33:
970:(However, a little earlier, in the year 848 , there was a sign in the sun. One had never seen it and nowhere is it written that such had happened in the world. If it were not that we found it recorded in most proven and credible writings, and confirmed by men worthy of belief, we would not have written it ; for it's difficult to conceive. So it is said that the sun was darkened and that its eclipse lasted a year and a half, that is, eighteen months. Every day it shone for about four hours and yet this light was only a feeble shadow. Everyone declared that it would not return to the state of its original light. Fruits did not ripen, and wine had the taste of what comes from sour grapes.)
73:, although the impact of the cooler temperatures extended beyond Europe. Modern scholarship has determined that in early AD 536 (or possibly late 535), an eruption ejected massive amounts of sulfate aerosols into the atmosphere, which reduced the solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface and cooled the atmosphere for several years. In March 536, Constantinople began experiencing darkened skies and lower temperatures.
2540:
BĂŒntgen, Ulf; Myglan, Vladimir S.; Ljungqvist, Fredrik
Charpentier; McCormick, Michael; Di Cosmo, Nicola; Sigl, Michael; Jungclaus, Johann; Wagner, Sebastian; Krusic, Paul J.; Esper, Jan; Kaplan, Jed O.; de Vaan, Michiel A. C.; Luterbacher, JĂŒrg; Wacker, Lukas; Tegel, Willy; Kirdyanov, Alexander V.
548:
commented that "much of the apparent evidence presented in the book is highly debatable, based on poor sources or simply incorrect. Nonetheless, both the global scope and the emphasis on the 6th century AD as a time of wide-ranging change are notable, and the book contains some obscure information
2711:
Sigl, M.; Winstrup, M.; McConnell, J. R.; Welten, K. C.; Plunkett, G.; Ludlow, F.; BĂŒntgen, U.; Caffee, M.; Chellman, N.; Dahl-Jensen, D.; Fischer, H.; Kipfstuhl, S.; Kostick, C.; Maselli, O. J.; Mekhaldi, F.; Mulvaney, R.; Muscheler, R.; Pasteris, D. R.; Pilcher, J. R.; Salzer, M.; SchĂŒpbach, S.;
367:
to the exact year AD 536 (previously dated to AD 529 before revision). This is strong evidence that a large explosive volcanic eruption caused the observed dimming and cooling, removing the need for an extraterrestrial explanation, but an impact event around this time period cannot be ruled out.
1870:
Smith, Victoria C.; Costa, Antonio; Aguirre-DĂaz, Gerardo; Pedrazzi, Dario; Scifo, Andrea; Plunkett, Gill; Poret, Mattieu; Tournigand, Pierre-Yves; Miles, Dan; Dee, Michael W.; McConnell, Joseph R.; SunyĂ©-Puchol, Ivan; Harris, Pablo DĂĄvila; Sigl, Michael; Pilcher, Jonathan R.; Chellman, Nathan;
76:
Summer temperatures in 536 fell by as much as 2.5 °C (4.5 °F) below normal in Europe. The lingering impact of the volcanic winter of 536 was augmented in 539â540, when another volcanic eruption caused summer temperatures to decline as much as 2.7 °C (4.9 °F) below normal in
425:
Christopher
Loveluck and his colleagues proposed Icelandic volcanos based on the shards from a Swiss glacier. However, the cryptotephras dated exactly to AD 536 are geochemically distinct from Icelandic tephra, and the shards in the Swiss glacier have large age
1941:
Loveluck, Christopher P.; McCormick, Michael; Spaulding, Nicole E.; Clifford, Heather; Handley, Michael J.; Hartman, Laura; Hoffmann, Helene; Korotkikh, Elena V.; Kurbatov, Andrei V.; More, Alexander F.; Sneed, Sharon B.; Mayewski, Paul A. (14 November 2018).
1730:
148:
The sky is described as "blended with alien elements" just like cloudy weather, except prolonged. It was "stretched like a hide across the sky" and prevented the "true colours" of the sun and moon from being seen, along with the sun's
2768:
1811:
Dull, Robert A.; Southon, John R.; Kutterolf, Steffen; Anchukaitis, Kevin J.; Freundt, Armin; Wahl, David B.; Sheets, Payson; Amaroli, Paul; Hernandez, Walter; Wiemann, Michael C.; Oppenheimer, Clive (October 2019).
64:
was caused by at least three simultaneous eruptions of uncertain origin, with several possible locations proposed in various continents. Most contemporary accounts of the volcanic winter are from authors in
2397:
Gao, Chaochao; Robock, Alan; Self, Stephen; Witter, Jeffrey B.; Steffenson, J. P.; Clausen, Henrik Brink; Siggaard-Andersen, Marie-Louise; Johnsen, Sigfus; Mayewski, Paul A.; Ammann, Caspar (2006).
1516:
2649:
430:
Geochemical analysis of AD 536 cryptotephras distinguishes at least three synchronous eruptive events in North
America. Further analysis correlates one of the eruptions to a widespread
77:
Europe. There is evidence of still another volcanic eruption in 547 which would have extended the cool period. The volcanic eruptions caused crop failures, and were accompanied by the
2108:
Plunkett, Gill; Sigl, Michael; Schwaiger, Hans F.; Tomlinson, Emma L.; Toohey, Matthew; McConnell, Joseph R.; Pilcher, Jonathan R.; Hasegawa, Takeshi; Siebe, Claus (18 January 2022).
2189:
2465:
Roman Gold and the
Development of the Early Germanic Kingdoms: Aspects of Technical, Socio-political, Socio-economic, Artistic and Intellectual Development, A.D. 1â500
871:
gives this quote as "The Sun gave forth its light without brightness, like the moon during this whole year, and it seemed exceedingly like the Sun in eclipse".
17:
1784:
Dull, R.; Southon, J. R.; Kutterolf, S.; Freundt, A.; Wahl, D.; Sheets, P. (13â17 December 2010). "Did the TBJ Ilopango eruption cause the AD 536 event?".
549:
that will be new to many. However, it fails to demonstrate its central thesis and does not offer a convincing explanation for the many changes discussed".
1338:
Larsen, L. B.; Vinther, B. M.; Briffa, K. R.; Melvin, T. M.; Clausen, H. B.; Jones, P. D.; Siggaard-Andersen, M.-L.; Hammer, C. U.; et al. (2008).
1579:
941:
181:, we would look but it would not be found," an exchange of 873 grams of grain for 43 grams of gold, reflecting the scarcity of grain during this time.
674:
Abbott, D. H.; Biscaye, P.; Cole-Dai, J.; Breger, D. (December 2008). "Magnetite and
Silicate Spherules from the GISP2 Core at the 536 A.D. Horizon".
516:
32:
2110:"No evidence for tephra in Greenland from the historic eruption of Vesuvius in 79 CE: implications for geochronology and paleoclimatology"
834:. Vol. 2: History of the Wars, Books III and IV. Translated by Dewing, Henry Bronson. London, England: William Heinemann. p. 329.
2399:"The 1452 or 1453 A.D. Kuwae Eruption Signal Derived from Multiple Ice Core Records: Greatest Volcanic Sulfate Event of the Past 700 Years"
2002:
Plunkett, Gill; Sigl, Michael; Pilcher, Jonathan R.; McConnell, Joseph R.; Chellman, Nathan; Steffensen, J.P.; BĂŒntgen, Ulf (8 June 2020).
968:"Or, un peu auparavant, en l'an 848, il y eut un signe dans le soleil..., et le vin avait le goût de celui qui provient de raisins acides."
88:
The medieval scholar
Michael McCormick wrote that 536 "was the beginning of one of the worst periods to be alive, if not the worst year."
2804:
1139:
Stothers, R. B.; Rampino, M. R. (1983). "Volcanic eruptions in the
Mediterranean before AD 630 from written and archaeological sources".
174:
1339:
2575:
2674:
Salzer, Matthew W.; Hughes, Malcolm K. (January 2007). "Bristlecone pine tree rings and volcanic eruptions over the last 5000 yr".
2854:
2206:
1515:
Sigl, M.; Winstrup, M.; McConnell, J. R.; Welten, K. C.; Plunkett, G.; Ludlow, F.; BĂŒntgen, U.; Caffee, M.; Chellman, N. (2015).
344:
It was originally theorized that the climatic changes of AD 536 were caused by either volcanic eruptions (a phenomenon known as "
2844:
439:
1578:
Abbott, Dallas H.; Breger, Dee; Biscaye, Pierre E.; Barron, John A.; Juhl, Robert A.; McCafferty, Patrick (1 September 2014).
2839:
2778:
2664:
2624:
2600:
2530:
2472:
2285:
2265:
1414:
1123:
1088:
1063:
864:
839:
564:, are historical, happening in 537 as a consequence of the famine associated with the climate change of the previous year.
2713:
1814:"Radiocarbon and geologic evidence reveal Ilopango volcano as a source of the colossal 'mystery' eruption of 539/40 CE"
1731:"Planktonic Foram Dates from the Indonesian Arc: Marine 14C Reservoir Ages and a Mythical AD 535 Eruption of Krakatau"
956:
2645:
2340:
2243:
1599:
918:
706:
2859:
2482:
Baillie, Michael G. L. (1994). "Dendrochronology Raises
Questions About the Nature of the AD 536 Dust-Veil Event".
464:. The gold was possibly a sacrifice to appease the gods and get the sunlight back. Mythological events such as the
313:
2051:
Plunkett, Gill; Sigl, Michael; McConnell, Joseph R.; Pilcher, Jonathan R.; Chellman, Nathan J. (1 February 2023).
592:
263:
2834:
2197:
586:
1318:
Baillie, M. G. L. (1994). "Dendrochronology Raises
Questions About the Nature of the AD 536 Dust-Veil Event."
2794:
602:
112:
took place. For the sun gave forth its light without brightness... and it seemed exceedingly like the sun in
2864:
2829:
623:
415:
1990:
544:
However, Keys and
Wohletz's ideas lack mainstream acceptance. Reviewing Keys' book, British archaeologist
451:
82:
900:
2874:
2849:
581:
567:
Historian Robert Bruton argues that this catastrophe played a role in the decline of the Roman Empire.
371:
The source of volcanic eruption remains to be found but several proposed volcanoes have been rejected:
483:
speculates that the climate changes contributed to various developments, such as the emergence of the
2869:
965:] (in French). Vol. 2. Translated by Chabot, J. -B. Paris, France: Leroux. pp. 220â221.
434:
tephra identified in northeast California. The other two eruptions most likely originated from the
237:
The Annals of the Tang Dynasty, which mentions the âgreat coldâ and âfamineâ that occurred in 536.
251:, a historical text that mentions the âgreat coldâ and the âfamine that occurred in the summerâ.
2455:. Vol. 59. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. pp. 73â94.
1320:
188:
2543:"Cooling and societal change during the Late Antique Little Ice Age from 536 to around 660 AD"
2003:
1873:"The magnitude and impact of the 431 CE Tierra Blanca Joven eruption of Ilopango, El Salvador"
882:
829:
1944:"Alpine ice-core evidence for the transformation of the European monetary system, AD 640â670"
633:
576:
456:
The 536 event and ensuing famine have been suggested as an explanation for the deposition of
431:
241:
1447:
2728:
2683:
2554:
2491:
2413:
2121:
2064:
1884:
1828:
1793:
1742:
1687:
1632:
1528:
1443:
1383:
1351:
1242:
1191:
1148:
735:
679:
628:
209:
109:
70:
2583:
229:, in which Arthur and Medraut fell, and there was great mortality in Britain and Ireland."
8:
2610:
1109:
537:
488:
484:
480:
394:
78:
57:
2805:
CCNet Debate: The AD 536â540 Mystery: Global Catastrophe, Regional Event or Modern Myth?
2732:
2687:
2558:
2495:
2417:
2125:
2068:
2004:"Smoking guns and volcanic ash: the importance of sparse tephras in Greenland ice cores"
1888:
1832:
1797:
1746:
1691:
1636:
1532:
1355:
1254:
1246:
1195:
1152:
739:
683:
244:, which describes the âyear of great coldâ and the âfamine that occurred in the summerâ.
2752:
2699:
2507:
2354:
2346:
2090:
2033:
1973:
1915:
1872:
1852:
1766:
1711:
1656:
1605:
1560:
1469:
1375:
1301:
1215:
935:
810:
761:
184:
1580:"What caused terrestrial dust loading and climate downturns between A.D. 533 and 540?"
2774:
2744:
2660:
2641:
2620:
2614:
2596:
2595:. British Archaeological Reports (BAR) International. Oxford, England: Archaeopress.
2526:
2511:
2468:
2429:
2358:
2336:
2293:
2261:
2260:. British Archaeological Reports (BAR) International. Oxford, England: Archaeopress.
2239:
2235:
2149:
2094:
2082:
2037:
2025:
1977:
1965:
1920:
1902:
1856:
1844:
1758:
1715:
1703:
1648:
1609:
1595:
1552:
1544:
1473:
1461:
1456:
1431:
1410:
1367:
1293:
1258:
1207:
1164:
1119:
1113:
1084:
1059:
914:
860:
835:
814:
802:
765:
753:
723:
702:
561:
422:. Identification of TBJ tephra in ice cores narrowed the eruption date to AD 429â433.
254:
Nanshi ććČ "History of the South" describes "a yellow ash-like substance from the sky"
226:
2703:
2398:
2077:
2052:
1840:
1770:
1379:
1010:
2764:
2756:
2736:
2691:
2562:
2499:
2421:
2328:
2139:
2129:
2072:
2015:
1955:
1910:
1892:
1836:
1750:
1695:
1660:
1640:
1587:
1564:
1536:
1451:
1359:
1285:
1250:
1219:
1199:
1156:
906:
794:
743:
508:
461:
387:. The eruption is now thought to have occurred in the interval AD 667â699 based on
384:
364:
306:
217:
203:
2576:"Climate Change, Volcanoes, and Plagues – the New Tools of History"
2451:
Arjava, Antti (2006). "The Mystery Cloud of 536 CE in the Mediterranean Sources".
2301:
1276:
Arjava, Antti (2005). "The mystery cloud of 536 CE in the Mediterranean sources".
1028:
678:. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2008. Vol. 41. pp. 41Bâ1454.
2520:
2109:
887:. Translated by Hodgkin, Thomas. London, England: Henry Frowde. pp. 518â520.
618:
496:
473:
388:
345:
287:
262:
Low temperatures, even snow during the summer (snow reportedly fell in August in
61:
45:
2695:
889:
See: "25. Senator, Praetorian Praefect, to his deputy Ambrosius, an Illustris."
336:
deposits in around 534 ± 2, which is evidence of an extensive acidic dust veil.
158:
Subsequent letters (no. 26 and 27) discuss plans to relieve a widespread famine.
2503:
2053:"The significance of volcanic ash in Greenland ice cores during the Common Era"
376:
248:
139:"A winter without storms, a spring without mildness, and a summer without heat"
66:
1813:
1754:
1699:
1591:
1487:
MacIntyre, Ferren (2002). "Simultaneous Settlement of Indo-Pacific Extrema?".
673:
512:
411:
ruled out any possibility that an eruption took place during this time period.
363:
In 2015, revision of polar ice core chronologies dated sulfate deposits and a
2813:
2633:
2433:
2297:
2153:
2086:
2029:
1969:
1906:
1848:
1762:
1707:
1652:
1548:
1465:
1371:
1297:
1262:
1211:
1168:
806:
789:
Gibbons, Ann (15 November 2018). "Why 536 was 'the worst year to be alive'".
757:
748:
553:
419:
2542:
2020:
1897:
1675:
1160:
798:
2824:
2819:
2798:
2748:
2714:"Timing and climate forcing of volcanic eruptions for the past 2,500 years"
2460:
2350:
2185:
2167:
1924:
1556:
1517:"Timing and climate forcing of volcanic eruptions for the past 2,500 years"
724:"Climate and social change at the start of the Late Antique Little Ice Age"
500:
465:
435:
408:
349:
309:
195:
191:, reported that during 536â537 the sun shone feebly for a year and a half.
101:
2134:
1960:
1943:
910:
2425:
1363:
613:
607:
557:
380:
302:
273:
120:
2740:
2332:
2246:(first published 1961) among others, refer to the climate change theory.
1729:
Southon, John; Mohtadi, Mahyar; Pol-Holz, Ricardo De (9 February 2013).
1540:
1056:
Climate: the force that shapes our world and the future of life on earth
857:
Climate: the force that shapes our world and the future of life on earth
469:
2144:
1991:
https://www.science.org/content/article/why-536-was-worst-year-be-alive
1305:
979:
597:
329:
1674:
McKee, Chris O.; Baillie, Michael G.; Reimer, Paula J. (4 July 2015).
1340:"New ice core evidence for a volcanic cause of the A.D. 536 dust veil"
1233:
Rampino, M. R.; Self, S.; Stothers, R. B. (1988). "Volcanic winters".
162:
In the entry corresponding to the year 535â536, the early 7th century
56:
was the most severe and protracted episode of climatic cooling in the
2566:
2463:(2001). "Amulet Pendants and a Darkened Sun". In Bente Magnus (ed.).
1676:"A revised age of ad 667â699 for the latest major eruption at Rabaul"
1644:
1430:
Rigby, Emma; Symonds, Melissa; Ward-Thompson, Derek (February 2004).
1203:
524:
403:
353:
325:
258:
Further phenomena were reported by independent contemporary sources:
163:
97:
2373:
1289:
992:
2281:
545:
398:
321:
2616:
Catastrophe: An Investigation into the Origins of the Modern World
1940:
1115:
Catastrophe: an investigation into the origins of the modern world
701:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 253.
27:
Cooling period in Northern Hemisphere caused by volcanic eruptions
333:
123:
described the following to one of his subordinates in letter 25:
113:
105:
2712:
Steffensen, J. P.; Vinther, B. M.; Woodruff, T. E. (July 2015).
2539:
320:
in 536 and another sharp drop in 542, after a partial recovery.
152:
Frosts during harvest, which made apples harden and grapes sour.
1810:
527:) capitalised upon Keys' book. The documentary, under the name
492:
277:
178:
41:
37:
2107:
1869:
1623:
Stothers, R. B. (26 January 1984). "Mystery cloud of AD 536".
1182:
Stothers, R. B. (16 January 1984). "Mystery cloud of AD 536".
127:
The sun's rays were weak, and they appeared a "bluish" colour.
2375:
The Role of Climate Change in the Decline of the Roman Empire
504:
457:
357:
2593:
The Years Without Summer: Tracing A.D. 536 and its Aftermath
2258:
The Years Without Summer: Tracing A.D. 536 and its Aftermath
2050:
2001:
1584:
Volcanism, Impacts, and Mass Extinctions: Causes and Effects
963:
Chronicle of Michael the Syrian, Jacobite Patriarch of Syria
958:
Chronique de Michel le Syrien, Patriarche Jacobite d'Antoche
2710:
2522:
A Slice Through Time: Dendrochronology and Precision Dating
1783:
1514:
1104:
1102:
1100:
520:
294:
There are other sources of evidence regarding this period.
283:
170:
130:
At noon, no shadows from people were visible on the ground.
155:
The need to use stored food to last through the situation.
1577:
1429:
1337:
532:
317:
2657:
Justinian's Flea: Plague, Empire and the Birth of Europe
1097:
1081:
Justinian's flea: Plague, Empire and the Birth of Europe
401:
by shifting a cataclysm in AD 416 recorded in Javanese
1728:
2770:
Krakatoa: The Day the World Exploded, August 27, 1883
2573:
1407:
Exodus to Arthur: Catastrophic Encounters with Comets
414:
Robert Dull and colleagues proposed the large VEI-7,
1054:
Ochoa, George; Hoffman, Jennifer; Tin, Tina (2005).
902:
The Book of Kings and the Explanations of This World
855:
Ochoa, George; Hoffman, Jennifer; Tin, Tina (2005).
2609:
2396:
1232:
1108:
81:, famine, and millions of deaths and initiated the
2325:British Battles 493â937: Mount Badon to Brunanburh
1673:
136:The moon, even when full, was "empty of splendour"
2763:
2582:. GlobalThink.Net Research Papers. Archived from
2327:. London, England: Anthem Press. pp. 13â24.
1486:
460:of gold by Scandinavian elites at the end of the
2811:
954:
145:The seasons "seem to be all jumbled up together"
2190:"The year 536 and the Scandinavian gold hoards"
1877:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1138:
1053:
854:
266:, which caused the harvest there to be delayed)
1049:
1047:
1045:
940:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
36:Tombstone in the chapel of Filippo e Giacomo,
2459:
2255:
1235:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
40:, dated to AD 536 (the second year after the
2673:
2467:. Almquiest & Wiksell Intl. p. 51.
1058:. Emmaus, Pennsylvania: Rodale. p. 71.
1042:
1029:"Camlan | Robbins Library Digital Projects"
880:
784:
782:
208:"A failure of bread from AD 536â539" â the
169:relates, "were you to request a tenth of a
2638:The Scientific American Book of the Cosmos
2590:
316:, shows abnormally little growth in Irish
2574:Farhat-Holzman, Laina (23 January 2003).
2525:. London, England: Batsford. p. 93.
2143:
2133:
2076:
2019:
1959:
1914:
1896:
1455:
1333:
1331:
827:
747:
721:
690:
653:The battle is dated 539 in some editions.
556:in a recent book (2020) argues that some
116:, for the beams it shed were not clear".
2316:
2274:
2249:
1622:
1181:
779:
715:
495:tribes towards the west, the end of the
445:
339:
142:Prolonged frost and unseasonable drought
100:recorded in AD 536 in his report on the
31:
2518:
2481:
2286:"Jumbling old events with modern myths"
1404:
788:
667:
91:
14:
2812:
2450:
2371:
2322:
1871:Gutiérrez, Eduardo (20 October 2020).
1328:
1275:
898:
696:
440:Northern Cordilleran volcanic province
375:R. B. Stothers postulated the volcano
297:
2654:
2184:
2166:
1936:
1934:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1078:
531:, was broadcast in the US as part of
202:"A failure of bread in AD 536" â the
2280:
905:. Liverpool: Liverpool. p. 77.
1255:10.1146/annurev.ea.16.050188.000445
24:
2659:. London, England: Jonathan Cape.
2444:
1931:
1499:
1409:. London, England: B.T. Batsford.
1083:. London, England: Jonathan Cape.
529:Catastrophe! How the World Changed
25:
2886:
2788:
993:"List of Published Texts at CELT"
472:are theorised to be based on the
133:The heat from the sun was feeble.
108:, "during this year a most dread
18:Extreme weather events of 535â536
1457:10.1046/j.1468-4004.2003.45123.x
859:. Emmaus, Pennsylvania: Rodale.
407:to AD 535. Drilling projects in
187:(1126â1199), a patriarch of the
85:, which lasted from 536 to 560.
2406:Journal of Geophysical Research
2390:
2372:Burton, Robert (7 April 2019).
2365:
2224:
2178:
2160:
2101:
2078:10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107936
2044:
1995:
1984:
1863:
1841:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.07.037
1804:
1777:
1722:
1667:
1616:
1571:
1480:
1423:
1405:Baillie, Michael G. L. (1999).
1398:
1312:
1269:
1226:
1175:
1141:Journal of Geophysical Research
1132:
1072:
1021:
1003:
985:
973:
647:
593:946 eruption of Paektu Mountain
389:wiggle-match radiocarbon dating
2855:Events that forced the climate
948:
892:
874:
848:
821:
587:1815 eruption of Mount Tambora
487:(541â549), the decline of the
13:
1:
2845:6th-century natural disasters
660:
332:show evidence of substantial
314:Queen's University of Belfast
233:In Chinese sources include:
60:in the last 2,000 years. The
2840:6th century in North America
2773:. New York: Harper-Collins.
2619:. New York: Ballantine Pub.
1118:. New York: Ballantine Pub.
1011:"Annals of the Four Masters"
624:Tierra Blanca Joven eruption
119:In 538, the Roman statesman
7:
2696:10.1016/j.yqres.2006.07.004
1432:"A comet impact in AD 536?"
913:(inactive 19 August 2024).
899:HĂ€berl, Charles G. (2022).
610:, Roman emperor at the time
570:
452:Late Antique Little Ice Age
83:Late Antique Little Ice Age
10:
2891:
2504:10.1177/095968369400400211
2057:Quaternary Science Reviews
1821:Quaternary Science Reviews
1786:AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts
884:The Letters of Cassiodorus
676:AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts
582:1452/1453 mystery eruption
449:
272:"A dense, dry fog" in the
2519:Baillie, Michael (1995).
2205:: 186â188. Archived from
1755:10.1017/S0033822200048074
1700:10.1007/s00445-015-0954-7
955:Michel le Syrien (1901).
722:Peregrine, Peter (2020).
603:Great Famine of 1315â1317
221:record for the year 537:
1436:Astronomy and Geophysics
749:10.1177/0959683620941079
640:
511:tribes, and the fall of
269:Widespread crop failures
198:recorded the following:
2860:Medieval weather events
2655:Rosen, William (2007).
2323:Breeze, Andrew (2020).
2021:10.33265/polar.v39.3511
1898:10.1073/pnas.2003008117
1680:Bulletin of Volcanology
1448:2004A&G....45a..23R
1161:10.1029/JB088iB08p06357
1079:Rosen, William (2007).
799:10.1126/science.aaw0632
686:. Abstract #PP41B-1454.
589:, largest ever recorded
2650:(Google Print, p. 186)
2256:Gunn, Joel D. (2000).
560:events, including the
499:, the collapse of the
418:(TBJ) eruption of the
397:suggested the volcano
189:Syriac Orthodox Church
54:volcanic winter of 536
49:
2835:6th century in Europe
2586:on 27 September 2007.
2453:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
2135:10.5194/cp-18-45-2022
1961:10.15184/aqy.2018.110
1592:10.1130/2014.2505(23)
1278:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
911:10.3828/9781800856271
697:Harper, Kyle (2017).
634:Year Without a Summer
577:1257 Samalas eruption
446:Historic consequences
340:Possible explanations
286:, which affected the
242:Book of the Later Han
215:The mid-10th-century
173:of grain in the land
69:, the capital of the
35:
2426:10.1029/2005JD006710
2198:Medieval Archaeology
2170:(2001). "Ă
ret 536".
1364:10.1029/2007GL032450
881:Cassiodorus (1886).
629:Volcanism of Iceland
210:Annals of Inisfallen
96:The Roman historian
92:Documentary evidence
71:Eastern Roman Empire
2865:6th-century famines
2830:6th century in Asia
2741:10.1038/nature14565
2733:2015Natur.523..543S
2688:2007QuRes..67...57S
2676:Quaternary Research
2611:Keys, David Patrick
2591:Gunn, Joel (2000).
2559:2016NatGe...9..231B
2496:1994Holoc...4..212B
2418:2006JGRD..11112107G
2333:10.2307/j.ctvv4187r
2304:on 25 February 2006
2290:British Archaeology
2126:2022CliPa..18...45P
2114:Climate of the Past
2069:2023QSRv..30107936P
1889:2020PNAS..11726061S
1883:(42): 26061â26068.
1833:2019QSRv..22205855D
1798:2010AGUFM.V13C2370D
1747:2013Radcb..55.1164S
1692:2015BVol...77...65M
1637:1984Natur.307..344S
1541:10.1038/nature14565
1533:2015Natur.523..543S
1356:2008GeoRL..35.4708L
1247:1988AREPS..16...73R
1196:1984Natur.307..344S
1153:1983JGR....88.6357S
1110:Keys, David Patrick
980:Gaelic Irish Annals
740:2020Holoc..30.1643P
684:2008AGUFMPP41B1454A
538:Secrets of the Dead
507:, the expansion of
491:, the migration of
485:Plague of Justinian
416:Tierra Blanca Joven
298:Scientific evidence
79:Plague of Justinian
58:Northern Hemisphere
2795:"536 and all that"
1954:(366): 1571â1585.
1344:Geophys. Res. Lett
828:Procopius (1916).
479:A book written by
365:cryptotephra layer
307:dendrochronologist
185:Michael the Syrian
50:
2875:Mystery eruptions
2850:Anomalous weather
2780:978-0-06-621285-2
2765:Winchester, Simon
2727:(7562): 543â549.
2666:978-0-224-07369-1
2626:978-0-345-40876-1
2602:978-1-84171-074-7
2547:Nature Geoscience
2532:978-0-7134-7654-5
2474:978-91-7402-310-7
2284:(November 1999).
2267:978-1-84171-074-7
2236:Studentlitteratur
2212:on 10 August 2011
1631:(5949): 344â345.
1527:(7562): 543â549.
1416:978-0-7134-8352-9
1190:(5949): 344â345.
1147:(B8): 6357â6471.
1125:978-0-345-40876-1
1090:978-0-224-07369-1
1065:978-1-59486-288-5
866:978-1-59486-288-5
841:978-0-674-99054-8
734:(11): 1643â1648.
562:Battle of Camlann
436:eastern Aleutians
227:Battle of Camlann
16:(Redirected from
2882:
2870:Volcanic winters
2784:
2760:
2718:
2707:
2670:
2630:
2606:
2587:
2570:
2567:10.1038/ngeo2652
2536:
2515:
2478:
2456:
2438:
2437:
2403:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2378:. Capstone Paper
2369:
2363:
2362:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2300:. Archived from
2278:
2272:
2271:
2253:
2247:
2232:Nordisk Hedendom
2228:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2211:
2194:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2147:
2137:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2080:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2023:
1999:
1993:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1963:
1938:
1929:
1928:
1918:
1900:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1818:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1741:(3): 1164â1172.
1726:
1720:
1719:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1645:10.1038/307344a0
1620:
1614:
1613:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1512:
1497:
1496:
1489:Rapa Nui Journal
1484:
1478:
1477:
1459:
1442:(1): 1.23â1.26.
1427:
1421:
1420:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1382:. Archived from
1335:
1326:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1204:10.1038/307344a0
1179:
1173:
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1136:
1130:
1129:
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1094:
1076:
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1040:
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989:
983:
977:
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852:
846:
845:
825:
819:
818:
786:
777:
776:
774:
772:
751:
719:
713:
712:
699:The Fate of Rome
694:
688:
687:
671:
654:
651:
552:The philologist
519:production (for
462:Migration Period
420:Ilopango caldera
385:Papua New Guinea
305:analysis by the
218:Annales Cambriae
204:Annals of Ulster
21:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2810:
2809:
2791:
2781:
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2667:
2627:
2603:
2533:
2475:
2447:
2445:Further reading
2442:
2441:
2401:
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2391:
2381:
2379:
2370:
2366:
2343:
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2317:
2307:
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2209:
2192:
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2161:
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2049:
2045:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1985:
1939:
1932:
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1485:
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1424:
1417:
1403:
1399:
1389:
1387:
1336:
1329:
1325:fig. 3, p. 215.
1317:
1313:
1290:10.2307/4128751
1274:
1270:
1231:
1227:
1180:
1176:
1137:
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658:
657:
652:
648:
643:
619:Minoan eruption
573:
497:Sassanid Empire
474:cultural memory
454:
448:
346:volcanic winter
342:
300:
94:
62:volcanic winter
46:Decius Paulinus
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2790:
2789:External links
2787:
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2708:
2671:
2665:
2652:
2631:
2625:
2607:
2601:
2588:
2571:
2553:(3): 231â236.
2541:(March 2016).
2537:
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2516:
2490:(2): 212â217.
2479:
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2446:
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2440:
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2412:(D12107): 11.
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2008:Polar Research
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1386:on 6 June 2011
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503:, the rise of
476:of the event.
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2241:
2238:, Lund 2005,
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1842:
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1799:
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1792:: V13Câ2370.
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554:Andrew Breeze
550:
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515:. In 2000, a
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404:Book of Kings
400:
396:
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19:
2799:Real Climate
2769:
2724:
2720:
2682:(1): 57â68.
2679:
2675:
2656:
2637:
2615:
2592:
2584:the original
2579:
2550:
2546:
2521:
2487:
2484:The Holocene
2483:
2464:
2452:
2409:
2405:
2392:
2380:. Retrieved
2374:
2367:
2324:
2318:
2306:. Retrieved
2302:the original
2289:
2276:
2257:
2251:
2231:
2226:
2214:. Retrieved
2207:the original
2202:
2196:
2180:
2171:
2162:
2120:(1): 45â65.
2117:
2113:
2103:
2060:
2056:
2046:
2011:
2007:
1997:
1986:
1951:
1947:
1880:
1876:
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