Hard disk drive - Knowledge

3672:). If the air density is too low, then there is not enough lift for the flying head, so the head gets too close to the disk, and there is a risk of head crashes and data loss. Specially manufactured sealed and pressurized disks are needed for reliable high-altitude operation, above about 3,000 m (9,800 ft). Modern disks include temperature sensors and adjust their operation to the operating environment. Breather holes can be seen on all disk drives – they usually have a sticker next to them, warning the user not to cover the holes. The air inside the operating drive is constantly moving too, being swept in motion by friction with the spinning platters. This air passes through an internal recirculation (or "recirc") filter to remove any leftover contaminants from manufacture, any particles or chemicals that may have somehow entered the enclosure, and any particles or outgassing generated internally in normal operation. Very high humidity present for extended periods of time can corrode the heads and platters. An exception to this are hermetically sealed, helium filled HDDs that largely eliminate environmental issues that can arise due to humidity or atmospheric pressure changes. Such HDDs were introduced by HGST in their first successful high volume implementation in 2013. 3400: 2355: 2139:". Its primary distinguishing feature was that the disk heads were not withdrawn completely from the stack of disk platters when the drive was powered down. Instead, the heads were allowed to "land" on a special area of the disk surface upon spin-down, "taking off" again when the disk was later powered on. This greatly reduced the cost of the head actuator mechanism, but precluded removing just the disks from the drive as was done with the disk packs of the day. Instead, the first models of "Winchester technology" drives featured a removable disk module, which included both the disk pack and the head assembly, leaving the actuator motor in the drive upon removal. Later "Winchester" drives abandoned the removable media concept and returned to non-removable platters. 3769: 2445:

platters, increasing areal density. Normally hard drive recording heads have a pole called a main pole that is used for writing to the platters, and adjacent to this pole is an air gap and a shield. The write coil of the head surrounds the pole. The STO device is placed in the air gap between the pole and the shield to increase the strength of the magnetic field created by the pole; FC-MAMR technically doesn't use microwaves, but uses technology employed in MAMR. The STO has a Field Generation Layer (FGL) and a Spin Injection Layer (SIL), and the FGL produces a magnetic field using spin-polarised electrons originating in the SIL, which is a form of spin torque energy.

4034: 2339: 2463: 3384: 2656: 2363: 3855: 1733:, and possibly inbuilt redundancy for error correction and recovery. There can be confusion regarding storage capacity, since capacities are stated in decimal gigabytes (powers of 1000) by HDD manufacturers, whereas the most commonly used operating systems report capacities in powers of 1024, which results in a smaller number than advertised. Performance is specified as the time required to move the heads to a track or cylinder (average access time), the time it takes for the desired sector to move under the head (average 2778: 3144: 12308: 2485: 3942:. Examples are: transaction processing databases, internet infrastructure (email, webserver, e-commerce), scientific computing software, and nearline storage management software. Enterprise drives commonly operate continuously ("24/7") in demanding environments while delivering the highest possible performance without sacrificing reliability. Maximum capacity is not the primary goal, and as a result the drives are often offered in capacities that are relatively low in relation to their cost. 4104:(40% per year) and faster than the 10–20% per year for HDDs. As of 2018, the maximum capacity was 16 terabytes for an HDD, and 100 terabytes for an SSD. HDDs were used in 70% of the desktop and notebook computers produced in 2016, and SSDs were used in 30%. The usage share of HDDs is declining and could drop below 50% in 2018–2019 according to one forecast, because SSDs are replacing smaller-capacity (less than one-terabyte) HDDs in desktop and notebook computers and MP3 players. 2766: 40: 3927: 3136: 2742:(HAMR). HAMR requires a different architecture with redesigned media and read/write heads, new lasers, and new near-field optical transducers. HAMR is expected to ship commercially in late 2020 or 2021. Technical issues delayed the introduction of HAMR by a decade, from earlier projections of 2009, 2015, 2016, and the first half of 2019. Some drives have adopted dual independent actuator arms to increase read/write speeds and compete with SSDs. HAMR's planned successor, 3563:(SAS). The SAS is a new generation serial communication protocol for devices designed to allow for much higher speed data transfers and is compatible with SATA. SAS uses a mechanically compatible data and power connector to standard 3.5-inch SATA1/SATA2 HDDs, and many server-oriented SAS RAID controllers are also capable of addressing SATA HDDs. SAS uses serial communication instead of the parallel method found in traditional SCSI devices but still uses SCSI commands. 48: 12288: 10689: 2454: 3508:) retroactively added upon introduction of SATA) moved the HDD controller from the interface card to the disk drive. This helped to standardize the host/controller interface, reduce the programming complexity in the host device driver, and reduced system cost and complexity. The 40-pin IDE/ATA connection transfers 16 bits of data at a time on the data cable. The data cable was originally 40-conductor, but later higher speed requirements led to an 2493: 2553:. If the magnetic field were uniform, each side would generate opposing forces that would cancel each other out. Therefore, the surface of the magnet is half north pole and half south pole, with the radial dividing line in the middle, causing the two sides of the coil to see opposite magnetic fields and produce forces that add instead of canceling. Currents along the top and bottom of the coil produce radial forces that do not rotate the head. 4120: 3679:(GMR) heads in particular, a minor head crash from contamination (that does not remove the magnetic surface of the disk) still results in the head temporarily overheating, due to friction with the disk surface, and can render the data unreadable for a short period until the head temperature stabilizes (so called "thermal asperity", a problem which can partially be dealt with by proper electronic filtering of the read signal). 2347: 2270: 3631: 1702:, slightly exceeded those for HDDs in 2018. Flash storage products had more than twice the revenue of hard disk drives as of 2017. Though SSDs have four to nine times higher cost per bit, they are replacing HDDs in applications where speed, power consumption, small size, high capacity and durability are important. As of 2019, the cost per bit of SSDs is falling, and the price premium over HDDs has narrowed. 12298: 3597:. SATA I to III are designed to be compatible with, and use, a subset of SAS commands, and compatible interfaces. Therefore, a SATA hard drive can be connected to and controlled by a SAS hard drive controller (with some minor exceptions such as drives/controllers with limited compatibility). However, they cannot be connected the other way round—a SATA controller cannot be connected to a SAS drive. 3119:. The plaintiffs argued that the use of decimal prefixes effectively misled consumers, while the defendants denied any wrongdoing or liability, asserting that their marketing and advertising complied in all respects with the law and that no class member sustained any damages or injuries. In 2020, a California court ruled that use of the decimal prefixes with a decimal meaning was not misleading. 9251: 3789:, with plans to release 18 TB drives later in 2019. 18 TB HDDs were released in 2020. As of 2016, the typical speed of a hard drive in an average desktop computer is 7,200 rpm, whereas low-cost desktop computers may use 5,900 rpm or 5,400 rpm drives. For some time in the 2000s and early 2010s some desktop users and data centers also used 10,000 rpm drives such as 1790: 1849: 2565:

adjusting the voice coil motor to rotate the arm. A more modern servo system also employs milli and/or micro actuators to more accurately position the read/write heads. The spinning of the disks uses fluid-bearing spindle motors. Modern disk firmware is capable of scheduling reads and writes efficiently on the platter surfaces and remapping sectors of the media that have failed.

2581:. These techniques store extra bits, determined by mathematical formulas, for each block of data; the extra bits allow many errors to be corrected invisibly. The extra bits themselves take up space on the HDD, but allow higher recording densities to be employed without causing uncorrectable errors, resulting in much larger storage capacity. For example, a typical 1 60: 3344:. This rate depends on the track location; the rate is higher for data on the outer tracks (where there are more data sectors per rotation) and lower toward the inner tracks (where there are fewer data sectors per rotation); and is generally somewhat higher for 10,000-rpm drives. A current, widely used standard for the "buffer-to-computer" interface is 3.0 2831:(LBA), a simple linear addressing scheme that locates blocks by an integer index, which starts at LBA 0 for the first block and increments thereafter. When using the C/H/S method to describe modern large drives, the number of heads is often set to 64, although a typical modern hard disk drive has between one and four platters. In modern HDDs, spare capacity for 3357:

creates more heat. While areal density advances by increasing both the number of tracks across the disk and the number of sectors per track, only the latter increases the data transfer rate for a given rpm. Since data transfer rate performance tracks only one of the two components of areal density, its performance improves at a lower rate.

2616:) feature counts the total number of errors in the entire HDD fixed by ECC (although not on all hard drives as the related S.M.A.R.T attributes "Hardware ECC Recovered" and "Soft ECC Correction" are not consistently supported), and the total number of performed sector remappings, as the occurrence of many such errors may predict an 3802:

5,400 rpm, or 7,200 rpm, with 5,400 rpm being the most common; 7,200 rpm drives tend to be more expensive and have smaller capacities, while 4,200 rpm models usually have very high storage capacities. Because of smaller platter(s), mobile HDDs generally have lower capacity than their desktop counterparts.

3439:. All of these interfaces are digital; electronics on the drive process the analog signals from the read/write heads. Current drives present a consistent interface to the rest of the computer, independent of the data encoding scheme used internally, and independent of the physical number of disks and heads within the drive. 1834: 2235:

capacity of 100 TB. As of 2018, HDDs were forecast to reach 100 TB capacities around 2025, but as of 2019, the expected pace of improvement was pared back to 50 TB by 2026. Smaller form factors, 1.8-inches and below, were discontinued around 2010. The cost of solid-state storage (NAND), represented by

3683:

the disk platters are undamaged, they can be transferred into an identical enclosure and the data can be copied or cloned onto a new drive. In the event of disk-platter failures, disassembly and imaging of the disk platters may be required. For logical damage to file systems, a variety of tools, including

6839:

Unfortunately, mass production of actual hard drives featuring HAMR has been delayed for a number of times already and now it turns out that the first HAMR-based HDDs are due in 2018. ... HAMR HDDs will feature a new architecture, require new media, completely redesigned read/write heads with a laser

6787:

A 'shingled magnetic recording' (SMR) drive is a rotating drive that packs its tracks so closely that one track cannot be overwritten without destroying the neighboring tracks as well. The result is that overwriting data requires rewriting the entire set of closely-spaced tracks; that is an expensive

6612:

The 2011 Thai floods almost doubled disk capacity cost/GB for a while. Rosenthal writes: 'The technical difficulties of migrating from PMR to HAMR, meant that already in 2010 the Kryder rate had slowed significantly and was not expected to return to its trend in the near future. The floods reinforced

3199:

initially followed those of 8-inch, 5¼-inch, and 3½-inch floppy disk drives. Although referred to by these nominal sizes, the actual sizes for those three drives respectively are 9.5", 5.75" and 4" wide. Because there were no smaller floppy disk drives, smaller HDD form factors such as 2½-inch drives

2897:

Data is stored on a hard drive in a series of logical blocks. Each block is delimited by markers identifying its start and end, error detecting and correcting information, and space between blocks to allow for minor timing variations. These blocks often contained 512 bytes of usable data, but other

2168:

Over time, as recording densities were greatly increased, further reductions in disk diameter to 3.5" and 2.5" were found to be optimum. Powerful rare earth magnet materials became affordable during this period, and were complementary to the swing arm actuator design to make possible the compact form

2142:

In 1974, IBM introduced the swinging arm actuator, made feasible because the Winchester recording heads function well when skewed to the recorded tracks. The simple design of the IBM GV (Gulliver) drive, invented at IBM's UK Hursley Labs, became IBM's most licensed electro-mechanical invention of all

4088:

expansion card drives)), ruggedness, and lower power of SSDs are more important than price, since the bit cost of SSDs is four to nine times higher than HDDs. As of 2016, HDDs are reported to have a failure rate of 2–9% per year, while SSDs have fewer failures: 1–3% per year. However, SSDs have more

3682:

When the logic board of a hard disk fails, the drive can often be restored to functioning order and the data recovered by replacing the circuit board with one of an identical hard disk. In the case of read-write head faults, they can be replaced using specialized tools in a dust-free environment. If

2444:

Flux control MAMR (FC-MAMR) allows a hard drive to have increased recording capacity without the need for new hard disk drive platter materials. MAMR hard drives have a microwave generating spin torque generator (STO) on the read/write heads which allows physically smaller bits to be recorded to the

8011:

Jubert, Pierre-Olivier; Kercher, Dan; Lille, Jeffrey; Zuwei Liu; Mate, C. Mathew; Obukhov, Yuri; Patel, Kanaiyalal C.; Rubin, Kurt; Ruiz, Ricardo; Schabes, Manfred; Lei Wan; Weller, Dieter; et al. (2015). "Bit Patterned Magnetic Recording: Theory, Media Fabrication, and Recording Performance".

3945:

The fastest enterprise HDDs spin at 10,000 or 15,000 rpm, and can achieve sequential media transfer speeds above 1.6 Gbit/s and a sustained transfer rate up to 1 Gbit/s. Drives running at 10,000 or 15,000 rpm use smaller platters to mitigate increased power requirements (as they

3348:

SATA, which can send about 300 megabyte/s (10-bit encoding) from the buffer to the computer, and thus is still comfortably ahead of today's disk-to-buffer transfer rates. Data transfer rate (read/write) can be measured by writing a large file to disk using special file-generator tools, then reading

2785:

The highest-capacity HDDs shipping commercially in 2024 are 32 TB. The capacity of a hard disk drive, as reported by an operating system to the end user, is smaller than the amount stated by the manufacturer for several reasons, e.g. the operating system using some space, use of some space for

2470:

A typical HDD has two electric motors: a spindle motor that spins the disks and an actuator (motor) that positions the read/write head assembly across the spinning disks. The disk motor has an external rotor attached to the disks; the stator windings are fixed in place. Opposite the actuator at the

2146:

Like the first removable pack drive, the first "Winchester" drives used platters 14 inches (360 mm) in diameter. In 1978, IBM introduced a swing arm drive, the IBM 0680 (Piccolo), with eight inch platters, exploring the possibility that smaller platters might offer advantages. Other eight inch

3875:

drive functionality offers system compatibility and features large storage options and portable design. As of March 2015, available capacities for external hard disk drives ranged from 500 GB to 10 TB. External hard disk drives are usually available as assembled integrated products,

3259:

is a procedure used to minimize delay in retrieving data by moving related items to physically proximate areas on the disk. Some computer operating systems perform defragmentation automatically. Although automatic defragmentation is intended to reduce access delays, performance will be temporarily

3168:

used platters of the same size in an eleven-high pack and introduced the "drive in a drawer" layout, sometimes called the "pizza oven", although the "drawer" was not the complete drive. Into the 1970s, HDDs were offered in standalone cabinets of varying dimensions containing from one to four HDDs.

2835:

is not included in the published capacity; however, in many early HDDs, a certain number of sectors were reserved as spares, thereby reducing the capacity available to the operating system. Furthermore, many HDDs store their firmware in a reserved service zone, which is typically not accessible by

3749:

As of 2019, Backblaze, a storage provider, reported an annualized failure rate of two percent per year for a storage farm with 110,000 off-the-shelf HDDs with the reliability varying widely between models and manufacturers. Backblaze subsequently reported that the failure rate for HDDs and SSD of

2734:

are reduced, higher areal densities can be achieved due to using a smaller track width, and the energy dissipated due to friction is lower as well, resulting in a lower power draw. Furthermore, more platters can be fit into the same enclosure space, although helium gas is notoriously difficult to

2671:

called the increase "flabbergasting", while observing later that growth cannot continue forever. Price improvement decelerated to −12% per year during 2010–2017, as the growth of areal density slowed. The rate of advancement for areal density slowed to 10% per year during 2010–2016, and there was

2396:

In modern drives, there is one head for each magnetic platter surface on the spindle, mounted on a common arm. An actuator arm (or access arm) moves the heads on an arc (roughly radially) across the platters as they spin, allowing each head to access almost the entire surface of the platter as it

2100:

read/write operations were supported, and the heads flew about 250 micro-inches (about 6 μm) above the platter surface. Motion of the head array depended upon a binary adder system of hydraulic actuators which assured repeatable positioning. The 1301 cabinet was about the size of three large

2675:

As bit cell size decreases, more data can be put onto a single drive platter. In 2013, a production desktop 3 TB HDD (with four platters) would have had an areal density of about 500 Gbit/in which would have amounted to a bit cell comprising about 18 magnetic grains (11 by 1.6 grains).

2234:

In the 2000s and 2010s, NAND began supplanting HDDs in applications requiring portability or high performance. NAND performance is improving faster than HDDs, and applications for HDDs are eroding. In 2018, the largest hard drive had a capacity of 15 TB, while the largest capacity SSD had a

8010:

Albrecht, Thomas R.; Arora, Hitesh; Ayanoor-Vitikkate, Vipin; Beaujour, Jean-Marc; Bedau, Daniel; Berman, David; Bogdanov, Alexei L.; Chapuis, Yves-Andre; Cushen, Julia; Dobisz, Elizabeth E.; Doerk, Gregory; He Gao; Grobis, Michael; Gurney, Bruce; Hanson, Weldon; Hellwig, Olav; Hirano, Toshiki;

2802:

Modern hard disk drives appear to their host controller as a contiguous set of logical blocks, and the gross drive capacity is calculated by multiplying the number of blocks by the block size. This information is available from the manufacturer's product specification, and from the drive itself

3356:

HDD data transfer rate depends upon the rotational speed of the platters and the data recording density. Because heat and vibration limit rotational speed, advancing density becomes the main method to improve sequential transfer rates. Higher speeds require a more powerful spindle motor, which

3267:

by increasing data rate and by increasing the amount of data under a set of heads, thereby potentially reducing seek activity for a given amount of data. The time to access data has not kept up with throughput increases, which themselves have not kept up with growth in bit density and storage

2746:(BPR), has been removed from the roadmaps of Western Digital and Seagate. Western Digital's microwave-assisted magnetic recording (MAMR), also referred to as energy-assisted magnetic recording (EAMR), was sampled in 2020, with the first EAMR drive, the Ultrastar HC550, shipping in late 2020. 2564:

feedback. These are either complete concentric circles (in the case of dedicated servo technology) or segments interspersed with real data (in the case of embedded servo, otherwise known as sector servo technology). The servo feedback optimizes the signal-to-noise ratio of the GMR sensors by

3780:

Desktop HDDs typically have two to five internal platters, rotate at 5,400 to 10,000 rpm, and have a media transfer rate of 0.5 Gbit/s or higher (1 GB = 10 bytes; 1 Gbit/s = 10 bit/s). Earlier (1980–1990s) drives tend to be slower in rotation speed. As of May 2019, the

3801:

Smaller than their desktop and enterprise counterparts, they tend to be slower and have lower capacity, because typically has one internal platter and were 2.5" or 1.8" physical size instead of more common for desktops 3.5" form-factor. Mobile HDDs spin at 4,200 rpm, 5,200 rpm,

2070:) on a stack of 52 disks (100 surfaces used). The 350 had a single arm with two read/write heads, one facing up and the other down, that moved both horizontally between a pair of adjacent platters and vertically from one pair of platters to a second set. Variants of the IBM 350 were the 4107:

The market for silicon-based flash memory (NAND) chips, used in SSDs and other applications, is growing faster than for HDDs. Worldwide NAND revenue grew 16% per year from $ 22 billion to $ 57 billion during 2011–2017, while production grew 45% per year from 19 exabytes to 175 exabytes.

2545:. The inner layer is insulation, and the outer is thermoplastic, which bonds the coil together after it is wound on a form, making it self-supporting. The portions of the coil along the two sides of the arrowhead (which point to the center of the actuator bearing) then interact with the 2131:

in 1970, so that no time was lost physically moving the heads to a track and the only latency was the time for the desired block of data to rotate into position under the head. Known as fixed-head or head-per-track disk drives, they were very expensive and are no longer in production.

2457:

An HDD with disks and motor hub removed, exposing copper-colored stator coils surrounding a bearing in the center of the spindle motor. The orange stripe along the side of the arm is a thin printed-circuit cable, the spindle bearing is in the center and the actuator is in the upper

1852: 3647:

in which the head scrapes across the platter surface, often grinding away the thin magnetic film and causing data loss. Head crashes can be caused by electronic failure, a sudden power failure, physical shock, contamination of the drive's internal enclosure, wear and tear,

7049:

The most recent Seagate roadmap pushes HAMR shipments into 2020, so they are now slipping faster than real-time. Western Digital has given up on HAMR and is promising that Microwave Assisted Magnetic Recording (MAMR) is only a year out. BPM has dropped off both companies'

1856: 1855: 1851: 1850: 2381:

in energy-efficient portable devices, to 15,000 rpm for high-performance servers. The first HDDs spun at 1,200 rpm and, for many years, 3,600 rpm was the norm. As of November 2019, the platters in most consumer-grade HDDs spin at 5,400 or 7,200 rpm.

1857: 3469:

Modern interfaces connect the drive to the host interface with a single data/control cable. Each drive also has an additional power cable, usually direct to the power supply unit. Older interfaces had separate cables for data signals and for drive control signals.

64: 4014:

for large-scale enterprise storage systems including three or more enterprise HDDs and associated controllers, racks and cables. Prices for these large-scale storage systems decreased at the rate of 30% per year during 2004–2009 and 22% per year during 2009–2014.

3667:

while the disk rotates. HDDs require a certain range of air densities to operate properly. The connection to the external environment and density occurs through a small hole in the enclosure (about 0.5 mm in breadth), usually with a filter on the inside (the

73: 75: 2096:-inch (3.2 mm) thick and 24 inches (610 mm) in diameter. While the earlier IBM disk drives used only two read/write heads per arm, the 1301 used an array of 48 heads (comb), each array moving horizontally as a single unit, one head per surface used. 61: 2119:

In 1963, IBM introduced the 1302, with twice the track capacity and twice as many tracks per cylinder as the 1301. The 1302 had one (for Model 1) or two (for Model 2) modules, each containing a separate comb for the first 250 tracks and the last 250 tracks.

81: 76: 78: 74: 72: 68: 80: 79: 70: 69: 67: 66: 65: 4092:

SSDs offer larger capacities (up to 100 TB) than the largest HDD and/or higher storage densities (100 TB and 30 TB SSDs are housed in 2.5 inch HDD cases but with the same height as a 3.5-inch HDD), although their cost remains prohibitive.

2085:

In 1961, IBM announced, and in 1962 shipped, the IBM 1301 disk storage unit, which superseded the IBM 350 and similar drives. The 1301 consisted of one (for Model 1) or two (for model 2) modules, each containing 25 platters, each platter about

77: 71: 3527:, an improvement later adopted by the official ATA standards. By directly transferring data between memory and disk, DMA eliminates the need for the CPU to copy byte per byte, therefore allowing it to process other tasks while the data transfer occurs. 5113: 6243: 3998:

HDD price per byte decreased at the rate of 40% per year during 1988–1996, 51% per year during 1996–2003 and 34% per year during 2003–2010. The price decrease slowed down to 13% per year during 2011–2014, as areal density increase slowed and the

1839: 1838: 1835: 1854: 2855:

of capacity (which equals to the capacity of a single drive) due to storing parity information. RAID subsystems are multiple drives that appear to be one drive or more drives to the user, but provide fault tolerance. Most RAID vendors use

2428:(PMR), first shipped in 2005, and as of 2007, used in certain HDDs. Perpendicular recording may be accompanied by changes in the manufacturing of the read/write heads to increase the strength of the magnetic field created by the heads. 1840: 2860:

to improve data integrity at the block level. Some vendors design systems using HDDs with sectors of 520 bytes to contain 512 bytes of user data and eight checksum bytes, or by using separate 512-byte sectors for the checksum data.

63: 2644:

which are errors undetected by the disk firmware or the host operating system; some of these errors may be caused by hard disk drive malfunctions while others originate elsewhere in the connection between the drive and the host.

2611:

to a spare physical sector provided by the drive's "spare sector pool" (also called "reserve pool"), while relying on the ECC to recover stored data while the number of errors in a bad sector is still low enough. The S.M.A.R.T

3904:) are available at a higher cost. There are pre-assembled external hard disk drives that, when taken out from their enclosures, cannot be used internally in a laptop or desktop computer due to embedded USB interface on their 3489:

computers through the mid-1990s, by which time most models had been transitioned to newer interfaces. The length limit of the data cable allows for external SCSI devices. The SCSI command set is still used in the more modern

3203:

As of 2019, 2½-inch and 3½-inch hard disks are the most popular sizes. By 2009, all manufacturers had discontinued the development of new products for the 1.3-inch, 1-inch and 0.85-inch form factors due to falling prices of

6440: 3248:

or data transfer rate (once the head is in the right position) creates delay which is a function of the number of blocks transferred; typically relatively small, but can be quite long with the transfer of large contiguous

2116:. Later models of removable pack drives, from IBM and others, became the norm in most computer installations and reached capacities of 300 megabytes by the early 1980s. Non-removable HDDs were called "fixed disk" drives. 2684:) unless their magnetic strength is increased, but known write head materials are unable to generate a strong enough magnetic field sufficient to write the medium in the increasingly smaller space taken by grains. 7551: 3163:

disk, which used six 14-inch (nominal size) platters in a removable pack and was roughly the size of a washing machine. This became a standard platter size for many years, used also by other manufacturers. The

3888:. "Portable" drives are packaged in smaller and lighter enclosures than the "desktop" drives; additionally, "portable" drives use power provided by the USB connection, while "desktop" drives require external 3096:

family of operating systems uses the binary convention when reporting storage capacity, so an HDD offered by its manufacturer as a 1 TB drive is reported by these operating systems as a 931 GB HDD.

1837: 3710:

A common expectation is that hard disk drives designed and marketed for server use will fail less frequently than consumer-grade drives usually used in desktop computers. However, two independent studies by

2172:

As the 1980s began, HDDs were a rare and very expensive additional feature in PCs, but by the late 1980s, their cost had been reduced to the point where they were standard on all but the cheapest computers.

4356:

Initially gamma iron oxide particles in an epoxy binder, the recording layer in a modern HDD typically is domains of a granular Cobalt-Chrome-Platinum-based alloy physically isolated by an oxide to enable

2811:

record format, have variable length records; such drive capacity calculations must take into account the characteristics of the records. Some newer DASD simulate CKD, and the same capacity formulae apply.

8565: 3634:

Close-up of an HDD head resting on a disk platter; its mirror reflection is visible on the platter surface. Unless the head is on a landing zone, the heads touching the platters while in operation can be

3240:

may not be directly under the head when data transfer is requested. Average rotational latency is shown in the table, based on the statistical relation that the average latency is one-half the rotational

2176:

Most HDDs in the early 1980s were sold to PC end users as an external, add-on subsystem. The subsystem was not sold under the drive manufacturer's name but under the subsystem manufacturer's name such as

6236: 4999: 8921: 4691: 2680:

trilemma involving grain size, grain magnetic strength and ability of the head to write. In order to maintain acceptable signal-to-noise, smaller grains are required; smaller grains may self-reverse (

3180:

and RL01 were early examples using single 14-inch platters in removable packs, the entire drive fitting in a 10.5-inch-high rack space (six rack units). In the mid-to-late 1980s, the similarly sized

9011: 3965:

Enterprise HDDs can have sector sizes larger than 512 bytes (often 520, 524, 528 or 536 bytes). The additional per-sector space can be used by hardware RAID controllers or applications for storing

2847:

and fault-tolerance requirements also reduce the realized capacity. For example, a RAID 1 array has about half the total capacity as a result of data mirroring, while a RAID 5 array with

2921:

structures into selected logical blocks. For example, some of the disk space will be used to hold a directory of disk file names and a list of logical blocks associated with a particular file.

6158: 5776: 8497: 8245: 4782: 4672:

Once we controlled for age and drive days, the two drive types were similar and the difference was certainly not enough by itself to justify the extra cost of purchasing a SSD versus a HDD.

4638: 9273: 3155:, used a stack of fifty 24-inch platters, stored 3.75 MB of data (approximately the size of one modern digital picture), and was of a size comparable to two large refrigerators. In 1962, 1853: 8544:

Example of a pre-assembled external hard disk drive without its enclosure that cannot be used internally on a laptop or desktop due to the embedded interface on its printed circuit board

8594: 6800: 6105: 2441:, allows good writability due to the write-assist nature of the soft layer. However, the thermal stability is determined only by the hardest layer and not influenced by the soft layer. 2261:

closed its last Malaysian HDD factory due to decreasing demand, to focus on SSD production. All three remaining HDD manufacturers have had decreasing demand for their HDDs since 2014.

62: 4541:

Mustafa, Naveed Ul; Armejach, Adria; Ozturk, Ozcan; Cristal, Adrian; Unsal, Osman S. (2016). "Implications of non-volatile memory as primary storage for database management systems".

6436: 2424:, and the two layers are magnetized in opposite orientation, thus reinforcing each other. Another technology used to overcome thermal effects to allow greater recording densities is 5758: 4838: 13162:

Convention: Any item in this table that has the form of "A+B" or "A+B+C" indicates a disk format that spans multiple files, where A contains the bulk of the data, and B and C are

9126: 6701: 2902:

extended the block size to 4096 bytes of usable data, with a resulting significant reduction in the amount of disk space used for block headers, error checking data, and spacing.

2827:(CHS) capacities, but these are not physical parameters because the reported values are constrained by historic operating system interfaces. The C/H/S scheme has been replaced by 6483:

Gordon Moore: ... the ability of the magnetic disk people to continue to increase the density is flabbergasting--that has moved at least as fast as the semiconductor complexity.

6348: 4100:(SSDs)) had 5.5 Tbit/in as of 2019, while the maximum areal density for HDDs is 1.5 Tbit/in. The areal density of flash memory is doubling every two years, similar to 2405:. Early hard disk drives wrote data at some constant bits per second, resulting in all tracks having the same amount of data per track, but modern drives (since the 1990s) use 9064: 7940: 4056:

HDD unit shipments peaked at 651 million units in 2010 and have been declining since then to 166 million units in 2022. Seagate at 43% of units had the largest market share.

7315:

Bai, Zhaoqiang; Cai, Yongqing; Shen, Lei; Han, Guchang; Feng, Yuanping (2013). "All-Heusler giant-magnetoresistance junctions with matched energy bands and Fermi surfaces".

2659:

Leading-edge hard disk drive areal densities from 1956 through 2009 compared to Moore's law. By 2016, progress had slowed significantly below the extrapolated density trend.

6826: 1836: 10619: 8271: 7766: 3742:

Failure rates of drives sold as "enterprise" and "consumer" are "very much similar", although these drive types are customized for their different operating environments.

6313: 7558: 7470: 6947: 2066:, shipped in 1957 as a component of the IBM 305 RAMAC system. It was approximately the size of two large refrigerators and stored five million six-bit characters (3.75 8796: 4519: 3569:(SATA). The SATA data cable has one data pair for differential transmission of data to the device, and one pair for differential receiving from the device, just like 4964: 3263:

Time to access data can be improved by increasing rotational speed (thus reducing latency) or by reducing the time spent seeking. Increasing areal density increases

1748:

The two most common form factors for modern HDDs are 3.5-inch, for desktop computers, and 2.5-inch, primarily for laptops. HDDs are connected to systems by standard

6599: 6496: 3871:

connection. Variants using USB 2.0 interface generally have slower data transfer rates when compared to internally mounted hard drives connected through SATA.

3753:

To minimize cost and overcome failures of individual HDDs, storage systems providers rely on redundant HDD arrays. HDDs that fail are replaced on an ongoing basis.

674: 8139: 10727: 10439: 8557: 6925: 6557: 2707:(HAMR). SMR utilises overlapping tracks for increased data density, at the cost of design complexity and lower data access speeds (particularly write speeds and 7412:

Information technology – Serial Attached SCSI – 2 (SAS-2), INCITS 457 Draft 2, May 8, 2009, chapter 4.1 Direct-access block device type model overview

7739: 7218: 2538:, which is attached to the actuator hub, and beneath that is a second NIB magnet, mounted on the bottom plate of the motor (some drives have only one magnet). 2393:

often in the range of tens of nanometers. The read-and-write head is used to detect and modify the magnetization of the material passing immediately under it.

8913: 8449: 7340: 4684: 2475:

electronics mounted at the pivot of the actuator. The head support arm is very light, but also stiff; in modern drives, acceleration at the head reaches 550

8064: 2143:

time, the actuator and filtration system being adopted in the 1980s eventually for all HDDs, and still universal nearly 40 years and 10 billion arms later.

9003: 7448: 3880:(with USB or other interface) with a separately purchased drive. They are available in 2.5-inch and 3.5-inch sizes; 2.5-inch variants are typically called 2335:

in depth, with an outer layer of carbon for protection. For reference, a standard piece of copy paper is 0.07–0.18 mm (70,000–180,000 nm) thick.

2216:

did not feature a hard drive bay at all), so on those models, external SCSI disks were the only reasonable option for expanding upon any internal storage.

8394: 8169: 7962: 7881: 6211: 2757:

Depending upon assumptions on feasibility and timing of these technologies, Seagate forecasts that areal density will grow 20% per year during 2020–2034.

12386: 3463: 9095: 6887:

Seagate CTO Dr John Morris told analysts that Seagate has built 55,000 HAMR drives and aims to get disks ready for customer sampling by the end of 2020.

6082: 5673: 10031: 8498:"Back Up Your Important Data to External Hard disk drive | Biometric Safe | Info and Products Reviews about Biometric Security Device –" 7869: 7257: 5926: 2613: 2101:

refrigerators placed side by side, storing the equivalent of about 21 million eight-bit bytes per module. Access time was about a quarter of a second.

8890: 5083: 2623:

The "No-ID Format", developed by IBM in the mid-1990s, contains information about which sectors are bad and where remapped sectors have been located.

12912: 5783: 9323: 7661: 6155: 11473: 9567: 8501: 8346: 7290: 3230: 8241: 6143: 5260: 5168: 4779: 4630: 4257:

This is the original filing date of the application which led to US Patent 3,503,060, generally accepted as the definitive hard disk drive patent.

13195: 9700: 9218: 6853: 6278: 4603: 2952:). As a consequence, not all the space on an HDD is available for user files, but this system overhead is usually small compared with user data. 5200:

Three mechanically independent access arms are provided for each file unit, and each arm can be independently directed to any track in the file.

2204:

port on the back, making external expansion simple. Older compact Macintosh computers did not have user-accessible hard drive bays (indeed, the

8829: 8587: 8368: 7497: 6116: 13690: 12252: 10321: 8981: 4041:

More than 200 companies have manufactured HDDs over time, but consolidations have concentrated production to just three manufacturers today:

3399: 3061:

In the early days of computing, the total capacity of HDDs was specified in seven to nine decimal digits frequently truncated with the idiom

8629: 5840: 5813: 2738:

Other recording technologies are either under research or have been commercially implemented to increase areal density, including Seagate's

1695:(SSDs) have higher data-transfer rates, higher areal storage density, somewhat better reliability, and much lower latency and access times. 11277: 7137: 5540: 5043: 2754:(CPP/GMR) heads have appeared in research papers. A 3D-actuated vacuum drive (3DHD) concept and 3D magnetic recording have been proposed. 2420:". To counter this, the platters are coated with two parallel magnetic layers, separated by a three-atom layer of the non-magnetic element 1691:

per year) for servers. Though production is growing slowly (by exabytes shipped), sales revenues and unit shipments are declining, because

8951: 8729: 8298: 8087: 7851: 5589: 2667:(doubling every two years) through 2010: 60% per year during 1988–1996, 100% during 1996–2003 and 30% during 2003–2010. Speaking in 1997, 10720: 10152: 9177: 9118: 8523: 7615: 6984: 5755: 5317:

IBM 1301, Models 1 and 2, Disk Storage and IBM 1302, Models 1 and 2, Disk Storage with IBM 7090, 7094 and 7094 II Data Processing Systems

4834: 4169: 3739:

S.M.A.R.T. warns of mechanical issues but not other issues affecting reliability, and is therefore not a reliable indicator of condition.

3217: 1706: 7583: 7383: 6709: 5896: 5290: 2354: 2300:. The data is read from the disk by detecting the transitions in magnetization. User data is encoded using an encoding scheme, such as 11498: 8655: 5510: 3950:) and therefore generally have lower capacity than the highest capacity desktop drives. Enterprise HDDs are commonly connected through 2626:

Only a tiny fraction of the detected errors end up as not correctable. Examples of specified uncorrected bit read error rates include:

6341: 4248:). The term "DASD" includes devices with media other than disks. The term "hard disk drive" can refer to devices with removable media. 3736:

HDDs do not tend to fail during early use, and temperature has only a minor effect; instead, failure rates steadily increase with age.

3553:

twisted-pair cables for Fibre Channel, not fibre optics. The latter are traditionally reserved for larger devices, such as servers or

11630: 11608: 9351: – firmware modifications, in eight parts, going as far as booting a Linux kernel on an ordinary HDD controller board 5866: 5146: 5018: 9056: 5948: 5734: 4717: 2549:

of the fixed magnet. Current flowing radially outward along one side of the arrowhead and radially inward on the other produces the

7932: 6636: 2735:

prevent escaping. Thus, helium drives are completely sealed and do not have a breather port, unlike their air-filled counterparts.

2630:

2013 specifications for enterprise SAS disk drives state the error rate to be one uncorrected bit read error in every 10 bits read,

669: 17: 8199: 7522: 4750: 4454: 2128: 689: 12379: 11272: 10760: 10654: 10629: 10484: 7105:

Li, Shaojing; Livshitz, Boris; Bertram, H. Neal; Schabes, Manfred; Schrefl, Thomas; Fullerton, Eric E.; Lomakin, Vitaliy (2009).

7014: 6822: 6470: 4811: 4028: 3115:

The difference between the decimal and binary prefix interpretation caused some consumer confusion and led to class action suits

1672: 9370: 9333: 8267: 7762: 6504: 6176: 5480: 10713: 10418: 10024: 9423: 4149: 3793:

but such drives have become much rarer as of 2016 and are not commonly used now, having been replaced by NAND flash-based SSDs.

2412:

In modern drives, the small size of the magnetic regions creates the danger that their magnetic state might be lost because of

1563: 6306: 12950: 11744: 10693: 10644: 9660: 9230: 9208: 7474: 6951: 5354: 4570: 2832: 2773:

drives from 2003 and 2009, respectively 160 GB and 1 TB. As of 2022, Western Digital offers capacities up to 26 TB.

2637:

Within a given manufacturers model the uncorrected bit error rate is typically the same regardless of capacity of the drive.

2633:

2018 specifications for consumer SATA hard drives state the error rate to be one uncorrected bit read error in every 10 bits.

1104: 9354: 5695: 12917: 9560: 9380: 8751: 4511: 4370:

Historically a variety of run-length limited codes have been used in magnetic recording including for example, codes named

3519:

EIDE was an unofficial update (by Western Digital) to the original IDE standard, with the key improvement being the use of

7416:

The LBAs on a logical unit shall begin with zero and shall be contiguous up to the last logical block on the logical unit.

6840:

as well as a special near-field optical transducer (NFT) and a number of other components not used or mass produced today.

6591: 6565: 6054: 4960: 13188: 11488: 10753: 9693: 8774: 3533:(FC) is a successor to parallel SCSI interface on enterprise market. It is a serial protocol. In disk drives usually the 2431:

In 2004, a higher-density recording media was introduced, consisting of coupled soft and hard magnetic layers. So-called

7189: 6385: 12372: 12351: 12241: 10500: 9624: 8135: 7163: 7062:

Mallary, Mike; et al. (July 2014). "Head and Media Challenges for 3 Tb/in Microwave-Assisted Magnetic Recording".

6702:"Seagate Delivers On Technology Milestone: First to Ship Hard Drives Using Next-Generation Shingled Magnetic Recording" 3621: 3537:(FC-AL) connection topology is used. FC has much broader usage than mere disk interfaces, and it is the cornerstone of 2872: 2747: 1313: 265: 9765: 7909: 7683: 3768: 3454:

to decode the data, then sends that data out the standard interface. That DSP also watches the error rate detected by

2803:

through use of operating system functions that invoke low-level drive commands. Older IBM and compatible drives, e.g.

2556:

The HDD's electronics controls the movement of the actuator and the rotation of the disk and transfers data to/from a

310: 13680: 12971: 11975: 11889: 11550: 10017: 9299: 8110: 7835: 5344: 4494: 3639:

Due to the extremely close spacing between the heads and the disk surface, HDDs are vulnerable to being damaged by a

3451: 2578: 1052: 995: 315: 8858: 8682:

Most disk drives use 512-byte sectors. Enterprise drives (Parallel SCSI/SAS/FC) support 520/528 byte 'fat' sectors.

7735: 5447: 5224:

Each disk-storage unit has three mechanically independent access arms, all of which can be seeking at the same time.

4861: 3139:

8-, 5.25-, 3.5-, 2.5-, 1.8- and 1-inch HDDs, together with a ruler to show the size of platters and read-write heads

3092:

Software reports hard disk drive or memory capacity in different forms using either decimal or binary prefixes. The

2193:

in 1983 included an internal 10 MB HDD, and soon thereafter, internal HDDs proliferated on personal computers.

13665: 11821: 5643: 2739: 2704: 2358:

Recording of single magnetisations of bits on a 200 MB HDD-platter (recording made visible using CMOS-MagView)

2220: 163: 9518: 8441: 8068: 7336: 2409:, increasing the write speed from inner to outer zone and thereby storing more data per track in the outer zones. 12331: 12321: 12311: 11848: 10145: 9553: 9390: 5563: 4656: 3474: 3403:

2.5-inch SATA drive on top of 3.5-inch SATA drive, showing close-up of (7-pin) data and (15-pin) power connectors

3130: 1648: 1378: 1038: 982: 8695: 7437: 6534: 6517:

It can't continue forever. The nature of exponentials is that you push them out and eventually disaster happens.

5248:

The disk storage unit can have two access arms. One is standard and the other is available as a special feature.

3208:, which has no moving parts. While nominal sizes are in inches, actual dimensions are specified in millimeters. 2471:

end of the head support arm is the read-write head; thin printed-circuit cables connect the read-write heads to

13675: 13455: 13181: 13137: 12326: 12021: 12011: 11909: 10659: 10180: 9686: 8390: 8223: 8161: 7966: 7877: 6207: 5039:

Ballistic Research Laboratories "A THIRD SURVEY OF DOMESTIC ELECTRONIC DIGITAL COMPUTING SYSTEMS," March 1961,

3455: 3412: 1064: 733: 545: 141: 8419: 6774: 3477:(SCSI), originally named SASI for Shugart Associates System Interface, was standard on servers, workstations, 2913:

writes data structures used by the operating system to organize data files on the disk. This includes writing

12907: 12214: 11980: 11242: 10912: 9482: 9087: 7244: 6743: 6078: 5665: 4375: 4134: 3843: 3534: 2677: 2597: 1413: 7866: 7810: 5918: 5091: 3147:

A newer 2.5-inch (63.5 mm) 6,495 MB HDD compared to an older 5.25-inch full-height 110 MB HDD

13670: 13646: 12775: 12746: 12341: 12336: 11945: 10230: 8882: 7713: 5392: 4423:

Average rotational latency in milliseconds is computed as follows: 60 × 1000 ÷ 2 ÷ R, where

4230: 3745:

In drive arrays, one drive's failure significantly increases the short-term risk of a second drive failing.

3497: 2550: 2108:

disk drive, which was about the size of a washing machine and stored two million characters on a removable

764: 659: 560: 4543:

2016 International Conference on Embedded Computer Systems: Architectures, Modeling and Simulation (SAMOS)

3233:

is a measure of how long it takes the head assembly to travel to the track of the disk that contains data.

2560:. Feedback of the drive electronics is accomplished by means of special segments of the disk dedicated to 13079: 12572: 12514: 11838: 11730: 10748: 10649: 10311: 7658: 7283: 7205:…microwave-assisted magnetic (MAMR) recording technology…sample shipments are due by the end of the year. 6875: 5418: 5212: 5000:

Seagate’s Breakthrough 30TB+ Hard Drives Ramp Volume, Marking an Inflection Point in the Storage Industry

4923: 4024: 3833:; they are typically built to resist larger amounts of shock and operate over a larger temperature range. 3226:

on an HDD are mostly related to the mechanical nature of the rotating disks and moving heads, including:

2700: 1777: 721: 31: 7640:

Mulvany, R.B., "Engineering Design of a Disk Storage Facility with Data Modules". IBM JRD, November 1974

7362: 6788:

tradeoff, but the benefit—much higher storage density—is deemed to be worth the cost in some situations.

5268: 5236: 4033: 3172:

Beginning in the late 1960s, drives were offered that fit entirely into a chassis that would mount in a

13147: 12751: 12209: 12193: 11735: 11690: 11618: 10138: 9416: 5172: 4284:

The 1.8-inch form factor is obsolete; sizes smaller than 2.5 inches have been replaced by flash memory.

3730: 3712: 2681: 2240: 1725:(1 billion). Typically, some of an HDD's capacity is unavailable to the user because it is used by the 1556: 1353: 1252: 1124: 754: 743: 10240: 9466: 8472: 7397: 6271: 4988: 4607: 3867:; earlier models use USB-B (sometimes with using of a pair of ports for better bandwidth) or (rarely) 3733:(MTBF) does not indicate reliability; the annualized failure rate is higher and usually more relevant. 852: 13685: 13153: 12943: 12565: 11323: 9941: 3378: 3350: 2231:

applications including computers and consumer applications such as storage of entertainment content.

615: 550: 445: 8821: 8364: 5040: 3772:

Two high-end consumer SATA 2.5-inch 10,000 rpm HDDs, factory-mounted in 3.5-inch adapter frames

3625: 3509: 2703:(SMR), intended as something of a "stopgap" technology between PMR and Seagate's intended successor 2296:

on both sides of a disk. Sequential changes in the direction of magnetization represent binary data

2254:

damaged the manufacturing plants and impacted hard disk drive cost adversely between 2011 and 2013.

13544: 12882: 12795: 12768: 12739: 12502: 12346: 12127: 11935: 11790: 10449: 10205: 10106: 9528: 9397:

Research paper about perspective usage of magnetic photoconductors in magneto-optical data storage.

9281: 9277: 9261: 5315: 3443: 2828: 2590: 2497: 2386: 1613: 1425: 1408: 897: 183: 8973: 6067:

A. Al-Mamun, G. Guo, C. Bi, Hard Disk Drive: Mechatronics and Control, 2006, Taylor & Francis.

5333:

Microsoft Windows NT Workstation 4.0 Resource Guide 1995, Chapter 17 – Disk and File System Basics

13590: 13205: 12825: 12820: 12708: 12681: 12188: 11894: 11768: 10967: 10872: 10581: 10200: 9745: 9739: 9733: 9727: 8622: 5836: 5809: 4358: 3969:(DIF) or Data Integrity Extensions (DIX) data, resulting in higher reliability and prevention of 3607: 2751: 2743: 2425: 2417: 2367: 2338: 2247:

of HDDs entered a mature phase, and slowing sales may indicate the onset of the declining phase.

1420: 1237: 960: 365: 200: 178: 158: 111: 10994: 7106: 5532: 13099: 12219: 11990: 11806: 11508: 11039: 10639: 9178:"An Introduction to the HDD, modelling, detection and decoding for magnetic recording channels" 8943: 8725: 8294: 8083: 7847: 5061: 4164: 3970: 3823: 3790: 3676: 3574: 2815:

The gross capacity of older sector-oriented HDDs is calculated as the product of the number of

2641: 2462: 2377: 2293: 2182: 1742: 1293: 510: 380: 320: 13173: 9360: 9149: 8531: 7619: 6977:"State of the Union: Seagate's HAMR Hard Drives, Dual-Actuator Mach2, and 24 TB HDDs on Track" 6976: 5888: 5369:"Design of a Swinging Arm Actuator for a disk file" J. S. HEATH IBM J. RES. DEVELOP. July 1976 3446:

in the electronics inside the drive takes the raw analog voltages from the read head and uses

642: 13612: 13506: 13084: 13069: 13016: 12992: 12987: 12715: 12235: 12200: 11826: 11785: 11416: 11089: 10842: 10371:(bankrupt, assets sold to Toshiba, which later spun off its SSD and flash business to Kioxia) 9950: 9912: 9432: 9409: 7788: 7590: 7037: 6903: 6652:'PMR CAGR slowing from historical 40+% down to ~8-12%' and 'HAMR CAGR = 20-40% for 2015–2020' 6373: 5298: 4947:. San Jose, CA: International Business Machines Corporation. CHM accession number: 102687875. 4480: 4379: 4199: 4007: 3905: 3893: 3554: 3102: 2933: 2816: 2687:

Magnetic storage technologies are being developed to address this trilemma, and compete with

2574: 2541:

The voice coil itself is shaped rather like an arrowhead and is made of doubly coated copper

2433: 1734: 1549: 796: 714: 500: 305: 285: 275: 131: 96: 8666: 7649:

Introduction to IBM Direct Access Storage Devices, M. Bohl, IBM publication SR20-4738. 1981.

5502: 3116: 2319:, which hold the recorded data. The platters are made from a non-magnetic material, usually 13534: 13001: 12936: 12703: 12055: 11965: 11919: 11914: 11720: 11518: 11463: 11446: 11289: 10989: 10927: 10852: 10535: 9924: 9888: 9618: 9606: 9533: 9446: 8030: 7811:"Order granted motion to dismiss amended complaint without leave to amend, 22 January 2020" 7219:"Western Digital Finally Launches Ultrastar DC HC550 18 TB Drives With EAMR for Enterprise" 7121: 6722:

Shingled Magnetic Technology is the First Step to Reaching a 20 Terabyte Hard Drive by 2020

6683: 6408: 6020: 5138: 4371: 4096:

A laboratory demonstration of a 1.33-Tb 3D NAND chip with 96 layers (NAND commonly used in

4000: 3966: 3951: 3560: 3538: 3520: 3491: 3424: 3369:, power consumption, audible noise, and both operating and non-operating shock resistance. 3109: 2929: 2824: 2274: 2251: 2165:. The latter were primarily intended for the then fledgling personal computer (PC) market. 2097: 1761: 1632:, retaining stored data when powered off. Modern HDDs are typically in the form of a small 1629: 1625: 1492: 1360: 1139: 1099: 1022: 635: 540: 430: 325: 188: 168: 151: 146: 13031: 5862: 5726: 5014: 4347:

40 for user data, one for format tracks, 6 for alternate surfaces and one for maintenance.

2871:

for system recovery, reducing the capacity available to the end user without knowledge of

8: 13231: 13226: 12577: 12229: 12091: 12026: 11831: 11774: 11740: 11154: 11134: 10907: 10387: 10281: 10260: 10245: 9997: 9269: 8323: 5956: 5949:"Western Digital Scorpio 2½" and Greenpower 3½" HDDs per quarterly conference, July 2007" 5666:"What is a "head-crash" & how can it result in permanent loss of my hard drive data?" 4724: 4395: 3939: 3432: 2961: 2905:

The process of initializing these logical blocks on the physical disk platters is called

2865: 2819:

per recording zone, the number of bytes per sector (most commonly 512), and the count of

1597: 1398: 1089: 1027: 1012: 879: 831: 684: 495: 193: 10235: 8192: 8034: 7125: 6687: 6629: 6024: 6011:

R. Victora; et al. (2005). "Composite media for perpendicular magnetic recording".

3523:(DMA) to transfer data between the disk and the computer without the involvement of the 3383: 2655: 2244: 13539: 13448: 13127: 13064: 13021: 13006: 12204: 12179: 12079: 12061: 11725: 11184: 11179: 11164: 10877: 10776: 10434: 10392: 10220: 10040: 9461: 9374: 9034: 8662: 8046: 8020: 7526: 7316: 7087: 7006: 6705: 6673: 6462: 6036: 5615: 4803: 4754: 4576: 4447: 4125: 4046: 3830: 3826:

and provide a guaranteed streaming capacity, even in the face of read and write errors.

3388: 3192: 2925: 2820: 2696: 2413: 2406: 2301: 2224: 1749: 1721:, where 1 gigabyte = 1 000 megabytes = 1 000 000 kilobytes (1 million) = 1 000 000 000 1676: 1652: 1498: 1463: 1109: 535: 520: 465: 460: 450: 425: 350: 5614:

Plumer, M. L.; van Ek, J.; Cain, W. C. (2012). "New Paradigms in Magnetic Recording".

2909:, which is usually performed at the factory and is not normally changed in the field. 2112:. Users could buy additional packs and interchange them as needed, much like reels of 13132: 13089: 13059: 13054: 13026: 12997: 12725: 12589: 12487: 12399: 12316: 12263: 12157: 12152: 12016: 11940: 11535: 11503: 11411: 11343: 11328: 11235: 11204: 11194: 11129: 11119: 10382: 10276: 10185: 10161: 10100: 9918: 9756: 9329: 9226: 9204: 8227: 7988: 7831: 7736:"Western Digital Settles Hard-Drive Capacity Lawsuit, Associated Press June 28, 2006" 7079: 6184: 5993: 5472: 5350: 4566: 4490: 4097: 4065: 3723: 3644: 3546: 3478: 3093: 2914: 2868: 2770: 2692: 2316: 2162: 1699: 1692: 1656: 1644: 1609: 1175: 1170: 1094: 1059: 913: 891: 790: 749: 652: 490: 215: 13496: 8050: 7876:

introduced the 1.3-inch SpinPoint A1 HDD but by March 2009 the family was listed as

7091: 6664:

Plumer, Martin L.; et al. (March 2011). "New Paradigms in Magnetic Recording".

6040: 4580: 3105:") uses decimal convention when reporting HDD capacity. The default behavior of the 2520:

motor that swings the heads to the desired position. A metal plate supports a squat

2385:

Information is written to and read from a platter as it rotates past devices called

2304:

encoding, which determines how the data is represented by the magnetic transitions.

13049: 12560: 12451: 12246: 12049: 12041: 11970: 11872: 11800: 11401: 11358: 11353: 11189: 11114: 11059: 10942: 10822: 10250: 10225: 10195: 9666: 9630: 9576: 9492: 9451: 9343: 8854: 8038: 7284:"Years of Destiny: HDD Capital Spending and Technology Developments from 2012–2016" 7129: 7071: 6028: 4558: 4550: 3959: 3854: 3782: 2521: 2513: 2287: 1927: 1738: 1730: 1651:

beginning in the early 1960s. HDDs maintained this position into the modern era of

1605: 1510: 1504: 1430: 1393: 1383: 1348: 1160: 1114: 1082: 857: 840: 525: 485: 245: 230: 126: 116: 5978: 2777: 2362: 13570: 13565: 13473: 13330: 13325: 13208: 13117: 12698: 12661: 12609: 12429: 12424: 12416: 12224: 12137: 11899: 11545: 11468: 11338: 11104: 11084: 11014: 10952: 10862: 10786: 10634: 10336: 10301: 9985: 9709: 9456: 9364: 9337: 7885: 7873: 7855: 7665: 7427:

ISO/IEC 791D:1994, AT Attachment Interface for Disk Drives (ATA-1), section 7.1.2

6162: 5762: 5703: 5047: 4786: 4188: 4042: 4003:

damaged manufacturing facilities and have held at 11% per year during 2010–2017.

3486: 3408: 3256: 3086: 2899: 2892: 2719: 2600:(LDPC) were supplanting Reed–Solomon; LDPC codes enable performance close to the 2557: 2258: 2197: 1684: 1664: 1403: 1230: 908: 903: 759: 626: 605: 580: 440: 360: 290: 260: 235: 121: 92: 10705: 7384:"3D magnetic storage breakthrough enables 100TB+ hard drives | Extremetech" 3143: 2932:(GPT). Examples of data structures stored on disk to retrieve files include the 1675:, though after extensive industry consolidation, most units are manufactured by 13511: 13392: 13376: 13371: 13366: 13361: 13356: 13351: 13317: 13312: 13307: 13302: 13297: 13292: 13287: 13282: 13274: 13269: 13264: 13259: 12785: 12686: 12456: 12439: 12273: 12147: 12142: 12103: 12031: 11985: 11904: 11613: 11493: 11267: 11259: 10837: 10827: 10576: 10464: 9785: 9642: 9588: 6156:"2.5-inch Hard Disk Drive with High Recording Density and High Shock Resistance 4554: 4194: 4144: 4101: 3877: 3847: 3719:

found that the "grade" of a drive does not relate to the drive's failure rate.

3660: 3191:, HDDs that would fit to the FDD mountings became desirable. Starting with the 2948:

file systems, as well as other operating system data structures (also known as

2844: 2808: 2787: 2664: 2546: 2320: 2243:

than HDDs, and this drives market growth. During the late 2000s and 2010s, the

2236: 2223:, listed in the table above. Applications expanded through the 2000s, from the 2213: 2209: 2205: 2178: 1633: 1522: 1440: 1283: 940: 802: 738: 610: 595: 575: 570: 515: 480: 435: 385: 375: 370: 355: 250: 240: 173: 13011: 9318: 8042: 7075: 6558:"A Look at Cloud Storage Component Technologies Trends and Future Projections" 3200:(actually 2.75" wide) developed from product offerings or industry standards. 2585:

hard disk with 512-byte sectors provides additional capacity of about 93

2488:

Head stack with an actuator coil on the left and read/write heads on the right

2484: 2389:

that are positioned to operate very close to the magnetic surface, with their

1620:

arm, which read and write data to the platter surfaces. Data is accessed in a

13659: 13575: 13501: 13441: 13397: 13340: 12887: 12877: 12857: 12673: 12599: 12552: 12497: 12492: 12444: 12122: 12097: 12067: 11853: 11574: 11513: 11421: 11396: 11311: 10932: 10807: 10669: 10506: 10255: 9654: 9594: 9396: 8190: 7083: 6854:"Seagate: 18 TB HDD Due in First Half 2020, 20 TB Drive to Ship in Late 2020" 6377: 6106:"Advanced Format in Legacy Infrastructures: More Transparent than Disruptive" 6032: 5050:(p. 314-331) states a $ 34,500 purchase price which calculates to $ 9,200/MB. 4411: 4218:

Further inequivalent terms used to describe various hard disk drives include

4184: 4159: 3955: 3872: 3700: 3664: 3615: 3530: 3501: 3428: 3181: 2791: 2765: 2708: 2601: 2402: 2390: 2186: 2113: 1621: 1528: 1155: 1150: 1119: 874: 784: 600: 590: 585: 565: 400: 390: 270: 255: 12364: 8365:"BarraCuda en BarraCuda Pro interne harde schijven | Seagate Nederland" 8191:

Pinheiro, Eduardo; Wolf-Dietrich Weber; Luiz André Barroso (February 2007).

5459:

the total addressable market for disk drives will grow from $ 21.8bn in 2019

3065:. By the 1970s, the total capacity of HDDs was given by manufacturers using 2672:

difficulty in migrating from perpendicular recording to newer technologies.

2416:⁠ ⁠— thermally induced magnetic instability which is commonly known as the " 2331:. They are coated with a shallow layer of magnetic material typically 10–20 39: 13560: 13516: 13163: 12979: 12763: 12651: 12634: 12629: 12407: 12291: 12085: 12073: 11678: 11673: 11652: 11228: 10947: 10902: 10892: 10882: 10674: 10524: 10190: 10094: 10088: 10009: 9876: 9870: 9826: 7901: 7679: 4866: 4174: 4154: 3958:(FC). Some support multiple ports, so they can be connected to a redundant 3930: 3909: 3722:

A 2011 summary of research, into SSD and magnetic disk failure patterns by

3704: 3505: 3392: 3205: 3173: 2688: 2668: 2228: 2017: 1942: 1765: 1668: 1660: 1601: 1475: 1469: 1435: 1303: 1258: 1242: 1134: 930: 925: 885: 847: 530: 505: 405: 340: 295: 280: 12928: 8117: 3926: 3135: 2898:

sizes have been used. As drive density increased, an initiative known as

13597: 13526: 13109: 12962: 12862: 12830: 12733: 12693: 12656: 12624: 12466: 12301: 12162: 12132: 11955: 11843: 11567: 11562: 11333: 11159: 10867: 10573: 10518: 10512: 9648: 9600: 9545: 9523: 9487: 5765:

is an instrument that visualizes magnetic field structures and strengths.

5378:

US 3,849,800 Magnetic disk apparatus. Cuzner, Dodman, Heath, & Rigbey

4515: 4011: 3889: 3656: 3366: 3337: 3237: 3223: 3188: 3184:, which used (coincidentally) 10.5-inch platters, was a popular product. 3082: 2968: 2918: 2617: 2542: 2535: 2517: 2027: 1977: 1971: 1916: 1825: 1726: 1710: 1534: 1486: 920: 455: 395: 300: 47: 10413:'s NAND flash SSD business including controllers and renamed it Solidigm 9678: 9371:

PowerChoice Technology for Hard Disk Drive Power Savings and Flexibility

8775:"Hard disk drive (HDD) supplier market shipment share worldwide in 2022" 5635: 5533:"Farming hard drives: how Backblaze weathered the Thailand drive crisis" 3081:(1 TB = 1,000,000,000,000 bytes). However, capacities of 1745:), and finally, the speed at which the data is transmitted (data rate). 13635: 13602: 13585: 13488: 13476: 13418: 12959: 12594: 12524: 12519: 12509: 11884: 11877: 11811: 11557: 11378: 11368: 11174: 11124: 11054: 11044: 11024: 11004: 10529: 10459: 10175: 10082: 9497: 9348: 5393:"Need A 100TB SSD? Nimbus Data Has You Covered With The ExaDrive DC100" 4562: 4220: 4179: 3640: 3611: 3566: 3459: 3416: 3264: 3112:

on Linux is to report the HDD capacity as a number of 1024-byte units.

2727: 2608: 2561: 2530: 2453: 2398: 1923: 1912: 1129: 955: 709: 475: 470: 345: 210: 136: 52: 8347:"Seagate introduces world-first 16TB Exos HDD and IronWolf NAS drives" 8009: 7133: 5994:"Exchange spring recording media for areal densities up to 10Tbit/in2" 5564:"Western Digital formats hard disk drive factory as demand spins down" 3900:

connectivity, biometric security or multiple interfaces (for example,

2492: 2123:

Some high-performance HDDs were manufactured with one head per track,

13122: 12872: 12867: 12851: 12780: 12619: 12471: 12434: 11642: 11635: 11451: 11373: 11363: 11099: 11064: 10897: 10887: 10397: 10346: 10130: 9991: 9882: 9864: 9809: 8703: 8242:"Using SMART to accurately predict when a hard drive is about to die" 6801:"Brochure: HelioSeal Technology: Beyond Air. Helium Takes You Higher" 6530: 4139: 4081: 4069: 3688: 3649: 3582: 3513: 3336:

As of 2010, a typical 7,200-rpm desktop HDD has a sustained "disk-to-

2676:

Since the mid-2000s, areal density progress has been challenged by a

2472: 2421: 2332: 2190: 2109: 1628:

of data can be stored and retrieved in any order. HDDs are a type of

1516: 1481: 1318: 1247: 1145: 1016: 1007: 704: 647: 415: 335: 9185:

The Eleventh Advanced International Conference on Telecommunications

9150:"A Ten Year (2008-2017) Storage Landscape LTO Tape Media, HDD, NAND" 7245:"Shingled Magnetic Recording and Two-Dimensional Magnetic Recording" 4862:"NAND that's that... Flash chip industry worth twice disk drive biz" 3253:

Delay may also occur if the drive disks are stopped to save energy.

2786:

data redundancy, space use for file system structures. Confusion of

13580: 13381: 13248: 12810: 12461: 12396: 12258: 12006: 11950: 11715: 11700: 11683: 11528: 11456: 11426: 11094: 11049: 10404: 10374: 10286: 10215: 9956: 9906: 9815: 9636: 9280:

external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into

8914:"Samsung unveils world's largest SSD with whopping 30TB of storage" 8025: 7496:

Gupta, Mayank R.; Hoeschele, Michael D.; Rogers, Marcus K. (2006).

6766: 6735: 5979:"Damascene coil design for a perpendicular magnetic recording head" 4486: 4245: 4236: 4119: 3947: 3901: 3786: 3590: 3482: 3245: 3165: 3160: 3098: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3038: 3015: 2949: 2876: 2857: 2804: 2731: 2586: 2582: 2136: 2105: 2079: 2075: 2067: 2006: 1947: 1897: 1891: 1718: 1714: 1659:, though personal computing devices produced in large volume, like 1617: 1445: 1388: 1323: 1278: 1263: 1033: 1002: 975: 950: 808: 694: 420: 330: 225: 220: 11079: 8859:"Flash Reliability in Production: The Expected and the Unexpected" 8752:"Hard disk drive (HDD) unit shipments worldwide from 1976 to 2022" 7321: 7281: 6678: 6437:"Prices for Data Storage Equipment and the State of IT Innovation" 5620: 2528:. Beneath this plate is the moving coil, often referred to as the 2374:

The platters in contemporary HDDs are spun at speeds varying from

12644: 12582: 12536: 12268: 11710: 11705: 11647: 11478: 11406: 11209: 11169: 11109: 11034: 11019: 10972: 10962: 10937: 10857: 10781: 10444: 10341: 10112: 10059: 10055: 9962: 9797: 9718: 8111:"Ruggedized Disk Drives for Commercial Airborne Computer Systems" 6770: 6739: 6144:"Iterative Detection Read Channel Technology in Hard Disk Drives" 4892: 4835:"Why Western Digital Can Gain 45% Despite Declining HDD Business" 4482:

Computer Organization and Design: The Hardware/Software Interface

4448:"Operating Systems: Three Easy Pieces, Chapter: Hard Disk Drives" 4050: 3696: 3630: 3570: 3512:

mode using an 80-conductor cable with additional wires to reduce

3152: 2987: 2880: 2476: 2328: 2200:. Many Macintosh computers made between 1986 and 1998 featured a 2161: in (130 mm) drives, sized to replace the contemporary 2071: 2063: 2033: 1688: 1680: 1343: 1333: 1328: 1288: 1190: 1185: 1165: 970: 945: 935: 726: 9313: 7789:"Western Digital – Notice of Class Action Settlement email" 7705: 6411:. p. chart of historical data courtesy of Edward Grochowski 6177:"MJM Data Recovery Ltd: Hard Disk Bad Sector Mapping Techniques" 2346: 2269: 1789: 13620: 13203: 12758: 12531: 11695: 11668: 11625: 11603: 11523: 11199: 11144: 11029: 10999: 10982: 10917: 10847: 10817: 10454: 10363: 10305: 9930: 9900: 9894: 9803: 9791: 9401: 8883:"You won't be able to afford Samsung's record-setting 30TB SSD" 7471:"How to Measure Storage Efficiency – Part II – Taxes" 7007:"Will Toshiba's Bit-Patterned Drives Change the HDD Landscape?" 3716: 3692: 3345: 3341: 2723: 2525: 1338: 1298: 1180: 1069: 867: 410: 9057:"Seagate reveals world's largest, and most ludicrous 16TB HDD" 8500:. Biometricsecurityproducts.org. July 26, 2011. Archived from 7107:"Microwave assisted magnetization reversal in composite media" 5441: 5439: 3407:

Current hard drives connect to a computer over one of several

13630: 11316: 11149: 11139: 10922: 10812: 10624: 10603: 10586: 10563: 10410: 10292: 10065: 9968: 9847: 7444: 6926:"TDK: HAMR technology could enable 15TB HDDs already in 2015" 6823:"Hard Disk Drives with HAMR Technology Set to Arrive in 2018" 5590:"Western Digital to Close HDD Plant, Increase SSD Production" 3897: 3868: 3864: 3578: 3573:. That requires that data be transmitted serially. A similar 3549:

have been developed as well. Confusingly, drives usually use

3542: 2992: 2941: 2324: 1954: 1273: 1210: 1205: 1200: 862: 819: 813: 699: 679: 664: 9088:"Unlimited 5 Year Endurance: The 100TB SSD from Nimbus Data" 6592:"Kryder's law craps out: Race to UBER-CHEAP STORAGE is OVER" 4540: 4446:

Arpaci-Dusseau, Remzi H.; Arpaci-Dusseau, Andrea C. (2014).

4445: 3089:

of the prefixes, i.e. using powers of 1024 instead of 1000.

1612:

coated with magnetic material. The platters are paired with

13625: 13464: 13407: 13094: 13074: 12835: 12729: 11540: 11483: 10957: 10832: 10664: 10356: 10351: 10210: 9841: 9835: 9502: 9384: 9004:"Samsung's massive 15TB SSD can be yours - for about $ 10K" 8224:

Investigation: Is Your SSD More Reliable Than A Hard Drive?

7252: 5436: 4893:"Disk Drive Storage Price Decreasing with Time (1955-2019)" 4631:"Demand for HDD Storage Booming: 240 EB Shipped in Q3 2019" 4546: 4085: 4077: 3684: 3594: 3447: 3420: 3177: 2945: 2840: 2836:

the user, and is not included in the capacity calculation.

2715: 2201: 2048: 1959: 1753: 1722: 1705:

The primary characteristics of an HDD are its capacity and

1268: 555: 205: 9147: 8853: 7164:"Western Digital Reveals 18 TB DC HC550 'EAMR' Hard Drive" 6555: 3811:

These drives typically spin at 5400 rpm and include:

3622:

Solid-state drive § SSD reliability and failure modes

3365:

Other performance considerations include quality-adjusted

2607:

Typical hard disk drives attempt to "remap" the data in a

12815: 12639: 11251: 11074: 11069: 11009: 10977: 10598: 10593: 10568: 10541: 10368: 9776: 9361:

Rotary Acceleration Feed Forward (RAFF) Information Sheet

8857:; Lagisetty, Raghav; Merchant, Arif (February 22, 2016). 8268:"Consumer hard drives as reliable as enterprise hardware" 7880:

and new 1.3-inch models were not available in this size.

6439:. The Federal Reserve Board FEDS Notes. p. Table 2. 4073: 3586: 3524: 3436: 3156: 2937: 2726:-filled drives instead of the usual filtered air. Since 2297: 2185:, or under the PC system manufacturer's name such as the 2023: 1821: 1757: 1640: 1308: 1195: 965: 7337:"Perpendicular Magnetic Recording Explained - Animation" 7104: 4685:"Validating the Reliability of Intel Solid-State Drives" 3863:

Current external hard disk drives typically connect via

3431:. Some drives, especially external portable drives, use 3187:

With increasing sales of microcomputers having built-in

2604:

and thus provide the highest storage density available.

2292:

A modern HDD records data by magnetizing a thin film of

1794:

A partially disassembled IBM 350 hard disk drive (RAMAC)

13433: 10802: 8084:"Micro House PC Hardware Library Volume I: Hard Drives" 7933:"Turning Off Disk Defragmenter May Solve a Sluggish PC" 7546: 7544: 7438:"LBA Count for Disk Drives Standard (Document LBA1-03)" 7190:"Western Digital debuts 18TB and 20TB MAMR disk drives" 3066: 2350:

Diagram labeling the major components of a computer HDD

11220: 9344:

HDD from inside: Tracks and Zones. How hard it can be?

9148:

Decad, Gary M.; Robert E. Fontana Jr. (May 15, 2018).

8558:"How to bypass USB controller and use as a SATA drive" 8442:"Seagate Backup Plus External Hard Drive Review (8TB)" 7895: 7893: 7282:

Coughlin, Thomas; Grochowski, Edward (June 19, 2012).

6964:…Seagate expects to start selling HAMR drives in 2016. 6897: 6895: 6556:

Decad, Gary M.; Robert E. Fontana Jr. (July 6, 2017).

3541:(SANs). Recently other protocols for this field, like 2196:

External HDDs remained popular for much longer on the

2135:

In 1973, IBM introduced a new type of HDD code-named "

9357:(PDF), February 14, 2013, by Ariel Berkman (archived) 8420:"How to choose the best hard drive for DVRs and NVRs" 8230:

long term SSD reliability review, 2011, "final words"

6372: 5919:"Seagate Barracuda 3½" HDDs per webpage January 2008" 5503:"Industry Life Cycle - Encyclopedia - Business Terms" 5198:(4th ed.), June 1, 1957, p. 17, 22-6270-3, 3984:

Video recording HDDs used in network video recorders.

2663:

The rate of areal density advancement was similar to

2466:

Circuit board of a 2.5-inch Samsung hard disk MP0402H

8318: 8316: 7541: 7495: 6948:"WD Demos Future HDD Storage Tech: 60TB Hard Drives" 6876:"How long before SSDs replace nearline disk drives?" 6585: 6583: 5889:"Seagate Momentus 2½" HDDs per webpage January 2008" 5448:"How long before SSDs replace nearline disk drives?" 5349:(3rd ed.). PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. p. 568. 5246:(6th ed.), April 1962, p. 63, A24-1403-5, 4924:"How long before SSDs replace nearline disk drives?" 4917: 4915: 4913: 4115: 3938:

Typically used with multiple-user computers running

3626:

RAID § Unrecoverable read errors during rebuild

8588:"Enterprise-class versus Desktop class Hard Drives" 7890: 7473:. Blogs.netapp.com. August 14, 2009. Archived from 6939: 6917: 6892: 6814: 3876:but may be also assembled by combining an external 3464:

Self-Monitoring, Analysis, and Reporting Technology

3236:Rotational latency is incurred because the desired 2239:, is improving faster than HDDs. NAND has a higher 10295:'s NAND flash SSD business and renamed it Solidigm 9110: 8184: 7029: 6845: 6694: 6055:"Toshiba disks get 2-gen leg-up from flux control" 4774: 4772: 4068:(SSDs) in markets where the higher speed (up to 7 3916: 3349:back the file. Transfer rate can be influenced by 2823:of the drive. Some modern SATA drives also report 2614:Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology 10735: 9264:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines 9141: 9079: 8391:"16 TB MAMR Hard Drives in 2019: Western Digital" 8313: 8193:"Failure Trends in a Large Disk Drive Population" 7826:Emerson W. Pugh, Lyle R. Johnson, John H. Palmer 7763:"Seagate lawsuit concludes, settlement announced" 7181: 6867: 6736:"Support for shingled magnetic recording devices" 6630:"HDD Opportunities & Challenges, Now to 2020" 6580: 6174: 4910: 4780:How SSDs conquered mobile devices and modern OSes 4657:"Are SSDs Really More Reliable Than Hard Drives?" 4478: 4390: 4388: 30:"Hard drive" redirects here. For other uses, see 13657: 11474:Criminal Reduction Utilising Statistical History 9048: 9026: 8797:"Force Series Gen.4 PCIe MP600 2TB NVMe M.2 SSD" 6623: 6621: 6549: 5613: 5244:Reference Manual IBM 1401 Data Processing System 5220:IBM Reference Manual 7070 Data Processing System 4853: 4797: 4795: 4718:"5th Non-Volatile Memories Workshop (NVMW 2014)" 4406: 4404: 3077:(1 GB = 1,000,000,000 bytes) and 2219:HDD improvements have been driven by increasing 1687:. HDDs dominate the volume of storage produced ( 8911: 8849: 8847: 8154: 8136:"How To Recover Lost Data from Your Hard Drive" 4769: 7677: 5169:"IBM Archives: IBM 350 disk storage unit" 4385: 4275:Comparable in size to two large refrigerators. 3211: 2062:The first production IBM hard disk drive, the 1671:storage devices. More than 224 companies have 13449: 13189: 12944: 12913:History of computing hardware (1960s–present) 12394: 12380: 11236: 10721: 10146: 10025: 9694: 9561: 9417: 7314: 7289:. IEEE Santa Clara Valley Magnetics Society. 6618: 6430: 6428: 6426: 5777:"Why 7,200 RPM Mobile Hard Disk Drives?" 5386: 5384: 5336: 4945:IBM San Jose: A quarter century of innovation 4886: 4884: 4801: 4792: 4401: 3884:, while 3.5-inch variants are referred to as 3652:, or poorly manufactured platters and heads. 2924:Examples of partition mapping scheme include 1866:Improvement of HDD characteristics over time 1844:Video of modern HDD operation (cover removed) 1557: 51:The end of a 3.5-inch hard disk drive with a 10039: 8844: 8133: 8019:(5). HGST, a Western Digital Company: 1–42. 6237:"Enterprise Performance 15K HDD: Data Sheet" 6139: 6137: 5725:Sherlis, Juliya (2001). Elert, Glenn (ed.). 5015:"Toshiba Storage Solutions – MK3233GSG" 5009: 5007: 4053:. Production is mainly in the Pacific rim. 3260:reduced while the procedure is in progress. 2750:(TDMR) and "current perpendicular to plane" 12958: 6301: 6299: 6231: 6229: 5161: 4650: 4648: 4427:is rotational speed revolutions per minute. 4170:Hard disk drive performance characteristics 3703:. Recovery from logical damage can require 3218:Hard disk drive performance characteristics 2568: 2437:magnetic storage technology, also known as 1982:2.5 ms to 10 ms; RW RAM dependent 43:2.5-inch hard disk drive with cover removed 13456: 13442: 13196: 13182: 12951: 12937: 12387: 12373: 11243: 11229: 10728: 10714: 10153: 10139: 10032: 10018: 9701: 9687: 9575: 9568: 9554: 9424: 9410: 9175: 8617: 8615: 8580: 8490: 8162:"Everything You Know About Disks Is Wrong" 8102: 8075: 8057: 7955: 7924: 7860: 7841: 7820: 7781: 7754: 7680:"How OS X and iOS report storage capacity" 7652: 7643: 7634: 7608: 7463: 7355: 7236: 7216: 6999: 6423: 6400: 6010: 6004: 5985: 5419:"Seagate Wants to Ship 100TB HDDs by 2025" 5381: 5310: 5308: 5261:"IBM Archives: IBM 1301 disk storage unit" 5222:(2nd ed.), January 1960, A22-7003-1, 4881: 4789:. Ars Technica. Retrieved January 7, 2013. 4018: 2342:Destroyed hard disk, glass platter visible 1788: 1564: 1550: 9708: 9355:Hiding Data in Hard Drive's Service Areas 9300:Learn how and when to remove this message 8024: 7728: 7505:International Journal of Digital Evidence 7320: 7275: 7035: 6901: 6677: 6488: 6455: 6342:"WD Red Desktop/Mobile Series Spec Sheet" 6336: 6334: 6266: 6264: 6134: 5941: 5911: 5881: 5855: 5828: 5768: 5628: 5619: 5495: 5342: 5004: 4955: 4953: 4715: 4604:"IBM Archives: IBM 350 disk storage unit" 4479:Patterson, David; Hennessy, John (1971). 4037:Diagram of HDD manufacturer consolidation 3726:summarized research findings as follows: 3500:(IDE), later standardized under the name 3073:(1 MB = 1,000,000 bytes), 2781:mSATA SSD on top of a 2.5-inch hard drive 1698:The revenues for SSDs, most of which use 9116: 8693: 8653: 8524:"Western Digital My Passport, 2 TB" 8065:"Reed Solomon Codes – Introduction" 6627: 6528: 6522: 6497:"Moore's Law is dead, says Gordon Moore" 6378:"Keeping Bits Safe: How Hard Can It Be?" 6296: 6226: 6208:"Hard Drive Sector Format and Structure" 6205: 6079:"Hard Drive Error Correcting Code (ECC)" 6076: 5991: 5807: 5749: 5718: 5688: 5658: 5470: 5464: 5229: 5205: 4989:Exos Mozaic 3 Plus Model No: ST32TB00000 4890: 4645: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4382:which are no longer used in modern HDDs. 4059: 4032: 3925: 3853: 3767: 3629: 3601: 3398: 3382: 3372: 3277:Latency characteristics typical of HDDs 3142: 3134: 2776: 2764: 2654: 2491: 2483: 2461: 2452: 2366:Longitudinal recording (standard) & 2361: 2353: 2345: 2337: 2268: 1847: 1832: 1608:with one or more rigid rapidly rotating 58: 46: 38: 10761:List of defunct hard disk manufacturers 10485:List of solid-state drive manufacturers 9217: 9198: 9054: 9032: 8654:Petersen, Martin K. (August 30, 2008). 8612: 8568:from the original on September 15, 2014 8414: 8412: 8344: 8274:from the original on September 11, 2015 7557:. Seagate. October 2012. Archived from 7061: 6206:Kozierok, Charles (December 23, 2018). 6103: 6077:Kozierok, Charles (November 25, 2018). 5863:"Press Releases December 14, 2004" 5724: 5305: 5187: 5171:. IBM. January 23, 2003. Archived from 5106: 4826: 4029:List of defunct hard disk manufacturers 3360: 2315:that holds flat circular disks, called 14: 13658: 10160: 9119:"3D NAND Enables Larger Consumer SSDs" 9098:from the original on December 24, 2018 9085: 9067:from the original on December 24, 2018 9035:"Toshiba Claims Highest-Capacity NAND" 9014:from the original on December 31, 2018 8984:from the original on December 31, 2018 8954:from the original on December 31, 2018 8832:from the original on December 31, 2018 8687: 8635:from the original on December 28, 2013 8555: 8081: 7989:"GLOSSARY of DRIVE and COMPUTER TERMS" 7930: 7912:from the original on February 20, 2010 7899: 7671: 7451:from the original on February 22, 2016 7187: 7161: 6987:from the original on February 20, 2019 6945: 6923: 6873: 6851: 6820: 6764: 6708:plc. September 9, 2013. Archived from 6663: 6602:from the original on November 12, 2014 6589: 6494: 6388:from the original on December 17, 2013 6331: 6261: 5808:Kozierok, Charles (October 20, 2018). 5774: 5646:from the original on September 3, 2011 5587: 5561: 5471:Kanellos, Michael (January 17, 2006). 5445: 5390: 4963:. Oracle Magazine. Oracle. July 2014. 4950: 4921: 4859: 4628: 4460:from the original on February 16, 2015 4150:Comparison of disk encryption software 4089:un-correctable data errors than HDDs. 3340:" data transfer rate up to 1,030 2401:actuator or, in some older designs, a 1737:, which is a function of the physical 27:Electro-mechanical data storage device 13437: 13177: 12932: 12368: 11609:Center for The Business of Government 11224: 10709: 10300:Flash Forward (joint venture between 10134: 10013: 9682: 9549: 9405: 8924:from the original on January 27, 2019 8912:Circuit Breaker (February 20, 2018). 8822:"Intel Optane SSD 900P Series Review" 8772: 8470: 8295:"Enterprise Drives: Fact or Fiction?" 8292: 8142:from the original on November 5, 2012 7943:from the original on November 8, 2010 7760: 7421: 6746:from the original on February 2, 2015 6434: 6406: 6284:from the original on October 29, 2013 6249:from the original on October 29, 2013 5059: 4832: 4748: 4697:from the original on October 19, 2016 4654: 4641:from the original on August 27, 2023. 4587: 4512:"SSD vs. HDD: What's the Difference?" 3663:to support the heads at their proper 3331: 2978: 2976:Capacity advertised by manufacturers 2975: 2722:) focused on developing ways to seal 2500:, showing the side facing the platter 2281: 1713:corresponding to powers of 1000: a 1- 1105:Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus 13691:Rotating disc computer storage media 12918:List of pioneers in computer science 12297: 9324:Average seek time of a computer disk 9244: 9033:McGrath, Dylan (February 20, 2019). 8409: 8345:Donnell, Deirdre O. (June 4, 2019). 8301:from the original on August 18, 2015 8248:from the original on August 31, 2015 8205:from the original on January 5, 2010 7576: 7404: 7363:"Promising New Hard Disk Technology" 7343:from the original on October 6, 2018 7263:from the original on August 10, 2014 7242: 7162:Shilov, Anton (September 18, 2019). 7017:from the original on August 22, 2010 6829:from the original on January 2, 2016 6777:from the original on January 7, 2015 6767:"LSFMM: A storage technology update" 6733: 6473:from the original on August 21, 2014 5446:Mellor, Chris (September 23, 2019). 5417:Mott, Nathaniel (November 7, 2018). 5416: 5343:Chaudhuri, P. Pal (April 15, 2008). 5149:from the original on August 29, 2018 4977:IBM 350 disk drive held 3.75 MB 4967:from the original on August 11, 2014 4804:"SSD vs HDD: What's the Difference?" 4802:Santo Domingo, Joel (May 10, 2012). 4439: 2979:Capacity expected by some consumers 2573:Modern drives make extensive use of 1861:Server HDD operation (cover removed) 1639:Hard disk drives were introduced by 8893:from the original on April 10, 2019 8773:Alsop, Thomas (February 17, 2023). 8600:from the original on August 3, 2016 8239: 8082:Mueler, Scott (February 24, 2019). 7769:from the original on March 20, 2012 7188:Mellor, Chris (September 3, 2019). 6821:Shilov, Anton (December 18, 2015). 6765:Corbet, Jonathan (April 23, 2013). 6590:Mellor, Chris (November 10, 2014). 5929:from the original on March 14, 2009 5899:from the original on March 11, 2009 5869:from the original on April 14, 2009 5839:. American Scientist. p. 212. 5775:Blount, Walker C. (November 2007). 4891:McCallum, John C. (November 2019). 4814:from the original on March 19, 2017 4629:Shilov, Anton (November 18, 2019). 4522:from the original on March 28, 2018 4509: 3761: 3655:The HDD's spindle system relies on 2873:special disk partitioning utilities 2307:A typical HDD design consists of a 1717:(TB) drive has a capacity of 1,000 24: 10501:Advanced Host Controller Interface 9319:Video showing an opened HD working 9201:The Indispensable PC Hardware Book 9169: 9129:from the original on June 16, 2016 8694:McCallum, John C. (May 16, 2015). 8623:"Seagate Cheetah 15K.5 Data Sheet" 8452:from the original on July 25, 2015 8108: 7848:Flash price fall shakes HDD market 7716:from the original on July 18, 2015 7686:from the original on April 2, 2015 7618:. January 23, 2003. Archived from 7398:"Exos Mozaic 3+ | Seagate US" 7296:from the original on March 2, 2013 6946:Oliver, Bill (November 18, 2013). 6924:Shilov, Anton (October 15, 2014). 6852:Shilov, Anton (November 5, 2019). 6537:from the original on July 11, 2017 6354:from the original on July 28, 2018 6319:from the original on July 28, 2018 5543:from the original on June 25, 2014 5267:. January 23, 2003. Archived from 5196:IBM 650 RAMAC Manual of Operations 5021:from the original on July 24, 2012 4753:Objective Analysis. Archived from 4655:Klein, Andy (September 30, 2021). 4606:. January 23, 2003. Archived from 3993: 3756: 2748:Two-dimensional magnetic recording 2596:In the newest drives, as of 2009, 2053:c. 2,500,000 hrs (~285 years) MTBF 266:Data validation and reconciliation 25: 13702: 12972:Comparison of disc image software 11278:PC business acquisition by Lenovo 10558: 9381:Shingled Magnetic Recording (SMR) 9330:Timeline: 50 Years of Hard Drives 9240: 9055:Bedford, Tom (December 4, 2018). 8732:from the original on May 26, 2019 8471:Smith, Lyle (September 3, 2014). 8397:from the original on May 24, 2019 8293:Beach, Brian (December 4, 2013). 8172:from the original on May 24, 2019 8134:Grabianowski, Ed (May 29, 2009). 8090:from the original on May 24, 2019 8086:. Macmillan Computer Publishing. 7742:from the original on May 24, 2019 7143:from the original on May 24, 2019 7036:Rosenthal, David (May 16, 2018). 6902:Rosenthal, David (May 16, 2018). 6874:Mellor, Chris (August 28, 2019). 6642:from the original on May 25, 2014 6564:. p. Table 1. Archived from 6443:from the original on July 8, 2015 6409:"Where's My Petabyte Disk Drive?" 6214:from the original on May 26, 2019 6085:from the original on May 26, 2019 5843:from the original on July 8, 2014 5834: 5816:from the original on May 26, 2019 5737:from the original on June 8, 2017 5676:from the original on July 8, 2011 5513:from the original on July 8, 2018 5483:from the original on May 19, 2018 5060:Klein, Andy (November 29, 2022). 4922:Mellor, Chris (August 28, 2019). 4841:from the original on May 15, 2018 4778:Hutchinson, Lee. (June 25, 2012) 4010:has published a quality-adjusted 3858:Two 2.5" external USB hard drives 3151:IBM's first hard disk drive, the 3055:1,000 GB, 1,000,000 MB 2104:Also in 1962, IBM introduced the 316:Distributed file system for cloud 12307: 12306: 12296: 12287: 12286: 11976:Sabre airline reservation system 11822:Thomas J. Watson Research Center 10688: 10687: 9440:Fundamental storage technologies 9431: 9249: 9203:(4th ed.). Addison-Wesley. 9086:Shilov, Anton (March 19, 2018). 8996: 8966: 8936: 8905: 8875: 8814: 8789: 8766: 8744: 8718: 8647: 8549: 8516: 8473:"WD My Passport Wireless Review" 8464: 8434: 8383: 8371:from the original on May 6, 2019 8357: 8338: 8286: 8260: 8233: 8217: 8127: 8003: 7981: 7850:, EETimes Asia, August 1, 2007. 7803: 7761:Cogar, Phil (October 26, 2007). 7698: 7515: 7498:"Hidden Disk Areas: HPA and DCO" 7489: 7430: 7390: 7376: 7329: 7308: 7243:Wood, Roger (October 19, 2010). 7210: 7155: 7098: 7055: 6969: 6793: 6758: 6495:Dubash, Manek (April 13, 2005). 5346:Computer Organization and Design 4417: 4118: 3285:Average rotational latency (ms) 2740:heat-assisted magnetic recording 2705:heat-assisted magnetic recording 2439:exchange coupled composite media 2397:spins. The arm is moved using a 1624:manner, meaning that individual 164:Areal density (computer storage) 11489:Information Management Software 8696:"Disk Drive Prices (1955–2015)" 8138:. HowStuffWorks. pp. 5–6. 7931:Broida, Rick (April 10, 2009). 7900:Kearns, Dave (April 18, 2001). 7828:IBM's 360 and early 370 systems 6727: 6657: 6531:"Disk Drive Prices (1955–2017)" 6407:Hayes, Brian (March 27, 2016). 6366: 6347:. Western Digital. April 2018. 6272:"WD Xe: Datacenter hard drives" 6199: 6168: 6149: 6097: 6070: 6061: 6047: 5971: 5801: 5727:"Thickness of a piece of paper" 5607: 5581: 5562:Mellor, Chris (July 17, 2018). 5555: 5525: 5410: 5391:Alcorn, Paul (March 19, 2018). 5372: 5363: 5327: 5283: 5253: 5139:"Ultrastar DC HC500 Series HDD" 5131: 5119:. Western Digital. October 2023 5114:"Ultrastar DC HC690 Data Sheet" 5076: 5053: 5033: 4993: 4982: 4937: 4860:Mellor, Chris (July 31, 2017). 4742: 4709: 4364: 4350: 4341: 4332: 4323: 4314: 4305: 4296: 4287: 4278: 4269: 4260: 4251: 3917:Enterprise and business segment 3475:Small Computer System Interface 3462:remapping, data collection for 3131:List of disk drive form factors 3124: 2609:physical sector that is failing 1643:in 1956, and were the dominant 1616:, usually arranged on a moving 983:Programmable metallization cell 12242:International chess tournament 12022:Globally integrated enterprise 12012:Commercial Processing Workload 9117:Coughlin, Tom (June 7, 2016). 8726:"Hard Drive Cost Per Gigabyte" 8556:Hsiung, Sebean (May 5, 2010). 8013:IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 7064:IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 5992:D. Suess; et al. (2004). 5588:Hruska, Joel (July 20, 2018). 5062:"Hard Drive Cost Per Gigabyte" 4961:"Time Capsule, 1956 Hard Disk" 4749:Handy, James (July 31, 2012). 4716:Fullerton, Eric (March 2014). 4677: 4622: 4534: 4503: 4472: 4266:32,000,000,000,000 ÷ 3,750,000 4212: 3456:error detection and correction 2797: 2650: 2598:low-density parity-check codes 546:Persistence (computer science) 13: 1: 12908:History of computing hardware 11981:Scanning tunneling microscope 10913:Digital Equipment Corporation 9467:Uncommon storage technologies 9314:Hard Disk Drives Encyclopedia 6734:Edge, Jake (March 26, 2014). 6435:Byrne, David (July 1, 2015). 4433: 4135:Automatic acoustic management 4064:HDDs are being superseded by 3978: 3844:USB mass storage device class 3535:Fibre Channel Arbitrated Loop 3452:Reed–Solomon error correction 3353:and the layout of the files. 2886: 2640:The worst type of errors are 2579:Reed–Solomon error correction 2448: 2273:Magnetic cross section & 2264: 1874:Started with (1957) 1414:Electronic quantum holography 13647:Non-RAID drive architectures 12776:Network interface controller 9199:Messmer, Hans-Peter (2001). 8728:. Backblaze. July 11, 2017. 7738:. Fox News. March 22, 2001. 4833:Hough, Jack (May 14, 2018). 4231:direct access storage device 3750:equivalent age was similar. 3498:Integrated Drive Electronics 3466:, and other internal tasks. 765:Video RAM (dual-ported DRAM) 561:Non-RAID drive architectures 85:An overview of how HDDs work 7: 12573:Refreshable braille display 12515:Refreshable braille display 11849:Canada Head Office Building 11839:Cambridge Scientific Center 11731:Science Research Associates 11499:Mainframe operating systems 10749:History of hard disk drives 9223:Upgrading and Repairing PCs 8324:"Hard Drive Data and Stats" 8270:. Alphr. December 4, 2013. 7217:Raevenlord (July 8, 2020). 6704:(Press release). New York: 6307:"3.5" BarraCuda data sheet" 6104:Stevens, Curtis E. (2011). 5084:"Magnetic head development" 4111: 4025:History of hard disk drives 3922:Server and workstation HDDs 3504:(ATA, with the alias PATA ( 3222:The factors that limit the 3212:Performance characteristics 3085:are usually quoted using a 2962:Binary prefix § disk drives 2760: 2701:shingled magnetic recording 2127:, Burroughs B-475 in 1964, 1778:History of hard disk drives 1709:. Capacity is specified in 32:Hard Drive (disambiguation) 10: 13707: 11910:Virtual Universe Community 11631:International subsidiaries 11551:Service Automation Manager 7884:February 11, 2009, at the 6529:McCallum, John C. (2017). 5810:"Hard Drive Spindle Speed" 4751:"For the Lack of a Fab..." 4555:10.1109/SAMOS.2016.7818344 4329:1,400,000,000,000 ÷ 2,000. 4022: 3988: 3841: 3838:External and portable HDDs 3731:Mean time between failures 3713:Carnegie Mellon University 3619: 3605: 3411:types, including parallel 3376: 3271: 3215: 3128: 2959: 2890: 2682:electrothermal instability 2534:by analogy to the coil in 2285: 2241:price elasticity of demand 2227:of the late 1950s to most 1775: 1771: 1673:produced HDDs historically 1600:that stores and retrieves 1354:Holographic Versatile Disc 1253:Compact Disc Digital Audio 1125:Magnetic-tape data storage 744:Content-addressable memory 29: 13644: 13611: 13553: 13525: 13487: 13471: 13406: 13339: 13247: 13240: 13216: 13160: 13154:Disc Description Protocol 13146: 13108: 13040: 12978: 12969: 12900: 12844: 12803: 12794: 12672: 12608: 12551: 12480: 12415: 12406: 12282: 12171: 12113: 12040: 11999: 11928: 11862: 11758: 11661: 11596: 11587: 11439: 11389: 11304: 11297: 11288: 11258: 10795: 10769: 10744: 10683: 10612: 10551: 10493: 10477: 10427: 10329: 10320: 10269: 10168: 10075: 10048: 9978: 9942:Magneto-optic Kerr effect 9940: 9857: 9825: 9775: 9755: 9717: 9584: 9542: 9511: 9475: 9439: 9176:Kheong Chn, Sann (2005). 8043:10.1109/TMAG.2015.2397880 7965:. Seagate. Archived from 7854:February 1, 2008, at the 7589:. Toshiba. Archived from 7552:"Storage Solutions Guide" 7076:10.1109/TMAG.2014.2305693 7038:"Longer talk at MSST2018" 6904:"Longer talk at MSST2018" 6277:. Western Digital. 2013. 5761:January 13, 2012, at the 5473:"Flash goes the notebook" 3807:Consumer electronics HDDs 3379:Hard disk drive interface 3351:file system fragmentation 3193:Shugart Associates SA1000 3189:floppy-disk drives (FDDs) 3117:against HDD manufacturers 3069:decimal prefixes such as 2991: 2986: 2981: 2794:can also lead to errors. 2252:2011 Thailand floods 1817: 1799: 1787: 1649:general-purpose computers 1596:is an electro-mechanical 551:Persistent data structure 446:Digital rights management 13681:Computer storage devices 13463: 11936:Automated teller machine 11890:The Great Mind Challenge 11273:Mergers and acquisitions 11075:Nippon Electric Industry 10838:Bryant Computer Products 10754:IBM magnetic disk drives 10107:Optical mark recognition 9529:Network-attached storage 9336:October 6, 2013, at the 7706:"df(1) – Linux man page" 7616:"650 RAMAC announcement" 7584:"MKxx33GSG MK1235GSL r1" 6033:10.1109/TMAG.2004.838075 5041:section on IBM 305 RAMAC 4453:. Arpaci-Dusseau Books. 4320:(97,500 ÷ 14.4] * 10^6. 4206: 3979:Surveillance hard drives 3882:portable external drives 3820:surveillance hard drives 2955: 2829:logical block addressing 2569:Error rates and handling 2169:factors of modern HDDs. 1426:DNA digital data storage 1409:Holographic data storage 898:Solid-state hybrid drive 184:Network-attached storage 18:External hard disk drive 13666:20th-century inventions 12682:Central processing unit 11895:Linux Technology Center 11250: 10968:Hokushin Electric Works 10873:Computer Memories, Inc. 10201:Flash memory controller 8562:datarecoverytools.co.uk 7114:Applied Physics Letters 6628:Anderson, Dave (2013). 6175:MjM Data Recovery Ltd. 5237:"IBM RAMAC 1401 System" 4359:perpendicular recording 4293:68 × 12 × 12 × 12 ÷ 2.1 4019:Manufacturers and sales 3908:, and lack of SATA (or 3886:desktop external drives 3824:digital video recorders 3608:Hard disk drive failure 3282:Rotational speed (rpm) 3224:time to access the data 2752:giant magnetoresistance 2744:bit-patterned recording 2642:silent data corruptions 2426:perpendicular recording 2418:superparamagnetic limit 2368:perpendicular recording 2036:per square inch in 2023 1768:(Parallel ATA) cables. 1421:5D optical data storage 1238:3D optical data storage 961:Universal Flash Storage 366:Replication (computing) 311:Distributed file system 201:Single-instance storage 179:Direct-attached storage 159:Continuous availability 12220:Dynamic infrastructure 12185:Big Blue sports teams 11991:Universal Product Code 10625:JEDEC / JC-42, JC-64.8 9225:(20th ed.). Que. 8656:"Linux Data Integrity" 7963:"Speed Considerations" 7872:June 16, 2011, at the 7523:"Low-Level Formatting" 6312:. Seagate. June 2018. 6181:Datarecovery.mjm.co.uk 5046:March 2, 2015, at the 4943:Kean, David W., 1977, 4723:. IEEE. Archived from 4396:decimal multiples 4165:Error recovery control 4038: 3971:silent data corruption 3934: 3906:printed circuit boards 3859: 3791:Western Digital Raptor 3773: 3677:giant magnetoresistive 3636: 3575:differential signaling 3555:disk array controllers 3404: 3396: 3148: 3140: 2782: 2774: 2660: 2575:error correction codes 2501: 2489: 2467: 2459: 2371: 2359: 2351: 2343: 2294:ferromagnetic material 2278: 2183:Tallgrass Technologies 2147:drives followed, then 1862: 1845: 1805:; 69 years ago 1803:December 24, 1954 1743:revolutions per minute 1294:Nintendo optical discs 511:Storage virtualization 381:Information repository 321:Distributed data store 86: 56: 44: 13676:Computer data storage 13507:Disk array controller 12352:Vacuum tube computers 12236:IBM and the Holocaust 12201:Common Public License 12086:Louis V. Gerstner Jr. 11869:Academy of Technology 11324:Power microprocessors 10613:Related organizations 8889:. February 20, 2018. 8168:. February 22, 2007. 7664:June 5, 2011, at the 7659:CDC Product Line Card 6374:David S. H. Rosenthal 6161:May 26, 2019, at the 4785:July 7, 2017, at the 4730:on September 28, 2018 4412:binary multiples 4242:Winchester disk drive 4200:Write precompensation 4060:Competition from SSDs 4036: 4008:Federal Reserve Board 3929: 3857: 3829:Drives embedded into 3822:", are embedded into 3771: 3633: 3602:Integrity and failure 3539:storage area networks 3402: 3387:Inner view of a 1998 3386: 3373:Access and interfaces 3146: 3138: 3087:binary interpretation 2934:File Allocation Table 2911:High-level formatting 2864:Some systems may use 2780: 2768: 2658: 2577:(ECCs), particularly 2496:Close-up of a single 2495: 2487: 2465: 2456: 2434:exchange spring media 2365: 2357: 2349: 2341: 2272: 1860: 1843: 797:Mellon optical memory 785:Williams–Kilburn tube 501:Locality of reference 306:Clustered file system 132:Memory access pattern 97:computer data storage 84: 50: 42: 13204:Storage devices for 11966:Magnetic stripe card 11915:World Community Grid 11791:Toronto Software Lab 11447:Carbon Design System 11402:Cell microprocessors 11050:MiniStor Peripherals 10995:Intégral Peripherals 10928:ExcelStor Technology 10542:Universal Serial Bus 10536:Serial attached SCSI 9534:Storage area network 9476:Related technologies 9447:Semiconductor memory 9270:improve this article 8240:Anthony, Sebastian. 7969:on February 10, 2011 7878:End Of Life Products 7678:Apple Support Team. 7596:on November 22, 2009 6954:on November 21, 2013 6598:. UK: The Register. 6013:IEEE Trans. Mag. Mat 5895:. October 24, 2008. 5837:"Terabyte Territory" 5731:The Physics Factbook 5706:on September 3, 2011 5271:on December 19, 2014 5194:"355 DISK STORAGE", 4690:. Intel. July 2011. 4549:. pp. 164–171. 4001:2011 Thailand floods 3967:Data Integrity Field 3952:Serial Attached SCSI 3818:, sometimes called " 3798:Mobile (laptop) HDDs 3785:HDDs stored 16 3561:Serial Attached SCSI 3521:direct memory access 3425:Serial Attached SCSI 3361:Other considerations 3110:command-line utility 2930:GUID Partition Table 2907:low-level formatting 2825:cylinder-head-sector 2522:neodymium–iron–boron 2387:read-and-write heads 2275:frequency modulation 1998:per megabyte (1961; 1762:Serial Attached SCSI 1630:non-volatile storage 1493:Magnetic-core memory 1140:Digital Data Storage 1100:Quadruplex videotape 541:In-memory processing 431:Information transfer 326:Distributed database 189:Storage area network 169:Block (data storage) 13671:American inventions 12230:GUIDE International 12092:Samuel J. Palmisano 11951:Electronic keypunch 11775:One Atlantic Center 11745:Weather Underground 11741:The Weather Company 11155:Samsung Electronics 10270:Flash manufacturers 10261:Write amplification 10246:Solid-state storage 9282:footnote references 8035:2015ITM....5197880A 7791:. Xtremesystems.org 7126:2009ApPhL..94t2509L 7013:. August 19, 2010. 6688:2012arXiv1201.5543P 6376:(October 1, 2010). 6187:on February 1, 2014 6122:on November 5, 2013 6025:2005ITM....41..537V 3940:enterprise software 3892:. Features such as 3831:automotive vehicles 3645:failure of the disk 3593:, and differential 3278: 2972: 2967:Decimal and binary 2277:encoded binary data 2225:mainframe computers 2039:700-million-to-one 2012:6.8-billion-to-one 1903:8.5-million-to-one 1867: 1784: 1598:data storage device 1090:Phonograph cylinder 1028:Electrochemical RAM 880:Solid-state storage 496:Memory segmentation 194:Block-level storage 12332:Personal computers 12322:Midrange computers 12312:Navigational boxes 12205:IBM Public License 12180:A Boy and His Atom 12138:Michelle J. Howard 12080:John Fellows Akers 12062:T. Vincent Learson 11769:1250 René-Lévesque 11509:Planning Analytics 11180:SyQuest Technology 11165:Shugart Associates 10878:Conner Peripherals 10868:CII-Honeywell-Bull 10853:Castlewood Systems 10777:Seagate Technology 10435:Greenliant Systems 10206:Garbage collection 10162:Solid-state drives 10041:Paper data storage 9462:Paper data storage 9393:, HGST, Inc., 2015 9391:The Road to Helium 9375:Seagate Technology 8828:. March 16, 2018. 8672:on January 9, 2015 8663:Oracle Corporation 8534:on October 5, 2013 8448:. March 22, 2015. 8109:Kaseta, Robert G. 7194:Blocks & Files 6712:on October 9, 2014 6706:Seagate Technology 6469:. March 25, 1997. 6463:"Gallium Arsenide" 5301:on March 28, 2015. 5291:"DiskPlatter-1301" 4757:on January 1, 2013 4338:2,500,000 ÷ 2,000. 4126:Electronics portal 4098:solid-state drives 4066:solid-state drives 4039: 3935: 3860: 3774: 3699:, can be used for 3637: 3577:system is used in 3510:"ultra DMA" (UDMA) 3405: 3397: 3391:HDD that used the 3332:Data transfer rate 3276: 3149: 3141: 3046:1,099,511,627,776 3043:1,000,000,000,000 2982:Reported capacity 2966: 2926:Master boot record 2783: 2775: 2693:solid-state drives 2661: 2502: 2490: 2468: 2460: 2407:zone bit recording 2372: 2360: 2352: 2344: 2302:run-length limited 2282:Magnetic recording 2279: 2245:product life cycle 2163:floppy disk drives 1865: 1863: 1846: 1782: 1693:solid-state drives 1657:personal computers 1499:Plated-wire memory 1464:Paper data storage 1110:Magnetic recording 536:In-memory database 521:Memory-mapped file 466:Volume boot record 461:Master boot record 451:Volume (computing) 426:Data communication 351:Data deduplication 87: 57: 45: 13653: 13652: 13431: 13430: 13427: 13426: 13171: 13170: 12926: 12925: 12896: 12895: 12826:Analog audio jack 12547: 12546: 12362: 12361: 12327:Operating systems 12189:American football 12158:Joseph R. Swedish 12153:Martha E. Pollack 12056:Thomas Watson Jr. 12017:Customer engineer 11941:Cynefin framework 11827:Hakozaki Facility 11786:Rome Software Lab 11754: 11753: 11583: 11582: 11536:Rational Software 11435: 11434: 11417:Personal Computer 11412:Midrange computer 11218: 11217: 11195:Texas Instruments 11120:Potter Instrument 10703: 10702: 10635:NVMHCI Work Group 10478:SSD manufacturers 10473: 10472: 10231:Over-provisioning 10186:Flash file system 10128: 10127: 10122: 10121: 10101:Edge-notched card 10007: 10006: 9757:Professional Disc 9676: 9675: 9519:Networked storage 9349:Hard disk hacking 9310: 9309: 9302: 9232:978-0-7897-4710-5 9210:978-0-201-59616-8 9010:. July 27, 2016. 8980:. July 22, 2016. 8950:. July 22, 2016. 8855:Schroeder, Bianca 8826:StorageReview.com 8477:storagereview.com 8446:storagereview.com 8422:. August 29, 2019 7447:. June 15, 2009. 7134:10.1063/1.3133354 6666:Physics in Canada 6596:theregister.co.uk 6562:ibmsystemsmag.com 6242:. Seagate. 2013. 5998:J. Magn. Mag. Mat 5959:on March 16, 2009 5789:on April 19, 2012 5696:"Hard Drive Help" 5356:978-81-203-3511-0 5295:computermuseum.li 5094:on March 21, 2015 4572:978-1-5090-3076-7 3816:Video hard drives 3781:highest-capacity 3547:ATA over Ethernet 3329: 3328: 3094:Microsoft Windows 3059: 3058: 2833:defect management 2771:Seagate Barracuda 2695:(SSDs). In 2013, 2678:superparamagnetic 2060: 2059: 1976:approx. 600 1858: 1841: 1831: 1830: 1729:and the computer 1700:NAND flash memory 1645:secondary storage 1574: 1573: 1171:8 mm video format 1095:Phonograph record 914:Flash Core Module 892:Solid-state drive 791:Delay-line memory 750:Computational RAM 653:Scratchpad memory 491:Disk partitioning 216:Unstructured data 142:Secondary storage 82: 16:(Redirected from 13698: 13686:Hard disk drives 13458: 13451: 13444: 13435: 13434: 13386: 13245: 13244: 13198: 13191: 13184: 13175: 13174: 12953: 12946: 12939: 12930: 12929: 12801: 12800: 12452:Optical trackpad 12417:Pointing devices 12413: 12412: 12389: 12382: 12375: 12366: 12365: 12310: 12309: 12300: 12299: 12290: 12289: 12050:Thomas J. Watson 11971:Relational model 11920:Think conference 11801:330 North Wabash 11721:Microelectronics 11594: 11593: 11519:Quantum Platform 11464:Cognos Analytics 11302: 11301: 11295: 11294: 11245: 11238: 11231: 11222: 11221: 11115:Plus Development 11060:Mitsumi Electric 10943:General Electric 10823:Areal Technology 10730: 10723: 10716: 10707: 10706: 10691: 10690: 10559:HDD form factors 10327: 10326: 10226:Open-channel SSD 10155: 10148: 10141: 10132: 10131: 10034: 10027: 10020: 10011: 10010: 9703: 9696: 9689: 9680: 9679: 9577:Magnetic storage 9570: 9563: 9556: 9547: 9546: 9493:Data compression 9452:Magnetic storage 9426: 9419: 9412: 9403: 9402: 9305: 9298: 9294: 9291: 9285: 9253: 9252: 9245: 9236: 9214: 9195: 9193: 9191: 9182: 9164: 9163: 9161: 9159: 9154: 9145: 9139: 9138: 9136: 9134: 9114: 9108: 9107: 9105: 9103: 9083: 9077: 9076: 9074: 9072: 9052: 9046: 9045: 9043: 9041: 9030: 9024: 9023: 9021: 9019: 9000: 8994: 8993: 8991: 8989: 8970: 8964: 8963: 8961: 8959: 8940: 8934: 8933: 8931: 8929: 8909: 8903: 8902: 8900: 8898: 8879: 8873: 8872: 8870: 8868: 8863: 8851: 8842: 8841: 8839: 8837: 8818: 8812: 8811: 8809: 8807: 8793: 8787: 8786: 8784: 8782: 8770: 8764: 8763: 8761: 8759: 8748: 8742: 8741: 8739: 8737: 8722: 8716: 8715: 8713: 8711: 8706:on July 14, 2015 8702:. Archived from 8691: 8685: 8684: 8679: 8677: 8671: 8665:. Archived from 8660: 8651: 8645: 8644: 8642: 8640: 8634: 8627: 8619: 8610: 8609: 8607: 8605: 8599: 8592: 8584: 8578: 8577: 8575: 8573: 8553: 8547: 8546: 8541: 8539: 8530:. Archived from 8520: 8514: 8513: 8511: 8509: 8494: 8488: 8487: 8485: 8483: 8468: 8462: 8461: 8459: 8457: 8438: 8432: 8431: 8429: 8427: 8416: 8407: 8406: 8404: 8402: 8387: 8381: 8380: 8378: 8376: 8361: 8355: 8354: 8342: 8336: 8335: 8333: 8331: 8320: 8311: 8310: 8308: 8306: 8290: 8284: 8283: 8281: 8279: 8264: 8258: 8257: 8255: 8253: 8237: 8231: 8221: 8215: 8214: 8212: 8210: 8204: 8197: 8188: 8182: 8181: 8179: 8177: 8158: 8152: 8151: 8149: 8147: 8131: 8125: 8124: 8122: 8116:. Archived from 8115: 8106: 8100: 8099: 8097: 8095: 8079: 8073: 8072: 8071:on July 8, 2011. 8067:. Archived from 8061: 8055: 8054: 8028: 8007: 8001: 8000: 7998: 7996: 7985: 7979: 7978: 7976: 7974: 7959: 7953: 7952: 7950: 7948: 7928: 7922: 7921: 7919: 7917: 7897: 7888: 7864: 7858: 7845: 7839: 7830:MIT Press, 1991 7824: 7818: 7817: 7815: 7807: 7801: 7800: 7798: 7796: 7785: 7779: 7778: 7776: 7774: 7765:. Bit-tech.net. 7758: 7752: 7751: 7749: 7747: 7732: 7726: 7725: 7723: 7721: 7702: 7696: 7695: 7693: 7691: 7675: 7669: 7656: 7650: 7647: 7641: 7638: 7632: 7631: 7629: 7627: 7612: 7606: 7605: 7603: 7601: 7595: 7588: 7580: 7574: 7573: 7571: 7569: 7564:on June 20, 2013 7563: 7556: 7548: 7539: 7538: 7536: 7534: 7525:. Archived from 7519: 7513: 7512: 7502: 7493: 7487: 7486: 7484: 7482: 7477:on July 20, 2011 7467: 7461: 7460: 7458: 7456: 7442: 7434: 7428: 7425: 7419: 7418: 7408: 7402: 7401: 7394: 7388: 7387: 7380: 7374: 7373: 7371: 7369: 7359: 7353: 7352: 7350: 7348: 7333: 7327: 7326: 7324: 7312: 7306: 7305: 7303: 7301: 7295: 7288: 7279: 7273: 7272: 7270: 7268: 7262: 7249: 7240: 7234: 7233: 7231: 7229: 7214: 7208: 7207: 7202: 7200: 7185: 7179: 7178: 7176: 7174: 7159: 7153: 7152: 7150: 7148: 7142: 7111: 7102: 7096: 7095: 7059: 7053: 7052: 7046: 7044: 7033: 7027: 7026: 7024: 7022: 7003: 6997: 6996: 6994: 6992: 6973: 6967: 6966: 6961: 6959: 6950:. Archived from 6943: 6937: 6936: 6934: 6932: 6921: 6915: 6914: 6912: 6910: 6899: 6890: 6889: 6884: 6882: 6871: 6865: 6864: 6862: 6860: 6849: 6843: 6842: 6836: 6834: 6818: 6812: 6811: 6805: 6797: 6791: 6790: 6784: 6782: 6762: 6756: 6755: 6753: 6751: 6731: 6725: 6724: 6719: 6717: 6698: 6692: 6691: 6681: 6661: 6655: 6654: 6649: 6647: 6641: 6634: 6625: 6616: 6615: 6609: 6607: 6587: 6578: 6577: 6575: 6573: 6568:on July 29, 2017 6553: 6547: 6546: 6544: 6542: 6526: 6520: 6519: 6514: 6512: 6503:. Archived from 6492: 6486: 6485: 6480: 6478: 6459: 6453: 6452: 6450: 6448: 6432: 6421: 6420: 6418: 6416: 6404: 6398: 6397: 6395: 6393: 6370: 6364: 6363: 6361: 6359: 6353: 6346: 6338: 6329: 6328: 6326: 6324: 6318: 6311: 6303: 6294: 6293: 6291: 6289: 6283: 6276: 6268: 6259: 6258: 6256: 6254: 6248: 6241: 6233: 6224: 6223: 6221: 6219: 6210:. The PC Guide. 6203: 6197: 6196: 6194: 6192: 6183:. Archived from 6172: 6166: 6153: 6147: 6141: 6132: 6131: 6129: 6127: 6121: 6115:. Archived from 6110: 6101: 6095: 6094: 6092: 6090: 6081:. The PC Guide. 6074: 6068: 6065: 6059: 6058: 6057:. June 14, 2021. 6051: 6045: 6044: 6008: 6002: 6001: 5989: 5983: 5982: 5975: 5969: 5968: 5966: 5964: 5955:. Archived from 5945: 5939: 5938: 5936: 5934: 5915: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5885: 5879: 5878: 5876: 5874: 5859: 5853: 5852: 5850: 5848: 5832: 5826: 5825: 5823: 5821: 5812:. The PC Guide. 5805: 5799: 5798: 5796: 5794: 5788: 5782:. Archived from 5781: 5772: 5766: 5753: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5742: 5722: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5711: 5702:. Archived from 5700:hardrivehelp.com 5692: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5681: 5662: 5656: 5655: 5653: 5651: 5632: 5626: 5625: 5623: 5611: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5600: 5585: 5579: 5578: 5576: 5574: 5559: 5553: 5552: 5550: 5548: 5529: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5518: 5499: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5468: 5462: 5461: 5456: 5454: 5443: 5434: 5433: 5431: 5429: 5423:Tomshardware.com 5414: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5397:Tomshardware.com 5388: 5379: 5376: 5370: 5367: 5361: 5360: 5340: 5334: 5331: 5325: 5324: 5323:. IBM. A22-6785. 5322: 5312: 5303: 5302: 5297:. Archived from 5287: 5281: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5257: 5251: 5250: 5241: 5233: 5227: 5226: 5217: 5209: 5203: 5202: 5191: 5185: 5184: 5182: 5180: 5175:on June 17, 2015 5165: 5159: 5158: 5156: 5154: 5135: 5129: 5128: 5126: 5124: 5118: 5110: 5104: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5090:. Archived from 5080: 5074: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5057: 5051: 5037: 5031: 5030: 5028: 5026: 5011: 5002: 4997: 4991: 4986: 4980: 4979: 4974: 4972: 4957: 4948: 4941: 4935: 4934: 4932: 4930: 4919: 4908: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4888: 4879: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4857: 4851: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4830: 4824: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4799: 4790: 4776: 4767: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4746: 4740: 4739: 4737: 4735: 4729: 4722: 4713: 4707: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4696: 4689: 4681: 4675: 4674: 4669: 4667: 4652: 4643: 4642: 4626: 4620: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4600: 4585: 4584: 4538: 4532: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4507: 4501: 4500: 4476: 4470: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4459: 4452: 4443: 4428: 4426: 4421: 4415: 4410:Expressed using 4408: 4399: 4394:Expressed using 4392: 4383: 4368: 4362: 4354: 4348: 4345: 4339: 4336: 4330: 4327: 4321: 4318: 4312: 4309: 4303: 4300: 4294: 4291: 4285: 4282: 4276: 4273: 4267: 4264: 4258: 4255: 4249: 4216: 4128: 4123: 4122: 3960:host bus adapter 3762:Consumer segment 3279: 3275: 3108: 3023:107,374,182,400 3020:100,000,000,000 2973: 2965: 2940:file system and 2854: 2850: 2788:decimal prefixes 2551:tangential force 2524:(NIB) high-flux 2514:permanent magnet 2510: 2509: 2380: 2313: 2312: 2288:Magnetic storage 2160: 2159: 2155: 2152: 2095: 2094: 2090: 2064:350 disk storage 2044:Average lifespan 2001: 1997: 1877:Improved to 1868: 1864: 1859: 1842: 1813: 1811: 1806: 1792: 1785: 1781: 1739:rotational speed 1731:operating system 1606:magnetic storage 1566: 1559: 1552: 1511:Thin-film memory 1505:Core rope memory 1431:Universal memory 1394:Millipede memory 1384:Racetrack memory 1349:Ultra HD Blu-ray 1161:Linear Tape-Open 1115:Magnetic storage 1083:Analog recording 526:Software entropy 486:Disk aggregation 246:Data degradation 231:Data compression 127:Memory hierarchy 117:Memory coherence 89: 88: 83: 55:(SATA) interface 21: 13706: 13705: 13701: 13700: 13699: 13697: 13696: 13695: 13656: 13655: 13654: 13649: 13640: 13607: 13571:Data redundancy 13566:Fault tolerance 13549: 13521: 13483: 13479:of independent 13467: 13462: 13432: 13423: 13402: 13384: 13335: 13236: 13212: 13202: 13172: 13167: 13156: 13142: 13104: 13036: 12974: 12965: 12957: 12927: 12922: 12892: 12840: 12790: 12668: 12662:USB flash drive 12611: 12604: 12543: 12476: 12430:Game controller 12425:Graphics tablet 12402: 12393: 12363: 12358: 12278: 12264:SHARE computing 12225:GlobalFoundries 12167: 12115: 12109: 12036: 11995: 11986:Financial swaps 11961:Hard disk drive 11924: 11858: 11832:Yamato Facility 11750: 11657: 11589: 11579: 11546:Tivoli Software 11431: 11385: 11284: 11254: 11249: 11219: 11214: 11105:Pertec Computer 11085:Ohio Scientific 10953:Hewlett-Packard 10863:Caelus Memories 10791: 10787:Western Digital 10765: 10740: 10737:Hard disk drive 10734: 10704: 10699: 10679: 10608: 10547: 10489: 10469: 10423: 10377:(bought by OCZ) 10337:Western Digital 10316: 10302:Western Digital 10265: 10169:Key terminology 10164: 10159: 10129: 10124: 10123: 10118: 10071: 10044: 10038: 10008: 10003: 9986:Laser turntable 9974: 9936: 9853: 9821: 9771: 9751: 9713: 9710:Optical storage 9707: 9677: 9672: 9580: 9574: 9544: 9538: 9512:Network storage 9507: 9471: 9457:Optical storage 9435: 9430: 9365:Western Digital 9338:Wayback Machine 9306: 9295: 9289: 9286: 9267: 9258:This section's 9254: 9250: 9243: 9233: 9211: 9189: 9187: 9180: 9172: 9170:Further reading 9167: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9146: 9142: 9132: 9130: 9115: 9111: 9101: 9099: 9084: 9080: 9070: 9068: 9053: 9049: 9039: 9037: 9031: 9027: 9017: 9015: 9002: 9001: 8997: 8987: 8985: 8974:"Scalable SSDs" 8972: 8971: 8967: 8957: 8955: 8942: 8941: 8937: 8927: 8925: 8910: 8906: 8896: 8894: 8881: 8880: 8876: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8852: 8845: 8835: 8833: 8820: 8819: 8815: 8805: 8803: 8801:www.corsair.com 8795: 8794: 8790: 8780: 8778: 8771: 8767: 8757: 8755: 8750: 8749: 8745: 8735: 8733: 8724: 8723: 8719: 8709: 8707: 8692: 8688: 8675: 8673: 8669: 8658: 8652: 8648: 8638: 8636: 8632: 8625: 8621: 8620: 8613: 8603: 8601: 8597: 8590: 8586: 8585: 8581: 8571: 8569: 8554: 8550: 8537: 8535: 8522: 8521: 8517: 8507: 8505: 8504:on May 25, 2012 8496: 8495: 8491: 8481: 8479: 8469: 8465: 8455: 8453: 8440: 8439: 8435: 8425: 8423: 8418: 8417: 8410: 8400: 8398: 8389: 8388: 8384: 8374: 8372: 8363: 8362: 8358: 8343: 8339: 8329: 8327: 8322: 8321: 8314: 8304: 8302: 8291: 8287: 8277: 8275: 8266: 8265: 8261: 8251: 8249: 8244:. ExtremeTech. 8238: 8234: 8222: 8218: 8208: 8206: 8202: 8195: 8189: 8185: 8175: 8173: 8166:Storagemojo.com 8160: 8159: 8155: 8145: 8143: 8132: 8128: 8123:on May 4, 2012. 8120: 8113: 8107: 8103: 8093: 8091: 8080: 8076: 8063: 8062: 8058: 8008: 8004: 7994: 7992: 7987: 7986: 7982: 7972: 7970: 7961: 7960: 7956: 7946: 7944: 7929: 7925: 7915: 7913: 7902:"How to defrag" 7898: 7891: 7886:Wayback Machine 7874:Wayback Machine 7867:In 2008 Samsung 7865: 7861: 7856:Wayback Machine 7846: 7842: 7825: 7821: 7813: 7809: 7808: 7804: 7794: 7792: 7787: 7786: 7782: 7772: 7770: 7759: 7755: 7745: 7743: 7734: 7733: 7729: 7719: 7717: 7704: 7703: 7699: 7689: 7687: 7676: 7672: 7668:, October 1974. 7666:Wayback Machine 7657: 7653: 7648: 7644: 7639: 7635: 7625: 7623: 7622:on June 5, 2011 7614: 7613: 7609: 7599: 7597: 7593: 7586: 7582: 7581: 7577: 7567: 7565: 7561: 7554: 7550: 7549: 7542: 7532: 7530: 7529:on June 4, 2017 7521: 7520: 7516: 7500: 7494: 7490: 7480: 7478: 7469: 7468: 7464: 7454: 7452: 7440: 7436: 7435: 7431: 7426: 7422: 7410: 7409: 7405: 7396: 7395: 7391: 7382: 7381: 7377: 7367: 7365: 7361: 7360: 7356: 7346: 7344: 7335: 7334: 7330: 7313: 7309: 7299: 7297: 7293: 7286: 7280: 7276: 7266: 7264: 7260: 7256:. Hitachi GST. 7247: 7241: 7237: 7227: 7225: 7215: 7211: 7198: 7196: 7186: 7182: 7172: 7170: 7160: 7156: 7146: 7144: 7140: 7109: 7103: 7099: 7060: 7056: 7042: 7040: 7034: 7030: 7020: 7018: 7005: 7004: 7000: 6990: 6988: 6975: 6974: 6970: 6957: 6955: 6944: 6940: 6930: 6928: 6922: 6918: 6908: 6906: 6900: 6893: 6880: 6878: 6872: 6868: 6858: 6856: 6850: 6846: 6832: 6830: 6819: 6815: 6808:Western Digital 6803: 6799: 6798: 6794: 6780: 6778: 6763: 6759: 6749: 6747: 6732: 6728: 6715: 6713: 6700: 6699: 6695: 6662: 6658: 6645: 6643: 6639: 6632: 6626: 6619: 6605: 6603: 6588: 6581: 6571: 6569: 6554: 6550: 6540: 6538: 6527: 6523: 6510: 6508: 6507:on July 6, 2014 6493: 6489: 6476: 6474: 6461: 6460: 6456: 6446: 6444: 6433: 6424: 6414: 6412: 6405: 6401: 6391: 6389: 6371: 6367: 6357: 6355: 6351: 6344: 6340: 6339: 6332: 6322: 6320: 6316: 6309: 6305: 6304: 6297: 6287: 6285: 6281: 6274: 6270: 6269: 6262: 6252: 6250: 6246: 6239: 6235: 6234: 6227: 6217: 6215: 6204: 6200: 6190: 6188: 6173: 6169: 6165:, Toshiba, 2011 6163:Wayback Machine 6154: 6150: 6142: 6135: 6125: 6123: 6119: 6108: 6102: 6098: 6088: 6086: 6075: 6071: 6066: 6062: 6053: 6052: 6048: 6009: 6005: 5990: 5986: 5977: 5976: 5972: 5962: 5960: 5947: 5946: 5942: 5932: 5930: 5917: 5916: 5912: 5902: 5900: 5887: 5886: 5882: 5872: 5870: 5861: 5860: 5856: 5846: 5844: 5833: 5829: 5819: 5817: 5806: 5802: 5792: 5790: 5786: 5779: 5773: 5769: 5763:Wayback Machine 5754: 5750: 5740: 5738: 5723: 5719: 5709: 5707: 5694: 5693: 5689: 5679: 5677: 5670:data-master.com 5664: 5663: 5659: 5649: 5647: 5634: 5633: 5629: 5612: 5608: 5598: 5596: 5594:extremetech.com 5586: 5582: 5572: 5570: 5560: 5556: 5546: 5544: 5531: 5530: 5526: 5516: 5514: 5501: 5500: 5496: 5486: 5484: 5469: 5465: 5452: 5450: 5444: 5437: 5427: 5425: 5415: 5411: 5401: 5399: 5389: 5382: 5377: 5373: 5368: 5364: 5357: 5341: 5337: 5332: 5328: 5320: 5314: 5313: 5306: 5289: 5288: 5284: 5274: 5272: 5259: 5258: 5254: 5239: 5235: 5234: 5230: 5215: 5211: 5210: 5206: 5193: 5192: 5188: 5178: 5176: 5167: 5166: 5162: 5152: 5150: 5137: 5136: 5132: 5122: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5111: 5107: 5097: 5095: 5082: 5081: 5077: 5067: 5065: 5058: 5054: 5048:Wayback Machine 5038: 5034: 5024: 5022: 5013: 5012: 5005: 4998: 4994: 4987: 4983: 4970: 4968: 4959: 4958: 4951: 4942: 4938: 4928: 4926: 4920: 4911: 4901: 4899: 4889: 4882: 4872: 4870: 4858: 4854: 4844: 4842: 4831: 4827: 4817: 4815: 4800: 4793: 4787:Wayback Machine 4777: 4770: 4760: 4758: 4747: 4743: 4733: 4731: 4727: 4720: 4714: 4710: 4700: 4698: 4694: 4687: 4683: 4682: 4678: 4665: 4663: 4653: 4646: 4627: 4623: 4613: 4611: 4610:on May 31, 2008 4602: 4601: 4588: 4573: 4539: 4535: 4525: 4523: 4510:Domingo, Joel. 4508: 4504: 4497: 4477: 4473: 4463: 4461: 4457: 4450: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4431: 4424: 4422: 4418: 4409: 4402: 4393: 4386: 4369: 4365: 4355: 4351: 4346: 4342: 4337: 4333: 4328: 4324: 4319: 4315: 4310: 4306: 4301: 4297: 4292: 4288: 4283: 4279: 4274: 4270: 4265: 4261: 4256: 4252: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4204: 4189:shared resource 4124: 4117: 4114: 4084:per second for 4080:drives and 2.5 4072:per second for 4062: 4043:Western Digital 4031: 4021: 3996: 3994:Price evolution 3991: 3919: 3850: 3764: 3759: 3757:Market segments 3670:breather filter 3628: 3618: 3606:Main articles: 3604: 3487:Apple Macintosh 3479:Commodore Amiga 3458:, and performs 3381: 3375: 3363: 3334: 3274: 3257:Defragmentation 3220: 3214: 3159:introduced its 3133: 3127: 3106: 2971:interpretation 2964: 2958: 2900:Advanced Format 2895: 2893:Disk formatting 2889: 2852: 2848: 2800: 2792:binary prefixes 2763: 2720:Western Digital 2653: 2571: 2558:disk controller 2507: 2506: 2498:read–write head 2451: 2414:thermal effects 2375: 2310: 2309: 2290: 2284: 2267: 2259:Western Digital 2198:Apple Macintosh 2157: 2153: 2150: 2148: 2092: 2088: 2087: 2009:by end of 2022 1999: 1995: 1986: 1957: 1945: 1908:Physical volume 1886: 1848: 1833: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1795: 1783:Hard disk drive 1780: 1774: 1752:cables such as 1685:Western Digital 1634:rectangular box 1578:hard disk drive 1570: 1541: 1540: 1459: 1451: 1450: 1404:Patterned media 1374: 1366: 1365: 1233: 1223: 1222: 1218:Hard disk drive 1085: 1075: 1074: 1055: 1044: 1043: 998: 988: 987: 909:IBM FlashSystem 904:USB flash drive 843: 826: 825: 780: 772: 771: 760:Dual-ported RAM 638: 621: 620: 581:Cloud computing 441:Copy protection 361:Data redundancy 291:Shared resource 261:Data validation 236:Data corruption 211:Structured data 122:Cache coherence 107: 93:Computer memory 59: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13704: 13694: 13693: 13688: 13683: 13678: 13673: 13668: 13651: 13650: 13645: 13642: 13641: 13639: 13638: 13633: 13628: 13623: 13617: 13615: 13609: 13608: 13606: 13605: 13600: 13595: 13594: 13593: 13588: 13583: 13578: 13573: 13568: 13557: 13555: 13551: 13550: 13548: 13547: 13542: 13537: 13531: 13529: 13523: 13522: 13520: 13519: 13514: 13512:Disk mirroring 13509: 13504: 13499: 13497:Data scrubbing 13493: 13491: 13485: 13484: 13472: 13469: 13468: 13461: 13460: 13453: 13446: 13438: 13429: 13428: 13425: 13424: 13422: 13421: 13416: 13412: 13410: 13404: 13403: 13401: 13400: 13395: 13390: 13387: 13379: 13374: 13369: 13364: 13359: 13354: 13349: 13345: 13343: 13337: 13336: 13334: 13333: 13328: 13323: 13320: 13315: 13310: 13305: 13300: 13295: 13290: 13285: 13280: 13277: 13272: 13267: 13262: 13257: 13253: 13251: 13242: 13238: 13237: 13235: 13234: 13229: 13224: 13220: 13218: 13214: 13213: 13201: 13200: 13193: 13186: 13178: 13169: 13168: 13161: 13158: 13157: 13152: 13150: 13144: 13143: 13141: 13140: 13135: 13130: 13125: 13120: 13114: 13112: 13106: 13105: 13103: 13102: 13097: 13092: 13087: 13082: 13077: 13072: 13067: 13062: 13057: 13052: 13046: 13044: 13038: 13037: 13035: 13034: 13029: 13024: 13019: 13014: 13009: 13004: 12995: 12990: 12984: 12982: 12976: 12975: 12970: 12967: 12966: 12956: 12955: 12948: 12941: 12933: 12924: 12923: 12921: 12920: 12915: 12910: 12904: 12902: 12898: 12897: 12894: 12893: 12891: 12890: 12885: 12880: 12875: 12870: 12865: 12860: 12855: 12848: 12846: 12842: 12841: 12839: 12838: 12833: 12828: 12823: 12818: 12813: 12807: 12805: 12798: 12792: 12791: 12789: 12788: 12786:Expansion card 12783: 12778: 12773: 12772: 12771: 12766: 12756: 12755: 12754: 12744: 12743: 12742: 12737: 12723: 12713: 12712: 12711: 12706: 12696: 12691: 12690: 12689: 12687:Microprocessor 12678: 12676: 12670: 12669: 12667: 12666: 12665: 12664: 12659: 12649: 12648: 12647: 12642: 12637: 12627: 12622: 12616: 12614: 12606: 12605: 12603: 12602: 12597: 12592: 12587: 12586: 12585: 12575: 12570: 12569: 12568: 12557: 12555: 12553:Output devices 12549: 12548: 12545: 12544: 12542: 12541: 12540: 12539: 12529: 12528: 12527: 12517: 12512: 12507: 12506: 12505: 12495: 12490: 12484: 12482: 12478: 12477: 12475: 12474: 12469: 12464: 12459: 12457:Pointing stick 12454: 12449: 12448: 12447: 12437: 12432: 12427: 12421: 12419: 12410: 12404: 12403: 12392: 12391: 12384: 12377: 12369: 12360: 12359: 12357: 12356: 12355: 12354: 12349: 12344: 12339: 12334: 12329: 12324: 12319: 12304: 12294: 12283: 12280: 12279: 12277: 12276: 12271: 12266: 12261: 12256: 12249: 12247:Lucifer cipher 12244: 12239: 12232: 12227: 12222: 12217: 12212: 12207: 12198: 12197: 12196: 12191: 12183: 12175: 12173: 12169: 12168: 12166: 12165: 12163:Peter R. Voser 12160: 12155: 12150: 12148:Andrew Liveris 12145: 12143:Arvind Krishna 12140: 12135: 12130: 12125: 12119: 12117: 12111: 12110: 12108: 12107: 12104:Arvind Krishna 12101: 12095: 12089: 12083: 12077: 12071: 12065: 12059: 12053: 12046: 12044: 12038: 12037: 12035: 12034: 12029: 12024: 12019: 12014: 12009: 12003: 12001: 11997: 11996: 11994: 11993: 11988: 11983: 11978: 11973: 11968: 11963: 11958: 11953: 11948: 11943: 11938: 11932: 11930: 11926: 11925: 11923: 11922: 11917: 11912: 11907: 11905:Smarter Planet 11902: 11897: 11892: 11887: 11882: 11881: 11880: 11870: 11866: 11864: 11860: 11859: 11857: 11856: 11851: 11846: 11841: 11836: 11835: 11834: 11829: 11824: 11816: 11815: 11814: 11809: 11804: 11797:IBM Buildings 11795: 11794: 11793: 11788: 11782:Software Labs 11780: 11779: 11778: 11772: 11771:, Montreal, QC 11762: 11760: 11756: 11755: 11752: 11751: 11749: 11748: 11738: 11736:Service Bureau 11733: 11728: 11726:Product Center 11723: 11718: 11713: 11708: 11703: 11698: 11693: 11691:Ambra Computer 11688: 11687: 11686: 11681: 11671: 11665: 11663: 11659: 11658: 11656: 11655: 11650: 11645: 11640: 11639: 11638: 11628: 11623: 11622: 11621: 11611: 11606: 11600: 11598: 11591: 11585: 11584: 11581: 11580: 11578: 11577: 11572: 11571: 11570: 11560: 11555: 11554: 11553: 11543: 11538: 11533: 11532: 11531: 11526: 11516: 11511: 11506: 11501: 11496: 11494:Lotus Software 11491: 11486: 11481: 11476: 11471: 11466: 11461: 11460: 11459: 11449: 11443: 11441: 11437: 11436: 11433: 11432: 11430: 11429: 11424: 11419: 11414: 11409: 11404: 11399: 11393: 11391: 11387: 11386: 11384: 11383: 11382: 11381: 11376: 11371: 11366: 11361: 11356: 11348: 11347: 11346: 11341: 11331: 11326: 11321: 11320: 11319: 11308: 11306: 11299: 11292: 11286: 11285: 11283: 11282: 11281: 11280: 11270: 11264: 11262: 11256: 11255: 11248: 11247: 11240: 11233: 11225: 11216: 11215: 11213: 11212: 11207: 11202: 11197: 11192: 11187: 11182: 11177: 11172: 11167: 11162: 11157: 11152: 11147: 11142: 11137: 11132: 11127: 11122: 11117: 11112: 11107: 11102: 11097: 11092: 11087: 11082: 11077: 11072: 11067: 11062: 11057: 11052: 11047: 11042: 11037: 11032: 11027: 11022: 11017: 11012: 11007: 11002: 10997: 10992: 10990:Imprimis (CDC) 10987: 10986: 10985: 10975: 10970: 10965: 10960: 10955: 10950: 10945: 10940: 10935: 10930: 10925: 10920: 10915: 10910: 10908:Diablo Systems 10905: 10900: 10895: 10890: 10885: 10880: 10875: 10870: 10865: 10860: 10855: 10850: 10845: 10840: 10835: 10830: 10828:Avatar Systems 10825: 10820: 10815: 10810: 10805: 10799: 10797: 10793: 10792: 10790: 10789: 10784: 10779: 10773: 10771: 10767: 10766: 10764: 10763: 10758: 10757: 10756: 10745: 10742: 10741: 10733: 10732: 10725: 10718: 10710: 10701: 10700: 10698: 10697: 10684: 10681: 10680: 10678: 10677: 10672: 10667: 10662: 10657: 10652: 10647: 10642: 10637: 10632: 10627: 10622: 10616: 10614: 10610: 10609: 10607: 10606: 10601: 10596: 10591: 10590: 10589: 10579: 10577:expansion card 10571: 10566: 10561: 10555: 10553: 10552:Configurations 10549: 10548: 10546: 10545: 10539: 10533: 10527: 10522: 10516: 10510: 10504: 10497: 10495: 10491: 10490: 10488: 10487: 10481: 10479: 10475: 10474: 10471: 10470: 10468: 10467: 10462: 10457: 10452: 10447: 10442: 10437: 10431: 10429: 10425: 10424: 10422: 10421: 10416: 10415: 10414: 10402: 10401: 10400: 10390: 10385: 10380: 10379: 10378: 10372: 10361: 10360: 10359: 10354: 10349: 10344: 10333: 10331: 10324: 10318: 10317: 10315: 10314: 10309: 10298: 10297: 10296: 10284: 10279: 10273: 10271: 10267: 10266: 10264: 10263: 10258: 10253: 10248: 10243: 10238: 10233: 10228: 10223: 10218: 10213: 10208: 10203: 10198: 10193: 10188: 10183: 10178: 10172: 10170: 10166: 10165: 10158: 10157: 10150: 10143: 10135: 10126: 10125: 10120: 10119: 10117: 10116: 10110: 10104: 10098: 10092: 10086: 10079: 10077: 10073: 10072: 10070: 10069: 10063: 10052: 10050: 10046: 10045: 10037: 10036: 10029: 10022: 10014: 10005: 10004: 10002: 10001: 9995: 9989: 9982: 9980: 9979:Optical Assist 9976: 9975: 9973: 9972: 9966: 9960: 9954: 9947: 9945: 9938: 9937: 9935: 9934: 9928: 9922: 9916: 9910: 9904: 9898: 9892: 9886: 9880: 9879:(20th century) 9874: 9873:(20th century) 9868: 9861: 9859: 9855: 9854: 9852: 9851: 9845: 9839: 9832: 9830: 9823: 9822: 9820: 9819: 9813: 9807: 9801: 9795: 9789: 9782: 9780: 9773: 9772: 9770: 9769: 9762: 9760: 9753: 9752: 9750: 9749: 9743: 9737: 9731: 9724: 9722: 9715: 9714: 9706: 9705: 9698: 9691: 9683: 9674: 9673: 9671: 9670: 9664: 9658: 9652: 9646: 9640: 9634: 9628: 9622: 9616: 9610: 9604: 9598: 9592: 9585: 9582: 9581: 9573: 9572: 9565: 9558: 9550: 9543: 9540: 9539: 9537: 9536: 9531: 9526: 9521: 9515: 9513: 9509: 9508: 9506: 9505: 9500: 9495: 9490: 9485: 9479: 9477: 9473: 9472: 9470: 9469: 9464: 9459: 9454: 9449: 9443: 9441: 9437: 9436: 9429: 9428: 9421: 9414: 9406: 9400: 9399: 9394: 9388: 9378: 9368: 9367:, January 2013 9358: 9352: 9346: 9341: 9327: 9321: 9316: 9308: 9307: 9262:external links 9257: 9255: 9248: 9242: 9241:External links 9239: 9238: 9237: 9231: 9219:Mueller, Scott 9215: 9209: 9196: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9165: 9140: 9109: 9078: 9047: 9025: 8995: 8965: 8935: 8904: 8874: 8843: 8813: 8788: 8765: 8743: 8717: 8686: 8646: 8611: 8579: 8548: 8515: 8489: 8463: 8433: 8408: 8382: 8356: 8337: 8312: 8285: 8259: 8232: 8228:Tom's Hardware 8216: 8198:. Google Inc. 8183: 8153: 8126: 8101: 8074: 8056: 8002: 7980: 7954: 7923: 7889: 7859: 7840: 7819: 7802: 7780: 7753: 7727: 7697: 7682:. Apple, Inc. 7670: 7651: 7642: 7633: 7607: 7575: 7540: 7514: 7488: 7462: 7429: 7420: 7403: 7389: 7375: 7354: 7328: 7307: 7274: 7235: 7209: 7180: 7154: 7120:(20): 202509. 7097: 7054: 7028: 6998: 6968: 6938: 6916: 6891: 6866: 6844: 6813: 6792: 6757: 6726: 6693: 6656: 6617: 6579: 6548: 6521: 6487: 6454: 6422: 6399: 6365: 6330: 6295: 6260: 6225: 6198: 6167: 6148: 6133: 6096: 6069: 6060: 6046: 6019:(2): 537–542. 6003: 5984: 5970: 5940: 5910: 5880: 5854: 5835:Hayes, Brian. 5827: 5800: 5767: 5748: 5717: 5687: 5657: 5627: 5606: 5580: 5554: 5524: 5494: 5463: 5435: 5409: 5380: 5371: 5362: 5355: 5335: 5326: 5304: 5282: 5252: 5228: 5213:"Disk Storage" 5204: 5186: 5160: 5130: 5105: 5075: 5052: 5032: 5003: 4992: 4981: 4949: 4936: 4909: 4880: 4852: 4825: 4791: 4768: 4741: 4708: 4676: 4644: 4621: 4586: 4571: 4533: 4502: 4495: 4489:. p. 23. 4471: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4429: 4416: 4400: 4384: 4363: 4349: 4340: 4331: 4322: 4313: 4304: 4295: 4286: 4277: 4268: 4259: 4250: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4202: 4197: 4195:Object storage 4192: 4187:(file server, 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4145:Click of death 4142: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4129: 4113: 4110: 4061: 4058: 4020: 4017: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3986: 3985: 3982: 3975: 3974: 3963: 3943: 3936: 3923: 3918: 3915: 3914: 3913: 3852: 3851: 3848:Disk enclosure 3839: 3835: 3834: 3827: 3809: 3808: 3804: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3794: 3778: 3775: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3747: 3746: 3743: 3740: 3737: 3734: 3724:Tom's Hardware 3661:disk enclosure 3603: 3600: 3599: 3598: 3564: 3558: 3528: 3517: 3516:at high speed. 3495: 3433:IEEE 1394 3377:Main article: 3374: 3371: 3362: 3359: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3326: 3323: 3319: 3318: 3315: 3311: 3310: 3307: 3303: 3302: 3299: 3295: 3294: 3291: 3287: 3286: 3283: 3273: 3270: 3251: 3250: 3242: 3234: 3216:Main article: 3213: 3210: 3129:Main article: 3126: 3123: 3057: 3056: 3053: 3050: 3047: 3044: 3041: 3034: 3033: 3030: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3011: 3010: 3007: 3004: 3001: 2997: 2996: 2990: 2984: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2957: 2954: 2891:Main article: 2888: 2885: 2845:data integrity 2799: 2796: 2762: 2759: 2652: 2649: 2635: 2634: 2631: 2570: 2567: 2547:magnetic field 2450: 2447: 2321:aluminum alloy 2283: 2280: 2266: 2263: 2214:Macintosh Plus 2210:Macintosh 512K 2206:Macintosh 128K 2179:Corvus Systems 2058: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2045: 2041: 2040: 2037: 2030: 2020: 2014: 2013: 2010: 2003: 1993: 1989: 1988: 1983: 1980: 1974: 1967: 1966: 1965:15,000-to-one 1963: 1951: 1939: 1935: 1934: 1933:56,000-to-one 1931: 1920: 1909: 1905: 1904: 1901: 1900:(as of 2024) 1894: 1888: 1882: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1829: 1828: 1819: 1815: 1814: 1801: 1797: 1796: 1793: 1776:Main article: 1773: 1770: 1756:(Serial ATA), 1614:magnetic heads 1572: 1571: 1569: 1568: 1561: 1554: 1546: 1543: 1542: 1539: 1538: 1532: 1526: 1523:Twistor memory 1520: 1514: 1508: 1502: 1496: 1490: 1484: 1479: 1473: 1467: 1460: 1457: 1456: 1453: 1452: 1449: 1448: 1443: 1441:Quantum memory 1438: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1417: 1416: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1375: 1373:In development 1372: 1371: 1368: 1367: 1364: 1363: 1358: 1357: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1284:Super Video CD 1281: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1250: 1245: 1234: 1229: 1228: 1225: 1224: 1221: 1220: 1215: 1214: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1086: 1081: 1080: 1077: 1076: 1073: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1056: 1050: 1049: 1046: 1045: 1042: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1025: 1020: 1010: 1005: 999: 994: 993: 990: 989: 986: 985: 980: 979: 978: 973: 968: 963: 958: 953: 948: 943: 941:MultiMediaCard 938: 933: 928: 918: 917: 916: 911: 906: 901: 895: 889: 877: 872: 871: 870: 865: 855: 850: 844: 839: 838: 835: 834: 828: 827: 824: 823: 817: 811: 806: 803:Selectron tube 800: 794: 788: 781: 778: 777: 774: 773: 770: 769: 768: 767: 757: 752: 747: 741: 736: 731: 730: 729: 719: 718: 717: 712: 707: 702: 697: 692: 687: 682: 677: 672: 667: 657: 656: 655: 650: 643:Hardware cache 639: 634: 633: 630: 629: 623: 622: 619: 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 596:Edge computing 593: 588: 583: 578: 576:Grid computing 573: 571:Bank switching 568: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 516:Virtual memory 513: 508: 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 481:Disk mirroring 478: 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 443: 438: 436:Temporary file 433: 428: 423: 418: 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 386:Knowledge base 383: 378: 376:Storage record 373: 371:Memory refresh 368: 363: 358: 356:Data structure 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 268: 263: 258: 253: 251:Data integrity 248: 243: 241:Data cleansing 238: 233: 228: 223: 218: 213: 208: 203: 198: 197: 196: 191: 181: 176: 174:Object storage 171: 166: 161: 156: 155: 154: 144: 139: 134: 129: 124: 119: 114: 108: 105: 104: 101: 100: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13703: 13692: 13689: 13687: 13684: 13682: 13679: 13677: 13674: 13672: 13669: 13667: 13664: 13663: 13661: 13648: 13643: 13637: 13634: 13632: 13629: 13627: 13624: 13622: 13619: 13618: 13616: 13614: 13610: 13604: 13601: 13599: 13596: 13592: 13589: 13587: 13584: 13582: 13579: 13577: 13576:Degraded mode 13574: 13572: 13569: 13567: 13564: 13563: 13562: 13559: 13558: 13556: 13552: 13546: 13543: 13541: 13538: 13536: 13533: 13532: 13530: 13528: 13524: 13518: 13515: 13513: 13510: 13508: 13505: 13503: 13502:Data striping 13500: 13498: 13495: 13494: 13492: 13490: 13486: 13482: 13478: 13475: 13470: 13466: 13459: 13454: 13452: 13447: 13445: 13440: 13439: 13436: 13420: 13417: 13414: 13413: 13411: 13409: 13405: 13399: 13396: 13394: 13391: 13388: 13383: 13380: 13378: 13375: 13373: 13370: 13368: 13365: 13363: 13360: 13358: 13355: 13353: 13350: 13347: 13346: 13344: 13342: 13338: 13332: 13329: 13327: 13324: 13321: 13319: 13316: 13314: 13311: 13309: 13306: 13304: 13301: 13299: 13296: 13294: 13291: 13289: 13286: 13284: 13281: 13278: 13276: 13273: 13271: 13268: 13266: 13263: 13261: 13258: 13255: 13254: 13252: 13250: 13249:Parallel IEEE 13246: 13243: 13239: 13233: 13230: 13228: 13225: 13222: 13221: 13219: 13215: 13210: 13207: 13199: 13194: 13192: 13187: 13185: 13180: 13179: 13176: 13165: 13164:sidecar files 13159: 13155: 13151: 13149: 13145: 13139: 13136: 13134: 13133:IMG, IMA, IMZ 13131: 13129: 13126: 13124: 13121: 13119: 13116: 13115: 13113: 13111: 13107: 13101: 13098: 13096: 13093: 13091: 13088: 13086: 13083: 13081: 13078: 13076: 13073: 13071: 13068: 13066: 13063: 13061: 13058: 13056: 13053: 13051: 13048: 13047: 13045: 13043: 13039: 13033: 13030: 13028: 13025: 13023: 13020: 13018: 13015: 13013: 13010: 13008: 13005: 13003: 12999: 12996: 12994: 12991: 12989: 12986: 12985: 12983: 12981: 12980:Optical discs 12977: 12973: 12968: 12964: 12961: 12954: 12949: 12947: 12942: 12940: 12935: 12934: 12931: 12919: 12916: 12914: 12911: 12909: 12906: 12905: 12903: 12899: 12889: 12886: 12884: 12881: 12879: 12876: 12874: 12871: 12869: 12866: 12864: 12861: 12859: 12858:Parallel port 12856: 12853: 12850: 12849: 12847: 12843: 12837: 12834: 12832: 12829: 12827: 12824: 12822: 12819: 12817: 12814: 12812: 12809: 12808: 12806: 12802: 12799: 12797: 12793: 12787: 12784: 12782: 12779: 12777: 12774: 12770: 12767: 12765: 12762: 12761: 12760: 12757: 12753: 12750: 12749: 12748: 12745: 12741: 12738: 12735: 12731: 12727: 12724: 12722: 12719: 12718: 12717: 12714: 12710: 12707: 12705: 12702: 12701: 12700: 12697: 12695: 12692: 12688: 12685: 12684: 12683: 12680: 12679: 12677: 12675: 12674:Computer case 12671: 12663: 12660: 12658: 12655: 12654: 12653: 12650: 12646: 12643: 12641: 12638: 12636: 12633: 12632: 12631: 12628: 12626: 12623: 12621: 12618: 12617: 12615: 12613: 12607: 12601: 12600:Graphics card 12598: 12596: 12593: 12591: 12588: 12584: 12581: 12580: 12579: 12576: 12574: 12571: 12567: 12564: 12563: 12562: 12559: 12558: 12556: 12554: 12550: 12538: 12535: 12534: 12533: 12530: 12526: 12523: 12522: 12521: 12518: 12516: 12513: 12511: 12508: 12504: 12501: 12500: 12499: 12498:Graphics card 12496: 12494: 12493:Image scanner 12491: 12489: 12486: 12485: 12483: 12479: 12473: 12470: 12468: 12465: 12463: 12460: 12458: 12455: 12453: 12450: 12446: 12443: 12442: 12441: 12438: 12436: 12433: 12431: 12428: 12426: 12423: 12422: 12420: 12418: 12414: 12411: 12409: 12408:Input devices 12405: 12401: 12398: 12390: 12385: 12383: 12378: 12376: 12371: 12370: 12367: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12345: 12343: 12340: 12338: 12335: 12333: 12330: 12328: 12325: 12323: 12320: 12318: 12315: 12314: 12313: 12305: 12303: 12295: 12293: 12285: 12284: 12281: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12262: 12260: 12257: 12255: 12254: 12250: 12248: 12245: 12243: 12240: 12238: 12237: 12233: 12231: 12228: 12226: 12223: 12221: 12218: 12216: 12213: 12211: 12208: 12206: 12202: 12199: 12195: 12192: 12190: 12187: 12186: 12184: 12182: 12181: 12177: 12176: 12174: 12170: 12164: 12161: 12159: 12156: 12154: 12151: 12149: 12146: 12144: 12141: 12139: 12136: 12134: 12131: 12129: 12126: 12124: 12123:Thomas Buberl 12121: 12120: 12118: 12112: 12105: 12102: 12099: 12098:Ginni Rometty 12096: 12093: 12090: 12087: 12084: 12081: 12078: 12075: 12072: 12069: 12068:Frank T. Cary 12066: 12063: 12060: 12057: 12054: 12051: 12048: 12047: 12045: 12043: 12039: 12033: 12030: 12028: 12025: 12023: 12020: 12018: 12015: 12013: 12010: 12008: 12005: 12004: 12002: 11998: 11992: 11989: 11987: 11984: 11982: 11979: 11977: 11974: 11972: 11969: 11967: 11964: 11962: 11959: 11957: 11954: 11952: 11949: 11947: 11944: 11942: 11939: 11937: 11934: 11933: 11931: 11927: 11921: 11918: 11916: 11913: 11911: 11908: 11906: 11903: 11901: 11898: 11896: 11893: 11891: 11888: 11886: 11883: 11879: 11876: 11875: 11874: 11871: 11868: 11867: 11865: 11861: 11855: 11854:IBM Rochester 11852: 11850: 11847: 11845: 11842: 11840: 11837: 11833: 11830: 11828: 11825: 11823: 11820: 11819: 11817: 11813: 11810: 11808: 11805: 11803:, Chicago, IL 11802: 11799: 11798: 11796: 11792: 11789: 11787: 11784: 11783: 11781: 11777:, Atlanta, GA 11776: 11773: 11770: 11767: 11766: 11764: 11763: 11761: 11757: 11746: 11742: 11739: 11737: 11734: 11732: 11729: 11727: 11724: 11722: 11719: 11717: 11714: 11712: 11709: 11707: 11704: 11702: 11699: 11697: 11694: 11692: 11689: 11685: 11682: 11680: 11677: 11676: 11675: 11672: 11670: 11667: 11666: 11664: 11660: 11654: 11651: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11641: 11637: 11634: 11633: 11632: 11629: 11627: 11624: 11620: 11617: 11616: 11615: 11612: 11610: 11607: 11605: 11602: 11601: 11599: 11595: 11592: 11586: 11576: 11573: 11569: 11566: 11565: 11564: 11561: 11559: 11556: 11552: 11549: 11548: 11547: 11544: 11542: 11539: 11537: 11534: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11521: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11507: 11505: 11504:Mashup Center 11502: 11500: 11497: 11495: 11492: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11482: 11480: 11477: 11475: 11472: 11470: 11467: 11465: 11462: 11458: 11455: 11454: 11453: 11450: 11448: 11445: 11444: 11442: 11438: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11415: 11413: 11410: 11408: 11405: 11403: 11400: 11398: 11395: 11394: 11392: 11388: 11380: 11377: 11375: 11372: 11370: 11367: 11365: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11355: 11352: 11351: 11349: 11345: 11342: 11340: 11337: 11336: 11335: 11332: 11330: 11329:Power Systems 11327: 11325: 11322: 11318: 11315: 11314: 11313: 11310: 11309: 11307: 11303: 11300: 11296: 11293: 11291: 11287: 11279: 11276: 11275: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11266: 11265: 11263: 11261: 11257: 11253: 11246: 11241: 11239: 11234: 11232: 11227: 11226: 11223: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11201: 11198: 11196: 11193: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11181: 11178: 11176: 11173: 11171: 11168: 11166: 11163: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11136: 11133: 11131: 11128: 11126: 11123: 11121: 11118: 11116: 11113: 11111: 11108: 11106: 11103: 11101: 11098: 11096: 11093: 11091: 11088: 11086: 11083: 11081: 11078: 11076: 11073: 11071: 11068: 11066: 11063: 11061: 11058: 11056: 11053: 11051: 11048: 11046: 11043: 11041: 11038: 11036: 11033: 11031: 11028: 11026: 11023: 11021: 11018: 11016: 11013: 11011: 11008: 11006: 11003: 11001: 10998: 10996: 10993: 10991: 10988: 10984: 10981: 10980: 10979: 10976: 10974: 10971: 10969: 10966: 10964: 10961: 10959: 10956: 10954: 10951: 10949: 10946: 10944: 10941: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10933:Fuji Electric 10931: 10929: 10926: 10924: 10921: 10919: 10916: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10891: 10889: 10886: 10884: 10881: 10879: 10876: 10874: 10871: 10869: 10866: 10864: 10861: 10859: 10856: 10854: 10851: 10849: 10846: 10844: 10841: 10839: 10836: 10834: 10831: 10829: 10826: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10808:Alps Electric 10806: 10804: 10801: 10800: 10798: 10794: 10788: 10785: 10783: 10780: 10778: 10775: 10774: 10772: 10768: 10762: 10759: 10755: 10752: 10751: 10750: 10747: 10746: 10743: 10739:manufacturers 10738: 10731: 10726: 10724: 10719: 10717: 10712: 10711: 10708: 10696: 10695: 10686: 10685: 10682: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10650:SFF Committee 10648: 10646: 10643: 10641: 10638: 10636: 10633: 10631: 10628: 10626: 10623: 10621: 10618: 10617: 10615: 10611: 10605: 10602: 10600: 10597: 10595: 10592: 10588: 10585: 10584: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10575: 10572: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10562: 10560: 10557: 10556: 10554: 10550: 10543: 10540: 10537: 10534: 10531: 10528: 10526: 10523: 10520: 10517: 10514: 10511: 10508: 10507:Fibre Channel 10505: 10502: 10499: 10498: 10496: 10492: 10486: 10483: 10482: 10480: 10476: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10433: 10432: 10430: 10426: 10420: 10417: 10412: 10408: 10407: 10406: 10403: 10399: 10396: 10395: 10394: 10391: 10389: 10386: 10384: 10381: 10376: 10373: 10370: 10367: 10366: 10365: 10362: 10358: 10355: 10353: 10350: 10348: 10345: 10343: 10340: 10339: 10338: 10335: 10334: 10332: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10319: 10313: 10310: 10307: 10303: 10299: 10294: 10290: 10289: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10280: 10278: 10275: 10274: 10272: 10268: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10256:Wear leveling 10254: 10252: 10249: 10247: 10244: 10242: 10239: 10237: 10234: 10232: 10229: 10227: 10224: 10222: 10219: 10217: 10214: 10212: 10209: 10207: 10204: 10202: 10199: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10174: 10173: 10171: 10167: 10163: 10156: 10151: 10149: 10144: 10142: 10137: 10136: 10133: 10114: 10111: 10108: 10105: 10102: 10099: 10096: 10093: 10090: 10087: 10084: 10081: 10080: 10078: 10074: 10067: 10064: 10062:(c. 3000 BCE) 10061: 10057: 10054: 10053: 10051: 10047: 10042: 10035: 10030: 10028: 10023: 10021: 10016: 10015: 10012: 9999: 9996: 9993: 9990: 9987: 9984: 9983: 9981: 9977: 9970: 9967: 9964: 9961: 9958: 9955: 9952: 9949: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9939: 9932: 9929: 9926: 9923: 9920: 9917: 9914: 9911: 9908: 9905: 9902: 9899: 9896: 9893: 9890: 9887: 9884: 9881: 9878: 9875: 9872: 9869: 9866: 9863: 9862: 9860: 9856: 9849: 9846: 9843: 9840: 9837: 9834: 9833: 9831: 9828: 9824: 9817: 9814: 9811: 9808: 9805: 9802: 9799: 9796: 9793: 9790: 9787: 9784: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9774: 9767: 9764: 9763: 9761: 9758: 9754: 9747: 9744: 9741: 9738: 9735: 9732: 9729: 9726: 9725: 9723: 9720: 9716: 9711: 9704: 9699: 9697: 9692: 9690: 9685: 9684: 9681: 9668: 9665: 9662: 9659: 9656: 9653: 9650: 9647: 9644: 9641: 9638: 9635: 9632: 9629: 9626: 9623: 9620: 9617: 9614: 9611: 9608: 9605: 9602: 9599: 9596: 9593: 9590: 9587: 9586: 9583: 9578: 9571: 9566: 9564: 9559: 9557: 9552: 9551: 9548: 9541: 9535: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9517: 9516: 9514: 9510: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9480: 9478: 9474: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9445: 9444: 9442: 9438: 9434: 9427: 9422: 9420: 9415: 9413: 9408: 9407: 9404: 9398: 9395: 9392: 9389: 9386: 9382: 9379: 9376: 9372: 9369: 9366: 9362: 9359: 9356: 9353: 9350: 9347: 9345: 9342: 9339: 9335: 9331: 9328: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9311: 9304: 9301: 9293: 9283: 9279: 9278:inappropriate 9275: 9271: 9265: 9263: 9256: 9247: 9246: 9234: 9228: 9224: 9220: 9216: 9212: 9206: 9202: 9197: 9186: 9179: 9174: 9173: 9151: 9144: 9128: 9124: 9120: 9113: 9097: 9093: 9089: 9082: 9066: 9062: 9058: 9051: 9036: 9029: 9013: 9009: 9008:Computerworld 9005: 8999: 8983: 8979: 8975: 8969: 8953: 8949: 8945: 8939: 8923: 8919: 8915: 8908: 8892: 8888: 8884: 8878: 8860: 8856: 8850: 8848: 8831: 8827: 8823: 8817: 8802: 8798: 8792: 8776: 8769: 8753: 8747: 8731: 8727: 8721: 8705: 8701: 8697: 8690: 8683: 8668: 8664: 8657: 8650: 8631: 8624: 8618: 8616: 8604:September 25, 8596: 8589: 8583: 8567: 8563: 8559: 8552: 8545: 8533: 8529: 8525: 8519: 8503: 8499: 8493: 8478: 8474: 8467: 8451: 8447: 8443: 8437: 8421: 8415: 8413: 8396: 8392: 8386: 8370: 8366: 8360: 8352: 8351:Notebookcheck 8348: 8341: 8325: 8319: 8317: 8300: 8297:. Backblaze. 8296: 8289: 8273: 8269: 8263: 8247: 8243: 8236: 8229: 8225: 8220: 8201: 8194: 8187: 8171: 8167: 8163: 8157: 8141: 8137: 8130: 8119: 8112: 8105: 8089: 8085: 8078: 8070: 8066: 8060: 8052: 8048: 8044: 8040: 8036: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8018: 8014: 8006: 7990: 7984: 7968: 7964: 7958: 7942: 7938: 7934: 7927: 7911: 7907: 7903: 7896: 7894: 7887: 7883: 7879: 7875: 7871: 7868: 7863: 7857: 7853: 7849: 7844: 7837: 7836:0-262-16123-0 7833: 7829: 7823: 7812: 7806: 7790: 7784: 7768: 7764: 7757: 7741: 7737: 7731: 7715: 7711: 7710:linux.die.net 7707: 7701: 7685: 7681: 7674: 7667: 7663: 7660: 7655: 7646: 7637: 7621: 7617: 7611: 7592: 7585: 7579: 7560: 7553: 7547: 7545: 7528: 7524: 7518: 7510: 7506: 7499: 7492: 7476: 7472: 7466: 7450: 7446: 7439: 7433: 7424: 7417: 7413: 7407: 7399: 7393: 7385: 7379: 7364: 7358: 7342: 7338: 7332: 7323: 7318: 7311: 7292: 7285: 7278: 7259: 7255: 7254: 7246: 7239: 7224: 7220: 7213: 7206: 7195: 7191: 7184: 7169: 7165: 7158: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7108: 7101: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7065: 7058: 7051: 7039: 7032: 7016: 7012: 7008: 7002: 6986: 6982: 6981:Anandtech.com 6978: 6972: 6965: 6953: 6949: 6942: 6927: 6920: 6905: 6898: 6896: 6888: 6877: 6870: 6855: 6848: 6841: 6828: 6824: 6817: 6809: 6802: 6796: 6789: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6761: 6745: 6741: 6737: 6730: 6723: 6711: 6707: 6703: 6697: 6689: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6671: 6667: 6660: 6653: 6638: 6631: 6624: 6622: 6614: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6586: 6584: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6552: 6536: 6532: 6525: 6518: 6506: 6502: 6501:techworld.com 6498: 6491: 6484: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6458: 6442: 6438: 6431: 6429: 6427: 6410: 6403: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6369: 6350: 6343: 6337: 6335: 6315: 6308: 6302: 6300: 6280: 6273: 6267: 6265: 6245: 6238: 6232: 6230: 6213: 6209: 6202: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6171: 6164: 6160: 6157: 6152: 6145: 6140: 6138: 6118: 6114: 6107: 6100: 6084: 6080: 6073: 6064: 6056: 6050: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6007: 5999: 5995: 5988: 5980: 5974: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5944: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5914: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5884: 5868: 5864: 5858: 5847:September 20, 5842: 5838: 5831: 5815: 5811: 5804: 5785: 5778: 5771: 5764: 5760: 5757: 5752: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5721: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5691: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5661: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5636:"Hard Drives" 5631: 5622: 5617: 5610: 5595: 5591: 5584: 5569: 5565: 5558: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5528: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5498: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5467: 5460: 5449: 5442: 5440: 5424: 5420: 5413: 5398: 5394: 5387: 5385: 5375: 5366: 5358: 5352: 5348: 5347: 5339: 5330: 5319: 5318: 5311: 5309: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5286: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5256: 5249: 5245: 5238: 5232: 5225: 5221: 5214: 5208: 5201: 5197: 5190: 5174: 5170: 5164: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5134: 5115: 5109: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5079: 5063: 5056: 5049: 5045: 5042: 5036: 5020: 5016: 5010: 5008: 5001: 4996: 4990: 4985: 4978: 4971:September 19, 4966: 4962: 4956: 4954: 4946: 4940: 4925: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4898: 4894: 4887: 4885: 4869: 4868: 4863: 4856: 4840: 4836: 4829: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4798: 4796: 4788: 4784: 4781: 4775: 4773: 4756: 4752: 4745: 4726: 4719: 4712: 4693: 4686: 4680: 4673: 4666:September 30, 4662: 4658: 4651: 4649: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4625: 4609: 4605: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4537: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4506: 4498: 4496:9780080502571 4492: 4488: 4484: 4483: 4475: 4456: 4449: 4442: 4438: 4420: 4413: 4407: 4405: 4397: 4391: 4389: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4367: 4360: 4353: 4344: 4335: 4326: 4317: 4308: 4299: 4290: 4281: 4272: 4263: 4254: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4238: 4233: 4232: 4227: 4223: 4222: 4215: 4211: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4190: 4186: 4185:Network drive 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4160:Drive mapping 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4132: 4127: 4121: 4116: 4109: 4105: 4103: 4099: 4094: 4090: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4035: 4030: 4026: 4016: 4013: 4009: 4004: 4002: 3983: 3980: 3977: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3961: 3957: 3956:Fibre Channel 3953: 3949: 3944: 3941: 3937: 3933:HDD enclosure 3932: 3931:Hot-swappable 3928: 3924: 3921: 3920: 3912:) interfaces. 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3874: 3873:Plug and play 3870: 3866: 3862: 3861: 3856: 3849: 3845: 3840: 3837: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3814: 3813: 3812: 3806: 3805: 3800: 3797: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3779: 3776: 3770: 3766: 3765: 3754: 3751: 3744: 3741: 3738: 3735: 3732: 3729: 3728: 3727: 3725: 3720: 3718: 3714: 3708: 3706: 3702: 3701:data recovery 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3680: 3678: 3673: 3671: 3666: 3665:flying height 3662: 3658: 3653: 3651: 3646: 3642: 3635:catastrophic. 3632: 3627: 3623: 3617: 3616:Data recovery 3613: 3609: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3565: 3562: 3559: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3531:Fibre Channel 3529: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3502:AT Attachment 3499: 3496: 3493: 3492:SAS interface 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3473: 3472: 3471: 3467: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3442:Typically, a 3440: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3429:Fibre Channel 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3401: 3394: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3370: 3368: 3358: 3354: 3352: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3324: 3321: 3320: 3316: 3313: 3312: 3308: 3305: 3304: 3300: 3297: 3296: 3292: 3289: 3288: 3284: 3281: 3280: 3269: 3266: 3261: 3258: 3254: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3232: 3229: 3228: 3227: 3225: 3219: 3209: 3207: 3201: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3185: 3183: 3182:Fujitsu Eagle 3179: 3175: 3170: 3167: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3145: 3137: 3132: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3113: 3111: 3104: 3100: 3095: 3090: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3054: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3040: 3036: 3035: 3031: 3029:93.1 GB 3028: 3025: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3013: 3012: 3008: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2998: 2994: 2989: 2985: 2974: 2970: 2969:unit prefixes 2963: 2953: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2936:(FAT) in the 2935: 2931: 2927: 2922: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2903: 2901: 2894: 2884: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2867: 2862: 2859: 2851:drives loses 2846: 2842: 2837: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2813: 2810: 2806: 2795: 2793: 2789: 2779: 2772: 2767: 2758: 2755: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2736: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2718:(now part of 2717: 2714:By contrast, 2712: 2710: 2709:random access 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2685: 2683: 2679: 2673: 2670: 2666: 2657: 2648: 2646: 2643: 2638: 2632: 2629: 2628: 2627: 2624: 2621: 2619: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2603: 2602:Shannon limit 2599: 2594: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2566: 2563: 2559: 2554: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2539: 2537: 2533: 2532: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2499: 2494: 2486: 2482: 2480: 2479: 2474: 2464: 2455: 2446: 2442: 2440: 2436: 2435: 2429: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2410: 2408: 2404: 2403:stepper motor 2400: 2394: 2392: 2391:flying height 2388: 2383: 2379: 2369: 2364: 2356: 2348: 2340: 2336: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2305: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2289: 2276: 2271: 2262: 2260: 2255: 2253: 2248: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2232: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2221:areal density 2217: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2187:Apple ProFile 2184: 2180: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2164: 2144: 2140: 2138: 2133: 2130: 2129:IBM 2305 2126: 2121: 2117: 2115: 2114:magnetic tape 2111: 2107: 2102: 2099: 2098:Cylinder-mode 2083: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2046: 2043: 2042: 2038: 2035: 2031: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2015: 2011: 2008: 2005:US$ 14.4 per 2004: 1994: 1991: 1990: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1975: 1973: 1969: 1968: 1964: 1961: 1956: 1952: 1949: 1944: 1940: 1937: 1936: 1932: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1907: 1906: 1902: 1899: 1895: 1893: 1889: 1884: 1883: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1869: 1827: 1823: 1820: 1816: 1802: 1800:Date invented 1798: 1791: 1786: 1779: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1746: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1711:unit prefixes 1708: 1703: 1701: 1696: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1661:mobile phones 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1637: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1622:random-access 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1567: 1562: 1560: 1555: 1553: 1548: 1547: 1545: 1544: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1529:Bubble memory 1527: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1461: 1455: 1454: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1415: 1412: 1411: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1376: 1370: 1369: 1362: 1359: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1240: 1239: 1236: 1235: 1232: 1227: 1226: 1219: 1216: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1156:Cassette tape 1154: 1152: 1151:Videocassette 1149: 1147: 1144: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1120:Magnetic tape 1118: 1116: 1113: 1112: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1084: 1079: 1078: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1057: 1054: 1048: 1047: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 1000: 997: 992: 991: 984: 981: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 944: 942: 939: 937: 934: 932: 929: 927: 924: 923: 922: 919: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 899: 896: 893: 890: 887: 884: 883: 881: 878: 876: 875:ROM cartridge 873: 869: 866: 864: 861: 860: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 845: 842: 837: 836: 833: 830: 829: 821: 818: 815: 812: 810: 807: 804: 801: 798: 795: 792: 789: 786: 783: 782: 776: 775: 766: 763: 762: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 728: 725: 724: 723: 720: 716: 713: 711: 708: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 691: 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 662: 661: 658: 654: 651: 649: 646: 645: 644: 641: 640: 637: 632: 631: 628: 625: 624: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 601:Dew computing 599: 597: 594: 592: 591:Fog computing 589: 587: 586:Cloud storage 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 566:Memory paging 564: 562: 559: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 401:File deletion 399: 397: 394: 392: 391:Computer file 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 274: 272: 271:Data recovery 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 256:Data security 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 195: 192: 190: 187: 186: 185: 182: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 167: 165: 162: 160: 157: 153: 152:floating-gate 150: 149: 148: 145: 143: 140: 138: 135: 133: 130: 128: 125: 123: 120: 118: 115: 113: 110: 109: 103: 102: 98: 94: 91: 90: 54: 49: 41: 37: 33: 19: 13561:Availability 13545:Non-standard 13517:Parity drive 13480: 13385: 13110:Floppy disks 13041: 12963:file formats 12764:Power MOSFET 12747:Power supply 12720: 12716:Data storage 12652:Flash memory 12630:Optical disc 12612:data storage 12251: 12234: 12215:Deep Thought 12178: 12106:(since 2020) 12074:John R. Opel 12032:Think slogan 11960: 11873:Deep Thunder 11679:Kaleida Labs 11674:AIM alliance 11359:Q System Two 11354:Q System One 11095:Olivetti OPE 10948:GS Magicstor 10903:Dataproducts 10893:Data General 10736: 10692: 10525:SATA Express 10251:Trim command 10241:Secure erase 10236:Read disturb 10191:Flash memory 10095:Punched card 10089:Punched tape 9877:Optical disc 9871:Optical tape 9858:Discontinued 9827:Compact disc 9612: 9607:Ferrite core 9488:File systems 9433:Data storage 9387:, Inc., 2015 9377:, March 2010 9296: 9287: 9272:by removing 9259: 9222: 9200: 9188:. Retrieved 9184: 9158:November 23, 9156:. Retrieved 9143: 9131:. Retrieved 9122: 9112: 9102:December 24, 9100:. Retrieved 9091: 9081: 9071:December 24, 9069:. Retrieved 9060: 9050: 9040:November 24, 9038:. Retrieved 9028: 9018:February 20, 9016:. Retrieved 9007: 8998: 8988:February 20, 8986:. Retrieved 8977: 8968: 8958:February 20, 8956:. Retrieved 8947: 8944:"Advantages" 8938: 8928:February 20, 8926:. Retrieved 8917: 8907: 8897:February 20, 8895:. Retrieved 8886: 8877: 8867:November 25, 8865:. Retrieved 8836:February 20, 8834:. Retrieved 8825: 8816: 8804:. Retrieved 8800: 8791: 8779:. Retrieved 8768: 8756:. Retrieved 8746: 8734:. Retrieved 8720: 8708:. Retrieved 8704:the original 8699: 8689: 8681: 8674:. Retrieved 8667:the original 8649: 8639:December 19, 8637:. Retrieved 8602:. Retrieved 8582: 8570:. Retrieved 8561: 8551: 8543: 8536:. Retrieved 8532:the original 8528:hwigroup.net 8527: 8518: 8506:. Retrieved 8502:the original 8492: 8480:. Retrieved 8476: 8466: 8454:. Retrieved 8445: 8436: 8424:. Retrieved 8399:. Retrieved 8385: 8373:. Retrieved 8359: 8350: 8340: 8330:November 24, 8328:. Retrieved 8303:. Retrieved 8288: 8276:. Retrieved 8262: 8250:. Retrieved 8235: 8219: 8209:December 26, 8207:. Retrieved 8186: 8174:. Retrieved 8165: 8156: 8144:. Retrieved 8129: 8118:the original 8104: 8092:. Retrieved 8077: 8069:the original 8059: 8016: 8012: 8005: 7993:. Retrieved 7983: 7971:. Retrieved 7967:the original 7957: 7947:November 26, 7945:. Retrieved 7936: 7926: 7916:November 26, 7914:. Retrieved 7905: 7862: 7843: 7827: 7822: 7805: 7793:. Retrieved 7783: 7771:. Retrieved 7756: 7744:. Retrieved 7730: 7718:. Retrieved 7709: 7700: 7688:. Retrieved 7673: 7654: 7645: 7636: 7624:. Retrieved 7620:the original 7610: 7598:. Retrieved 7591:the original 7578: 7566:. Retrieved 7559:the original 7531:. Retrieved 7527:the original 7517: 7508: 7504: 7491: 7479:. Retrieved 7475:the original 7465: 7455:February 14, 7453:. Retrieved 7432: 7423: 7415: 7411: 7406: 7392: 7378: 7366:. Retrieved 7357: 7345:. Retrieved 7331: 7310: 7298:. Retrieved 7277: 7265:. Retrieved 7251: 7238: 7226:. Retrieved 7222: 7212: 7204: 7199:November 23, 7197:. Retrieved 7193: 7183: 7171:. Retrieved 7167: 7157: 7145:. Retrieved 7117: 7113: 7100: 7067: 7063: 7057: 7048: 7043:November 22, 7041:. Retrieved 7031: 7019:. Retrieved 7010: 7001: 6991:February 20, 6989:. Retrieved 6980: 6971: 6963: 6958:November 15, 6956:. Retrieved 6952:the original 6941: 6931:November 15, 6929:. Retrieved 6919: 6909:November 22, 6907:. Retrieved 6886: 6881:November 15, 6879:. Retrieved 6869: 6859:November 22, 6857:. Retrieved 6847: 6838: 6831:. Retrieved 6816: 6807: 6795: 6786: 6779:. Retrieved 6760: 6748:. Retrieved 6729: 6721: 6714:. Retrieved 6710:the original 6696: 6672:(1): 25–29. 6669: 6665: 6659: 6651: 6644:. Retrieved 6611: 6606:November 12, 6604:. Retrieved 6595: 6570:. Retrieved 6566:the original 6561: 6551: 6539:. Retrieved 6524: 6516: 6509:. Retrieved 6505:the original 6500: 6490: 6482: 6475:. Retrieved 6466: 6457: 6445:. Retrieved 6413:. Retrieved 6402: 6390:. Retrieved 6381: 6368: 6356:. Retrieved 6321:. Retrieved 6286:. Retrieved 6251:. Retrieved 6216:. Retrieved 6201: 6189:. Retrieved 6185:the original 6180: 6170: 6151: 6124:. Retrieved 6117:the original 6112: 6099: 6087:. Retrieved 6072: 6063: 6049: 6016: 6012: 6006: 5997: 5987: 5973: 5961:. Retrieved 5957:the original 5952: 5943: 5931:. Retrieved 5922: 5913: 5901:. Retrieved 5892: 5883: 5871:. Retrieved 5857: 5845:. Retrieved 5830: 5818:. Retrieved 5803: 5791:. Retrieved 5784:the original 5770: 5756:CMOS-MagView 5751: 5739:. Retrieved 5730: 5720: 5708:. Retrieved 5704:the original 5699: 5690: 5678:. Retrieved 5669: 5660: 5648:. Retrieved 5639: 5630: 5609: 5597:. Retrieved 5593: 5583: 5571:. Retrieved 5568:The Register 5567: 5557: 5545:. Retrieved 5536: 5527: 5515:. Retrieved 5506: 5497: 5485:. Retrieved 5476: 5466: 5458: 5453:November 15, 5451:. Retrieved 5428:February 20, 5426:. Retrieved 5422: 5412: 5402:February 20, 5400:. Retrieved 5396: 5374: 5365: 5345: 5338: 5329: 5316: 5299:the original 5294: 5285: 5273:. Retrieved 5269:the original 5264: 5255: 5247: 5243: 5231: 5223: 5219: 5207: 5199: 5195: 5189: 5177:. Retrieved 5173:the original 5163: 5153:February 20, 5151:. Retrieved 5142: 5133: 5123:November 22, 5121:. Retrieved 5108: 5096:. Retrieved 5092:the original 5088:IBM Archives 5087: 5078: 5068:November 22, 5066:. Retrieved 5055: 5035: 5023:. Retrieved 4995: 4984: 4976: 4969:. Retrieved 4944: 4939: 4929:November 15, 4927:. Retrieved 4902:November 25, 4900:. Retrieved 4896: 4873:November 21, 4871:. Retrieved 4867:The Register 4865: 4855: 4843:. Retrieved 4837:. Barron's. 4828: 4818:November 24, 4816:. Retrieved 4807: 4761:November 25, 4759:. Retrieved 4755:the original 4744: 4734:February 21, 4732:. Retrieved 4725:the original 4711: 4701:February 10, 4699:. Retrieved 4679: 4671: 4664:. Retrieved 4660: 4634: 4624: 4612:. Retrieved 4608:the original 4542: 4536: 4524:. Retrieved 4505: 4481: 4474: 4462:. Retrieved 4441: 4419: 4366: 4352: 4343: 4334: 4325: 4316: 4307: 4302:910,000 ÷ 62 4298: 4289: 4280: 4271: 4262: 4253: 4241: 4235: 4229: 4225: 4219: 4214: 4175:Hybrid drive 4155:Data erasure 4106: 4095: 4091: 4063: 4055: 4040: 4005: 3997: 3910:Parallel ATA 3890:power bricks 3885: 3881: 3819: 3815: 3810: 3777:Desktop HDDs 3752: 3748: 3721: 3709: 3705:file carving 3691:systems and 3681: 3674: 3669: 3654: 3638: 3550: 3506:Parallel ATA 3468: 3441: 3406: 3393:Parallel ATA 3364: 3355: 3335: 3262: 3255: 3252: 3221: 3206:flash memory 3202: 3197:form factors 3196: 3186: 3176:. Digital's 3174:19-inch rack 3171: 3153:IBM 350 3150: 3125:Form factors 3121: 3114: 3103:Snow Leopard 3091: 3062: 3060: 3052:931 GB 3032:100 GB 3000:With prefix 2923: 2910: 2906: 2904: 2896: 2863: 2843:subsystems, 2838: 2814: 2801: 2784: 2756: 2737: 2713: 2711:4k speeds). 2689:flash memory 2686: 2674: 2669:Gordon Moore 2662: 2647: 2639: 2636: 2625: 2622: 2606: 2595: 2572: 2555: 2540: 2536:loudspeakers 2529: 2505: 2503: 2477: 2469: 2443: 2438: 2432: 2430: 2411: 2395: 2384: 2373: 2308: 2306: 2291: 2256: 2249: 2233: 2229:mass storage 2218: 2195: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2145: 2141: 2134: 2124: 2122: 2118: 2103: 2084: 2061: 2056:1250-to-one 2047:c. 2000 hrs 2018:Data density 1978:milliseconds 1924:cubic inches 1880:Improvement 1824:team led by 1747: 1704: 1697: 1669:flash memory 1638: 1602:digital data 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1575: 1476:Punched tape 1470:Punched card 1436:Time crystal 1304:Hyper CD-ROM 1243:Optical disc 1217: 1135:Tape library 1070:FeFET memory 1051:Early-stage 931:CompactFlash 926:Memory Stick 886:Flash memory 848:Diode matrix 832:Non-volatile 616:Kryder's law 606:Amdahl's law 531:Software rot 506:Logical disk 406:File copying 341:Data storage 296:File sharing 281:Data cluster 36: 13598:Scalability 13591:Replication 13527:RAID levels 13489:Disk arrays 12863:Serial port 12854:(IEEE 1394) 12831:DisplayPort 12821:Thunderbolt 12694:Motherboard 12657:Memory card 12625:Floppy disk 12467:Touchscreen 12347:Typewriters 12253:Mathematica 12194:Rugby union 12133:Alex Gorsky 12100:(2012–2020) 12094:(2002–2011) 12088:(1993–2002) 12082:(1985–1993) 12076:(1981–1985) 12070:(1973–1981) 12064:(1971–1973) 12058:(1956–1971) 12052:(1914–1956) 12000:Terminology 11956:Floppy disk 11900:SkillsBuild 11863:Initiatives 11844:IBM Hursley 11818:Facilities 11469:Connections 11339:FlashSystem 10582:Thunderbolt 10574:PCI Express 10519:PCI Express 10513:NVM Express 10428:Independent 10322:Controllers 10221:Memory wear 10091:(mid-1800s) 9649:Floppy disk 9619:Stripe card 9524:File server 9190:January 10, 8978:Nimbus Data 8948:Nimbus Data 8676:January 23, 8572:January 11, 8538:January 11, 8375:November 9, 8326:. Backblaze 8146:October 24, 7973:January 22, 7838:, page 266. 7368:December 1, 7228:October 11, 7223:TechPowerUp 7173:October 11, 7011:PC Magazine 6635:. Seagate. 6467:PC Magazine 6415:December 1, 6288:October 24, 6253:October 24, 6191:January 21, 6126:November 5, 5923:Seagate.com 5893:Seagate.com 5865:. Toshiba. 5640:escotal.com 5064:. Backblaze 5025:November 7, 4808:PC Magazine 4614:October 19, 4563:11693/37609 4516:PC Magazine 4244:(after the 4102:Moore's law 4012:price index 3659:inside the 3657:air density 3427:(SAS), and 3238:disk sector 2919:file system 2798:Calculation 2699:introduced 2665:Moore's law 2651:Development 2618:HDD failure 2543:magnet wire 2518:moving coil 2237:Moore's law 2028:square inch 2022:2,000 1987:200-to-one 1972:access time 1887:(formatted) 1826:Rey Johnson 1818:Invented by 1727:file system 1707:performance 1647:device for 1535:Floppy disk 1487:Drum memory 921:Memory card 888:is used in: 822:(2002–2010) 787:(1946–1947) 611:Moore's law 456:Boot sector 396:Object file 301:File system 112:Memory cell 13660:Categories 13636:Oracle ZFS 13613:Interfaces 13603:Throughput 13586:Parity bit 13554:Principles 13419:Lt. Kernal 13415:Hard drive 13341:Serial CBM 13322:Hard drive 13123:DC42, DART 13042:Hard disks 12960:Disk image 12610:Removable 12595:Sound card 12525:Sound chip 12520:Sound card 12510:Microphone 12400:components 12342:System/370 12337:System/360 12128:David Farr 12027:e-business 11929:Inventions 11878:Develothon 11759:Facilities 11619:Promontory 11614:Consulting 11175:StorageTek 11125:PrairieTek 11055:Mitsubishi 11045:MiniScribe 11040:Micropolis 11025:Librascope 11005:JT Storage 10587:USB Type-C 10530:Serial ATA 10494:Interfaces 10460:PMC-Sierra 10176:Encryption 10083:Index card 9498:Encryption 9326:(archived) 9123:forbes.com 8777:. Statista 8754:. Statista 8426:August 28, 8305:August 25, 8278:August 25, 8252:August 25, 8026:1503.06664 7600:January 7, 7300:October 9, 7070:(7): 1–8. 7021:August 21, 6833:January 2, 6781:January 7, 6750:January 7, 6477:August 16, 6392:January 2, 5098:August 11, 4434:References 4221:disk drive 4180:Microdrive 4023:See also: 3946:have less 3894:encryption 3842:See also: 3643: – a 3641:head crash 3620:See also: 3612:Head crash 3567:Serial ATA 3460:bad sector 3417:Serial ATA 3268:capacity. 3265:throughput 3161:model 1311 2995:ver 10.6+ 2960:See also: 2928:(MBR) and 2887:Formatting 2869:partitions 2807:using the 2728:turbulence 2531:voice coil 2449:Components 2399:voice coil 2376:4200 2286:See also: 2265:Technology 2137:Winchester 2106:model 1311 2000:US$ 97,500 1946:(910 1915:(1.9 1913:cubic feet 1890:3.75 1810:1954-12-24 1667:, rely on 1594:fixed disk 1590:hard drive 1458:Historical 1130:Tape drive 956:SmartMedia 779:Historical 476:Disk image 471:Disk array 346:Data store 147:MOS memory 137:Memory map 53:Serial ATA 13474:Redundant 13223:Datasette 13206:Commodore 12873:PS/2 port 12868:Game port 12781:Fax modem 12620:Disk pack 12472:Trackball 12435:Light pen 12210:Deep Blue 12116:directors 11575:WebSphere 11514:PureQuery 11422:Selectric 11397:Blue Gene 11312:Mainframe 11100:Panasonic 10898:Datapoint 10888:Data Disc 10843:Burroughs 10398:SandForce 10347:Fusion-io 10049:Antiquity 9998:Super DLT 9992:Floptical 9883:LaserDisc 9865:Microform 9667:Racetrack 9631:Thin film 9613:Hard disk 9290:July 2020 9274:excessive 9092:AnandTech 8918:The Verge 8700:jcmit.com 8593:. Intel. 8508:April 26, 7995:August 4, 7991:. Seagate 7795:April 26, 7773:April 26, 7690:March 15, 7481:April 26, 7322:1301.6106 7267:August 4, 7168:AnandTech 7084:0018-9464 7050:roadmaps. 6679:1201.5543 6511:March 18, 6382:ACM Queue 6146:, Hitachi 6113:idema.org 5963:March 13, 5933:March 13, 5903:March 13, 5873:March 13, 5621:1201.5543 5537:blaze.com 4897:jcmit.com 4661:Backblaze 4635:AnandTech 4526:March 21, 4311:600 ÷ 2.5 4226:disk file 4140:Cleanroom 4082:gigabytes 4070:gigabytes 3954:(SAS) or 3878:enclosure 3689:UNIX-like 3650:corrosion 3583:LocalTalk 3514:crosstalk 3395:interface 3231:Seek time 3079:terabytes 3075:gigabytes 3071:megabytes 3014:100 2915:partition 2858:checksums 2817:cylinders 2473:amplifier 2422:ruthenium 2257:In 2019, 2191:IBM PC/XT 2110:disk pack 2068:megabytes 2002:in 2022) 1996:US$ 9,200 1958:(62 1926:(34 1898:terabytes 1892:megabytes 1871:Parameter 1750:interface 1719:gigabytes 1586:hard disk 1517:Disk pack 1482:Plugboard 1319:DVD-Video 1248:LaserDisc 1146:Videotape 1017:3D XPoint 1008:Memristor 648:CPU cache 416:Core dump 336:Data bank 286:Directory 13581:Failover 13535:Standard 13382:Indus GT 13318:SFD-1001 13217:Cassette 13118:ADF, ADZ 12852:FireWire 12845:Obsolete 12811:Ethernet 12590:Speakers 12488:Keyboard 12462:Touchpad 12397:computer 12292:Category 12259:IBM Plex 12114:Board of 12007:Big Blue 11807:Honolulu 11716:Merative 11701:EduQuest 11684:Taligent 11653:Research 11590:entities 11588:Business 11529:OpenQASM 11457:Cloudant 11427:ThinkPad 11350:Quantum 11298:Hardware 11290:Products 10694:Category 10665:T10/SCSI 10445:Maxiotek 10405:SK Hynix 10375:Indilinx 10287:SK Hynix 10068:(105 CE) 9957:MiniDisc 9907:DataPlay 9816:DVD-R DL 9810:DVD+R DL 9746:BD-RE XL 9483:Robotics 9334:Archived 9221:(2011). 9127:Archived 9096:Archived 9065:Archived 9012:Archived 8982:Archived 8952:Archived 8922:Archived 8891:Archived 8830:Archived 8806:March 6, 8781:July 28, 8758:July 28, 8730:Archived 8710:July 25, 8630:Archived 8595:Archived 8566:Archived 8482:July 21, 8456:July 20, 8450:Archived 8395:Archived 8369:Archived 8299:Archived 8272:Archived 8246:Archived 8200:Archived 8170:Archived 8140:Archived 8088:Archived 8051:33974771 7941:Archived 7910:Archived 7882:Archived 7870:Archived 7852:Archived 7767:Archived 7740:Archived 7720:July 18, 7714:Archived 7684:Archived 7662:Archived 7533:June 28, 7449:Archived 7347:July 27, 7341:Archived 7291:Archived 7258:Archived 7138:Archived 7092:22858444 7015:Archived 6985:Archived 6827:Archived 6775:Archived 6744:Archived 6637:Archived 6600:Archived 6572:July 21, 6541:July 15, 6535:Archived 6471:Archived 6441:Archived 6386:Archived 6358:July 28, 6349:Archived 6323:July 28, 6314:Archived 6279:Archived 6244:Archived 6212:Archived 6159:Archived 6083:Archived 6041:29531529 5927:Archived 5897:Archived 5867:Archived 5841:Archived 5814:Archived 5793:July 17, 5759:Archived 5735:Archived 5710:July 16, 5680:July 16, 5674:Archived 5650:July 16, 5644:Archived 5599:July 21, 5573:July 21, 5541:Archived 5539:. 2013. 5511:Archived 5481:Archived 5275:June 25, 5179:July 26, 5147:Archived 5143:Hgst.com 5044:Archived 5019:Archived 4965:Archived 4839:Archived 4812:Archived 4783:Archived 4692:Archived 4639:Archived 4581:17794134 4520:Archived 4487:Elsevier 4464:March 7, 4455:Archived 4246:IBM 3340 4237:CKD disk 4234:(DASD), 4112:See also 3948:air drag 3902:FireWire 3591:FireWire 3483:Atari ST 3246:bit rate 3166:IBM 2314 3099:Mac OS X 3063:millions 2950:metadata 2944:in many 2877:diskpart 2805:IBM 3390 2761:Capacity 2732:friction 2589:for the 2508:actuator 2317:platters 2080:IBM 1405 2076:IBM 7300 2034:terabits 2007:terabyte 1970:Average 1896:32 1885:Capacity 1715:terabyte 1689:exabytes 1618:actuator 1610:platters 1446:UltraRAM 1324:DVD card 1279:Video CD 1264:CD Video 1034:Nano-RAM 1003:Memistor 976:XQD card 951:SIM card 809:Dekatron 695:XDR DRAM 690:EDO DRAM 627:Volatile 421:Hex dump 331:Database 226:Metadata 221:Big data 13389:3½-inch 13348:5¼-inch 13279:5¼-inch 13211:systems 13017:MDF+MDS 13002:CCD+SUB 12988:BIN+CUE 12901:Related 12804:Current 12645:Blu-ray 12583:Plotter 12578:Printer 12561:Monitor 12537:Softcam 12445:Optical 12302:Commons 12269:ScicomP 11812:Seattle 11765:Towers 11711:Lexmark 11706:Kyndryl 11648:Red Hat 11597:Current 11568:Granite 11563:Watsonx 11479:Fortran 11407:PowerPC 11334:Storage 11305:Current 11268:History 11260:History 11210:YE-Data 11170:Siemens 11135:Quantum 11110:Philips 11090:Okidata 11035:Memorex 11020:Kyocera 11015:Kennedy 10973:Hyosung 10963:Hitachi 10938:Fujitsu 10883:Cornice 10858:Calcomp 10848:C. Itoh 10796:Defunct 10782:Toshiba 10770:Current 10675:T13/ATA 10645:SATA-IO 10450:Marvell 10409:Bought 10393:Seagate 10388:Samsung 10342:SanDisk 10330:Captive 10291:Bought 10282:Samsung 10196:SLC/MLC 10113:Barcode 10109:(1930s) 10097:(1880s) 10085:(1640s) 10060:papyrus 10056:Writing 9963:MD Data 9953:(1980s) 9951:MO disc 9919:ProData 9740:BD-R XL 9719:Blu-ray 9657:(~1970) 9645:(~1968) 9643:Twistor 9373:(PDF), 9363:(PDF), 9268:Please 9260:use of 9133:July 4, 8887:Bgr.com 8736:May 26, 8401:May 24, 8176:May 24, 8094:May 24, 8031:Bibcode 7937:PCWorld 7906:ITWorld 7746:May 24, 7626:May 23, 7568:June 8, 7147:May 24, 7122:Bibcode 6810:. 2020. 6771:LWN.net 6740:LWN.net 6716:July 5, 6684:Bibcode 6646:May 23, 6447:July 5, 6218:May 26, 6089:May 26, 6021:Bibcode 5953:Wdc.com 5820:May 26, 5741:July 9, 5547:May 23, 5517:May 15, 5487:May 15, 5265:ibm.com 4845:May 15, 4076:(NGFF) 4051:Toshiba 4047:Seagate 3989:Economy 3783:desktop 3697:Windows 3571:EIA-422 3389:Seagate 3298:10,000 3290:15,000 3272:Latency 3241:period. 3101:10.6 (" 3037:1 2988:Windows 2881:Windows 2697:Seagate 2691:–based 2370:diagram 2329:ceramic 2311:spindle 2156:⁄ 2091:⁄ 2072:IBM 355 1808: ( 1772:History 1760:, SAS ( 1735:latency 1681:Toshiba 1677:Seagate 1665:tablets 1653:servers 1531:(~1970) 1525:(~1968) 1507:(1960s) 1344:Blu-ray 1334:MiniDVD 1329:DVD-RAM 1289:Mini CD 1231:Optical 1191:U-matic 1186:MicroMV 1166:Betamax 1030:(ECRAM) 971:MicroP2 946:SD card 936:PC Card 727:1T-SRAM 685:QDRSRAM 276:Storage 106:General 13621:bioctl 13540:Nested 13398:CMD FD 13377:MSD SD 13256:8-inch 12759:MOSFET 12699:Memory 12566:Screen 12532:Webcam 12395:Basic 12274:Unions 11885:Fellow 11696:Cognos 11669:AdStar 11662:Former 11626:Kenexa 11604:Apptio 11558:Watson 11524:Qiskit 11390:Former 11379:Condor 11369:Osprey 11344:DS8000 11200:Tokico 11185:Tandon 11160:Sequel 11145:Rodime 11030:Maxtor 11000:Iomega 10983:AdStar 10918:Emulex 10818:Anelex 10670:T11/FC 10640:USB-IF 10620:INCITS 10532:(SATA) 10521:(PCIe) 10515:(NVMe) 10503:(AHCI) 10455:Phison 10383:Micron 10364:Kioxia 10306:Kioxia 10277:Micron 10115:(1948) 10103:(1904) 10076:Modern 10000:(1998) 9994:(1991) 9988:(1986) 9971:(2004) 9965:(1993) 9959:(1992) 9944:(1877) 9933:(2006) 9931:HD DVD 9927:(2004) 9921:(2003) 9915:(2003) 9909:(2002) 9903:(1999) 9901:MIL-CD 9897:(1997) 9895:GD-ROM 9891:(1979) 9885:(1978) 9867:(1870) 9850:(1997) 9844:(1991) 9838:(1988) 9829:(1982) 9818:(2005) 9812:(2004) 9806:(2002) 9800:(2001) 9798:DVD+RW 9794:(1999) 9792:DVD-RW 9788:(1997) 9779:(1995) 9768:(2004) 9759:(2003) 9748:(2010) 9742:(2010) 9736:(2006) 9730:(2006) 9721:(2006) 9669:(2008) 9663:(1995) 9655:Bubble 9651:(1969) 9639:(1962) 9633:(1962) 9627:(1956) 9621:(1956) 9615:(1956) 9609:(1949) 9603:(1932) 9597:(1928) 9591:(1898) 9229: 9207: 8049: 7834: 7090: 7082: 6613:this.' 6039: 5353: 4579: 4569: 4493: 4240:, and 4049:, and 3717:Google 3693:CHKDSK 3624:, and 3614:, and 3551:copper 3346:Gbit/s 3342:Mbit/s 3338:buffer 3322:4,800 3314:5,400 3306:7,200 3249:files. 3195:, HDD 3083:memory 3049:9.95% 3026:7.37% 3009:Diff. 3006:Bytes 3003:Bytes 2942:inodes 2866:hidden 2724:helium 2593:data. 2526:magnet 2212:, and 2189:. The 1955:ounces 1943:pounds 1941:2,000 1938:Weight 1764:), or 1683:, and 1626:blocks 1604:using 1537:(1971) 1519:(1962) 1513:(1962) 1501:(1957) 1495:(1949) 1489:(1932) 1478:(1725) 1472:(1725) 1466:(1725) 1339:HD DVD 1299:CD-ROM 1255:(CDDA) 1181:MiniDV 900:(SSHD) 882:(SSS) 868:EEPROM 816:(2009) 805:(1952) 799:(1951) 793:(1947) 411:Backup 13631:mdadm 13481:disks 13477:array 13209:8-bit 13148:CD-DA 12878:eSATA 12796:Ports 12481:Other 12440:Mouse 12172:Other 11643:Press 11636:India 11452:Cloud 11440:Other 11374:Heron 11364:Eagle 11317:IBM Z 11205:Xebec 11150:SAGEM 11140:Ricoh 11130:Priam 11080:Nomaï 10923:Epson 10813:Ampex 10604:EDSFF 10564:mSATA 10544:(USB) 10538:(SAS) 10411:Intel 10293:Intel 10066:Paper 10043:media 9969:Hi-MD 9848:CD-RW 9804:DVD+R 9786:DVD-R 9734:BD-RE 9712:media 9579:media 9181:(PDF) 9153:(PDF) 9061:Alphr 8862:(PDF) 8670:(PDF) 8659:(PDF) 8633:(PDF) 8626:(PDF) 8598:(PDF) 8591:(PDF) 8203:(PDF) 8196:(PDF) 8121:(PDF) 8114:(PDF) 8047:S2CID 8021:arXiv 7814:(PDF) 7594:(PDF) 7587:(PDF) 7562:(PDF) 7555:(PDF) 7501:(PDF) 7445:IDEMA 7441:(PDF) 7317:arXiv 7294:(PDF) 7287:(PDF) 7261:(PDF) 7248:(PDF) 7141:(PDF) 7110:(PDF) 7088:S2CID 6804:(PDF) 6674:arXiv 6640:(PDF) 6633:(PDF) 6352:(PDF) 6345:(PDF) 6317:(PDF) 6310:(PDF) 6282:(PDF) 6275:(PDF) 6247:(PDF) 6240:(PDF) 6120:(PDF) 6109:(PDF) 6037:S2CID 5787:(PDF) 5780:(PDF) 5616:arXiv 5321:(PDF) 5240:(PDF) 5216:(PDF) 5117:(PDF) 4728:(PDF) 4721:(PDF) 4695:(PDF) 4688:(PDF) 4577:S2CID 4458:(PDF) 4451:(PDF) 4207:Notes 3898:Wi-Fi 3869:eSATA 3865:USB-C 3579:RS485 3543:iSCSI 3435:, or 3367:price 3325:6.25 3317:5.55 3309:4.16 2993:macOS 2956:Units 2875:like 2821:zones 2562:servo 2512:is a 2458:left. 2327:, or 2325:glass 1992:Price 1985:about 1723:bytes 1592:, or 1399:ECRAM 1379:CBRAM 1314:DVD+R 1274:CD-RW 1211:D-VHS 1206:VHS-C 1201:S-VHS 1142:(DDS) 1065:ReRAM 1060:FeRAM 1053:NVRAM 1039:CBRAM 996:NVRAM 894:(SSD) 863:EPROM 820:Z-RAM 814:T-RAM 746:(CAM) 734:ReRAM 700:RDRAM 680:LPDDR 675:SGRAM 670:SDRAM 665:eDRAM 99:types 13626:geom 13465:RAID 13408:SCSI 13393:1581 13372:1571 13367:1570 13362:1551 13357:1541 13352:1540 13331:9090 13326:9060 13313:8250 13308:8050 13303:4040 13298:4031 13293:3040 13288:2040 13283:2031 13275:8280 13270:8062 13265:8061 13260:8060 13241:Disk 13232:1531 13227:1530 13095:VMDK 13080:UDIF 13075:QCOW 13070:NDIF 12836:HDMI 12752:SMPS 12740:SSHD 12734:NVMe 12730:SATA 12709:BIOS 12317:FOSS 12042:CEOs 11946:DRAM 11541:SPSS 11484:ILOG 11190:TEAC 10958:HGST 10833:BASF 10660:SSSI 10655:SNIA 10630:ONFI 10509:(FC) 10440:Goke 10419:FADU 10357:sTec 10352:HGST 10312:YMTC 10304:and 10216:MB/s 10211:IOPS 9889:WORM 9842:CD-i 9836:CD-R 9728:BD-R 9661:MRAM 9637:CRAM 9625:MICR 9601:Drum 9595:Tape 9589:Wire 9503:RAID 9385:HGST 9227:ISBN 9205:ISBN 9192:2020 9160:2019 9135:2016 9104:2018 9073:2018 9042:2019 9020:2019 8990:2019 8960:2019 8930:2019 8899:2019 8869:2019 8838:2019 8808:2020 8783:2023 8760:2023 8738:2019 8712:2015 8678:2015 8641:2013 8606:2013 8574:2014 8540:2014 8510:2012 8484:2021 8458:2015 8428:2023 8403:2019 8377:2019 8332:2019 8307:2015 8280:2015 8254:2015 8211:2011 8178:2019 8148:2012 8096:2019 7997:2018 7975:2011 7949:2010 7918:2010 7832:ISBN 7797:2012 7775:2012 7748:2019 7722:2015 7692:2015 7628:2011 7602:2013 7570:2013 7535:2010 7511:(1). 7483:2012 7457:2016 7370:2019 7349:2014 7302:2012 7269:2014 7253:IEEE 7230:2021 7201:2019 7175:2021 7149:2019 7080:ISSN 7045:2019 7023:2010 6993:2019 6960:2019 6933:2019 6911:2019 6883:2019 6861:2019 6835:2016 6783:2015 6752:2015 6718:2014 6648:2014 6608:2014 6574:2014 6543:2017 6513:2022 6479:2014 6449:2015 6417:2019 6394:2014 6360:2018 6325:2018 6290:2013 6255:2013 6220:2019 6193:2014 6128:2013 6091:2019 5965:2009 5935:2009 5905:2009 5875:2009 5849:2014 5822:2019 5795:2011 5743:2011 5712:2011 5682:2011 5652:2011 5601:2021 5575:2021 5549:2014 5519:2018 5489:2018 5477:CNET 5455:2019 5430:2019 5404:2019 5351:ISBN 5277:2015 5181:2015 5155:2019 5125:2023 5100:2014 5070:2023 5027:2009 4973:2014 4931:2019 4904:2019 4875:2019 4847:2018 4820:2012 4763:2012 4736:2023 4703:2012 4668:2021 4616:2012 4567:ISBN 4547:IEEE 4528:2018 4518:UK. 4491:ISBN 4466:2014 4378:and 4086:PCIe 4078:NVMe 4027:and 4006:The 3846:and 3715:and 3685:fsck 3675:For 3595:SCSI 3545:and 3485:and 3450:and 3448:PRML 3421:SCSI 3244:The 3178:RK05 2946:UNIX 2917:and 2841:RAID 2839:For 2790:and 2769:Two 2730:and 2716:HGST 2516:and 2504:The 2298:bits 2250:The 2202:SCSI 2181:and 2125:e.g. 2078:and 2049:MTBF 2032:1.4 2026:per 2024:bits 1953:2.2 1922:2.1 1766:PATA 1754:SATA 1663:and 1655:and 1389:NRAM 1361:WORM 1269:CD-R 1023:MRAM 858:PROM 853:MROM 755:VRAM 739:QRAM 722:SRAM 710:GDDR 660:DRAM 556:RAID 206:Data 95:and 13138:VFD 13128:DMS 13100:WIM 13090:VHD 13085:VDI 13065:ISO 13060:IMG 13055:FVD 13050:DMG 13032:UIF 13027:NRG 13022:MDX 13012:ISZ 13007:ISO 12998:IMG 12993:DAA 12888:VGA 12883:DVI 12816:USB 12769:VRM 12726:SSD 12721:HDD 12704:RAM 12640:DVD 12503:GPU 11252:IBM 11070:NEC 11065:NCR 11010:JVC 10978:IBM 10599:U.3 10594:U.2 10569:M.2 10465:SMI 10369:OCZ 10181:ECC 10058:on 9925:UMD 9913:UDO 9777:DVD 9766:PDD 9276:or 8039:doi 7130:doi 7072:doi 6029:doi 5507:Inc 4559:hdl 4551:doi 4380:GCR 4376:MFM 4074:M.2 3695:on 3687:on 3587:USB 3525:CPU 3444:DSP 3437:USB 3413:ATA 3409:bus 3157:IBM 2938:DOS 2879:in 2853:1/n 2809:CKD 2591:ECC 2378:rpm 1911:68 1822:IBM 1758:USB 1741:in 1641:IBM 1584:), 1582:HDD 1309:DVD 1196:VHS 1013:PCM 966:SxS 841:ROM 715:HBM 705:DDR 636:RAM 13662:: 12732:/ 12635:CD 10803:3M 9383:, 9332:. 9183:. 9125:. 9121:. 9094:. 9090:. 9063:. 9059:. 9006:. 8976:. 8946:. 8920:. 8916:. 8885:. 8846:^ 8824:. 8799:. 8698:. 8680:. 8661:. 8628:. 8614:^ 8564:. 8560:. 8542:. 8526:. 8475:. 8444:. 8411:^ 8393:. 8367:. 8349:. 8315:^ 8226:– 8164:. 8045:. 8037:. 8029:. 8017:51 8015:. 7939:. 7935:. 7908:. 7904:. 7892:^ 7712:. 7708:. 7543:^ 7507:. 7503:. 7443:. 7414:, 7339:. 7250:. 7221:. 7203:. 7192:. 7166:. 7136:. 7128:. 7118:94 7116:. 7112:. 7086:. 7078:. 7068:50 7066:. 7047:. 7009:. 6983:. 6979:. 6962:. 6894:^ 6885:. 6837:. 6825:. 6806:. 6785:. 6773:. 6769:. 6742:. 6738:. 6720:. 6682:. 6670:67 6668:. 6650:. 6620:^ 6610:. 6594:. 6582:^ 6560:. 6533:. 6515:. 6499:. 6481:. 6465:. 6425:^ 6384:. 6380:. 6333:^ 6298:^ 6263:^ 6228:^ 6179:. 6136:^ 6111:. 6035:. 6027:. 6017:41 6015:. 5996:. 5951:. 5925:. 5921:. 5891:. 5733:. 5729:. 5698:. 5672:. 5668:. 5642:. 5638:. 5592:. 5566:. 5535:. 5509:. 5505:. 5479:. 5475:. 5457:. 5438:^ 5421:. 5395:. 5383:^ 5307:^ 5293:. 5263:. 5242:, 5218:, 5145:. 5141:. 5086:. 5017:. 5006:^ 4975:. 4952:^ 4912:^ 4895:. 4883:^ 4864:. 4810:. 4806:. 4794:^ 4771:^ 4670:. 4659:. 4647:^ 4637:. 4633:. 4589:^ 4575:. 4565:. 4557:. 4545:. 4514:. 4485:. 4403:^ 4387:^ 4374:, 4372:FM 4228:, 4224:, 4045:, 3896:, 3787:TB 3707:. 3610:, 3589:, 3585:, 3581:, 3481:, 3423:, 3419:, 3415:, 3301:3 3293:2 3107:df 3067:SI 3039:TB 3016:GB 2883:. 2620:. 2587:GB 2583:TB 2481:. 2333:nm 2323:, 2208:, 2082:. 2074:, 1948:kg 1928:cm 1679:, 1636:. 1588:, 1576:A 1259:CD 1176:DV 13457:e 13450:t 13443:v 13197:e 13190:t 13183:v 13166:. 13000:+ 12952:e 12945:t 12938:v 12736:) 12728:( 12388:e 12381:t 12374:v 12203:/ 11747:) 11743:( 11244:e 11237:t 11230:v 10729:e 10722:t 10715:v 10308:) 10154:e 10147:t 10140:v 10033:e 10026:t 10019:v 9702:e 9695:t 9688:v 9569:e 9562:t 9555:v 9425:e 9418:t 9411:v 9340:. 9303:) 9297:( 9292:) 9288:( 9284:. 9266:. 9235:. 9213:. 9194:. 9162:. 9137:. 9106:. 9075:. 9044:. 9022:. 8992:. 8962:. 8932:. 8901:. 8871:. 8840:. 8810:. 8785:. 8762:. 8740:. 8714:. 8643:. 8608:. 8576:. 8512:. 8486:. 8460:. 8430:. 8405:. 8379:. 8353:. 8334:. 8309:. 8282:. 8256:. 8213:. 8180:. 8150:. 8098:. 8053:. 8041:: 8033:: 8023:: 7999:. 7977:. 7951:. 7920:. 7816:. 7799:. 7777:. 7750:. 7724:. 7694:. 7630:. 7604:. 7572:. 7537:. 7509:5 7485:. 7459:. 7400:. 7386:. 7372:. 7351:. 7325:. 7319:: 7304:. 7271:. 7232:. 7177:. 7151:. 7132:: 7124:: 7094:. 7074:: 7025:. 6995:. 6935:. 6913:. 6863:. 6754:. 6690:. 6686:: 6676:: 6576:. 6545:. 6451:. 6419:. 6396:. 6362:. 6327:. 6292:. 6257:. 6222:. 6195:. 6130:. 6093:. 6043:. 6031:: 6023:: 6000:. 5981:. 5967:. 5937:. 5907:. 5877:. 5851:. 5824:. 5797:. 5745:. 5714:. 5684:. 5654:. 5624:. 5618:: 5603:. 5577:. 5551:. 5521:. 5491:. 5432:. 5406:. 5359:. 5279:. 5183:. 5157:. 5127:. 5102:. 5072:. 5029:. 4933:. 4906:. 4877:. 4849:. 4822:. 4765:. 4738:. 4705:. 4618:. 4583:. 4561:: 4553:: 4530:. 4499:. 4468:. 4425:R 4414:. 4398:. 4361:. 4191:) 3981:; 3973:. 3962:. 3557:. 3494:. 2849:n 2612:( 2478:g 2158:4 2154:1 2151:+ 2149:5 2093:8 2089:1 1962:) 1960:g 1950:) 1930:) 1919:) 1917:m 1812:) 1580:( 1565:e 1558:t 1551:v 1019:) 1015:( 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.