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of the works underway be reported, at this stage, as constituting a threat to the stability of the
Western Wall and the Al-Aqsa Mosque. The work area ends at approximately 10 metres distance from the Western Wall. It is conducted with light equipment, picks and shovels, and it is supervised and documented according to professional standards." The report nonetheless advised the cessation of work, as the aims of gathering information had been met, and consultation with concerned parties. On March 20, 2007, the Turkish Government sent a technical team to inspect and report on the excavations to the Turkish Prime Minister
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the wall could seriously deteriorate or even collapse. The Waqf would not permit detailed
Israeli inspection but came to an agreement with Israel that led to a team of Jordanian engineers inspecting the wall in October. They recommended repair work that involved replacing or resetting most of the stones in the affected area, which covers 2,000 square feet (190 square metres) and is located 25 feet (7.6 m) from the top of the wall. Repairs were completed before January 2004. The restoration of 250 square meters of wall cost 100,000 Jordanian dinars ($ 140,000).
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200:, director of the British Mandate Antiquities Department, carried out the only archaeological excavation ever undertaken at the Temple Mount's Aqsa Mosque by the British Mandate. Two of the finds are a Byzantine mosaic floor underneath the mosque, probably the remains of a church or a monastery; and a slab with the relief image of a centaur, dated to the 3rd century CE, believed to be a vestige of the Late Roman temple of Jupiter Capitolinus built on the Temple Mount
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288:. There were allegations the intention of this excavation was to access the innards of the Temple Mount itself from the Western Wall Tunnel. Arabs on the Mount heard banging from one of the more than two dozen cisterns on the Mount. Israeli Government officials, upon being notified of the unauthorized breach, immediately ordered Warren's Gate sealed. The 2,000-year-old stone gate was filled with cement, and remains cemented shut today.
462:, an Israeli archaeology professor, said the construction demolished Crusader structures dating to the twelfth century, and went on without archaeological supervision. He said the workers used ancient stones from early Jewish structures in order to build modern ones. Israel Finkelstein has described the project as "the greatest devastation to have recently been inflicted on Jerusalem's archaeological heritage".
674:, rejected the Israeli charges. "We don't harm the antiquities, we are the ones who are taking care of the antiquities, unlike others who destroy them." Yusuf Natsheh of the Islamic Waqf dismissed the claims, saying "the area has been dug many times" and argued that "remains unearthed would be from the 16th or 17th century
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Between 1938 and 1942 R.W. Hamilton discovered a centaur relief under the floor of the Al-Aqsa mosque. The unpublished and defaced relief served as a paving slab in the mosque. The relief dates to the 3rd
Century C.E. and probably belonged to the pagan temple of Jupiter Capitolinus that stood in that
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is an archaeological project started in 2005 with the goal of recovering archaeological artifacts from the 300 truckloads of soil removed by the
Islamic Religious Trust (Waqf) from the Temple Mount compound's southeast area (sometimes called Solomon's Stables) during the 1996-1999 construction of the
526:
In March 2005, the word "Allah" in foot-tall Arabic script was found newly carved into the ancient stones of the Temple Mount, about thirty feet off the ground. The act was viewed by Jews and archaeologists as vandalism. The graffiti on their holiest site caused great offense to Jews. The carving was
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compound, who employs its own archaeologist and who at times has applied for the services of
Jordanian and Egyptian restoration specialists. Work done by both sides has been controversial and criticized. Israeli and Jewish groups have criticized excavations conducted by the Waqf, with the Muslim side
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In 2002, a bulge of about 27 inches (69 cm) was reported in the southern retaining wall part of the Temple Mount. Archaeologists suspected Waqf excavations for a new mosque, using industrial diggers and heavy machinery, had weakened the stability of the southern Wall. It was feared that part of
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is an archaeological project established in 2005 and dedicated to recovering archaeological artifacts from the 300 truckloads of topsoil removed from the Temple Mount by the Waqf during the construction of the underground el-Marwani Mosque from 1996 to 1999. For the items recovered, see below in the
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engineers had already measured a slight movement in part of the southern wall during the excavations...There was no penetration of the Mount itself or danger to holy places, but midway in the tunnel's progress large cracks appeared in one of the residential buildings in the Moslem
Quarter, 12 meters
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A March 2007 UNESCO report on the incident cleared the
Israeli team of wrongdoing, saying that the excavations "concern areas external to the Western Wall and are limited to the surface of the pathway and its northern side ... o work is being conducted inside the Haram es-Sharif, nor may the nature
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Under the then-floor level of the Al-Aqsa mosque, Hamilton also found a paving slab used in an older floor of the mosque, and bearing the image of a centaur, which he dated to the 3rd century CE. It is believed this tile may be related to pagan religious construction on the Temple Mount during the
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period". He said that the work was urgently needed to maintain the al-Aqsa compound as an important religious institution. "We regret some
Israeli groups try to use archaeology to achieve political ends, but their rules of archaeology do not apply to the Haram; it is a living religious site in an
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said: "There is disappointment at the turning of a blind eye and the ongoing contempt for the tremendous archaeological importance of the Temple Mount ...", "... Using heavy machinery and with little documentation, can damage ancient relics and erase evidence of the presence of the biblical
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is also revealed within the tunnel and ranks as one of the heaviest objects ever lifted by human beings without powered machinery. The stone has a length of 41 feet (12 meters) and an estimated width between 11.5 and 15 ft (3.5 and 4.6 meters) Estimates place its weight at 550 metric tons.
469:, then mayor of Jerusalem, also criticized the construction. He ordered a halt to the construction, on grounds of archaeological damage, defying an Israeli government decision to allow excavations at the site. The Waqf rejected that Israel had any right to halt the construction. Formally, the
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envoy who visited the site in 1998 and claims to have been prevented from meeting
Israeli officials (in his own words, "Mr Avi Shoket, Israel's permanent delegate to UNESCO, had repeatedly opposed my mission and, when I expressed the wish to meet with his successor, Uri Gabay, I was denied an
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listed
Israeli encroachments on the Al-Aqsa Mosque: In 1977, digging continued and a large ancient tunnel was opened below the women's prayer area. A further tunnel was unearthed under the mosque, going from east to west, in 1979. Amayreh further claimed that in March 1984, the Archaeological
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replaced Leon Pressouyre as the UNESCO envoy to investigate the Israeli allegations that antiquities are being destroyed by the Waqf on the Temple Mount. Initially, Grabar was denied access to the buildings by Israel for over a year, allegedly due to the threat of violence resulting from the
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situated there. The compound is delineated by four ancient retaining walls, and is of high religious significance. The compound itself has only very rarely been the object of archaeological work, unlike the area surrounding it, which has been quite intensively excavated, especially along the
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Israel denied all charges, calling them "ludicrous". As a result of the furor, Israeli authorities installed cameras to film excavation work being carried out near the Al-Aqsa Mosque. The footage was broadcast live on the Internet, in an attempt to ease widespread anger in the Muslim world.
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called on the international community to stop the dig: "Israel's actions violate the mosque's sacred nature and risk destroying its religious and Islamic features." Syria condemned Israel's excavations, saying they "pose a threat against the Islamic and Christian holy sites in Jerusalem."
587:, expressed his anguish and dismay at the world's silence on Israel's "blatant moves to Judaize Jerusalem and change the holy city's historic character." He said "the excavation work being carried out by Israel constituted the gravest threat ever to one of Islam's three holiest mosques."
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The tunnel exposes a total length of 500 m (a third of a mile) of the wall, revealing the methods of construction and the various activities in the vicinity of the Temple Mount. The excavations included many archaeological finds along the way, including discoveries from the
579:"strongly condemned the Israeli actions against worshipers at Al Aqsa Mosque, stressing that Jordan would continue its contacts with the Arab and Islamic worlds and the international community to halt Israel's excavation work in the area". The secretary-general of the 57-member
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said work on the Temple Mount must stop immediately. "We are especially concerned because there is a history of Muslim religious leaders treating Israeli religious and cultural artifacts on the Temple Mount, not to mention the Jewish connection to Jerusalem, with contempt".
352:, the Ministry of Religious Affairs of Israel began the excavations aimed at exposing the continuation of the Western Wall. The excavations lasted almost twenty years and revealed many previously unknown facts about the history and geography of the Temple Mount.
235:
In 1970, Israeli authorities commenced intensive excavations to the south and west of the compound. Over the period 1970â1988, the Israeli authorities excavated a tunnel passing along the western wall of the Temple Mount, northwards from the prayer plaza of the
244:. They sometimes used mechanical excavators under the supervision of archaeologists. Palestinians claim that both of these have caused cracks and structural weakening of the buildings in the Muslim Quarter of the city above. Israelis confirmed this danger:
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unsafe and in danger of collapse, the Israel Antiquities Authority started work on the construction of a temporary wooden pedestrian pathway to the Temple Mount. Muslim officials accused Israel of designs on the foundations of Al Aqsa mosque.
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underground el-Marwani Mosque. By 2006, the project had recovered numerous artifacts dating from the 8th to 7th centuries BCE from dirt removed in 1999. These include stone weights for weighing silver and a First Temple period
651:". He maintains that "some man-worked stones have been found in the trench ... as well as remnants of a wall that, according to all our estimations, are from a structure in one of the outer courtyards in the
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Department of the Israeli Ministry of Religious Affairs dug a tunnel near the western portion of the mosque, endangering the Islamic "Majlis" or council building. Writing in 1991, Israeli archaeologist
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periods constructed to support buildings in the vicinity of the Temple Mount. Warren's Gate lies about 150 feet (46 m) into the tunnel. At the northern portion of the Western Wall, remains of a
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623:, but the Israel Antiquities Authority declined to comment whether it had approved the excavations. Israeli archaeologists accused the Waqf of a deliberate act of cultural vandalism. The
743:, carried out the only excavation undertaken at the Aqsa Mosque during the Mandate. He discovered a Byzantine mosaic floor underneath the mosque, likely part of a church or monastery.
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On February 11, 2004, the eastern wall of the Temple Mount was damaged by an earthquake. The damage threatens to topple sections of the wall into the area known as Solomon's Stables.
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Beginning in 1968, Israeli archaeologists began excavations at the foot of the Temple Mount, immediately south of the al-Aqsa Mosque, uncovering Roman, Umayyad and Crusader remains.
753:
806:. The findings included animal bones; ceramic bowl rims, bases, and body sherds; the base of a juglet used to pour oil; the handle of a small juglet; and the rim of a storage jar.
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opened the Western Wall Tunnel near the site. Fueled by the allegation that the tunnel would undermine the Temple Mount, Palestinians protested. Consequently, gun battles in the
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In 2007, artifacts dating to the eighth to sixth centuries BCE were described as being possibly the first physical evidence of human activity at the Temple Mount during the
830:
380:, which originally supplied water to the Temple Mount, were found. The exact source of the channel is unknown, though it passes through an underground pool known as the
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765:
322:. His eventual conclusion was that the monuments are deteriorating largely because of conflicts over who is responsible for them, the Jordanian government, the local
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518:(ISESCO) condemned the "excavations carried out by the Israeli occupying authorities under the Aqsa Mosque" which they claimed caused the collapse of the path.
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appointment"), accuses the Israeli government of culpably neglecting to protect the Islamic period buildings uncovered in Israeli excavations. Later, Prof.
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It is believed that on February 14, 2004, days after the earthquake, a winter storm destroyed the stone walkway leading from the Western Wall plaza to the
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condemned Israel for the excavation works around and beneath the Al-Aqsa Mosque and for willfully destroying religious, cultural and heritage sites. King
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454:, an emergency exit had been urged upon the Waqf by the Israeli police. In 1999, the Waqf agreed on its necessity, which was also acknowledged by the
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Aside from visual observation of surface features, most other archaeological knowledge of the site comes from the 19th-century survey carried out by
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for excavation at the Temple Mount "without real, professional and careful archaeological supervision involving meticulous documentation". Israeli
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188:. Warren and his team improved the topographic map of Jerusalem and discovered the ancient water systems that lay beneath the city of Jerusalem.
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963:
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structures. Any excavation, even if for technical reasons, must be documented, photographed and the dirt sifted for any remains of relics." Dr.
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248:"The Moslem authorities were concerned about the ministry tunnel along the Temple Mount wall, and not without cause. Two incidents during the
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Photos: remains of an historic mosque near the Magharba Gate where Israeli excavations are taking place, Palestinian Information Center
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1178:"Catalogue of provocations: Israel's encroachments upon the Al-Aqsa Mosque have not been sporadic, but, rather, a systematic endeavor"
465:
In 2000, an Israeli high court rejected a petition to halt construction, saying the matter should be left to the Israeli government.
790:, or seal impression, containing ancient Hebrew writing, which may have belonged to a well-known family of priests mentioned in the
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period upon the Temple Mount. This relief is the first Roman sculptured item discovered within the enclosure of the Temple Mount.
2153:
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458:(IAA). But the IAA criticized the Waqf's use of bulldozers, and said that salvation archaeology needed to be performed first.
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attributed to the team of Jordanian engineers and Palestinian laborers in charge of strengthening that section of the wall.
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said a tractor used to dig the trench damaged the foundation of a 7-yard-wide wall "that might have been a remnant of the
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For actual finds from the surveys and digs inside the compound and listed in this section, please see the next section,
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112:. Any type of earthmoving work inside the compound however, has mainly been reserved to the Jordanian/Palestinian-led
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55:âhave taken place over the last 150 years. Excavations in the area represent one of the more sensitive areas of all
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In 1981, Yehuda Meir Getz, rabbi of the Western Wall, had workmen clear the debris from the gateway of the ancient
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2198:
727:, discovered the water systems of ancient Jerusalem and added them to his improved topographic map of the city.
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Plan of The Noble Sanctuary (Haram al-Sharif) from "The survey of Western Palestine-Jerusalem" by Charles Warren
542:
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Due to the extreme political sensitivity of the site, few archaeological excavations have been conducted on the
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2442:
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After a landslide in 2004 left the earthen ramp leading to the politically sensitive access point known as the
992:
2628:
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The structural history of the Aqsa Mosque: a record of archaeological gleanings from the repairs of 1938-1942
1352:
Temple Mount destruction stirred archaeologist to action, February 8, 2005. Michael McCormack, Baptist Press
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The structural history of the Aqsa Mosque: a record of archaeological gleanings from the repairs of 1938-1942
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782:
481:
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310:
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denied the claims, asserting that "the closest excavation to the mosque is some 70 meters to its south".
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747:(Late) Roman period (135â325 CE), namely the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus known from ancient sources.
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226:
173:
3019:
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period (streets, monumental masonry), sections of a reconstruction of the Western Wall dating to the
1990:
1963:
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Press Statement by the Honourable Dato' Seri Syed Hamid Albar, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia
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926:"The History of Excavations in the Ophel and in the Areas South and Southwest of the Temple Mount"
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886:
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Architectural Elements and Stratified Layers Were Seen in Several Spots in Trench Cross-Sections
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said they would end their ceasefire with Israel. The excavations provoked anger throughout the
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itself. Protests commonly occur whenever archaeologists conduct projects on or near the Mount.
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3144:
3103:
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1095:. Ramat-Gan: Ingeborg Rennert Center for Jerusalem Studies, Bar-Ilan University: 213â217, 18*
820:
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2099:. London: Oxford University Press (for the Government of Palestine by Geoffrey Cumberlege).
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1052:. London: Oxford University Press (for the Government of Palestine by Geoffrey Cumberlege).
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slammed the way the excavations were being carried out stating that "They should be using a
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in order to replace 40-year-old electric cables in the area. The dig, carried out by the
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above the excavation. The dig was halted until steel buttresses secured the building."
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2020:
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3rd-century Roman relief of a centaur reused as a paving stone inside Al-Aqsa Mosque.
384:. The water channel was dated to the Hasmonean period and was accordingly dubbed the
201:
2398:
2235:
964:"Palestine Exploration Fund moves to show Levantine heritage, culture off in London"
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2719:
2611:
2357:
2342:
1314:
1025:
840:
791:
612:
319:
285:
1935:
1599:
108:, archaeological excavations in the vicinity of the Mount have been undertaken by
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2419:
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does not recognize Israeli authority, though it had cooperated with Israel until
381:
357:
263:
177:
87:
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168:). Warren was one of the first to excavate this area, exemplifying a new era of
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criticizing work done by the Israeli side. International organizations, such as
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In 1996 the Waqf began unauthorized construction in the structures known since
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Committee for the Prevention of Destruction of Antiquities on the Temple Mount
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Committee for the Prevention of Destruction of Antiquities on the Temple Mount
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Committee for the Prevention of Destruction of Antiquities on the Temple Mount
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846:
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passageway, allowing the area to be (re)opened as a prayer space called the
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New, very long trench to the North and East of the Dome of the Rock plateau
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leaderâcalled on Palestinians to unite to protest the excavations, while
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105:
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408:
32:
21:
485:"Findings from the compound" section and the Sifting Project article.
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In July 2007 the Waqf began digging a 400-metre-long, 1.5-metre-deep
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Report of the UNESCO Technical Mission to the Old City of Jerusalem
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Photos: Unsupervised Islamic Digging on Temple Mount, Arutz Sheva
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Was the Aksa Mosque built over the remains of a Byzantine church?
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1926:"Waqf Temple Mount excavation raises archaeologists' protests"
1838:"REPORT OF THE TECHNICAL MISSION TO THE OLD CITY OF JERUSALEM"
2156:. Friends of the Israel Antiquities Authority. Archived from
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377:
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Temple Mount and Al-Aqsa in the IsraeliâPalestinian conflict
1681:"Kingdom condemns Israeli excavations around Al-Aqsa Mosque"
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in the 1870s. His exploration was under the auspices of the
86:
The first archaeological work was undertaken by the British
1386:"Temple Mount relics saved from garbage," Etgar Lefkovits,
831:
Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia
771:
Marble floor revealed during repair work at Al-Aqsa Mosque.
730:
611:
from the northern side of the Temple Mount compound to the
1355:"Temple Mount destruction stirred archaeologist to action"
1590:"Majadele: Jerusalem mayor knew Mughrabi dig was illegal"
1318:
1294:
Violent clashes at key Jerusalem mosque on 'day of anger'
1082:
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Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
1743:. Jordanembassyus.org. February 11, 2007. Archived from
191:
147:
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The biggest stone in the Western Wall often called the
1705:. News.xinhuanet.com. November 5, 2008. Archived from
1703:"Syria condemns Israeli excavations in east Jerusalem"
441:, capable of accommodating 7,000 people. In 1997, the
1085:"A Roman Period Centaur Relief from the Temple Mount"
505:
252:
dig along the southern wall had sounded alarm bells.
180:. The group was conducting a study and survey of the
1908:"Turkey sending team to check Jerusalem excavations"
1567:"The Mughrabi Gate Crisis â Background and Analysis"
951:
Archaeologists Reveal Shocking Stories of Their Past
686:
condemned Waqf excavations on the Temple Mount. The
552:
Prime Minister of the Palestinian National Authority
51:âa celebrated and contentious religious site in the
2129:"Temple Mount dirt uncovers First Temple artifacts"
2043:"IPA: OU Condemns Waqf Excavations on Temple Mount"
1528:. Arabicnews.com. February 17, 2004. Archived from
1526:"ISESCO denounces excavations under Al Aqsa Mosque"
797:
2180:Solomon's Temple Artifacts Found by Muslim Workers
889:, running underneath the monumental stepped street
488:
176:, a society with a relationship with the Corps of
129:History of archaeological work and reactions to it
777:Sifting project of Solomon's Stables dirt (2005-)
3116:
1767:"OIC Chief Raps Israel Over Al-Aqsa Excavations"
1217:"In the Eye of Jerusalem's Archaeological Storm"
816:Biblical archaeology (excavations and artifacts)
411:killed 54 Palestinians and 14 Israeli soldiers.
221:began an unlicensed excavation. Starting at the
1153:
1151:
703:
531:Mughrabi Gate ramp replaced by a bridge (2007-)
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279:
2154:"Temple Mount First Temple Period Discoveries"
1649:"Palestinians unite to fight Temple Mount dig"
1331:
1329:
1327:
445:passageway was converted into another mosque.
225:, workers dug northward, under the Old City's
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497:
415:Construction at Solomon's Stables (1996â1999)
364:period, and various structures dating to the
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1148:
603:Infrastructure trench inside compound (2007)
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66:usually refers to the artificially expanded
2204:The Temple Mount Archaeological Destruction
2199:The Temple Mount Archaeological Destruction
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1214:
869:Ancient city walls around the City of David
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2209:Temple Mount Antiquities Rescue Committee
2067:. JTA. September 11, 2007. Archived from
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292:Mutual accusation of destruction, neglect
2220:Electrical cable replacement (July 2007)
2089:
1923:
1790:"Israel to resume dig near Temple Mount"
1787:
1741:"King strongly condemns Israeli actions"
1647:Rabinovich, Abraham (February 8, 2007).
1552:"Arabs Vandalize Judaism's Holiest Site"
1210:
1208:
1171:
1169:
1042:
731:Hamilton digs: Roman and Byzantine finds
707:
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261:In an article published in the Egyptian
125:, sometimes intervene in the conflicts.
116:, the Muslim authority in charge of the
31:
20:
2126:
1988:
1472:
1382:
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1310:
1308:
1175:
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475:the 1996 opening of Western Wall tunnel
70:at the top of the natural hill and the
57:archaeological excavations in Jerusalem
3117:
2014:
2012:
1961:
1892:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1498:
1343:, Volume 53 Number 2, March/April 2000
1215:Finkelstein, Israel (April 26, 2011).
1135:Special: The Temple Mount in Jerusalem
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741:British Mandate Antiquities Department
581:Organisation of the Islamic Conference
3130:Archaeological sites in the West Bank
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2018:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1919:
1917:
1205:
1166:
987:
985:
192:Mandate-time work inside the compound
148:PEF work in- and outside the compound
2674:The Western Wall Heritage Foundation
2045:. Orthodox Union. September 10, 2007
1964:"Jerusalem Holy Site Dig Questioned"
1788:Friedman, Matti (October 14, 2007).
1564:
1499:Rosner, Shmuel (December 15, 2011).
1377:
1305:
1083:Gabriel Barkay; Zachi Zweig (2009).
1015:
719:and his team, while working for the
16:Archaeology of a Jerusalem holy site
2127:Shragai, Nadav (October 19, 2006).
2021:"Israeli anger over holy site work"
2009:
1815:"Webcast for Jerusalem excavations"
1587:
1475:"The Mughrabi Bridge must be built"
1473:Shragai, Nadav (October 25, 2011).
521:
13:
2065:"Temple Mount dig causing concern"
1991:"Dig at Jerusalem Site Brings Ire"
1989:El Deeb, Sarah (August 29, 2007).
1982:
1950:
1914:
1835:
1588:Lis, Jonathan (December 2, 2007).
982:
506:Mughrabi Gate ramp collapse (2004)
14:
3161:
3125:Archaeological sites in Jerusalem
2192:
2019:Asser, Martin (August 28, 2007).
1769:. Arabnews.com. February 22, 2007
1622:"Profile: Hamas PM Ismail Haniya"
1176:Amayreh, Khaled (February 2007).
928:. Archpark.org.il. Archived from
101:Since Israel took control of the
3099:
3098:
1924:Rapoport, Meron (July 7, 2007).
836:Islamization of the Temple Mount
798:First Temple period finds (2007)
764:
752:
399:In 1996, Israeli Prime Minister
344:Concrete supports in the tunnel.
267:in 2007, Palestinian journalist
2801:Urn for ashes of the Red Heifer
2172:
2146:
2120:
2083:
2057:
2035:
1962:Teible, Amy (August 31, 2007).
1900:
1854:
1807:
1781:
1759:
1733:
1721:
1695:
1673:
1640:
1614:
1581:
1558:
1544:
1518:
1492:
1466:
1441:
1416:
1402:
1346:
1287:
1273:
1251:
1231:
1192:
489:Southern wall bulge (2002-2004)
49:excavations at the Temple Mount
1126:
1111:
1036:
997:The Palestine Exploration Fund
956:
944:
1:
3140:History of Palestine (region)
3061:Status quo of Holy Land sites
1817:. BBC News. February 15, 2007
1565:Amim, Ir (February 8, 2007).
1505:Latitude â The New York Times
1337:Jerusalem's Temple Mount Flap
909:
617:Jerusalem Electricity Company
40:are still jutting out of the
3150:Mosque-related controversies
2976:Temple Mount Sifting Project
1501:"No Water Under This Bridge"
1315:Mayor halts Temple Mount dig
783:Temple Mount Sifting Project
704:Charles Warren: water system
482:Temple Mount Sifting Project
456:Israel Antiquities Authority
311:Institute for Advanced Study
280:1981 breach of Warren's Gate
207:
158:Ordnance Survey of Jerusalem
92:Ordnance Survey of Jerusalem
7:
3002:Assassination of Abdullah I
2634:Holyland Model of Jerusalem
809:
326:or the Israeli government.
240:, that became known as the
47:A number of archaeological
10:
3166:
3024:2015â2016 wave of violence
2753:ProâWailing Wall Committee
2639:Schick models of Jerusalem
1910:. Reuters. March 15, 2007.
1239:Revoking the death warrant
1219:. The Jewish Daily Forward
721:Palestine Exploration Fund
534:
498:Eastern wall damage (2004)
418:
333:
330:Western Wall Tunnel (1996)
219:Religious Affairs Ministry
174:Palestine Exploration Fund
3094:
3053:
2989:
2961:
2912:
2846:
2820:
2813:
2773:
2712:
2654:
2545:
2538:
2496:
2453:
2407:
2381:
2325:
2304:
2295:
1321:, access-date=May 5, 2009
1302:, access-date=May 5, 2009
881:Monumental stepped street
853:Associated sites and digs
213:Work outside the compound
2879:Monastery of the Virgins
1140:October 6, 2009, at the
1089:New Studies on Jerusalem
668:Grand Mufti of Jerusalem
627:criticized the use of a
25:Excavations adjacent to
3066:Hashemite custodianship
2971:Archaeological remnants
2725:Western Wall Commission
2389:Fountain of Qasim Pasha
2246:Temple Mount travesty,
1396:March 26, 2009, at the
887:Jerusalem Water Channel
735:Between 1938 and 1942,
699:Finds from the compound
682:In September 2007, the
568:Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
196:Between 1938 and 1942,
166:PEF Survey of Palestine
142:Finds from the compound
96:PEF Survey of Palestine
3012:Al-Aqsa Mosque clashes
2504:Jerusalem Islamic Waqf
876:Givati Parking Lot dig
864:City of David (Silwan)
713:
688:Anti-Defamation League
672:Muhammad Ahmad Hussein
619:, was approved by the
345:
184:region, also known as
114:Jerusalem Islamic Waqf
44:
29:
2743:Temple Mount Faithful
2333:Dome of the Ascension
1424:"Battle of the Bulge"
1245:May 17, 2013, at the
1237:Omayma Abdel-Latif, "
1188:on November 15, 2008.
1132:Jacqueline Schaalje,
821:Levantine archaeology
711:
577:Abdullah II of Jordan
514:on the Temple Mount.
343:
324:Palestinian Authority
94:and subsequently the
53:Old City of Jerusalem
36:Robinson's Arch: the
35:
24:
2738:The Temple Institute
2510:Al-Aqsa is in danger
2394:Fountain of Qayt Bay
2160:on February 24, 2008
1874:on February 14, 2012
1691:on October 30, 2007.
1685:www.saudiembassy.net
1532:on February 25, 2012
1449:"The Jerusalem Post"
1157:Abraham Rabinovich,
843:, demolished in 1967
597:Recep Tayyip ErdoÄan
585:Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu
170:Biblical archaeology
90:in the 1860s in the
2838:Hall of Hewn Stones
2748:Platoon of the Wall
2704:Western Wall Tunnel
2664:Little Western Wall
2560:Ark of the Covenant
2363:Dome of the Spirits
2353:Dome of the Prophet
2317:Marwani Prayer Hall
2184:National Geographic
1938:on October 15, 2007
1709:on November 2, 2012
1661:on January 16, 2009
1628:. December 14, 2006
1411:Battle of the Bulge
1283:. January 27, 2010.
1259:"The UNESCO fiasco"
804:First Temple period
725:Survey of Palestine
336:Western Wall Tunnel
242:Western Wall Tunnel
3086:Navel of the World
3071:Entry restrictions
2758:Women for the Wall
2373:Dome of Yusuf Agha
2348:Dome of al-Khalili
2248:The Jerusalem Post
2186:, October 23, 2007
1730:, February 9, 2007
1479:The Jerusalem Post
1428:The Jerusalem Post
1388:The Jerusalem Post
1335:Romey, Kristin M.
1200:The Jerusalem Post
1030:The Jerusalem Post
1024:Lefkovits, Etgar.
1003:on January 3, 2019
895:or Ptolemaic Baris
739:, director of the
714:
451:The New York Times
443:Western Hulda Gate
435:Eastern Hulda Gate
401:Binyamin Netanyahu
346:
274:Israel Finkelstein
223:Western Wall Plaza
45:
30:
3112:
3111:
2957:
2956:
2899:Solomon's Stables
2809:
2808:
2763:Women of the Wall
2534:
2533:
2481:Cotton Merchants'
2454:Walls and entries
2338:Dome of the Chain
1554:. March 31, 2005.
1390:, April 14, 2005
1122:Gershom Gorenberg
655:." Archaeologist
431:Solomon's Stables
421:Solomon's Stables
386:Hasmonean Channel
3157:
3102:
3101:
2864:Antonia Fortress
2854:Foundation Stone
2818:
2817:
2814:Other components
2729:Advocacy groups
2720:Kotel compromise
2555:Solomon's Temple
2543:
2542:
2521:Al-Aqsa massacre
2408:Other structures
2358:Dome of the Rock
2343:Dome of al-Khidr
2302:
2301:
2278:
2271:
2264:
2255:
2254:
2187:
2178:Milstein, Mati.
2176:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2124:
2118:
2108:
2087:
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2055:
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2039:
2033:
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2028:
2016:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1959:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1934:. Archived from
1921:
1912:
1911:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1891:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1873:
1867:. Archived from
1866:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1842:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1811:
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1752:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1687:. Archived from
1677:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1657:. Archived from
1644:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1602:on June 12, 2008
1598:. Archived from
1585:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1539:
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1420:
1414:
1406:
1400:
1384:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1365:on July 26, 2014
1361:. Archived from
1350:
1344:
1333:
1322:
1312:
1303:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1261:. Har-habayt.org
1255:
1249:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1212:
1203:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1184:. Archived from
1173:
1164:
1155:
1146:
1130:
1124:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1102:
1100:
1080:
1071:
1061:
1040:
1034:
1033:. November 2008.
1022:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1008:
999:. Archived from
989:
980:
979:
977:
975:
960:
954:
953:, Jerusalem Post
948:
942:
941:
939:
937:
932:on July 21, 2011
922:
883:(1st century CE)
841:Moroccan Quarter
792:Book of Jeremiah
768:
756:
679:occupied land."
613:Dome of the Rock
522:Vandalism (2005)
320:al-Aqsa Intifada
3165:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3090:
3049:
2985:
2953:
2908:
2889:Ptolemaic Baris
2874:Hasmonean Baris
2842:
2805:
2796:Robinson's Arch
2791:Boaz and Jachin
2769:
2708:
2679:Mughrabi Bridge
2650:
2607:Temple treasury
2597:Solomon's Porch
2539:Jewish elements
2530:
2492:
2449:
2403:
2377:
2321:
2291:
2282:
2195:
2190:
2177:
2173:
2163:
2161:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2137:
2135:
2125:
2121:
2091:Hamilton, R. W.
2088:
2084:
2074:
2072:
2071:on May 10, 2012
2063:
2062:
2058:
2048:
2046:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2026:
2024:
2017:
2010:
2000:
1998:
1987:
1983:
1973:
1971:
1960:
1951:
1941:
1939:
1922:
1915:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1885:
1884:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1862:"Archived copy"
1860:
1859:
1855:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1834:
1830:
1820:
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1813:
1812:
1808:
1798:
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1765:
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1750:
1748:
1747:on June 5, 2011
1739:
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1455:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1432:
1430:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1407:
1403:
1398:Wayback Machine
1385:
1378:
1368:
1366:
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1325:
1313:
1306:
1292:
1288:
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1256:
1252:
1247:Wayback Machine
1236:
1232:
1222:
1220:
1213:
1206:
1202:, July 19, 1991
1197:
1193:
1182:Al-Ahram Weekly
1174:
1167:
1156:
1149:
1142:Wayback Machine
1131:
1127:
1118:The end of days
1116:
1112:
1098:
1096:
1081:
1074:
1044:Hamilton, R. W.
1041:
1037:
1023:
1016:
1006:
1004:
991:
990:
983:
973:
971:
962:
961:
957:
949:
945:
935:
933:
924:
923:
916:
912:
899:Robinson's Arch
859:Acra (fortress)
812:
800:
779:
772:
769:
760:
757:
733:
706:
701:
605:
539:
537:Mughrabi Bridge
533:
524:
508:
500:
491:
439:Marwani Musalla
423:
417:
382:Strouthion Pool
338:
332:
298:LĂ©on Pressouyre
294:
282:
264:Al-Ahram Weekly
215:
210:
194:
178:Royal Engineers
150:
131:
88:Royal Engineers
27:Robinson's Arch
17:
12:
11:
5:
3163:
3153:
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3142:
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3110:
3109:
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3076:Templum Domini
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2948:Beautiful Gate
2944:
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2904:Struthion Pool
2901:
2896:
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2884:Pool of Raranj
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2602:Temple menorah
2599:
2594:
2589:
2587:Holy of Holies
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2430:
2422:
2417:
2415:Islamic Museum
2411:
2409:
2405:
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2399:An-NÄranj Pool
2396:
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2312:Al-Aqsa Mosque
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2193:External links
2191:
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1569:. Peacenow.org
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1408:Esther Hecht,
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970:. May 22, 2019
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427:Crusader times
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2699:Western Stone
2697:
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2694:Wilson's Arch
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2689:Western Stone
2687:
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2684:Placing notes
2682:
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2632:
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2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2619:Temple denial
2617:
2613:
2612:Warren's Gate
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
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2590:
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2572:Second Temple
2570:
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2527:
2526:Al-Aqsa Flood
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2368:Dome of Yusuf
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2038:
2022:
2015:
2013:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1969:
1965:
1958:
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1359:Baptist Press
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1160:Tunnel vision
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904:Wilson's Arch
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847:Temple denial
845:
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737:R.W. Hamilton
728:
726:
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718:
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661:Second Temple
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633:Archaeologist
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564:Islamic world
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543:Mughrabi Gate
538:
528:
519:
517:
513:
512:Mughrabi Gate
503:
495:
486:
483:
478:
477:(see above).
476:
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468:
463:
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448:According to
446:
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433:, and in the
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393:Western Stone
389:
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379:
378:water channel
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286:Warren's Gate
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198:R.W. Hamilton
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81:western walls
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34:
28:
23:
19:
3145:Temple Mount
3044:2023 clashes
3040:2022 clashes
3020:2009 clashes
2962:
2932:Huldah Gates
2828:Eastern Wall
2656:Western Wall
2646:Third Temple
2508:
2305:Prayer halls
2285:Temple Mount
2247:
2183:
2174:
2162:. Retrieved
2158:the original
2148:
2136:. Retrieved
2132:
2122:
2095:
2085:
2073:. Retrieved
2069:the original
2059:
2047:. Retrieved
2037:
2027:September 7,
2025:. Retrieved
2001:September 7,
1999:. Retrieved
1995:The Guardian
1994:
1984:
1974:September 7,
1972:. Retrieved
1968:The Guardian
1967:
1940:. Retrieved
1936:the original
1929:
1902:
1876:. Retrieved
1869:the original
1856:
1844:. Retrieved
1831:
1819:. Retrieved
1809:
1797:. Retrieved
1793:
1783:
1771:. Retrieved
1761:
1749:. Retrieved
1745:the original
1735:
1723:
1711:. Retrieved
1707:the original
1697:
1689:the original
1684:
1675:
1663:. Retrieved
1659:the original
1652:
1642:
1630:. Retrieved
1616:
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1600:the original
1593:
1583:
1571:. Retrieved
1560:
1546:
1534:. Retrieved
1530:the original
1520:
1508:. Retrieved
1504:
1494:
1482:. Retrieved
1478:
1468:
1456:. Retrieved
1453:Fr.jpost.com
1452:
1443:
1431:. Retrieved
1427:
1418:
1409:
1404:
1387:
1367:. Retrieved
1363:the original
1348:
1340:
1297:
1289:
1281:"Huge Stone"
1275:
1263:. Retrieved
1253:
1233:
1221:. Retrieved
1199:
1194:
1186:the original
1181:
1158:
1133:
1128:
1113:
1104:
1097:. Retrieved
1092:
1088:
1048:
1038:
1028:
1005:. Retrieved
1001:the original
996:
972:. Retrieved
968:Jordan Times
967:
958:
946:
934:. Retrieved
930:the original
852:
851:
801:
780:
745:
734:
715:
681:
665:
606:
593:
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540:
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479:
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438:
424:
398:
390:
354:
347:
295:
283:
262:
260:
238:Western Wall
234:
231:
217:In 1967 the
216:
195:
151:
139:
135:Temple Mount
132:
100:
85:
71:
67:
64:Temple Mount
61:
48:
46:
42:Western Wall
18:
3036:2021 crisis
3028:2017 crisis
2963:Excavations
2937:Lions' Gate
2927:Golden Gate
2847:Antiquities
2476:Inspector's
1878:January 26,
1510:November 5,
1484:November 5,
1369:February 6,
1341:Archaeology
1099:January 15,
1007:January 25,
657:Zachi Zweig
653:Holy Temple
636:Eilat Mazar
467:Ehud Olmert
350:Six-Day War
307:Oleg Grabar
3119:Categories
3016:1990 riots
3007:1969 arson
2922:Al-Mawazin
2894:Royal Stoa
2786:Mercy seat
2624:Tisha B'Av
2592:Molten Sea
2565:Tabernacle
2466:Al-Mawazin
2443:Khatuniyya
2438:Uthmaniyya
2433:Tankiziyya
2428:Ashrafiyya
2164:October 5,
2023:. BBC News
1846:October 1,
993:"Projects"
910:References
645:toothbrush
409:Gaza Strip
348:After the
2990:Conflicts
2781:Shekhinah
2669:Dung Gate
2582:Sanctuary
2516:Murabitat
2424:Madrasas
2382:Fountains
2115:913480179
2105:755287785
2075:March 14,
2049:March 14,
1794:USA Today
1773:March 14,
1751:March 14,
1713:March 14,
1573:March 14,
1536:March 14,
1458:March 14,
1433:March 14,
1299:The Times
1265:March 14,
1068:913480179
1058:755287785
936:March 14,
649:bulldozer
405:West Bank
374:Hasmonean
315:Princeton
208:Post-1967
202:after 135
186:Palestine
62:The term
38:springers
3104:Category
3054:See also
2629:Replicas
2497:See also
2461:Minarets
2093:(1949).
1997:. London
1970:. London
1942:July 11,
1888:cite web
1836:UNESCO.
1626:BBC News
1394:Archived
1243:Archived
1138:Archived
1046:(1949).
974:July 26,
810:See also
647:, not a
573:Malaysia
358:Herodian
254:Technion
103:Old City
77:southern
72:compound
68:platform
2420:Library
2297:Al-Aqsa
2289:Al-Aqsa
2133:Haaretz
1931:Haaretz
1799:July 1,
1665:July 1,
1632:July 1,
1606:July 1,
1595:Haaretz
676:Ottoman
629:tractor
366:Ayyubid
362:Umayyad
309:of the
118:Al-Aqsa
106:in 1967
2733:HaLiba
2713:Prayer
2547:Temple
2138:May 3,
2113:
2103:
1821:May 2,
1223:May 2,
1066:
1056:
609:trench
566:. The
550:âthen
372:, and
370:Mamluk
302:UNESCO
182:Levant
160:) and
123:UNESCO
110:Israel
2914:Gates
2821:Walls
2774:Other
2577:Altar
2486:Chain
2471:Gates
2326:Domes
1872:(PDF)
1865:(PDF)
1841:(PDF)
788:bulla
560:Fatah
556:Hamas
250:Mazar
2997:1929
2859:Acra
2166:2009
2140:2011
2111:OCLC
2101:OCLC
2077:2011
2051:2011
2029:2007
2003:2007
1976:2007
1944:2007
1894:link
1880:2009
1848:2013
1823:2010
1801:2008
1775:2011
1753:2011
1715:2011
1667:2008
1634:2008
1608:2008
1575:2011
1538:2011
1512:2014
1486:2014
1460:2011
1435:2011
1371:2016
1267:2011
1225:2011
1101:2016
1064:OCLC
1054:OCLC
1009:2017
976:2019
938:2011
781:The
666:The
554:and
480:The
471:Waqf
407:and
300:, a
79:and
1319:BBC
723:'s
690:'s
663:."
429:as
313:in
3121::
3042:,
3038:,
3034:,
3030:,
3026:,
3022:,
3018:,
2287:/
2182:,
2131:.
2011:^
1993:.
1966:.
1952:^
1928:.
1916:^
1890:}}
1886:{{
1792:.
1683:.
1651:.
1624:.
1592:.
1503:.
1477:.
1451:.
1426:.
1379:^
1357:.
1339:,
1326:^
1317:,
1307:^
1296:,
1241:"
1207:^
1180:.
1168:^
1150:^
1120:,
1103:.
1093:15
1091:.
1087:.
1075:^
1017:^
995:.
984:^
966:.
917:^
794:.
670:,
599:.
583:,
388:.
368:,
229:.
204:.
144:.
98:.
83:.
59:.
3046:)
3014:(
2950:"
2946:"
2277:e
2270:t
2263:v
2168:.
2142:.
2117:)
2109:(
2107:.
2079:.
2053:.
2031:.
2005:.
1978:.
1946:.
1896:)
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1803:.
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1636:.
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1373:.
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1227:.
1163:.
1145:.
1070:)
1062:(
1060:.
1011:.
978:.
940:.
164:(
156:(
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