Coin - Knowledge

2992: 4114:.” Expedition: The Magazine of the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology 60, no. 2. (2018): 12-23: "The first people to use coins were from modern Turkey, right around 600 BCE. Their coins were different from ours today, less regular and made from precious metal, a mix of gold and silver known as electrum, but their experience, as they went to market or paid their taxes, was similar to mine in the coffee shop. They looked at the lumps of metal in their hand and tried to figure out how much money they had left, and whether they had been cheated. Current research suggests that coins were invented to simplify and regularize this task. Amounts of metal were measured to specific levels of purity and then stamped with an official mark, thereby speeding up transactions and, for the first time in history, guaranteeing certain pieces of metal were trustworthy. The idea caught on quickly, spreading through Western Asia Minor before being adopted by the city-states of Archaic Greece.” 1048: 2074: 1315: 3627: 1932: 3716: 2925: 1972: 1956: 1148: 1524: 1846: 1775: 2902: 1988: 2846: 3229:

collectors.) In the past, the US also coined the following denominations for circulation in gold: One dollar, $ 2.50, three dollars, five dollars, ten dollars, and twenty dollars. In addition, cents were originally slightly larger than the modern quarter and weighed nearly half an ounce, while five-cent coins (known then as "half dimes") were smaller than a dime and made of a silver alloy. Dollar coins were also much larger, and weighed approximately an ounce. One-dollar gold coins are no longer produced and rarely used. The US also issues bullion and commemorative coins with the following denominations: 50¢, $ 1, $ 5, $ 10, $ 25, $ 50, and $ 100.

2956: 1072: 1500: 2457: 1512: 1830: 2261: 3189: 855: 1810: 1327: 2147: 878: 1484: 2623: 1790: 3651: 2425: 2205: 741: 6375: 2223: 2819: 6616: 3945: 2940: 2641: 508: 1396: 1160: 3308: 2879: 2710: 2695: 3281: 92: 3022: 2241: 2024: 3639: 3615: 2861: 3827: 3496: 3508: 1241: 2834: 2324: 2319: 3603: 1346: 2680: 1380: 3209:), the intrinsic value of each individual coin was reduced (thereby "debasing" the money), allowing the coining authority to produce more coins than would otherwise be possible. Debasement occasionally occurs in order to make the coin physically harder and therefore less likely to be worn down as quickly, but the more usual reason is to profit from the difference between face value and metal value. Debasement of money almost always leads to price 3300: 6816: 3973: 6626: 520: 3484: 3959: 3289: 4691:, pp. 57–59: "The most important and informative of these hoards is the Chaman Hazouri hoard from Kabul discovered in 1933, which contained royal Achaemenid sigloi from the western part of the Achaemenid Empire, together with a large number of Greek coins dating from the fifth and early fourth century BCE, including a local imitation of an Athenian tetradrachm, all apparently taken from circulation in the region." 1195:, who had put in place the first coinage in history. With his conquest of Lydia, Cyrus acquired a region in which coinage was invented, developed through advanced metallurgy, and had already been in circulation for about 50 years, making the Lydian Kingdom one of the leading trade powers of the time. It seems Cyrus initially adopted the Lydian coinage as such, and continued to strike Lydia's lion-and-bull coinage. 3662: 6204: 2537: 1866: 1599: 1558: 3090:, the United States greatly reduced the amount of copper in each penny. Since mid-1982, United States pennies are made of 97.5% zinc, with the remaining 2.5% being a coating of copper. Extreme differences between face values and metal values of coins cause coins to be hoarded or removed from circulation by illicit smelters in order to realize the value of their metal content. This is an example of 3225:, a very low value for the largest denomination coin compared to many other countries. Increases in the prices of copper, nickel, and zinc meant that both the US one- and five-cent coins became worth more for their raw metal content than their face (fiat) value. In particular, copper one-cent pieces (those dated prior to 1982 and some 1982-dated coins) contained about two cents' worth of copper. 55: 3174: 2179:. Greek traders spread Greek coins across this vast area, and the new kingdoms soon began to produce their own coins. Because these kingdoms were much larger and wealthier than the Greek city states of the classical period, their coins tended to be more mass-produced, as well as larger, and more frequently in gold. They often lacked the aesthetic delicacy of coins of the earlier period. 2972: 2661: 3435: 2399:, a chronology that would leave out the contribution of the Greeks of Magna Graecia and attribute to the Etruscans the burden of introducing the coin in Italy. In this work, constant reference is made to classical sources, and credit is given to the origin of the Etruscan Lydia, a source supported by Herodotus, and also to the invention of coin in Lydia. 1768:, a chronology that would leave out the contribution of the Greeks of Magna Graecia and attribute to the Etruscans the burden of introducing the coin in Italy. In this work, constant reference is made to classical sources, and credit is given to the origin of the Etruscan Lydia, a source supported by Herodotus, and also to the invention of coin in Lydia. 1719:, a very expensive undertaking. As they were often able to finance more than one quadriga at a time, they were frequent victors in this highly prestigious event. Syracuse was one of the epicenters of numismatic art during the classical period. Led by the engravers Kimon and Euainetos, Syracuse produced some of the finest coin designs of antiquity. 2406: 938:. It took some time before ancient coins were used for commerce and trade. Even the smallest-denomination electrum coins, perhaps worth about a day's subsistence, would have been too valuable for buying a loaf of bread. Maybe the first coins to be used for retailing on a large-scale basis were likely small silver fractions, Hemiobol, 3913:

The term "Piloncitos" is a contemporary word, used by modern-day antique collectors, who thought that the cone-shaped pieces looked like a pilon of sugar. Early historical descriptions of the term include the Spanish "granitas de oro" (small grains of gold), or simply by whatever local language terms

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This has been a particular problem with nickels and dimes (and with some comparable coins in other currencies) because of their relatively low face value and unstable commodity prices. For a while, the copper in US pennies was worth more than one cent, so people would hoard pennies and then melt them

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Variations in the mass of precious metals used in international trade, particularly in imports of spices and textiles into Europe, explain the numerous monetary reforms that occurred in this period. The effect of these transactions on the available reserves of gold and silver was at the origin of the

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Posthumous Alexander the Great tetradrachm from Temnos, Aeolis. Dated 188–170 BC. Obverse: Alexander the Great as Herakles facing right wearing the nemean lionskin. Reverse: Zeus seated on throne to the left holding eagle in right hand and scepter in left; in left field PA monogram and angular sigma

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Although for discussion purposes the Zhou coins are divided up into categories of knives, spades, and round coins, it is apparent from archaeological finds that most of the various kinds circulated together. A hoard found in 1981, near Hebi in north Henan province, consisted of: 3,537 Gong spades, 3

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The United States is unusual in that it has only slightly modified its coinage system (except for the images and symbols on the coins, which have changed a number of times) to accommodate two centuries of inflation. The one-cent coin has changed little since 1856 (though its composition was changed

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saw Greek coinage reach a high level of technical and aesthetic quality. Larger cities now produced a range of fine silver and gold coins, most bearing a portrait of their patron god or goddess or a legendary hero on one side, and a symbol of the city on the other. Some coins employed a visual pun:

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Some convicted criminals from the British Isles who were sentenced to transportation to Australia in the 18th and 19th centuries used coins to leave messages of remembrance to loved ones left behind in Britain. The coins were defaced, smoothed and inscribed, either by stippling or engraving, with

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31 CFR § 82.2(b) goes on to state that: "The prohibition contained in § 82.1 against the treatment of 5-cent coins and one-cent coins shall not apply to the treatment of these coins for educational, amusement, novelty, jewelry, and similar purposes as long as the volumes treated and the

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in 1524. Auxiliary coins consisted, among the Greeks and Romans as in our modern societies, of coins strongly linked to copper. In particular, the red copper alloy was used for its physical properties, suitable for objects constantly subjected to manipulation: malleability, resistance to impacts,

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coins from the 5th and 4th centuries BC. The deposit of the hoard is dated to the Achaemenid period, in approximately 380 BC. The hoard also contained many locally produced silver coins, minted by local authorities under Achaemenid rule. Several of these issues follow the "western designs" of the

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A coin's value as a collector's item or as an investment generally depends on its condition, specific historical significance, rarity, quality, beauty of the design and general popularity with collectors. If a coin is greatly lacking in all of these, it is unlikely to be worth much. The value of

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The idea of coinage follows almost naturally from the use of metal as a commodity for exchange. Graeber connects the Axial Age to the first coinage, noting that the three parts of the world where coins were first used correspond to the very parts of the world where religious and philosophical

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Many coins over the years have been manufactured with integrated holes such as Chinese "cash" coins, Japanese coins, Colonial French coins, etc. This may have been done to permit their being strung on cords, to facilitate storage and being carried. Nowadays, holes help to differentiate coins of

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Another example of local pride is the dispute about coinage, whether the first one to strike it was Pheidon of Argos, or Demodike of Kyme (who was wife of Midas the Phrygian and daughter of King Agammemnon of Kyme), or Erichthonios and Lycos of Athens, or the Lydians (as Xenophanes says) or the

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coins (an alluvial alloy of gold and silver, varying wildly in proportion, and usually about 40–55% gold) were not standardized in weight, and in their earliest stage may have been ritual objects, such as badges or medals, issued by priests. The unpredictability of the composition of naturally

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The relation of the images on the obverse and reverse of a coin is the coin's orientation. If the image on the obverse of the coin is right side up and turning the coin left or right on its vertical axis reveals that the reverse of the coin is also right side up, then the coin is said to have

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Some denominations of circulating coins that were formerly minted in the United States are no longer made. These include coins with a face value of a half cent, two cents, three cents, and twenty cents. (The half dollar and dollar coins are still produced, but mostly for vending machines and

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to store and transfer value. Phoenician metal ingots had to be stamped with the name of a current ruler to guarantee their worth and value, which is probably how stamping busts and designs began, although political advertising – glorification of a state or of a ruler – may also play a role.

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in the 5th century BC. No ruler had dared illustrating his own portrait on coinage until that time. The Achaemenids had been the first to illustrate the person of their king or a hero in a stereotypical manner, showing a bust or the full body but never an actual portrait, on their

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of coin was widespread. There were periods of significant debasement in 1340–60 and 1417–29, when no small coins were minted, and by the 15th century the issuance of small coin was further restricted by government restrictions and even prohibitions. With the exception of the

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Many early Lydian and Greek coins were minted under the authority of private individuals and are thus more akin to tokens or badges than to modern coins, though due to their numbers it is evident that some were official state issues. The earliest inscribed coins are those of

3909:) are very skillful in their handling of gold. They weigh it with the greatest skill and delicacy that have ever been seen. The first thing they teach their children is the knowledge of gold and the weights with which they weigh it, for there is no other money among them." 2558:, by 1160, coins in Venice contained only 0.05g of silver, while England's coins were minted at 1.3g. Large coins were introduced in the mid-13th century. In England, a dozen pennies was called a "shilling" and twenty shillings a "pound": consistent with e.g. France. 3124:

Collector catalogs often include information about coins to assists collectors with identifying and grading. Additional resources can be found online for collectors These are collector clubs, collection management tools, marketplaces, trading platforms, and forums,

3098:, in an attempt to avoid this, implemented new interim rules on December 14, 2006, subject to public comment for 30 days, which criminalized the melting and export of pennies and nickels. Violators can be fined up to $ 10,000 and/or imprisoned for up to five years. 917:

Most of the early Lydian coins include no writing ("myth" or "inscription"), only an image of a symbolic animal. Therefore, the dating of these coins relies primarily on archaeological evidence, with the most commonly cited evidence coming from excavations at the

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Iron and copper coins have a characteristic metallic smell that is produced upon contact with oils in the skin. Perspiration is chemically reduced upon contact with these metals, which causes the skin oils to decompose, forming with iron the volatile molecule

3249:. The monarch would have to periodically recall circulating coins, paying only the bullion value of the silver, and reminting them. This, also known as recoinage, is a long and difficult process that was done only occasionally. Many coins have milled or 1326: 5197:"A rare silver fraction recently identified as a coin of Themistocles from Magnesia even has a bearded portrait of the great man, making it by far the earliest datable portrait coin. Other early portraits can be seen on the coins of Lycian dynasts." 1931: 1314: 3932:

Early historical records document the extensive use of gold throughout the Philippine archipelago before the arrival of European colonists. It was used extensively as currency, and also used in everyday items such as clothing and finery.

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gold coin struck in sufficient quantities since the 7th century to play a significant commercial role. The Florentine florin was used for larger transactions such as those used in dowries, international trade or for tax-related matters.

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The Royal Canadian Mint has also released several coins that are colored, the first of which was in commemoration of Remembrance Day. The subject was a colored poppy on the reverse of a 25-cent piece minted through a patented process.

3147:(CFR) in the United States there are some regulations specific to nickels and pennies that are informative on this topic. 31 CFR § 82.1 forbids unauthorized persons from exporting, melting, or treating any 5 or 1 cent coins. 2776:, of constant size and mass, allowed conversion operations to be limited and therefore exchanges facilitated. The thaler was the monetary unit of the Germanic countries until the 19th century and is considered the ancestor of the 2104:, circulated in both the spade and knife money areas in the Zhou period, from around 350 BC. Apart from two small and presumably late coins from the State of Qin, coins from the spade money area have a round hole and refer to the 645:. If the difference becomes significant, the issuing authority may decide to withdraw these coins from circulation, possibly issuing new equivalents with a different composition, or the public may decide to melt the coins down or 4586:

G. Hanfmann, pp. 73, 77. R. Seaford, p. 128, points out, "The nearly total lack of … coins in the excavated commercial-industrial areas of Sardis suggests that they were concentrated in the hands of the king and possibly wealthy

622:(bulk metal) carried around for the purpose of transactions. They carried their value within the coins themselves, but the stampings also induced manipulations, such as the clipping of coins to remove some of the precious metal. 2901: 3196:

Throughout history, monarchs and governments have often created more coinage than their supply of precious metals would allow if the coins were pure metal. By replacing some fraction of a coin's precious metal content with a

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Circulating coins commonly suffered from "shaving" or "clipping": the public would cut off small amounts of precious metal from their edges to sell it and then pass on the mutilated coins at full value. Unmilled British

3067:, just as paper currency is: their value is usually not backed by metal, but rather by some form of government guarantee. Thus, there is very little economic difference between notes and coins of equivalent face value. 3221:

in 1982 to remove virtually all copper from the coin) and still remains in circulation, despite a greatly reduced purchasing power. On the other end of the spectrum, the largest coin in common circulation is valued at

4489:(PDF) by Percy Gardner 1883 p.42 "Considering these and other facts it may be held to be probable, if not absolutely proved, that priests first issued stamped coin, and that the first mints were in Greek temples." 2190:, are considered the finest examples of Greek numismatic art with "a nice blend of realism and idealization", including the largest coins to be minted in the Hellenistic world: the largest gold coin was minted by 2554:", including the issuance of a standard coin, the silver penny. Between 794 and 1200 the penny was the only denomination of coin in Western Europe. Minted without oversight by bishops, cities, feudal lords and 1971: 1955: 2198:(reigned c. 95–90 BC). The portraits "show a degree of individuality never matched by the often bland depictions of their royal contemporaries further West" (Roger Ling, "Greece and the Hellenistic World"). 2424: 1300:, these finds suggest that the idea of coinage and the use of punch-marked techniques was introduced to India from the Achaemenid Empire during the 4th century BC. More Achaemenid coins were also found in 764:, silver bullion or unmarked bars were probably in use for exchange among many of the civilizations that mastered metallurgy. The weight and purity of bullion would be the key determinant of value. In the 2812:

wear and corrosion (only gold has better resistance to corrosion). This alloy was often mixed with a little tin, zinc and especially nickel for their anti-corrosive, ductile and anti-fouling properties.

4803:, pp. 57–59: "Silver bent-bar punch-marked coin of Kabul region under the Achaemenid Empire, c.350 BC: Coins of this type found in quantity in Chaman Hazouri and Bhir Mound hoards." (Commentary by 3626: 2387:

ore being scarce. The coinage of the Roman Republic started with a few silver coins apparently devised for trade with Celtic in northern Italy and the Greek colonies in Southern Italy, and heavy

3477:) have been used to produce coins for circulation, collection, and metal investment: bullion coins often serve as more convenient stores of assured metal quantity and purity than other bullion. 3113:

bullion coins is also influenced to some extent by those factors, but is largely based on the value of their gold, silver, or platinum content. Sometimes non-monetized bullion coins such as the

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Coins may be in circulation with face values lower than the value of their component metals, but they are never initially issued with such value, and the shortfall only arises over time due to

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is regarded by many collectors as the finest coin produced in the ancient world, perhaps ever. Syracusan issues were rather standard in their imprints, one side bearing the head of the nymph

665:) is worth less than the lowest-value note. Coins are usually more efficient than banknotes because they last longer: banknotes last only about four years, compared with 30 years for a coin. 4596:

A. Ramage, "Golden Sardis", King Croesus' Gold: Excavations at Sardis and the History of Gold Refining, edited by A. Ramage and P. Craddock, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 2000, p. 18.

1921:, already current in the Greek world, and at the same time wield the dynastic power of an Achaemenid dynasty who could issue his own coins and illustrate them as he wished. From the time of 6020: 3776:

Coins can also be spun on a flat surface such as a table. This results in the following phenomenon: as the coin falls over and rolls on its edge, it spins faster and faster (formally, the

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Coinage followed Greek colonization and influence first around the Mediterranean and soon after to North Africa (including Egypt), Syria, Persia, and the Balkans. Coins came late to the

4881: 2395:, which were crude, heavy cast bronzes, were issued c. 289 BC. Amisano, in a general publication, including the Etruscan coinage, attributing it the beginning to about 550 BC in 4908: 4373: 3431:, or some other decorative or informative design feature. Many coins do not have an exergue at all, especially those with few or no legends, such as the Victorian bun penny. 2569:, England's coins were consistently minted from sterling silver (silver content of 92.5%). A lower quality of silver with more copper mixed in, used in Barcelona, was called 2456: 4172:

creativity thrived, that is, the kingdoms and city-states around the shores of the Aegean Sea, in the Ganges valley in northern India, and around the Yellow River in China .

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Discorso sulle monete di Genova recitato dal Signor Girolamo Serra rettore dell'Università all'Accademia delle scienze, lettere ed arti, nell'adunanza del dì 15 luglio 1810

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rate of the symmetry axis of the coin, i.e., the axis passing from one face of the coin to the other) before coming to an abrupt stop. This is mathematically modeled as a

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down for their metal value. It cost more than face value to manufacture pennies or nickels, so any widespread loss of the coins in circulation could be expensive for the

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are minted with nominal face values less than the value of the metal in them, but as such coins are never intended for circulation, these face values have no relevance.

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are sometimes used for higher values and for commemorative purposes. In the 1990s, France used a tri-metallic coin. Common circulating bimetallic examples include the

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nature of the treatment makes it clear that such treatment is not intended as a means by which to profit solely from the value of the metal content of the coins."

1774: 3155:. This was more of a problem when coins were still made of precious metals like silver and gold, so strict laws against alteration make more sense historically. 6072: 5181: 5847: 5468: 1511: 5618: 4561: 3681:

is now able to produce holographic-effect gold and silver coinage. However, this procedure is not limited to only bullion or commemorative coinage. The

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sometimes touching words of loss. These coins were called "convict love tokens" or "leaden hearts". Some of these tokens are in the collection of the

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and the 10-cent coins of Bahamas. Some are square-shaped, such as the 15-cent coin of the Bahamas and the 50-cent coin from Aruba. During the 1970s,

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Coins can be used as creative media of expression – from fine art sculpture to the penny machines that can be found in most amusement parks. In the

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coins discovered). One assumption is that Phanes was a mercenary mentioned by Herodotus, another that this coin is associated with the primeval god

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So far as we have any knowledge, they were the first people to introduce the use of gold and silver coins, and the first who sold goods by retail.

4654:; Cribb, Joe (1992), "Coins illustrating the History of the Crossroads of Asia", in Errington, Elizabeth; Cribb, Joe; Claringbull, Maggie (eds.), 1523: 1047: 6044: 6016: 4486: 4283: 2924: 5076:"The earliest attempts at portraiture appear to have taken place in Lycia. The heads of various dynasts appear on coins of the fifth century" 4877: 3063:

only in as much as national currencies are used in domestic trade and also traded in the international market. Thus, these coins are monetary

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Although many of the first coins illustrated the images of various gods, the first portraiture of actual rulers appears with the coinage of

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For a list of many pure metallic elements and their alloys which have been used in actual circulation coins and for trial experiments, see

1829: 1015:, with the legend ΦΑΕΝΟΣ ΕΜΙ ΣHΜΑ (or similar) ("I am the badge/sign/mark of Phanes/light") or just bearing the name ΦΑΝΕΟΣ ("of Phanes"). 4606: 1483: 6661: 6364: 1443: 1335:"bent-bar" punch-marked coin minted under Achaemenid administration, of the type found in large quantities in the Chaman Hazouri and the 2955: 2752:

also depreciated substantially. The silver scudo's value increased to 6.5 lire in 1646, 7.4 lire in 1671, and 8.74 lire just before the

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found in India, produced from at least the mid-4th century BC, and possibly as early as 575 BC, influenced by similar coins produced in

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is the space on a coin beneath the main design, often used to show the coin's date, although it is sometimes left blank or contains a

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U.S. Currency: Financial Benefit of Switching to a $ 1 Coin Is Unlikely, but Changing Coin Metal Content Could Result in Cost Savings

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was characterized by the spread of Greek culture across a large part of the known world. Greek-speaking kingdoms were established in

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various monetary reforms, which changed the price of silver compared to gold. Faced with the distinct monetary systems developed by

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The first type of Siglos (Type I: "King with bow and arrows", upper body of the king only), from the time of Darius I, c. 520–505 BC

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usually serve as collectors items only, although some countries also issue commemorative coins for regular circulation, such as the

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archaeological sites, suggesting that they may not have originated in the Philippines, but rather were imported. However, numerous

841:. The factory produced shovel-shaped bronze coins between 640 B.C. and 550 B.C., making it the oldest securely-dated minting-site. 708:, minted by South Africa. While the Eagle and Sovereign coins have nominal (purely symbolic) face values, the Krugerrand does not. 4134: 1345: 2222: 2014: 1374: 1265: 1231: 756:

metal ingots were given standard shapes, such as the shape of an "ox-hide", suggesting that they represented standardized values.

5874: 5782: 4347: 4235: 3715: 2595:, one of the most used coinage types in European history and one of the most important coins in Western history, was struck in 4977: 4852: 4835: 6546: 6058: 5745: 5516: 5399: 4665: 2845: 2405: 551: 3700:

on 22 August 2014. Most of these coins are also non-circular, with different shapes corresponding to different coin values.

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value dropped to a tiny fraction of a US cent by the end of 1923, substantially less than the value of its metallic content.

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W. Sayles, Ancient Coin Collecting III: The Roman World–Politics and Propaganda, Krause Publications, Iola, Wisconsin, 1997

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An example of non-metallic composite coins (sometimes incorrectly called plastic coins) was introduced into circulation in

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are at the same time also instituted by the governing authority, but historically these have generally proved unworkable.

3382:; if, however, turning the coin left or right shows that the reverse image is upside down, then the coin is said to have 3359: 2860: 1917:

rather than himself. Themistocles may have been in a unique position in which he could transfer the notion of individual

1913:, c. 465–459 BC, for the Achaemenid Empire, although there is some question as to whether his coins may have represented 692:), intended for collectors or investors in precious metals. Examples of modern gold collector/investor coins include the 5905: 5640: 5557: 5355: 4571: 4229: 3650: 923: 5063:

Giuseppe Amisano, "Cronologia e politica monetaria alla luce dei segni di valore delle monete etrusche e romane", in:

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Zhao, Hao; Gao, Xiangping; Jiang, Yuchao; Lin, Yi; Zhu, Jin; Ding, Sicong; Deng, Lijun; Zhang, Ji (6 August 2021).

3762:: if the probability of heads (in the parlance of Bernoulli trials, a "success") is exactly 0.5, the coin is fair. 2729: 1430:

A small percentage of early Lydian/Greek coins have a legend. The most ancient inscribed coin known is from nearby

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Root, Margaret Cool (1989). "The Persian archer at Persepolis : aspects of chronology, style and symbolism".

4800: 4688: 4650: 3507: 6654: 6598: 6101: 2780:. At the same time, the Mexican Mint was established on May 11, 1535, by order of the Spanish king following the 2415: 2008: 1099:(r. c. 560–546 BC), became associated with great wealth in Greek historiography. He is credited with issuing the 5930:

Easwar, K.; Rouyer, F.; Menon, N. (2002). "Speeding to a stop: The finite-time singularity of a spinning disk".

5166: 3638: 2694: 4309: 4056: 2607:, minted from 1284 to 1797, was the most prestigious gold coin in circulation in the commercial centers of the 2493: 1458:

found these suggestions unlikely and thought it more probably "the name of some prominent citizen of Ephesus".

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were used instead for trade. The practice of using silver bars for currency also seems to have been current in

717: 182: 150: 6181:"Coin Production and Circulation in Central Asia and North-West India (Before and after Alexander's Conquest)" 3602: 3466:

coins were minted in several shapes, including squares, polygons, and wavy edged circles with 8 and 12 waves.

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was used instead for trade. The practice of using silver bars for currency also seems to have been current in

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Coins of this type found in Chaman Hazouri (deposited c.350 BCE) and Bhir Mound hoards (deposited c.300 BCE).

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accounts state that the gold coins were mined and made in the Philippines, such as the following from 1586:

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of the issue was found in the foundation deposit of the temple of Artemis at Ephesos (the oldest deposit of

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of circulated coins has occasionally been lower than the value of the metal they contain, primarily due to

311: 3846:. These barter rings are bigger than softballs in size and are made of pure gold from the Archaic period ( 1320:

Punch-marked coin minted in the Kabul Valley under Achaemenid administration, c. 500–380 BC, or c. 350 BC.

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The Crossroads of Asia: transformation in image and symbol in the art of ancient Afghanistan and Pakistan

4536:"Hoards, Small Change, and the Origin of Capitalism", Journal of the Hellenistic Studies 84 (1964), p. 89 3728: 3519: 3144: 3079: 1704: 336: 269: 220: 162: 5995: 3784:– the precession rate is accelerating to infinity, before it suddenly stops, and has been studied using 6647: 6404: 4416: 3796:(air resistance is minor), and the singularity (divergence of the precession rate) can be modeled as a 3542: 3523: 2497: 1293:

facing bull heads, a stag, or Persian column capitals on the obverse, and incuse punch on the reverse.

1071: 713: 4287: 6440: 3409: 3114: 3083: 2588: 2578: 2289: 1994: 1466: 897:

grazing right, ΦΑΝΕΩΣ (retrograde). Reverse: Two incuse punches, each with raised intersecting lines.

544: 304: 284: 3861:

have been excavated, some as lightweight as 0.09 to 2.65 grams. Piloncitos have been unearthed from

2866: 2679: 7044: 6982: 6222: 4917: 3405: 3181: 2825: 2467: 1757:

Amisano, in a general publication, including the Etruscan coinage, attributing it the beginning to

854: 701: 693: 5281:"CNG: IONIA, Magnesia ad Maeandrum. Themistokles. Circa 465-459 BC. AR Hemiobol (7mm, 0.37 g, 1h)" 4563:

Archaeology, Artifacts and Antiquities of the Ancient Near East: Sites, Cultures, and Proveniences

2833: 2151:

above grape vine arching over oinochoe; ALEXANDROU vertical in right field. Reference: Price 1678.

2124:

spades, 18 Liang square foot spades and 1,180 Yuan round coins, all contained in three clay jars.

1925:, portraiture of the issuing ruler would then become a standard, generalized, feature of coinage. 1176:(550–530 BC) came to power, coinage was unfamiliar in his realm. Barter and to some extent silver 6562: 6526: 6425: 5578: 3781: 3531: 3318: 2628: 2527: 2093: 2068: 1910: 1743: 914:

occurring electrum implied that it had a variable value, which greatly hampered its development.

654: 618:–based, and were invented in order to simplify and regularize the task of measuring and weighing 264: 101: 17: 5972: 3078:(containing slightly less than a tenth, quarter, half, and full ounce of silver, respectively), 926:). This was the site of the earliest known deposit of electrum coins. Anatolian Artemis was the 595:, referring to the front and back sides, respectively. The obverse of a coin is commonly called 7103: 7032: 6992: 6399: 4610: 3785: 3413: 2666: 2388: 1187:

Cyrus the Great introduced coins to the Persian Empire after 546 BC, following his conquest of

431: 5345: 4756: 3483: 7086: 5254: 5227: 5113: 4729: 4637: 4511: 4194: 4111: 3720: 3059:. This means that the value of the coin is established by law, and thus is determined by the 2753: 2592: 2540: 2364: 2267: 2096:, early round coins appeared in the 4th century BC and were adopted for all China by Emperor 2082: 1716: 1658: 1117: 939: 299: 274: 31: 5389: 4993:

C. Kraay, Archaic and Classical Greek Coins, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1976.

3689:. The Japanese government in response produced a circulatory coin with a holographic image. 3557:: it became legal tender on 6 December 2007. Other triangular coins issued earlier include: 3237:

coins were sometimes reduced to almost half their minted weight. This form of debasement in

877: 6965: 6785: 6541: 6374: 5939: 4761:. University of California Press. p. 208 Coin no.381 for the Persian column capitals. 4146:

Focardi, Sergio M. (19 March 2018). "3.1: Some brief remarks on money throughout history".

3371: 3007: 2777: 2741: 2078: 1696: 1623: 1400: 1004: 886: 537: 71: 4477:(2001), p. 526. D. Sear, Greek Coins and Their Values Vol. 2, Seaby, London, 1979, p. 317. 4405:"Radiocarbon-dating an early minting site: the emergence of standardised coinage in China" 2531: 8: 7113: 6536: 6409: 6289: 6176: 6133: 5385: 4808: 4781: 4651: 4545:

M. Mitchiner, Ancient Trade and Early Coinage, Hawkins Publications, London, 2004, p. 214

4377: 4007: 3678: 3558: 3338: 3188: 3118: 3075: 2509: 2340: 2332: 2146: 2101: 1922: 1395: 740: 709: 697: 668:

Exceptions to the rule of face value being higher than content value currently occur for

585: 254: 206: 5943: 5019: 6875: 6670: 6620: 6567: 6309: 6299: 5303: 5167:"Half-figure of the King: unravelling the mysteries of the earliest Sigloi of Darius I" 5040: 4921: 4801:

Bopearachchi & Cribb, Coins illustrating the History of the Crossroads of Asia 1992

4689:

Bopearachchi & Cribb, Coins illustrating the History of the Crossroads of Asia 1992

4430: 4051: 3950: 3095: 3074:, as market values for the metal overtake the face value of the coin. Examples are the 2946: 2551: 2489: 2156: 2141: 1451: 1352: 1137: 1121: 802: 611: 599:, because it often depicts the head of a prominent person, and the reverse is known as 512: 400: 213: 138: 1454:

or "Phanes" might have been an epithet of the local goddess identified with Artemis.

1438:

interpreted variously as "I am the badge of Phanes", or "I am the sign of light". The

1276:, also called the Chaman Hazouri hoard, is a coin hoard discovered in the vicinity of 7141: 7108: 7054: 7017: 6902: 6865: 6314: 6294: 6269: 6162: 6111: 5955: 5882: 5852: 5765: 5741: 5553: 5512: 5395: 5351: 5260: 5233: 5206: 5119: 5085: 4762: 4735: 4661: 4567: 4517: 4434: 4315: 4256: 4200: 4153: 3666: 3012: 2670: 2608: 2133: 2040: 1870: 1796: 1684:. The use of inscriptions on coins also began, usually the name of the issuing city. 1219: 1215: 1199: 1019: 902: 765: 568:

is a small object, usually round and flat, used primarily as a medium of exchange or

289: 259: 249: 131: 5441:

The Princeton Economic History of the Western World: The Big Problem of Small Change

3307: 1905:

coinage from c. 500 BC. A slightly earlier candidate for the first portrait-coin is

1477:

appeared shortly thereafter, known to exist at least since the late 6th century BC.

1159: 1116:

Coins spread rapidly in the 6th and 5th centuries BC, leading to the development of

7091: 7076: 7021: 6972: 6934: 6924: 6334: 6324: 6279: 6259: 5947: 5786: 5371: 5280: 5148: 5003: 4974: 4856: 4832: 4820: 4796: 4451: 4420: 4041: 3992: 3987: 3793: 3530:, have an odd number of sides, with the edges rounded off. This way the coin has a 3393: 3383: 3355: 3246: 3091: 2651: 2647: 2566: 2210: 2137: 2097: 2018: 1708: 1692: 1687:

The wealthy cities of Sicily produced some especially fine coins. The large silver

1668: 1662: 1647: 1606: 1470: 1235: 1125: 1029:), for which reason this king is sometimes mentioned as the originator of coinage. 650: 368: 353: 279: 234: 6139:"Investigating the introduction of coinage in India - A review of recent research" 5323:"Investigating the introduction of coinage in India – a review of recent research" 7071: 6999: 6929: 6907: 6880: 6706: 6678: 6245: 6105: 5979: 5700: 5533: 5506: 5200: 5079: 4981: 4839: 4655: 4250: 4231:

Hoard of Ingot-Currency of the Median Period from Nūsh-i Jān, near Malayir (1971)

4147: 3997: 3789: 3771: 3759: 3535: 3323: 3234: 3138: 3021: 2976: 2808: 2737: 2574: 2485: 2463: 2435: 2195: 2112:

units. Those from the knife money area have a square hole and are denominated in

1836: 1474: 1455: 1261: 1173: 1078:

Silver Croeseid, minted by King Croesus, c. 560–546 BC (10.7 grams, Sardis mint)

781: 753: 573: 388: 331: 6073:"Philippine Coin Information: PILONCITOS: The treasure of Philippine numismatic" 5848:"Royal Canadian Mint sues Royal Australian Mint in row over poppy coin printing" 5808: 4351: 2023: 1754:. These ancient cities started producing coins from 550 BC to 510 BC. 922:, also called the Ephesian Artemision (which would later evolve into one of the 890: 91: 7146: 7136: 7098: 7081: 7066: 6712: 6264: 5951: 5829: 5723: 5687: 4036: 3964: 3898: 3704: 3470: 3447: 3379: 3242: 3030: 2930: 2916: 2908: 2789: 2745: 2733: 2570: 2392: 2356: 2297: 2285: 2183: 2028: 1289: 626: 615: 607: 491: 363: 346: 341: 294: 189: 5492:

Le monete di Venezia descritte ed illustrate da Nicolò Papadopoli Aldobrandini

4632: 3280: 1411:. This coin is the earliest known example of its type to be found so far east. 805:, standardized cast tokens were made, such as those discovered in a tomb near 780:

from the 6th century BC. Coins were an evolution of "currency" systems of the

637:— the value of the coin is established by law. In the last hundred years, the 7130: 6756: 6577: 6359: 6344: 6284: 6208: 6175: 5909: 4712: 4700: 4091: 4061: 4032: 4022: 3810: 3741: 3439: 3250: 3238: 3214: 2851: 2797: 2715: 2604: 2360: 1880:

developed the usage of portraiture from c. 420 BC. Portrait of the satrap of

1727: 1420: 1408: 1391:

with large pellets down centre. Rev. incuse square punch with eight sections.

980: 972: 927: 829:

The world's oldest known coin factory has been excavated in the ancient city

669: 662: 196: 5992:"Metropolitan Museum of Manila, Philippines: Art for All - www.metmuseum.ph" 5454: 4946: 4311:

The Everything Coin Collecting Book: All You Need to Start Your Collection …

3826: 2100:

at the end of 3rd century BC. The round coin, the precursor of the familiar

580:. Coins often have images, numerals, or text on them. The faces of coins or 6987: 6977: 6914: 6821: 6630: 6455: 6450: 6435: 6430: 6389: 5959: 4046: 4002: 3978: 3922: 3724: 3697: 3682: 3593: 3566: 3550: 3401: 3397: 2912: 2785: 2749: 2600: 2305: 2052: 1938: 1906: 1885: 1577: 1439: 1424: 1404: 1301: 1181: 976: 777: 745: 569: 524: 412: 407: 358: 5664: 5152: 4123: 1240: 1109:

with a standardized purity for general circulation. and the world's first

6887: 6841: 6793: 6740: 6735: 6445: 6349: 6339: 5701:"18 U.S. Code § 331 - Mutilation, diminution, and falsification of coins" 4948:

Historia Numorum, A Manual of Greek Numismatics, New and Enlarged Edition

4931: 4425: 4404: 4081: 4071: 4017: 3870: 3862: 3835: 3686: 3589: 3554: 3546: 3347: 3178: 3152: 3134: 3107: 3060: 2804: 2547: 2251: 2228: 2187: 2172: 2048: 1609: 1281: 1273: 1245: 1110: 1086: 789: 572:. They are standardized in weight, and produced in large quantities at a 479: 445: 79: 5307: 4926: 3727:. Its obverse design is based on the older, formerly circulating silver 3336:); the other side, carrying various types of information, is called the 3288: 2323: 2318: 7049: 7037: 6837: 6694: 6688: 6521: 6354: 5294:

HARDAKER, TERRY R. (1975). "The origins of coinage in northern India".

4086: 4012: 3878: 3858: 3831: 3777: 3428: 3198: 3168: 3064: 3056: 3052: 3033: 2793: 2561: 2501: 2411: 2309: 2247: 2232: 2214: 2191: 2056: 2036: 1981:

wearing the Persian cap on the reverse of his coins (ruled 390–380 BC).

1965:

wearing the Persian cap on the reverse of his coins (ruled 410–390 BC).

1877: 1747: 1388: 1379: 1336: 1305: 1285: 1249: 1225: 705: 638: 634: 630: 577: 462: 6017:"'Piloncitos' and the 'Philippine golden age' | Inquirer Opinion" 5615:"United States Mint Moves to Limit Exportation & Melting of Coins" 4833:"A Truly International Currency", Triton XV, Lot: 1163, ATTICA, Athens 4453:

CNG: IONIA, Ephesos. Phanes. Circa 625–600 BC. EL Trite (14mm, 4.67 g)

1860: 1018:

The first electrum coins issued by a monarch are those minted by king

7027: 6639: 6531: 6394: 6134: 4821:"Extremely Rare Early Silver from the Kabul Valley", CNG 102, Lot:649 4804: 3894: 3797: 3581: 3474: 3463: 3455: 3424: 3299: 3210: 3071: 2700: 2631: 2439: 2396: 2380: 2194:(reigned 171–145 BC), the largest silver coin by the Indo-Greek king 1820: 1765: 1589: 1416: 1297: 1207: 1106: 968: 950: 729: 689: 642: 419: 37:"Coins" redirects here. For the bibliographic metadata standard, see 6180: 6138: 5322: 4149:

Money: What It Is, How It's Created, Who Gets It, and Why It Matters

3315:

The side of a coin carrying an image of a monarch, other authority (

1865: 1165:

Daric gold coin, c. 490 BC; one of the most successful of Antiquity.

6897: 6855: 6850: 6717: 6516: 6329: 6319: 6304: 4027: 3926: 3890: 3874: 3262: 3192:

Alexander the Great Tetradrachm from the Temnos Mint, c. 188–170 BC

3046: 2980: 2769: 2596: 2447: 2368: 2301: 2044: 1918: 1816: 1712: 1700: 1639: 1490: 1447: 1360: 1332: 1269: 1101: 910: 882: 859: 818: 810: 685: 658: 438: 426: 143: 126: 113: 6214: 5059: 5057: 3184:

from 1879, similar to the oldest coins still in official use today

2915:

coin (the "piece of eight" of pirate fame), minted throughout the

975:(Onamastikon IX.83), mention that the first issuer of coinage was 4223: 3562: 3328: 2685: 2555: 2517: 2471: 1978: 1800: 1751: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1643: 1627: 1192: 1177: 1096: 1055: 1008: 943: 773: 619: 5762:

The Art and Craft of Coinmaking. A History of Minting Technology

3661: 3458:. Some coins have wavy edges, e.g. the $ 2 and 20-cent coins of 2744:. With the decline in the fortunes of the Genoese banks and the 1272:. An Achaemenid administration was established in the area. The 6960: 6919: 6870: 6762: 6729: 6203: 5347:

The Invention of Coinage and the Monetization of Ancient Greece

5054: 4252:

Coin as a means of propaganda according to Georgian numismatics

4152:. Economics in the Real World. Abingdon: Taylor & Francis. 3958: 3918: 3866: 3574: 3570: 3527: 3206: 3202: 3087: 3026: 3002: 2885: 2869: 2784:. Opened in April 1536, this mint had the right to mint silver 2773: 2765: 2612: 2536: 2431: 2384: 2376: 2293: 1962: 1898: 1873: 1852: 1780: 1673: 1631: 1573: 1530: 1462: 1384: 1356: 1211: 1059: 984: 905:

of the late 7th century BC, and especially with the kingdom of

849: 814: 806: 769: 677: 673: 653:). Currently coins are used as money in everyday transactions, 467: 5552:, Seuil, coll. « Point Histoire », 2002, pp. 46-48, 5494:(in Italian). "Progetto Gutenberg Piero Vianelli. p. 136. 5489: 4909:

The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Numismatic Society

4782:

Cribb, Investigating the introduction of coinage in India 1983

3434: 2728:

Genoese coins became important in the 16th century during the

576:

in order to facilitate trade. They are most often issued by a

6832: 6768: 4076: 3906: 3886: 3882: 3843: 3351: 3311:

Bimetallic Egyptian one pound coin featuring King Tutankhamen

2761: 2513: 2443: 2372: 2271: 2176: 2164: 2160: 1902: 1893: 1881: 1724:

produce coins during the Greek colonization of Southern Italy

1620: 1598: 1588:

sprig and the inscription "ΑΘΕ", short for ΑΘΕΝΑΙΟΝ, "of the

1585: 1557: 1534: 1431: 1368: 1277: 1257: 1203: 1188: 1012: 906: 863: 838: 834: 824: 785: 761: 749: 646: 581: 486: 472: 455: 450: 38: 27:

Small, flat and usually round piece of material used as money

3914:

were used to mean "gold" in those times, such as "bulawan."

3253:, originally designed to make it easier to detect clipping. 3173: 2550:, in 800 AD, implemented a series of reforms upon becoming " 1248:, 5th century BC. Coins of this type were also found in the 661:. Usually, the highest value coin in circulation (excluding 6939: 6723: 6700: 5641:"Is It Illegal to Melt/Destroy US Pennies and Other Coins?" 3755: 3375: 2971: 2168: 1914: 1677: 1423:(Onamastikon IX.83), the first issuer of Greek coinage was 935: 894: 796: 681: 54: 6107:

Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society

5469:"IL FIORINO DI FIRENZE, STORIA DEL "DOLLARO DEL MEDIOEVO"" 5005:

CNG: LYCIA. Circa 520–470/60 BCE. AR Stater (18mm, 9.18 g)

4249:

Dundua, Tʻedo; Čʻikʻobava, Akaki; Avdaliani, Emil (2020).

4112:

Like a Bad Penny: Ancient Numismatics in the Ancient World

768:

in the early 6th century BC, coinage was yet unknown. The

30:

This article is about monetary coins. For other uses, see

6774: 4248: 1469:("turtle") coins were first minted c. 700 BC. Coins from 4135:

Lawmakers (again) propose replacing $ 1 bills with coins

1517:

Lycia coin, c. 520-470 BC. Struck with worn obverse die.

1461:

Another candidate for the site of the earliest coins is

1202:

were issued from 520 BC – 450 BC to 330 BC. The Persian

728:

Early metal coinage came into use about the time of the

4222:

Discovery of a hoard of currency with silver bars near

2824:

Silver coin of the 15th-century Bengal Sultanate ruler

2772:, the widespread use in the 15th century of the silver 1085:

The gold and silver Croeseids formed the world's first

3857:

In the Philippines, small, engraved gold coins called

2577:

to date the year in which the coin was minted was the

2127: 1547: 1032: 5726:, Legal Information Institute, accessed 22 July 2019. 5690:, Legal Information Institute, accessed 22 July 2019. 4348:"A snap shot view of The history of China by YK Kwan" 2788:

which became the basis of the monetary system of the

2673:, AD 729; minted by using Persian Sassanian framework 2589:

Italy has been influential at a coinage point of view

2367:

where coins were invented in the 7th century BC. The

2085:, c. 300–220 BC. Four Hua (四化, 30mm, 6.94 g). Legend 732:

in the Greek world, in northern India, and in China.

6811: 5505:

Hollingsworth, Mary (2017). "A Note to the Reader".

4644: 3940: 2979:, 1923). Despite its high denomination, this coin's 2002: 1399:

Athenian coin (c. 500/490–485 BC) discovered in the

1226:

Coinage of Southern Asia under the Achaemenid Empire

5568: 4878:"Electrum stater inscribed with the name of Phanes" 4641:, December 15, 1994, last updated November 17, 2011 4374:"'World's oldest' coin factory discovered in China" 2349:The first Roman silver coin, 281 BC. Crawford 13/1 2186:coins, and those of their successors in India, the 2009:

Punch-marked_coins § Indian_punch-marked_coins

1949:: Possible portrait of Themistocles, c. 465–459 BC. 1861:

Appearance of dynastic portraiture (5th century BC)

1256:The Achaemenid Empire already reached the doors of 6110:. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. 5229:A History of the Classical Greek World: 478–323 BC 4713:Bopearachchi, Coin Production and Circulation 2000 4701:Bopearachchi, Coin Production and Circulation 2000 4487:"The Types of Greek Coins" An Archaeological Essay 3584:, were so thin they were struck on only one side. 3076:pre-1965 US dime, quarter, half dollar, and dollar 2391:bronze pieces for use in Central Italy. The first 2383:were famous metal workers in bronze and iron) and 2336:Bearded head of Mars with Corinthian helmet left. 2047:under the Achaemenid empire, such as those of the 1131: 6039: 6037: 5929: 7128: 4853:"Inscriptions and Titles on ancient Greek coins" 4660:, Ancient India and Iran Trust, pp. 57–59, 3921:coinage and may have evolved into the bullet or 2062: 1783:coin type, incuse skew pattern, c. 456/45–431 BC 6191:, International Association of Sanskrit Studies 5598: 5111: 5041:"Lucania – Ancient Greek Coins – WildWinds.com" 4446: 4444: 4402: 3350:is usually shown on the obverse, although some 1909:the Athenian general, who became a Governor of 934:, "Mistress of Animals"), whose symbol was the 6045:"'Piloncitos' and the 'Philippine golden age'" 6034: 5783:"Convict tokens, National Museum of Australia" 5198: 4731:The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage 4513:The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage 4196:The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage 3792:. The slowing down is predominantly caused by 3685:from Japan was subject to a massive amount of 3086:. As a result of the increase in the value of 2375:was influenced by its natural resources, with 953:mentioned the innovation made by the Lydians: 901:The earliest coins are mostly associated with 735: 6655: 6230: 6059:"HISTORY OF DAVAO – Currencies of the Lumads" 5504: 5350:. University of Michigan Press. p. 235. 4792: 4790: 4758:Forgotten Empire: The World of Ancient Persia 4754: 4555: 4553: 4551: 3588:similar size and metal, such as the Japanese 3473:(including alloys) and other materials (e.g. 3055:, and their value comes from their status as 1210:which, along with a similar silver coin, the 633:, and their value comes from their status as 545: 6096: 6094: 5438: 5112:West, Shearer; Birmingham), Shearer (2004). 5020:"Bruttium – Ancient Greek Coins – WildWinds" 4904:"On an electrum stater, possibly of Ephesus" 4441: 2800:minted in 1640 to compete with these coins. 2524:History of the English penny (c. 600 – 1066) 850:Lydian and Ionian electrum coins (c. 600 BC) 784:, when various cultures used standard-sized 6365:VAM (Morgan and Peace dollar die varieties) 5455:"Early Dated Coins, Accessed December 2009" 5378: 4734:. Oxford University Press. pp. 70–80. 4516:. Oxford University Press. pp. 49–50. 4226:, dated circa 600 BCE, with photographs in 4199:. Oxford University Press. pp. 61–65. 3665:Holographic coin from Liberia features the 809:. These were replicas in bronze of earlier 6662: 6648: 6237: 6223: 6143:Journal of the Numismatic Society of India 5483: 5461: 5434: 5432: 5327:Journal of the Numismatic Society of India 5084:. British Museum Publications. p. 2. 4826: 4814: 4787: 4559: 4548: 3834:are tiny engraved gold coins found in the 3303:French 1992 twenty Franc Tri-Metallic coin 3162: 1369:Greek Archaic coinage (until about 480 BC) 825:China Henan Coin Factory (c. 640 – 550 BC) 552: 538: 6091: 5846:Smith, Marie-Danielle (18 January 2018). 5828:It is unlikely to be spent as it costs 15 5443:. Princeton University Press. p. 45. 5439:Sargent, Thomas; Velde, Francois (2001). 5077: 4925: 4424: 3917:Piloncitos are presumably an offshoot of 3366:, and all Japanese coins are exceptions. 2279: 1442:are among the earliest of Greek coins; a 6491:International Coin Certification Service 6065: 5903: 5785:. Nma.gov.au. 2012-01-25. Archived from 5293: 4560:Muscarella, Oscar White (15 June 2013). 4307: 4104: 3825: 3714: 3710: 3660: 3469:Historically, a considerable variety of 3446:Not all coins are round; they come in a 3433: 3306: 3298: 3287: 3279: 3187: 3172: 3020: 2970: 2535: 2145: 2072: 2022: 1864: 1707:were fabulously rich, and part of their 1394: 1378: 1239: 876: 853: 797:Tongbei in Bronze Age China (c. 1100 BC) 739: 606:The first metal coins – invented in the 5665:"Colnect Marketplace Has Been Launched" 5550:La révolution industrielle du Moyen Âge 5490:Nicolò Papadopoli Aldobrandini (2009). 5429: 5384: 5252: 4727: 4723: 4721: 4625: 4509: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4218: 4216: 4192: 4145: 4098: 3746:To flip a coin to see whether it lands 3723:minted in 2019 (left), an example of a 3545:(produced to commemorate the 2007/2008 3541:A triangular coin with a face value of 3513:Decagonal two Piso Philippine coin 1990 2015:Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley 1434:. This coin has a Greek legend reading 1375:Archaic period of ancient Greek coinage 1266:Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley 1232:Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley 14: 7129: 6669: 5908:. Tclayton.demon.co.uk. Archived from 5740:. New York: Random House. p. 46. 5735: 5343: 5225: 5199:Carradice, Ian; Price, Martin (1988). 4901: 4797:372. Lot: 658, Lot of two AR bent bars 4472:Schweizerische Numismatische Rundschau 4371: 3128: 2611:. The Florentine florin was the first 7028:Commodity theory of money (Metallism) 6643: 6547:Standard Catalog of World Paper Money 6218: 6156: 6100: 5973:A 'metallic' smell is just body odour 5845: 5320: 5232:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 58. 5107: 5105: 5103: 5101: 4694: 4684: 4682: 4680: 3758:in what is known in mathematics as a 3608:1917 French coin with integrated hole 5834:Pyramid coin a nightmare for pockets 5159: 5138: 5132: 4944: 4718: 4492: 4350:. Chinesechinese.net. Archived from 4213: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4180: 3816: 3538:whichever direction it is inserted. 3442:proof coin of Russia, minted in 2008 3101: 2782:Spanish colonization of the Americas 2344:Horse head right, grain ear behind. 6244: 5806: 4345: 4286:. Big5.henan.gov.cn. Archived from 3518:Some other coins, like the British 3245:, whose name was later attached to 3051:Most coins presently are made of a 2736:funnelling its massive wealth from 2634:depicting Saint Michael, AD 688–700 2128:Hellenistic period (320 BC – AD 30) 1699:and the other usually a victorious 1680:, since the Greek word for rose is 1548:Classical Greek antiquity (480 BC~) 1033:Croesus: Pure gold and silver coins 24: 5394:. Psychology Press. pp. 1–4. 5098: 4677: 4466:M. Kroll, review of G. Le Rider's 3800:with exponent approximately −1/3. 3416:and several peso coins in Mexico. 3275: 3029:coin made during the reign of the 2990: 2748:in the 17th century, however, the 992:Naxians (as Anglosthenes thought). 924:Seven Wonders of the Ancient World 696:minted by the United Kingdom, the 684:(and rarely other metals, such as 25: 7158: 7005:Akkadian standards of measurement 6501:Professional Coin Grading Service 6196: 5906:"Metals Used in Coins and Medals" 5809:"Metals Used in Coins and Medals" 5705:LII / Legal Information Institute 5569:Fabienne Lemarchand (July 2003). 5531: 4372:Kramer, Jillian (6 August 2021). 4227: 4177: 3893:. Large quantities were found in 3388:coins of the United States dollar 2723: 2573:. The first European coin to use 2506:Coinage of the Republic of Venice 2120:Anyi arched foot spades, 8 Liang 2003:Indian coins (c. 400 BC – AD 100) 1576:, patron goddess of the city, in 1387:of Aegina, 550–530 BC. Obv. 1260:during the original expansion of 700:minted by the United States, the 6814: 6624: 6614: 6599:Coin shows in the United States 6542:Replacement banknote (star note) 6486:Certified Acceptance Corporation 6373: 6202: 5638: 5408:from the original on 28 May 2013 5187:from the original on 2018-11-21. 4755:André-Salvini, Béatrice (2005). 4308:Giedroyc, Richard (2006-11-15). 3971: 3957: 3943: 3649: 3637: 3625: 3613: 3601: 3506: 3494: 3482: 3241:England was commented on by Sir 2954: 2938: 2923: 2900: 2877: 2859: 2844: 2832: 2817: 2708: 2693: 2678: 2659: 2639: 2621: 2455: 2423: 2404: 2322: 2317: 2259: 2239: 2221: 2203: 1986: 1970: 1954: 1930: 1844: 1828: 1808: 1788: 1773: 1597: 1556: 1522: 1510: 1505:Coin of Lycia, c. 520–470/60 BC. 1498: 1482: 1344: 1325: 1313: 1158: 1146: 1095:The successor of Alyattes, king 1070: 1046: 997:Julius Pollux, Onamastikon IX.83 881:The earliest inscribed coinage: 518: 506: 90: 53: 6691:(W. Mesoamerica & N. Andes) 6150: 6051: 6023:from the original on 2017-05-16 6009: 5984: 5966: 5923: 5897: 5867: 5839: 5822: 5800: 5775: 5754: 5729: 5717: 5693: 5681: 5657: 5632: 5621:from the original on 2016-05-27 5607: 5592: 5562: 5542: 5525: 5498: 5447: 5420: 5364: 5337: 5314: 5287: 5273: 5246: 5219: 5191: 5070: 5033: 5012: 4996: 4987: 4963: 4938: 4902:Newton, Charles Thomas (1870). 4895: 4884:from the original on 2012-05-15 4870: 4845: 4775: 4748: 4706: 4599: 4590: 4580: 4539: 4530: 4480: 4460: 4396: 4365: 4339: 4328:from the original on 2013-05-28 3644:Modern-day Japanese 50-yen coin 3577:Sterling-Silver 10-Zloty Coin. 2416:Marcus Clodius Pupienus Maximus 2171:and as far east as what is now 1206:was the first truly Achaemenid 1132:Achaemenid coinage (546–330 BC) 6127: 5879:Pridnestrovian Republican Bank 5738:The Origin of Financial Crises 4969:British Museum Catalogue 11 – 4880:. British Museum. 2011-09-29. 4301: 4276: 4242: 4139: 4128: 4117: 4057:List of circulating currencies 3821: 3671:Liberty Enlightening the World 3501:1996 one cent coin from Belize 2494:Coinage in Anglo-Saxon England 2479: 2359:compared with the rest of the 1626:, surrounded by four swimming 1419:(fr. 611,37, ed. V. Rose) and 1058:, c. 561–546 BC. (10.7 grams, 1054:Gold Croeseid, minted by King 971:(fr. 611,37, ed. V. Rose) and 946:in the late sixth century BC. 718:America the Beautiful quarters 13: 1: 7008: 6956:List of historical currencies 6861:Central bank digital currency 6573:List of metal detecting finds 5253:Howgego, Christopher (2002). 4255:. Gamomcʻemloba "Meridiani". 3847: 3362:coin, the post-1999 American 3256: 2961:British coins 15-20 centuries 2945:One Rupee coin issued by the 2889: 2730:Golden age of Genoese banking 2063:Chinese round coins (350 BC~) 2051:, or other examples found at 1758: 1722:Amongst the first centers to 1584:: the owl of Athens, with an 1214:, represented the bimetallic 1023: 867: 7062:Standard of deferred payment 6583:List of most expensive coins 5081:Ancient Greek Portrait Coins 5067:, 49 (genn. 1992), pp. 15–20 4855:. Snible.org. Archived from 4728:Metcalf, William E. (2016). 4510:Metcalf, William E. (2016). 4193:Metcalf, William E. (2016). 4067:List of most expensive coins 3905:"The people of this island ( 3754:is to use it as a two-sided 3620:Chinese cash coin, 1102–1106 3580:Some medieval coins, called 3358:coins, the pre-2008 British 3270:National Museum of Australia 2754:Austrian occupation of Genoa 2434:depicting the rulers of the 1542: 1268:is dated to c. 515 BC under 920:Temple of Artemis at Ephesus 610:and disseminated during the 7: 6496:Numismatic Guaranty Company 3936: 3842:, which are gold ring-like 3765: 3735: 3729:Walking Liberty half dollar 3632:1941 British Palestine coin 3145:Code of Federal Regulations 3040: 1191:and the defeat of its king 1007:, dated to 625–600 BC from 844: 817:shells, so they were named 736:Bullion and unmarked metals 10: 7163: 6405:Sheldon coin grading scale 5952:10.1103/PhysRevE.66.045102 5617:. The United States Mint. 5391:Ancient history from coins 5256:Ancient History from Coins 5202:Coinage in the Greek World 5141:Revue des Études Anciennes 5118:. OUP Oxford. p. 68. 4468:La naissance de la monnaie 4417:Cambridge University Press 4228:Bivar, Adrian David Hugh. 3769: 3739: 3553:) was commissioned by the 3294:United States trade dollar 3260: 3166: 3132: 3105: 3044: 2521: 2498:Medieval Bulgarian coinage 2483: 2283: 2131: 2066: 2012: 2006: 1997:facing (ruled 380–360 BC). 1656: 1493:, Lycia, c. 550–530/20 BC. 1372: 1229: 1135: 1111:bimetallic monetary system 1087:bimetallic monetary system 977:Hermodike/Demodike of Cyme 772:system, as well as silver 723: 704:minted by Canada, and the 60:A selection of metal coins 36: 29: 6948: 6831: 6809: 6784: 6749: 6677: 6611: 6591: 6555: 6509: 6471: 6464: 6418: 6382: 6371: 6252: 5577:(366): 91. Archived from 5259:. Routledge. p. 64. 4951:. London: Clarendon Press 4945:Head, Barclay V. (1911). 4715:, p. 309 and Note 65 2348: 2316: 2290:Roman Republican currency 2167:, and for a time also in 1993:Portrait of Lycian ruler 1977:Portrait of Lycian ruler 1961:Portrait of Lycian ruler 1941:as Governor of Magnesia. 1296:According to numismatist 1220:Achaemenid Persian Empire 7045:Quantity theory of money 6866:Chattel/movable property 5599:Nnamdi Anyadike (2002). 5296:The Numismatic Chronicle 5180:(2): 20. February 2012. 4918:Royal Numismatic Society 4284:"中國最早金屬鑄幣商代晚期鑄造銅貝-河南概況" 3925:coinage of Sukhothai in 3489:Scalloped coin of Israel 3386:, characteristic of the 2975:Five million mark coin ( 2966: 2884:Japanese local currency 2826:Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah 702:Canadian Gold Maple Leaf 6563:List of coin collectors 6527:Greenback (1860s money) 5811:. coins-of-the-uk.co.uk 5764:. London: Spink, 1988. 5736:Cooper, George (2008). 5603:. Elsevier. p. 88. 5333:. Varanasi: 85–86, 101. 5078:Carradice, Ian (1978). 4973:, 700 – 550 BCE, plate 3803: 3782:finite-time singularity 3452:Australian 50-cent coin 3319:List of people on coins 3163:Debasement and clipping 2528:Japanese mon (currency) 2470:) of Persian Empire of 2069:Ancient Chinese coinage 1911:Magnesia on the Meander 1646:crowned by the goddess 893:, 625–600 BC. Obverse: 432:Commemorative banknotes 7104:Complementary currency 7033:Credit theory of money 6993:Depository institution 6621:Numismatics portal 6400:Paper currency grading 6185:Indologica Taurinensia 6159:Coins and money tokens 5344:Schaps, David (2004). 5226:Rhodes, P. J. (2011). 3911: 3854: 3786:high speed photography 3732: 3674: 3656:1924 East African coin 3569:1992 triangular coin, 3443: 3312: 3304: 3296: 3285: 3193: 3185: 3037: 2995: 2984: 2867:Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 2544: 2280:Roman period (290 BC~) 2152: 2090: 2032: 1889: 1839:, c. 350/30–290/70 BC. 1691:(10-drachm) coin from 1412: 1392: 1288:coins as well as many 1284:, containing numerous 1253: 1244:A siglos found in the 1198:Original coins of the 1184:from the 6th century. 1000: 965: 898: 874: 757: 714:2€ commemorative coins 513:Numismatics portal 151:Circulating currencies 7087:Digital gold currency 6161:. London: Ward Lock. 5205:. Seaby. p. 84. 5153:10.3406/rea.1989.4361 4971:Attica Megaris Aegina 4638:Encyclopaedia Iranica 3903: 3829: 3770:Further information: 3721:American Silver Eagle 3718: 3711:Physics and chemistry 3664: 3437: 3310: 3302: 3291: 3284:Coins can be stacked. 3283: 3191: 3176: 3024: 3013:Georgian inscriptions 2994: 2974: 2539: 2522:Further information: 2484:Further information: 2365:Greece and Asia Minor 2284:Further information: 2268:Agathocles of Bactria 2149: 2132:Further information: 2083:Warring States Period 2077:Chinese round coins, 2076: 2031:coins, 3rd century BC 2026: 1868: 1659:Ancient Greek coinage 1657:Further information: 1564:Tetradrachm of Athens 1398: 1382: 1373:Further information: 1243: 1118:Ancient Greek coinage 989: 955: 940:Ancient Greek coinage 880: 857: 743: 584:are sometimes called 243:Historical currencies 84:the study of currency 32:Coin (disambiguation) 6966:Coincidence of wants 6786:Representative money 6211:at Wikimedia Commons 6177:Bopearachchi, Osmund 6102:Scott, William Henry 6079:on February 19, 2020 6061:. November 11, 2015. 5065:Panorama numismatico 4652:Bopearachchi, Osmund 4426:10.15184/aqy.2021.94 4110:Sancinito, Jane E. “ 4099:Notes and references 3788:and devices such as 3573:Millennium Coin and 3372:medallic orientation 3008:George IV of Georgia 2839:Genoese doppia, 1639 2778:United States dollar 2742:Bank of Saint George 2379:being abundant (the 2079:Eastern Zhou dynasty 1717:Olympic chariot race 1401:Shaikhan Dehri hoard 871: 620/10–564/53 214:Fictional currencies 7114:Time-based currency 6537:Paper money catalog 6410:Third-party grading 6290:Coin counterfeiting 6157:Angus, Ian (1973). 5944:2002PhRvE..66d5102E 5321:Cribb, Joe (1983). 4809:Osmund Bopearachchi 4378:National geographic 4008:Coin counterfeiting 3869:, the banks of the 3679:Royal Canadian Mint 3454:, for example, has 3129:Media of expression 3119:American Gold Eagle 3115:Canadian Maple Leaf 2803:The first attested 2510:Portuguese dinheiro 2430:Set of three Roman 2182:Still, some of the 1923:Alexander the Great 1711:policy was to fund 1705:tyrants of Syracuse 788:and tokens such as 710:Commemorative coins 698:American Gold Eagle 608:ancient Greek world 401:Commemorative coins 312:Medieval currencies 221:Proposed currencies 6983:Clearinghouse bank 6671:Medium of exchange 6568:List of currencies 6310:Commemorative coin 6300:Coin rolling scams 6047:. August 30, 2011. 6019:. 30 August 2011. 5978:2016-05-24 at the 5645:Make it From Metal 4980:2016-03-04 at the 4838:2019-12-25 at the 4703:, pp. 300–301 4052:List of currencies 3951:Numismatics portal 3889:and some areas in 3855: 3733: 3675: 3534:, recognizable by 3444: 3313: 3305: 3297: 3286: 3194: 3186: 3096:United States Mint 3038: 2996: 2985: 2947:East India Company 2552:Holy Roman Emperor 2545: 2490:Visigothic coinage 2274:deities, c. 180 BC 2266:Bilingual coin of 2246:Bilingual coin of 2157:Hellenistic period 2153: 2142:Indo-Greek coinage 2091: 2033: 1890: 1762: 560 BC 1413: 1393: 1353:punch-marked coins 1254: 1138:Achaemenid coinage 1122:Achaemenid coinage 899: 875: 803:Chinese Bronze Age 758: 612:Hellenistic period 7124: 7123: 7109:Sectoral currency 7055:Market monetarism 7018:Code of Hammurabi 6807: 6806: 6799:Gold certificates 6637: 6636: 6607: 6606: 6315:Euro starter kits 6295:Coin roll hunting 6270:Circulation issue 6207:Media related to 5932:Physical Review E 5875:"Composite coins" 5853:The National Post 5836:, article by Gary 5832:to buy – article 5747:978-0-307-47345-5 5532:Serra, Girolamo. 5518:978-1-78669-151-4 5401:978-0-415-08993-7 5372:"CNG Coin 338684" 4667:978-0-9518399-1-1 4384:on August 5, 2021 3853:to 16th century). 3817:Regional examples 3667:Statue of Liberty 3532:constant diameter 3526:and the Canadian 3456:twelve flat sides 3448:variety of shapes 3102:Collector's items 3084:pre-1982 US penny 3019: 3018: 2888:Inari Koban Kin, 2671:Umayyad Caliphate 2609:Mediterranean Sea 2593:Florentine florin 2541:Florentine florin 2532:Reichsmünzordnung 2438:. Top to bottom: 2353: 2352: 2175:and northwestern 2134:Ptolemaic coinage 2041:punch-marked coin 1871:Achaemenid Empire 1425:Hermodike of Kyme 1216:monetary standard 1200:Achaemenid Empire 1124:, and further to 1105:, the first true 1079: 1063: 1020:Alyattes of Lydia 903:Iron Age Anatolia 766:Achaemenid Empire 694:British sovereign 562: 561: 16:(Redirected from 7154: 7092:Virtual currency 7077:Digital currency 7013: 7010: 6973:Bureau de change 6824: 6819: 6818: 6817: 6750:Domestic animals 6747: 6746: 6664: 6657: 6650: 6641: 6640: 6631:Money portal 6629: 6628: 6627: 6619: 6618: 6617: 6469: 6468: 6377: 6335:Mint-made errors 6325:History of coins 6280:Coin base weight 6260:Bi-metallic coin 6239: 6232: 6225: 6216: 6215: 6206: 6192: 6172: 6146: 6122: 6121: 6098: 6089: 6088: 6086: 6084: 6075:. Archived from 6069: 6063: 6062: 6055: 6049: 6048: 6041: 6032: 6031: 6029: 6028: 6013: 6007: 6006: 6004: 6003: 5994:. Archived from 5988: 5982: 5970: 5964: 5963: 5927: 5921: 5920: 5918: 5917: 5901: 5895: 5894: 5892: 5890: 5881:. Archived from 5871: 5865: 5864: 5862: 5860: 5843: 5837: 5826: 5820: 5819: 5817: 5816: 5804: 5798: 5797: 5795: 5794: 5779: 5773: 5760:Denis R. Cooper 5758: 5752: 5751: 5733: 5727: 5721: 5715: 5714: 5712: 5711: 5697: 5691: 5685: 5679: 5678: 5676: 5675: 5661: 5655: 5654: 5652: 5651: 5639:Maes, Jonathan. 5636: 5630: 5629: 5627: 5626: 5611: 5605: 5604: 5596: 5590: 5589: 5587: 5586: 5566: 5560: 5546: 5540: 5539: 5529: 5523: 5522: 5511:. Head of Zeus. 5502: 5496: 5495: 5487: 5481: 5480: 5478: 5476: 5465: 5459: 5458: 5451: 5445: 5444: 5436: 5427: 5424: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5413: 5382: 5376: 5375: 5368: 5362: 5361: 5341: 5335: 5334: 5318: 5312: 5311: 5291: 5285: 5284: 5277: 5271: 5270: 5250: 5244: 5243: 5223: 5217: 5216: 5195: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5171: 5163: 5157: 5156: 5136: 5130: 5129: 5109: 5096: 5095: 5074: 5068: 5061: 5052: 5051: 5049: 5047: 5037: 5031: 5030: 5028: 5026: 5016: 5010: 5009: 5000: 4994: 4991: 4985: 4967: 4961: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4942: 4936: 4935: 4929: 4899: 4893: 4892: 4890: 4889: 4874: 4868: 4867: 4865: 4864: 4849: 4843: 4830: 4824: 4818: 4812: 4794: 4785: 4779: 4773: 4772: 4752: 4746: 4745: 4725: 4716: 4710: 4704: 4698: 4692: 4686: 4675: 4674: 4648: 4642: 4629: 4623: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4609:. Archived from 4603: 4597: 4594: 4588: 4584: 4578: 4577: 4557: 4546: 4543: 4537: 4534: 4528: 4527: 4507: 4490: 4484: 4478: 4464: 4458: 4457: 4448: 4439: 4438: 4428: 4400: 4394: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4380:. Archived from 4369: 4363: 4362: 4360: 4359: 4343: 4337: 4336: 4334: 4333: 4305: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4295: 4280: 4274: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4246: 4240: 4239: 4220: 4211: 4210: 4190: 4175: 4174: 4168: 4166: 4143: 4137: 4132: 4126: 4121: 4115: 4108: 4042:History of coins 3993:Coin base weight 3988:Bi-metallic coin 3981: 3976: 3975: 3974: 3967: 3962: 3961: 3953: 3948: 3947: 3946: 3852: 3849: 3794:rolling friction 3653: 3641: 3629: 3617: 3605: 3536:vending machines 3510: 3498: 3486: 3394:Bimetallic coins 3384:coin orientation 3374:—typical of the 2987: 2986: 2958: 2942: 2927: 2904: 2894: 2891: 2881: 2863: 2848: 2836: 2821: 2807:appeared at the 2712: 2697: 2682: 2663: 2652:Sassanian Empire 2643: 2625: 2567:Great Debasement 2459: 2427: 2408: 2326: 2321: 2314: 2313: 2263: 2243: 2225: 2211:Seleucus Nicator 2207: 2138:Seleucid coinage 2098:Qin Shi Huang Di 2039:is the earliest 2027:Hoard of mostly 2019:Coinage of India 1990: 1974: 1958: 1945:: Barley grain. 1934: 1888:(c. 445–395 BC). 1848: 1832: 1823:, c. 465–430 BC. 1812: 1803:, c. 470-430 BC. 1792: 1777: 1763: 1760: 1726:(the so-called " 1709:public relations 1672:some coins from 1669:Classical period 1663:Illyrian coinage 1601: 1572:: a portrait of 1560: 1526: 1514: 1502: 1486: 1436:phaenos emi sema 1348: 1329: 1317: 1236:Coinage of India 1162: 1150: 1126:Illyrian coinage 1077: 1074: 1053: 1050: 1028: 1025: 998: 987:, nearby Lydia. 963: 872: 869: 811:Chinese currency 554: 547: 540: 525:Money portal 523: 522: 521: 511: 510: 509: 235:History of money 190:Local currencies 94: 85: 67: 66: 57: 21: 7162: 7161: 7157: 7156: 7155: 7153: 7152: 7151: 7127: 7126: 7125: 7120: 7072:Unit of account 7011: 6944: 6930:Promissory note 6908:Deposit account 6881:Cheque clearing 6835: 6827: 6820: 6815: 6813: 6803: 6780: 6745: 6713:Precious metals 6680: 6673: 6668: 6638: 6633: 6625: 6623: 6615: 6613: 6603: 6587: 6551: 6505: 6473: 6460: 6414: 6378: 6369: 6248: 6246:Coin collecting 6243: 6199: 6169: 6153: 6130: 6125: 6118: 6099: 6092: 6082: 6080: 6071: 6070: 6066: 6057: 6056: 6052: 6043: 6042: 6035: 6026: 6024: 6015: 6014: 6010: 6001: 5999: 5990: 5989: 5985: 5980:Wayback Machine 5971: 5967: 5928: 5924: 5915: 5913: 5902: 5898: 5888: 5886: 5873: 5872: 5868: 5858: 5856: 5844: 5840: 5827: 5823: 5814: 5812: 5807:Clayton, Tony. 5805: 5801: 5792: 5790: 5781: 5780: 5776: 5759: 5755: 5748: 5734: 5730: 5722: 5718: 5709: 5707: 5699: 5698: 5694: 5686: 5682: 5673: 5671: 5663: 5662: 5658: 5649: 5647: 5637: 5633: 5624: 5622: 5613: 5612: 5608: 5597: 5593: 5584: 5582: 5567: 5563: 5547: 5543: 5530: 5526: 5519: 5503: 5499: 5488: 5484: 5474: 5472: 5467: 5466: 5462: 5453: 5452: 5448: 5437: 5430: 5425: 5421: 5411: 5409: 5402: 5383: 5379: 5370: 5369: 5365: 5358: 5342: 5338: 5319: 5315: 5292: 5288: 5279: 5278: 5274: 5267: 5251: 5247: 5240: 5224: 5220: 5213: 5196: 5192: 5184: 5169: 5165: 5164: 5160: 5137: 5133: 5126: 5110: 5099: 5092: 5075: 5071: 5062: 5055: 5045: 5043: 5039: 5038: 5034: 5024: 5022: 5018: 5017: 5013: 5002: 5001: 4997: 4992: 4988: 4982:Wayback Machine 4968: 4964: 4954: 4952: 4943: 4939: 4900: 4896: 4887: 4885: 4876: 4875: 4871: 4862: 4860: 4851: 4850: 4846: 4840:Wayback Machine 4831: 4827: 4819: 4815: 4795: 4788: 4780: 4776: 4769: 4753: 4749: 4742: 4726: 4719: 4711: 4707: 4699: 4695: 4687: 4678: 4668: 4649: 4645: 4631:Michael Alram, 4630: 4626: 4616: 4614: 4613:on 6 March 2015 4605: 4604: 4600: 4595: 4591: 4585: 4581: 4574: 4558: 4549: 4544: 4540: 4535: 4531: 4524: 4508: 4493: 4485: 4481: 4465: 4461: 4450: 4449: 4442: 4401: 4397: 4387: 4385: 4370: 4366: 4357: 4355: 4344: 4340: 4331: 4329: 4322: 4314:. Adams Media. 4306: 4302: 4293: 4291: 4282: 4281: 4277: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4247: 4243: 4221: 4214: 4207: 4191: 4178: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4144: 4140: 4133: 4129: 4122: 4118: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4096: 3998:Coin collecting 3977: 3972: 3970: 3963: 3956: 3949: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3850: 3824: 3819: 3806: 3774: 3768: 3760:Bernoulli trial 3744: 3738: 3713: 3657: 3654: 3645: 3642: 3633: 3630: 3621: 3618: 3609: 3606: 3565:coin, 2 Dollar 3514: 3511: 3502: 3499: 3490: 3487: 3346:). The year of 3342:(colloquially, 3332:(colloquially, 3324:national emblem 3278: 3276:Modern features 3265: 3259: 3235:sterling silver 3171: 3165: 3141: 3139:Elongated penny 3131: 3110: 3104: 3049: 3043: 3011: 3006: 2977:Weimar Republic 2969: 2962: 2959: 2950: 2943: 2934: 2928: 2919: 2905: 2896: 2892: 2882: 2873: 2864: 2855: 2849: 2840: 2837: 2828: 2822: 2738:Spanish America 2726: 2719: 2716:Venetian sequin 2713: 2704: 2703:coin, 1138–1139 2698: 2689: 2683: 2674: 2664: 2655: 2646:Silver coin of 2644: 2635: 2626: 2605:Venetian sequin 2575:Arabic numerals 2534: 2520: 2486:Byzantine mints 2482: 2475: 2460: 2451: 2436:Flavian dynasty 2428: 2419: 2409: 2312: 2282: 2275: 2264: 2255: 2244: 2235: 2226: 2217: 2208: 2196:Amyntas Nikator 2144: 2130: 2089:( Yi Four Hua). 2071: 2065: 2021: 2011: 2005: 1998: 1991: 1982: 1975: 1966: 1959: 1950: 1935: 1876:and dynasts in 1863: 1856: 1849: 1840: 1833: 1824: 1813: 1804: 1793: 1784: 1778: 1761: 1665: 1655: 1654: 1653: 1652: 1651: 1634: 1615: 1614:(c. 415–405 BC) 1613: 1602: 1594: 1593: 1580: 1568: 1567:(c. 454–404 BC) 1566: 1561: 1550: 1545: 1538: 1537:, c. 510–80 BC. 1527: 1518: 1515: 1506: 1503: 1494: 1487: 1456:Barclay V. Head 1377: 1371: 1364: 1349: 1340: 1330: 1321: 1318: 1262:Cyrus the Great 1238: 1228: 1174:Cyrus the Great 1170: 1169: 1168: 1167: 1166: 1163: 1155: 1154: 1151: 1140: 1134: 1093: 1092: 1091: 1090: 1082: 1081: 1080: 1075: 1066: 1065: 1064: 1051: 1042: 1041: 1035: 1026: 999: 996: 964: 961: 870: 852: 847: 827: 799: 782:Late Bronze Age 754:Late Bronze Age 738: 726: 558: 529: 519: 517: 507: 505: 497: 496: 389:Coin collecting 384: 383: 374: 373: 327: 326: 317: 316: 238: 237: 226: 225: 117: 116: 83: 82: 65: 64: 63: 62: 61: 58: 49: 48: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7160: 7150: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7122: 7121: 7119: 7118: 7117: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7099:Local currency 7096: 7095: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7082:Cryptocurrency 7074: 7069: 7067:Store of value 7064: 7059: 7058: 7057: 7052: 7042: 7041: 7040: 7030: 7025: 7022:§100; §122–125 7015: 7012: 2150 BC 7002: 6997: 6996: 6995: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6969: 6968: 6958: 6952: 6950: 6946: 6945: 6943: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6911: 6910: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6884: 6883: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6847: 6845: 6829: 6828: 6826: 6825: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6804: 6802: 6801: 6796: 6790: 6788: 6782: 6781: 6779: 6778: 6777:(Tibet, China) 6772: 6766: 6760: 6753: 6751: 6744: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6727: 6721: 6720:(cotton cloth) 6715: 6710: 6704: 6698: 6692: 6685: 6683: 6675: 6674: 6667: 6666: 6659: 6652: 6644: 6635: 6634: 6612: 6609: 6608: 6605: 6604: 6602: 6601: 6595: 6593: 6589: 6588: 6586: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6559: 6557: 6553: 6552: 6550: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6513: 6511: 6507: 6506: 6504: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6477: 6475: 6466: 6462: 6461: 6459: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6422: 6420: 6416: 6415: 6413: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6386: 6384: 6380: 6379: 6372: 6370: 6368: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6265:Challenge coin 6262: 6256: 6254: 6250: 6249: 6242: 6241: 6234: 6227: 6219: 6213: 6212: 6198: 6197:External links 6195: 6194: 6193: 6173: 6167: 6152: 6149: 6148: 6147: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6123: 6116: 6090: 6064: 6050: 6033: 6008: 5983: 5965: 5922: 5904:Tony Clayton. 5896: 5885:on 4 July 2017 5866: 5838: 5821: 5799: 5774: 5753: 5746: 5728: 5724:31 CFR 82.2(b) 5716: 5692: 5680: 5656: 5631: 5606: 5591: 5571:"L'or gratuit" 5561: 5558:978-2020541510 5541: 5524: 5517: 5497: 5482: 5460: 5446: 5428: 5419: 5400: 5386:Howgego, C. J. 5377: 5363: 5357:978-0472113330 5356: 5336: 5313: 5286: 5272: 5265: 5245: 5238: 5218: 5211: 5190: 5158: 5131: 5124: 5097: 5090: 5069: 5053: 5032: 5011: 4995: 4986: 4962: 4937: 4894: 4869: 4844: 4825: 4813: 4786: 4774: 4767: 4747: 4740: 4717: 4705: 4693: 4676: 4666: 4643: 4624: 4598: 4589: 4579: 4573:978-9004236691 4572: 4547: 4538: 4529: 4522: 4491: 4479: 4459: 4440: 4395: 4364: 4338: 4320: 4300: 4275: 4261: 4241: 4212: 4205: 4176: 4158: 4138: 4127: 4116: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4037:Chocolate coin 4030: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3984: 3983: 3982: 3968: 3965:Economy portal 3954: 3938: 3935: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3805: 3802: 3767: 3764: 3740:Main article: 3737: 3734: 3712: 3709: 3705:coinage metals 3687:counterfeiting 3659: 3658: 3655: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3600: 3549:exhibition at 3524:50 pence coins 3516: 3515: 3512: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3481: 3471:coinage metals 3380:pound sterling 3326:is called the 3277: 3274: 3258: 3255: 3243:Thomas Gresham 3215:price controls 3167:Main article: 3164: 3161: 3130: 3127: 3106:Main article: 3103: 3100: 3045:Main article: 3042: 3039: 3031:Mughal Emperor 3017: 3016: 2998: 2997: 2968: 2965: 2964: 2963: 2960: 2953: 2951: 2944: 2937: 2935: 2929: 2922: 2920: 2917:Spanish Empire 2909:Spanish Dollar 2906: 2899: 2897: 2883: 2876: 2874: 2872:minted in 1629 2865: 2858: 2856: 2850: 2843: 2841: 2838: 2831: 2829: 2823: 2816: 2809:siege of Pavia 2790:Spanish Empire 2746:Spanish Empire 2734:Spanish Empire 2725: 2724:Modern history 2722: 2721: 2720: 2714: 2707: 2705: 2699: 2692: 2690: 2688:coin, c. 1080s 2684: 2677: 2675: 2665: 2658: 2656: 2645: 2638: 2636: 2627: 2620: 2481: 2478: 2477: 2476: 2461: 2454: 2452: 2429: 2422: 2420: 2410: 2403: 2357:Roman Republic 2351: 2350: 2346: 2345: 2337: 2328: 2327: 2298:Solidus (coin) 2286:Roman currency 2281: 2278: 2277: 2276: 2265: 2258: 2256: 2245: 2238: 2236: 2231:(281–261 BC), 2227: 2220: 2218: 2213:(312–281 BC), 2209: 2202: 2184:Greco-Bactrian 2129: 2126: 2067:Main article: 2064: 2061: 2029:Mauryan Empire 2007:Main article: 2004: 2001: 2000: 1999: 1992: 1985: 1983: 1976: 1969: 1967: 1960: 1953: 1951: 1936: 1929: 1862: 1859: 1858: 1857: 1850: 1843: 1841: 1834: 1827: 1825: 1814: 1807: 1805: 1794: 1787: 1785: 1779: 1772: 1619:: head of the 1603: 1596: 1595: 1562: 1555: 1554: 1553: 1552: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1540: 1539: 1528: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1497: 1495: 1488: 1481: 1370: 1367: 1366: 1365: 1355:of Gandhara, 1350: 1343: 1341: 1331: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1312: 1227: 1224: 1164: 1157: 1156: 1152: 1145: 1144: 1143: 1142: 1141: 1136:Main article: 1133: 1130: 1084: 1083: 1076: 1069: 1068: 1067: 1052: 1045: 1044: 1043: 1039: 1038: 1037: 1036: 1034: 1031: 994: 983:was a city in 962:Herodotus, I94 959: 942:minted by the 851: 848: 846: 843: 826: 823: 819:"Bronze Shell" 798: 795: 737: 734: 725: 722: 627:coinage metals 616:precious metal 560: 559: 557: 556: 549: 542: 534: 531: 530: 528: 527: 515: 502: 499: 498: 495: 494: 489: 483: 482: 476: 475: 470: 465: 459: 458: 453: 448: 442: 441: 435: 434: 429: 423: 422: 416: 415: 410: 404: 403: 398: 392: 391: 385: 381: 380: 379: 376: 375: 372: 371: 366: 361: 356: 350: 349: 344: 339: 334: 328: 324: 323: 322: 319: 318: 315: 314: 308: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 252: 246: 245: 239: 233: 232: 231: 228: 227: 224: 223: 217: 216: 210: 209: 204: 199: 193: 192: 186: 185: 180: 175: 170: 165: 160: 154: 153: 147: 146: 141: 135: 134: 129: 124: 118: 112: 111: 110: 107: 106: 105: 104: 96: 95: 87: 86: 76: 75: 59: 52: 51: 50: 46: 45: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7159: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7134: 7132: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7101: 7100: 7097: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7079: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7047: 7046: 7043: 7039: 7036: 7035: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024:; c. 1750 BC) 7023: 7019: 7016: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6994: 6991: 6990: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6967: 6964: 6963: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6953: 6951: 6947: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6909: 6906: 6905: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6882: 6879: 6878: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6839: 6834: 6830: 6823: 6812: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6791: 6789: 6787: 6783: 6776: 6773: 6770: 6767: 6764: 6761: 6758: 6757:Water buffalo 6755: 6754: 6752: 6748: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6731: 6728: 6726:(Roman world) 6725: 6722: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6708: 6705: 6702: 6699: 6697:(Mesoamerica) 6696: 6693: 6690: 6687: 6686: 6684: 6682: 6676: 6672: 6665: 6660: 6658: 6653: 6651: 6646: 6645: 6642: 6632: 6622: 6610: 6600: 6597: 6596: 6594: 6590: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6578:List of mints 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6560: 6558: 6554: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6514: 6512: 6508: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6478: 6476: 6470: 6467: 6463: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6423: 6421: 6417: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6387: 6385: 6381: 6376: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6345:Proof coinage 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6285:Coin cleaning 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6257: 6255: 6251: 6247: 6240: 6235: 6233: 6228: 6226: 6221: 6220: 6217: 6210: 6205: 6201: 6200: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6168:0-7063-1811-0 6164: 6160: 6155: 6154: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6131: 6119: 6117:971-550-135-4 6113: 6109: 6108: 6103: 6097: 6095: 6078: 6074: 6068: 6060: 6054: 6046: 6040: 6038: 6022: 6018: 6012: 5998:on 2012-12-15 5997: 5993: 5987: 5981: 5977: 5974: 5969: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5938:(4): 045102. 5937: 5933: 5926: 5912:on 2010-04-01 5911: 5907: 5900: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5870: 5855: 5854: 5849: 5842: 5835: 5831: 5825: 5810: 5803: 5789:on 2011-09-20 5788: 5784: 5778: 5771: 5770:0-907605-27-3 5767: 5763: 5757: 5749: 5743: 5739: 5732: 5725: 5720: 5706: 5702: 5696: 5689: 5684: 5670: 5666: 5660: 5646: 5642: 5635: 5620: 5616: 5610: 5602: 5595: 5581:on 2016-04-08 5580: 5576: 5572: 5565: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5548:Jean Gimpel, 5545: 5538:(in Italian). 5537: 5536: 5528: 5520: 5514: 5510: 5509: 5501: 5493: 5486: 5470: 5464: 5456: 5450: 5442: 5435: 5433: 5423: 5407: 5403: 5397: 5393: 5392: 5387: 5381: 5373: 5367: 5359: 5353: 5349: 5348: 5340: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5317: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5290: 5282: 5276: 5268: 5266:9781134877843 5262: 5258: 5257: 5249: 5241: 5239:9781444358582 5235: 5231: 5230: 5222: 5214: 5212:9780900652820 5208: 5204: 5203: 5194: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5168: 5162: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5135: 5127: 5125:9780192842589 5121: 5117: 5116: 5108: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5093: 5091:9780714108490 5087: 5083: 5082: 5073: 5066: 5060: 5058: 5042: 5036: 5021: 5015: 5007: 5006: 4999: 4990: 4983: 4979: 4976: 4972: 4966: 4950: 4949: 4941: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4910: 4905: 4898: 4883: 4879: 4873: 4859:on 2012-06-08 4858: 4854: 4848: 4841: 4837: 4834: 4829: 4822: 4817: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4799:, CNG Coins. 4798: 4793: 4791: 4784:, p. 101 4783: 4778: 4770: 4768:9780520247314 4764: 4760: 4759: 4751: 4743: 4741:9780199372188 4737: 4733: 4732: 4724: 4722: 4714: 4709: 4702: 4697: 4690: 4685: 4683: 4681: 4673: 4669: 4663: 4659: 4658: 4653: 4647: 4640: 4639: 4634: 4628: 4612: 4608: 4602: 4593: 4583: 4575: 4569: 4565: 4564: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4542: 4533: 4525: 4523:9780199372188 4519: 4515: 4514: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4488: 4483: 4476: 4473: 4469: 4463: 4455: 4454: 4447: 4445: 4436: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4419:: 1161–1178. 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4399: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4368: 4354:on 2012-05-03 4353: 4349: 4342: 4327: 4323: 4321:9781593375683 4317: 4313: 4312: 4304: 4290:on 2012-03-17 4289: 4285: 4279: 4264: 4262:9789941259746 4258: 4254: 4253: 4245: 4237: 4233: 4232: 4225: 4219: 4217: 4208: 4206:9780199372188 4202: 4198: 4197: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4173: 4161: 4159:9781315391045 4155: 4151: 4150: 4142: 4136: 4131: 4125: 4120: 4113: 4107: 4103: 4093: 4092:Ten-cent coin 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4062:List of mints 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4034: 4033:Hanukkah gelt 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4023:Coin standard 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3985: 3980: 3969: 3966: 3960: 3955: 3952: 3941: 3934: 3930: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3908: 3902: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3845: 3841: 3838:, along with 3837: 3833: 3828: 3814: 3812: 3811:1-octen-3-one 3801: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3773: 3763: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3743: 3742:Coin flipping 3730: 3726: 3722: 3717: 3708: 3706: 3701: 3699: 3694: 3690: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3672: 3668: 3663: 3652: 3647: 3640: 3635: 3628: 3623: 3616: 3611: 3604: 3599: 3598: 3597: 3595: 3591: 3585: 3583: 3578: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3539: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3509: 3504: 3497: 3492: 3485: 3480: 3479: 3478: 3476: 3472: 3467: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3441: 3436: 3432: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3417: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3367: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3340: 3335: 3331: 3330: 3325: 3321: 3320: 3309: 3301: 3295: 3290: 3282: 3273: 3271: 3264: 3254: 3252: 3248: 3247:Gresham's law 3244: 3240: 3236: 3230: 3226: 3224: 3218: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3190: 3183: 3182:ten-cent coin 3180: 3175: 3170: 3160: 3156: 3154: 3148: 3146: 3140: 3136: 3126: 3122: 3120: 3116: 3109: 3099: 3097: 3093: 3092:Gresham's law 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3068: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3048: 3035: 3032: 3028: 3023: 3014: 3009: 3005:coin of King 3004: 3000: 2999: 2993: 2989: 2988: 2982: 2978: 2973: 2957: 2952: 2948: 2941: 2936: 2932: 2926: 2921: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2903: 2898: 2887: 2880: 2875: 2871: 2868: 2862: 2857: 2853: 2847: 2842: 2835: 2830: 2827: 2820: 2815: 2814: 2813: 2810: 2806: 2801: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2757: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2717: 2711: 2706: 2702: 2696: 2691: 2687: 2681: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2667:Silver Dirham 2662: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2642: 2637: 2633: 2630: 2624: 2619: 2618: 2617: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2563: 2559: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2542: 2538: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2473: 2469: 2468:Mithridates I 2465: 2458: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2426: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2407: 2402: 2401: 2400: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2363:, especially 2362: 2361:Mediterranean 2358: 2347: 2343: 2342: 2338: 2335: 2334: 2330: 2329: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2273: 2269: 2262: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2242: 2237: 2234: 2230: 2224: 2219: 2216: 2212: 2206: 2201: 2200: 2199: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2180: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2148: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2125: 2123: 2117: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2070: 2060: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2016: 2010: 1996: 1989: 1984: 1980: 1973: 1968: 1964: 1957: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1933: 1928: 1927: 1926: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1895: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1872: 1867: 1854: 1847: 1842: 1838: 1831: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1811: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1791: 1786: 1782: 1776: 1771: 1770: 1769: 1767: 1755: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1728:Magna Graecia 1725: 1720: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1685: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1670: 1664: 1660: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1622: 1618: 1612: 1611: 1608: 1600: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1565: 1559: 1536: 1532: 1525: 1520: 1513: 1508: 1501: 1496: 1492: 1485: 1480: 1479: 1478: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1428: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1415:According to 1410: 1409:Ancient India 1406: 1402: 1397: 1390: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1347: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1328: 1323: 1316: 1311: 1310: 1309: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1294: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1251: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1233: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1196: 1194: 1190: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1161: 1149: 1139: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1114: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1103: 1098: 1088: 1073: 1061: 1057: 1049: 1030: 1027: 560 BC 1021: 1016: 1014: 1010: 1006: 993: 988: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 958: 954: 952: 947: 945: 944:Ionian Greeks 941: 937: 933: 932:Potnia Thêrôn 929: 925: 921: 915: 912: 908: 904: 896: 892: 888: 884: 879: 865: 861: 856: 842: 840: 836: 832: 822: 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