Company,
1043:
662:Rickford & Rickford (2000
523:(1893–1903), is written in a
405:
352:and perhaps the most common,
323:
7:
1001:, New York: Clarion Books,
530:
431:Examples in other languages
10:
1425:
723:. Oxford University Press.
270:, while the dialogue of a
18:
1291:Tulane Studies in English
1249:Columbia University Press
1019:Marnette, Sophie (2005).
956:– via Google Books.
838:. Routledge. p. 58.
811:. Springer. p. 239.
281:
266:, for example, speaks in
33:. The term was coined by
587:
19:Not to be confused with
997:Reef, Catherine (2006)
613:Oxford University Press
410:American film director
290:at the Cadogan Hotel",
100:pronunciation spellings
577:Spelling pronunciation
310:
245:
96:
56:
859:Rush, Sharon (2006).
609:UK English Dictionary
537:Apologetic apostrophe
527:form of eye dialect.
505:in place of standard
493:in place of standard
296:
241:
208:Harriet Beecher Stowe
82:
1409:Narrative techniques
1399:Nonstandard spelling
711:Krapp, G.P. (1925).
619:on October 27, 2020.
572:Sensational spelling
499:syntactic gemination
417:Inglourious Basterds
344:. Examples include
216:Maxine Beneba Clarke
192:James Whitcomb Riley
180:Joel Chandler Harris
118:Jane Raymond Walpole
1051:Bolinger, Dwight L.
567:Satiric misspelling
476:Zazie dans le Métro
308:the Cadogan Hotel.
149:Examples in English
78:George Philip Krapp
35:George Philip Krapp
1302:A various language
1273:A various language
1239:Wilson, Kenneth G.
639:. Merriam-Webster.
552:Inventive spelling
450:Russian literature
224:Finley Peter Dunne
76:was first used by
1186:Rickford, Russell
872:978-0-7425-4520-5
845:978-1-317-25695-3
818:978-3-319-78048-1
412:Quentin Tarantino
89:George P. Krapp,
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246:
242:
234:
232:
228:Irvine Welsh
200:Robert Ruark
172:Greer Gilman
160:Maya Angelou
157:
143:
137:
129:
127:
116:
112:
107:
103:
97:
90:
83:
73:
71:
66:
64:
60:
42:
38:
26:
25:
1394:Orthography
1377:eye dialect
1309:The Bookman
928:Malin (1965
400:Jane Foster
387:Swamp Thing
367:Cartoonist
337:comic strip
288:Oscar Wilde
236:Bleak House
220:Paul Howard
74:eye dialect
51:nonstandard
27:Eye dialect
1388:Categories
1315:, 522–527.
1297:, 137–182.
1121:2011-06-12
1044:References
717:quoted in
681:11 October
652::193, 195)
557:Mondegreen
517:Hans Jæger
491:posizzione
473:The novel
406:Other uses
369:Walt Kelly
341:Li'l Abner
330:cartoonist
212:Mark Twain
176:Alex Haley
47:vernacular
542:Eye rhyme
525:Norwegian
513:Norwegian
503:ho ffatto
495:posizione
328:American
324:In comics
304:For this
260:Discworld
249:wos, sed,
72:The term
1241:(1993),
1188:(2000),
1158:Hispania
1084:(2003),
1055:Language
1009:, p. 104
979:(2): 184
531:See also
507:ho fatto
362:goormays
358:gourmets
87:—
21:Idiolect
983:June 7,
515:author
487:Italian
442:Mampato
437:Chilean
435:In the
333:Al Capp
258:In his
1255:
1232:357177
1230:
1200:
1178:341268
1176:
1150:454075
1148:
1112:
1092:
1075:409923
1073:
1029:
1005:
950:
869:
842:
815:
768:454910
766:
607:Lexico
562:Preved
497:) and
481:French
439:comic
282:Poetry
226:, and
136:cites
93:(1925)
39:wimmin
1228:JSTOR
1174:JSTOR
1146:JSTOR
1071:JSTOR
930::230)
900::346)
888::194)
795::200)
783::195)
764:JSTOR
736::186)
698::349)
588:Notes
501:(eg:
425:N.W.A
392:OCR-A
354:enuff
272:golem
264:Death
43:women
1253:ISBN
1198:ISBN
1110:ISBN
1090:ISBN
1027:ISBN
1003:ISBN
985:2021
948:ISBN
915::56)
867:ISBN
840:ISBN
813:ISBN
683:2018
664::23)
462:what
396:Thor
374:Pogo
253:wuns
251:and
108:that
1220:doi
1166:doi
1138:doi
1063:doi
756:doi
230:.
128:In
104:dat
57:Use
1390::
1357:60
1355:,
1346:96
1344:,
1335:95
1333:,
1324:66
1322:,
1313:63
1311:,
1293:,
1284:96
1282:,
1251:,
1226:,
1216:25
1214:,
1172:,
1162:65
1160:,
1144:,
1134:40
1132:,
1069:,
1059:22
1057:,
977:16
975:.
971:.
920:^
905:^
762:.
752:60
750:.
703:^
633:.
611:.
604:.
420:.
384:.
364:.
348:,
320:.
306:is
222:,
218:,
214:,
210:,
206:,
202:,
198:,
194:,
190:,
186:,
182:,
178:,
174:,
170:,
166:,
162:,
132:,
110:.
67:by
1295:2
1222::
1168::
1140::
1065::
1035:.
987:.
875:.
848:.
821:.
770:.
758::
685:.
49:(
23:.
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