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time. As the two pulses move in the exhaust pipe they should encounter either an X or H pipe. When they encounter the pipe, part of the pulse diverts into the X-H pipe which lowers the total pressure by a small amount. The reason for this decrease in pressure is that the fluid (liquid, air or gas) will travel along a pipe and when it comes at a crossing the fluid will take the path of least resistance and some will bleed off, thus lowering the pressure slightly. Without an X-H pipe the flow of exhaust would be jerky or inconsistent, and the engine would not run at its highest efficiency. The double exhaust pulse would cause part of the next exhaust pulse in that bank to not exit that cylinder completely and cause either a detonation (because of a lean
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This junction point essentially behaves as an artificial atmosphere, hence the alteration of the pressure at this point controls the behavior of reflected waves at this sudden increase in area discontinuity. Closing the valve increases the local pressure, thus inducing the formation of larger amplitude negative reflected expansion waves. This enhances low speed torque up to a speed at which the loss due to increased back pressure outweighs the EXUP tuning effect. At higher speeds the EXUP valve is fully opened and the exhaust is allowed to flow freely.
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time the occurrence of each exhaust pulse, to occur one after the other in succession while still in the exhaust system. The lower pressure tail of an exhaust pulse then serves to create a greater pressure difference between the high pressure head of the next exhaust pulse, thus increasing the velocity of that exhaust pulse. In V6 and V8 engines where there is more than one exhaust bank, "Y-pipes" and "X-pipes" work on the same principle of using the low pressure component of an exhaust pulse to increase the velocity of the next exhaust pulse.
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exhaust gas from the chamber, reducing power and leaving exhaust in the chamber to dilute the incoming intake charge. Since engines produce more exhaust gas at higher speeds, the header(s) are tuned to a particular engine speed range according to the intended application. Typically, wide primary tubes offer the best gains in power and torque at higher engine speeds, while narrow tubes offer the best gains at lower speeds.
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described above in the "head, body, tail" description. By tuning the length of the primary tubes, usually by means of resonance tuning, the rarefaction pulse can be timed to coincide with the exact moment valve overlap occurs. Typically, long primary tubes resonate at a lower engine speed than short primary tubes.
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have a left and right bank each containing 4 cylinders. When the engine is running, pistons are firing according to the engine firing order. If a bank has two consecutive piston firings it will create a high pressure area in the exhaust pipe, because two exhaust pulses are moving through it close in
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pulse which can help scavenging the combustion chamber during valve overlap. This pulse is created in all exhaust systems each time a change in density occurs, such as when exhaust merges into the collector. For clarification, the rarefaction pulse is the technical term for the same process that was
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occurs before the exhaust valve is closed, and to increase low-speed torque, large amplitude exhaust pressure waves are artificially induced. This is achieved by partial closing of an internal valve within the exhaust—the EXUP valve—at the point where the four primary pipes from the cylinders join.
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The magnitude of the exhaust scavenging effect is a direct function of the velocity of the high and medium pressure components of the exhaust pulse. Performance headers work to increase the exhaust velocity as much as possible. One technique is tuned-length primary tubes. This technique attempts to
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The most common types of aftermarket headers are made of mild steel or stainless steel tubing for the primary tubes along with flat flanges and possibly a larger diameter collector made of a similar material as the primaries. They may be coated with a ceramic-type finish (sometimes both inside and
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Great care must be used when selecting the length and diameter of the primary tubes. Tubes that are too large will cause the exhaust gas to expand and slow down, decreasing the scavenging effect. Tubes that are too small will create exhaust flow resistance which the engine must work to expel the
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This relatively low pressure helps to extract all the combustion products from the cylinder and induct the intake charge during the overlap period when both intake and exhaust valves are partially open. The effect is known as "scavenging". Length, cross-sectional area, and shaping of the exhaust
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When an engine starts its exhaust stroke, the piston moves up the cylinder bore, decreasing the total chamber volume. When the exhaust valve opens, the high pressure exhaust gas escapes into the exhaust manifold or header, creating an "exhaust pulse" comprising three main parts:
488:("EXUP") fitted to some Yamaha motorcycles. It constantly adjusts the back pressure within the collector of the exhaust system to enhance pressure wave formation as a function of engine speed. This ensures good low to mid-range performance.
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outside), or painted with a heat-resistant finish, or bare. Chrome plated headers are available but these tend to blue after use. Polished stainless steel will also color (usually a yellow tint), but less than chrome in most cases.
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Another form of modification used is to insulate a standard or aftermarket manifold. This decreases the amount of heat given off into the engine bay, therefore reducing the intake manifold temperature. There are a few types of
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Ceramic paint is sprayed or brushed onto the manifold and then cured in an oven. These are usually thin, so have little insulatory properties; however, they reduce engine bay heating by lessening the heat output via
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or stainless steel units which collect engine exhaust gas from multiple cylinders and deliver it to the exhaust pipe. For many engines, there are aftermarket tubular exhaust manifolds known as
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As the exhaust gases equalize between the combustion chamber and the atmosphere, the difference in pressure decreases and the exhaust velocity decreases. This forms the medium-pressure
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Exhaust wrap is wrapped completely around the manifold. Although this is cheap and fairly simple, it can lead to premature degradation of the manifold.
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is created by the large pressure difference between the exhaust in the combustion chamber and the atmospheric pressure outside of the exhaust system
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to give a tough ceramic coating with very good thermal insulation. This is often used on performance production cars and track-only racers.
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472:(AFR)), or a misfire due to a rich AFR, depending on how much of the double pulse was left and what the mixture of that pulse was.
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Cut through a 2-1 junction in an exhaust manifold showing pressure, which is nonhomogeneous due to centripetal forces, and flow.
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of the high and medium-pressure components reduces the pressure in the combustion chamber to a lower-than-atmospheric level.
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ports and pipeworks influences the degree of scavenging effect, and the engine speed range over which scavenging occurs.
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Diagram of an exhaust manifold from a Kia Rio. 1. manifold; 2. gasket; 3. nut; 4. heat shield; 5. heat shield bolt
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has given rise to a number of mechanical improvements. One such improvement can be seen in the
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component. This tail component may initially match ambient atmospheric pressure, but the
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The goal of performance exhaust headers is mainly to decrease flow resistance (
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643:"X-pipes and H-pipes Add Easy Horsepower, but Which is Best for Your Ride?"
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Ceramic-coated exhaust manifold on the side of a performance car
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578:"Different Materials Used To Make Exhaust Manifolds Explained"
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90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
448:tuned, to utilize the low-pressure reflected wave
457:Why a cross plane V8 needs an H or X exhaust pipe
420:The remaining exhaust gas forms the low-pressure
334:. Headers that do not have collectors are called
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358:A ceramic mixture is bonded to the manifold via
16:Structure collecting an engine's exhaust outlets
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620:"Performance Exhaust System Design And Theory"
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480:Today's understanding of exhaust systems and
599:The Design and Tuning of Competition Engines
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53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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230:Learn how and when to remove this message
212:Learn how and when to remove this message
150:Learn how and when to remove this message
753:Crankcase ventilation system (PCV valve)
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306:Exhaust manifolds are generally simple
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580:. Dirty Racing Products. 6 June 2023
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88:adding citations to reliable sources
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350:but three are particularly common:
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641:McGaffin, Robert (28 April 2015).
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34:This article has multiple issues.
280:comes from the Old English word
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855:Overhead valve (pushrod) layout
618:Anderson, Trevor (2 May 2016).
75:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
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511:Fusible core injection molding
417:component of the exhaust pulse
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486:exhaust ultimate power valve
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192:the claims made and adding
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1229:Viscous fan (fan clutch)
1141:Throttle position sensor
850:Overhead camshaft layout
476:Dynamic exhaust geometry
274:into one pipe. The word
768:Core plug (freeze plug)
531:Thermal barrier coating
526:Exhaust Heat Management
1497:Single-acting cylinder
1430:Double-acting cylinder
444:Many headers are also
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284:(from the Anglo-Saxon
260:automotive engineering
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1365:Engine configurations
506:Cylinder head porting
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1467:Oscillating cylinder
1009:Compression ignition
84:improve this article
1560:Two-and four-stroke
1462:Intake over exhaust
1159:Catalytic converter
493:Helmholtz resonance
377:, specifically the
320:extractor manifolds
1285:Knocking / pinging
877:Combustion chamber
406:The high-pressure
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389:Exhaust scavenging
348:thermal insulation
324:Australian English
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177:possibly contains
99:"Exhaust manifold"
1901:Engine technology
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1579:Inline / straight
1477:Overhead camshaft
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1300:Stratified charge
1067:Electrical system
1049:Engine management
882:Compression ratio
822:Starter ring gear
721:rotating assembly
622:. Power Automedia
558:. merriam-webster
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179:original research
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1570:Cylinder layouts
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925:Boost controller
912:Forced induction
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316:American English
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1148:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1099:Intake system
1097:
1091:
1090:Starter motor
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1064:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1029:Ignition coil
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1001:
999:
997:
993:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
961:Petrol engine
959:
957:
956:Diesel engine
954:
953:
951:
947:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
920:Blowoff valve
918:
917:
915:
913:
909:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
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883:
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868:
865:
863:
860:
859:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
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842:
840:
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837:Cylinder head
833:
829:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
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808:
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795:
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749:
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731:
729:
728:Balance shaft
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723:
718:
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690:
685:
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648:
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637:
621:
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605:, pp. 137–138
604:
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579:
573:
557:
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547:
537:
534:
532:
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527:
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516:Tuned exhaust
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427:
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416:
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409:
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395:
386:
384:
380:
379:ideal gas law
376:
372:
371:back pressure
364:
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333:
329:
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273:
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268:exhaust gases
266:collects the
265:
261:
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234:
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213:
205:
195:
191:
187:
181:
180:
175:This article
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154:
151:
143:
132:
129:
125:
122:
118:
115:
111:
108:
104:
101: –
100:
96:
95:Find sources:
89:
85:
79:
78:
73:This article
71:
67:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
1861:Split-single
1647:Flat / boxer
1507:Swing-piston
1214:Electric fan
1173:
1014:Coil-on-plug
940:Turbocharger
935:Supercharger
807:Main bearing
797:Firing order
787:Displacement
733:Block heater
717:Engine block
705:Part of the
704:
651:. Retrieved
646:
636:
624:. Retrieved
598:
594:
582:. Retrieved
572:
560:. Retrieved
550:
490:
479:
460:
443:
439:
435:
431:
421:
414:
407:
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368:
344:
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311:
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281:
275:
263:
257:
226:
208:
199:
176:
146:
137:
127:
120:
113:
106:
94:
82:Please help
77:verification
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
1550:Five-stroke
1545:Four-stroke
1502:Split cycle
1440:Free-piston
1383:Atmospheric
1238:Lubrication
1202:Air cooling
1019:Distributor
971:Fuel filter
949:Fuel system
930:Intercooler
897:Timing belt
887:Head gasket
817:Piston ring
647:Motor Trend
450:rarefaction
1906:Auto parts
1890:Categories
1555:Six-stroke
1540:Two-stroke
1457:Heron head
1415:Cam engine
1290:Power band
1250:Oil filter
1224:Thermostat
1169:EGT sensor
1131:MAF sensor
1126:MAP sensor
1111:Air filter
1075:Alternator
1034:Spark plug
966:Carburetor
892:Rocker arm
832:Valvetrain
763:Crankshaft
707:Automobile
556:"manifold"
542:References
465:V8 engines
462:Crossplane
355:radiation.
282:manigfeald
186:improve it
110:newspapers
39:improve it
1024:Glow plug
986:Fuel tank
981:Fuel pump
748:Crankcase
446:resonance
332:collector
308:cast iron
272:cylinders
202:June 2011
190:verifying
45:talk page
1487:Pentroof
1435:Flathead
1425:Compound
1403:Rotative
1323:Category
1268:Dry sump
1264:Wet sump
1255:Oil pump
1219:Radiator
1136:Throttle
996:Ignition
867:Camshaft
792:Flywheel
773:Cylinder
758:Crankpin
536:Zircotec
500:See also
426:momentum
381:and the
375:gas laws
297:supplies
277:manifold
1695:V / Vee
1512:Uniflow
1445:Stelzer
1420:Camless
1398:Cornish
1295:Redline
1179:Muffler
1080:Battery
1004:Magneto
312:headers
184:Please
124:scholar
1856:Radial
1846:Deltic
1492:Rotary
1410:Bourke
1318:Portal
1106:Airbox
1085:Dynamo
812:Piston
802:Stroke
781:layout
709:series
653:6 June
626:6 June
584:5 June
562:5 June
126:
119:
112:
105:
97:
1839:Other
1522:Wedge
1388:Axial
1278:Other
902:Valve
872:Chest
318:, as
290:feald
286:manig
262:, an
131:JSTOR
117:books
1517:Watt
1452:Hemi
1393:Beam
1376:Type
1367:for
1260:Sump
777:bank
738:Bore
655:2024
649:. US
628:2024
586:2024
564:2024
422:tail
415:body
408:head
299:air
288:and
103:news
1830:W30
1825:W24
1820:W18
1815:W16
1810:W12
1777:V24
1772:V20
1767:V18
1762:V16
1757:V14
1752:V12
1747:V10
1735:VR6
1723:VR5
1685:F16
1680:F12
1675:F10
1637:I14
1632:I12
1245:Oil
834:and
719:and
314:in
258:In
188:by
86:by
1892::
1805:W8
1800:W6
1795:W3
1742:V8
1730:V6
1718:V5
1713:V4
1708:V3
1703:V2
1670:F8
1665:F6
1660:F4
1655:F2
1627:I9
1622:I8
1617:I7
1612:I6
1607:I5
1602:I4
1597:I3
1592:I2
1587:I1
1266:,
779:,
645:.
610:^
601:,
385:.
338:.
301:to
48:.
1871:X
1866:U
1851:H
1787:W
1357:e
1350:t
1343:v
1270:)
1262:(
783:)
775:(
688:e
681:t
674:v
657:.
630:.
588:.
566:.
233:)
227:(
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209:(
204:)
200:(
182:.
153:)
147:(
142:)
138:(
128:·
121:·
114:·
107:·
80:.
55:)
51:(
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