Papal infallibility

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entirely altered his position in relation to the governments. Their interest in the election – but with that their right to concern themselves with it – was also given a much firmer basis. For, by these decisions, the Pope has come into the position of assuming episcopal rights in every single diocese and of substituting papal for episcopal power. Episcopal has merged into papal jurisdiction; the Pope no longer exercises, as heretofore, individual stipulated special privileges, but the entire plenitude of episcopal rights rests in his hands. In principle, he has taken the place of each individual bishop, and, in practice, at every single moment, it is up to him alone to put himself in the former's position in relation to the governments. Further the bishops are only his tools, his officials without responsibility. In relation to the governments, they have become officials of a foreign sovereign, and, to be sure, a sovereign who, by virtue of his infallibility, is a completely absolute one – more so than any absolute monarch in the world. Before the governments concede such a position to a new Pope and grant him the exercise of such rights, they must ask themselves whether the election and person chosen offer the guarantees they are justified in demanding against the misuse of such rights.

1717:, a Catholic who wished to take office had to swear an oath of allegiance. The oath was particularly aimed at foreswearing that the Pope could infallibly order or forgive regicide. The oath was required in Ireland from 1793. A similar article was operative in England. Part of the oath stated "It is not an article of the Catholic Faith, neither am I thereby required to believe or profess that the Pope is infallible." The Irish bishops repeated their acceptance in a 25 January 1826 pastoral address to the Catholic clergy and laity in Ireland, stating: "The Catholics of Ireland not only do not believe, but they declare upon oath that it is not an article of the Catholic faith, neither are they required to believe, that the Pope is infallible, and that they do not hold themselves 'bound to obey any order in its own nature immoral', though the Pope or any ecclesiastical power should issue or direct such an order; but, on the contrary, that it would be sinful in them to pay any respect or obedience thereto." 539: 1189:, professor of theology at the College of St. Thomas in Rome wrote concerning papal infallibility: "To the Pontiff, as one (person) and alone, it was given to be the head," and again, "The Roman Pontiff for the time being is one, therefore he alone has infallibility." Vincenzo Maria Gatti, also a professor of theology at the College of St. Thomas, defending papal infallibility, says of Christ's words "I have prayed for thee," etc., that "indefectibility is promised to Peter apart from (seorsum) the Church, or from the Apostles; but it is not promised to the Apostles, or to the Church apart (seorsum) the head, or with the head," adding: "Therefore Peter, even apart from (seorsum) the Church, is infallible." 1017:

acknowledge the work of earlier canonists and theologians, and that the crucial advance in the teaching came only in the 15th century, two centuries after Olivi; and he declares that, "It is impossible to fix a single author or era as the starting point." Ulrich Horst criticized the Tierney view for the same reasons. In his Protestant evaluation of the ecumenical issue of papal infallibility, Mark E. Powell rejects Tierney's theory about 13th-century Olivi, saying that the doctrine of papal infallibility defined at Vatican I had its origins in the 14th century – he refers in particular to Bishop Guido Terreni – and was itself part of a long development of papal claims.

33: 9708: 8433: 953: 1122:, which granted the friars the mere use of it. He thus demolished the fictitious structure that gave the appearance of absolute poverty to the life of the Franciscan friars, a structure that "absolved the Franciscans from the moral burden of legal ownership, and enabled them to practise apostolic poverty without the inconvenience of actual poverty." This document was concerned with disciplinary rather than doctrinal matters, but leaders of the Franciscans reacted with insistence on the irreformability of doctrinal papal decrees, with special reference to 1021:

formula in 519, which asserted that, "The Roman church has never erred (and will never err)." He emphasizes that Hormisdas formula was not meant to apply so much to "... individual dogmatic definitions but to the whole of the faith as handed down and the tradition of Peter preserved intact by the Roman Church." Specifically, Schatz argues that the Hormisdas formula does not exclude the possibility that individual popes become heretics because the formula refers "... primarily to the Roman tradition as such and not exclusively to the person of the pope."

829: 1082:(1073–1085) in the year 1075, but some have argued that they are later than 1087. They assert that no one can judge the pope (Proposition 19) and that "the Roman church has never erred; nor will it err to all eternity, the Scripture bearing witness" (Proposition 22). This is seen as a further step in advancing the idea that papal infallibility "... had been part of church history and debate as far back as 519 when the notion of the Bishop of Rome as the preserver of apostolic truth was set forth in the Formula of Hormisdas." 51: 1784:, while personally convinced, as a matter of theological opinion, of papal infallibility, opposed its definition as dogma, fearing that the definition might be expressed in over-broad terms open to misunderstanding. He was pleased with the moderate tone of the actual definition, which "affirmed the pope's infallibility only within a strictly limited province: the doctrine of faith and morals initially given to the apostolic Church and handed down in Scripture and tradition." 11803: 7496: 1302:

successors, namely the bishops, should be shepherds in His Church even to the consummation of the world. And in order that the episcopate itself might be one and undivided, He placed Blessed Peter over the other apostles, and instituted in him a permanent and visible source and foundation of unity of faith and communion. And all this teaching about the institution, the perpetuity, the meaning and reason for the sacred primacy of the Roman Pontiff

7508: 11792: 9720: 8445: 2361: 1101:. This pope determined to suppress what he considered to be the excesses of the Spirituals, who contended that Christ and his apostles had possessed absolutely nothing, either separately or jointly. The "Spirituals" argued that John XXII's predecessors had declared the absolute poverty of Christ to be an article of faith and that therefore no pope could declare the contrary. Appeal was made in particular to the 14 August 1279 bull 986: 2300:. In the letter he argues that conscience, which is supreme, is not in conflict with papal infallibility – though he toasts, "I shall drink to the Pope if you please – still, to conscience first and to the Pope afterwards." He stated later that, "The Vatican Council left the Pope just as it found him," satisfied that the definition was very moderate, and specific in regards to what specifically can be declared as infallible. 1200: 2738:

proper use belongs to those who are appointed leaders in the Church, to whose special competence it belongs, not indeed to extinguish the Spirit, but to test all things and hold fast to that which is good (cf. 1 Ts 5:12 and 19–21)”. Although this refers immediately to the discernment of extraordinary gifts, by analogy, what is stated here applies generically for every charism.

2189:(Chapter one) X. The supreme judge by which all controversies of religion are to be determined, and all decrees of councils, opinions of ancient writers, doctrines of men, and private spirits, are to be examined, and in whose sentence we are to rest, can be no other but the Holy Spirit speaking in the Scripture. 968:. Thus the establishment of the Primacy recorded in the Gospels has gradually been more clearly recognised and its implications developed. Clear indications of the consciousness of the Primacy of the Roman bishops, and of the recognition of the Primacy by the other churches, appear at the end of the 1st century. 2737:

Finally, conciliar teaching constantly recognizes the essential role of pastors in the discernment of the charisms and their ordered exercise within the ecclesial communion....Footnote Cf. Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, Dogmatic Constitution Lumen Gentium, 12: "judgment as to their genuinity and

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XXI. Of the Authority of General Councils. General Councils may not be gathered together without the commandment and will of Princes. And when they be gathered together, (forasmuch as they be an assembly of men, whereof all be not governed with the Spirit and Word of God,) they may err, and sometimes

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They say that the revelatory function connected to the office of the high priest Caiaphas (John 11:49–52) does not establish a precedent for Petrine infallibility, since (among other reasons) they infer from Revelation 22:18 that there is no new revelation after the time of the New Testament, as held

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Mark E. Powell, in his examination of the topic from a Protestant point of view, writes: "August Hasler portrays Pius IX as an uneducated, abusive megalomaniac, and Vatican I as a council that was not free. Hasler, though, is engaged in heated polemic and obviously exaggerates his picture of Pius IX.

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It is in this sense that discernment of charisms is always necessary. No charism is exempt from being referred and submitted to the Church's shepherds. "Their office not indeed to extinguish the Spirit, but to test all things and hold fast to what is good," (LG 12; cf. 30; 1 Thess 5:12, 19–21; John

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Bismarck's attention was also riveted by fear of what he believed to be the desire of the international Catholic Church to control national Germany by means of the papal claim of infallibility, announced in 1870. If, as has been argued, there was no papal desire for international political hegemony,

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On linguistic grounds and their understanding that Peter's authority was shared, James Robert White and others say that Matthew 16:18 does not refer to Peter as the Rock. They argue that in this passage Peter is in the second person ("you"), but that "this rock", being in the third person, refers to

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stated that renunciation of ownership of all things "both individually but also in common, for God's sake, is meritorious and holy; Christ, also, showing the way of perfection, taught it by word and confirmed it by example, and the first founders of the Church militant, as they had drawn it from the

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Schatz points to "... the special esteem given to the Roman church community was always associated with fidelity in the faith and preservation of the paradosis (the faith as handed down)." Schatz differentiates between the later doctrine of "infallibility of the papal magisterium" and the Hormisdas

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once remarked: "I am only infallible if I speak infallibly but I shall never do that, so I am not infallible." A doctrine proposed by a pope as his own opinion, not solemnly proclaimed as a doctrine of the Church, may be rejected as false, even if it is on a matter of faith and morals, and even more

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V. Of the Sufficiency of the Holy Scriptures for Salvation. The Holy Scripture containeth all things necessary to salvation; so that whatsoever is not read therein, nor may be proved thereby, is not to be required of any man that it should be believed as an article of faith, or be thought requisite

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omit the express provisions in the Anglican articles concerning the errors of the Church of Rome and the authority of councils, but retain Article V, which implicitly pertains to the Roman Catholic idea of papal authority as capable of defining articles of faith on matters not clearly derived from

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They hold as unwarranted on scriptural and historical grounds the idea that monarchical leadership by an infallible pope is needed or has existed; that the infallible authority is the scriptures rather than an infallible head. and that church leadership in the New Testament is understood as being

1047:, generally concluded that a pope could change the disciplinary decrees of the ecumenical councils but was bound by their pronouncements on articles of faith, in which field the authority of a general council was higher than that of an individual pope. Unlike those who propounded the 15th-century 1704:

We have also been accused of holding, as a Principle of our Religion, That implicit Obedience is due from us to the Orders and Decrees of Popes and General Councils; and that therefore if the Pope, or any General Council, should, for the Good of the Church, command us to take up Arms against the

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The concordats already concluded at the beginning of the century produced direct and, to some extent, intimate relations between the Pope and governments, but, above all, the Vatican Council, and both its most important statements about infallibility and about the jurisdiction of the Pope, also

1913:

agreed with Küng, whom he cites, and concluded: "There is no convincing evidence that papal infallibility formed any part of the theological or canonical tradition of the church before the thirteenth century; the doctrine was invented in the first place by a few dissident Franciscans because it

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Pope John XXII strongly resented the imputation of infallibility to his office – or at any rate to his predecessors. The theory of irreformability proposed by his adversaries was a "pestiferous doctrine", he declared; and at first he seemed inclined to dismiss the whole idea as "pernicious

2027:

Geisler and MacKenzie also see the absence of any reference by Peter referring to himself distinctively, such as the chief of apostles, and instead only as "an apostle" or "an elder" (1 Peter 1:1; 5:1) as weighing against Peter being the supreme and infallible head of the church universal, and

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Whereas we positively deny, That we owe any such Obedience to the Pope and General Council, or to either of them; and we believe that no Act that is in itself immoral or dishonest can ever be justified by or under Colour that it is done either for the Good of the Church, or in Obedience to any

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of a saint by a pope. If they are, then they would represent a very common occurrence during a papacy. However, those are usually regarded as not of divine faith, as they depend on facts that post-date New Testament revelation. The status of individuals as saints in heaven is not taught in the

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This Sacred Council, following closely in the footsteps of the First Vatican Council, with that Council teaches and declares that Jesus Christ, the eternal Shepherd, established His holy Church, having sent forth the apostles as He Himself had been sent by the Father; and He willed that their

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was the first person to attribute infallibility to the pope. Tierney's idea was accepted by August Bernhard Hasler, and by Gregory Lee Jackson, It was rejected by James Heft and by John V. Kruse. Klaus Schatz says Olivi by no means played the key role assigned to him by Tierney, who failed to

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The terminology of a definitive decree usually makes clear that this last condition is fulfilled, as through a formula such as "By the authority of Our Lord Jesus Christ and of the Blessed Apostles Peter and Paul, and by Our own authority, We declare, pronounce and define the doctrine … to be

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They argue further that the doctrine of papal infallibility lacked universal or widespread support in the bulk of church history, and that substantial opposition to it existed within the Catholic Church, even at the time of its official institution, saying that this testifies to its lack of

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In 1872 Bismarck attempted to reach an understanding with other European governments, whereby future papal elections would be manipulated. He proposed that European governments should agree beforehand on unsuitable papal candidates, and then instruct their national cardinals to vote in the

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XIX. Of the Church. The visible Church of Christ is a congregation of faithful men, in which the pure Word of God is preached, and the Sacraments be duly ministered according to Christ's ordinance, in all those things that of necessity are requisite to the same. As the Church of Jerusalem,

2194:(Chapter Twenty-Five) VI. There is no other head of the Church but the Lord Jesus Christ. Nor can the Pope of Rome, in any sense, be head thereof; but is that Antichrist, that man of sin, and son of perdition, that exalts himself, in the Church, against Christ and all that is called God. 2184:(Chapter one) IX. The infallible rule of interpretation of Scripture is the Scripture itself: and therefore, when there is a question about the true and full sense of any Scripture (which is not manifold, but one), it must be searched and known by other places that speak more clearly. 1117:

of 8 December 1322, John XXII, declaring it ridiculous to pretend that every scrap of food given to the friars and eaten by them belonged to the pope, forced them to accept ownership by ending the arrangement according to which all property given to the Franciscans was vested in the

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Peter was not looked to as the infallible head of the church, with James exercising the more decisive leadership, and providing the definitive sentence; and that he is not seen elsewhere as the final and universal arbiter about any doctrinal dispute about faith in the life of the

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In 1861, Professor Murray of the major Irish Catholic seminary of Maynooth wrote that those who genuinely deny the infallibility of the pope "are by no means or only in the least degree (unless indeed some other ground be shown) to be considered alien from the Catholic Faith."

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audacity". However, through some uncharacteristic streak of caution or through sheer good luck (or bad luck) the actual terms he used in condemning the Franciscan position left a way open for later theologians to re-formulate the doctrine of infallibility in different language.

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Ferre also writes: 'The exposition of certain Paris (doctors) is of no avail, who affirm that Christ only promised that the faith should not fail of the Church founded upon Peter; and not that it should not fail in the successors of Peter taken apart from (seorsum) the

938:. The power to bind and loose, conferred on all the apostles jointly and to Peter in particular (Matthew 16:19), is seen in the Catechism of the Catholic Church as authority to absolve sins, to pronounce judgments on doctrine and to make decisions on Church discipline. 1332:

of a saint by a pope is infallible teaching that the person canonized is definitely in heaven with God, because it relates to Faith. A decree of canonization invites the whole Church to venerate the person as a saint, while beatification merely permits it. In its 1998

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in defense of papal Infallibility that Christ said "I have prayed for thee, Peter; sufficiently showing that the infallibility was not promised to the Church as apart from (seorsum) the head, but promised to the head, that from him it should be derived to the Church."

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in his level of contribution and influence, with Paul becoming the dominant focus in the Biblical records of the early church, and the writer of most of the New Testament (receiving direct revelation), and having authority to publicly reprove Peter (Galatians

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For the Holy Spirit was not promised to the successors of Peter that by His revelation they might make known new doctrine, but that by His assistance they might inviolably keep and faithfully expound the Revelation, the Deposit of Faith, delivered through the

1705:

Government, or by any means to subvert the Laws and Liberties of this Country, or to exterminate Persons of a different Persuasion from us, we (it is asserted by our Accusers) hold ourselves bound to obey such Orders or Decrees, on pain of eternal Fire:

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The fourth chapter was subject to two votes in July 1870. In the first on 13 July there were 601 voters: 451 affirmative, 62 conditional affirmative, and 88 negative. The latter groups were then permitted to leave; others left because of the imminent

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of 10 November 1324. He denied the major premise of an argument of his adversaries, "What the Roman pontiffs have once defined in faith and morals with the key of knowledge stands so immutably that it is not permitted to a successor to revoke it."

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ecclesiastical Power whatever. We acknowledge no Infallibility in the Pope, and we neither apprehend nor believe, that our Disobedience to any such Orders or Decrees (should any such be given or made) could subject us to any Punishment whatever.

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If in 1995 no one pays much attention when Rome bangs its fist and says "This is infallible", then what can we conclude? We can conclude that we are witnessing what may be the biggest decline of papal authority in real terms ever seen in

1918:'s treatment of word meaning," argued that the dogma of infallibility is neither true nor false but meaningless; in practice, he claims, the dogma seems to have no practical use and to have succumbed to the sense that it is irrelevant. 560:, so as to safeguard the faithful from defection and guarantee the profession of faith, ensures the faithful abide in the truth. The church further teaches that divine assistance is also given to the Pope when he exercises his ordinary 645:

As with all charisms, the church teaches that the charism of papal infallibility must be properly discerned, though only by the Church's leaders. The way to know if something a pope says is infallible or not is to discern if they are

1914:

suited their convenience to invent it; eventually, but only after much initial reluctance, it was accepted by the papacy because it suited the convenience of the popes to accept it." Garth Hallett, "drawing on a previous study of

1337:, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith listed "the canonizations of saints" as "those truths connected to revelation by historical necessity and which are to be held definitively, but are not able to be declared as 882:

in 1870 as meaning "when, in the exercise of his office as shepherd and teacher of all Christians, in virtue of his supreme apostolic authority, defines a doctrine concerning faith or morals to be held by the whole Church."

871:". Because Catholics believe that their bishops are the successors of the apostles and that Peter had a special role among the apostles as the preserver of unity, the Pope is considered the spokesman for the whole Church. 555:

entrusted by Christ to the whole church, whereby the Pope, as "head of the college of bishops", enjoys papal infallibility. This charism is the supreme degree of participating in Christ's divine authority, which, in the

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as supporting this understanding, with Augustine stating, "On this rock, therefore, He said, which thou hast confessed. I will build my Church. For the Rock (petra) is Christ; and on this foundation was Peter himself

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willed that his Church should be endowed in defining doctrine regarding faith or morals, and that therefore such definitions of the Roman pontiff are of themselves and not from the consent of the Church irreformable.

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They see the promise of papal infallibility as violated by certain popes who spoke heresy (as recognized, they say, by the Roman church itself) under conditions that, they argue, fit the criteria for infallibility.

2335:, which declared that a Catholic should be "neither elector nor elected" in the Kingdom of Italy. The principal motive of this decree was that the oath taken by deputies might be interpreted as an approval of the 2126:

have erred, even in things pertaining unto God. Wherefore things ordained by them as necessary to salvation have neither strength nor authority, unless it may be declared that they be taken out of holy Scripture.

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Roger O'Toole, Review of "How the Pope Became Infallible: Pius IX and the Politics of Persuasion" by August Bernhard Hasler; Peter Heinegg, Sociological Analysis, Vol. 43, No. 1. (Spring, 1982), pp. 86–88, at p.

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This is a Protestant invention: it is no article of the Catholic faith: no decision of his can oblige under pain of heresy, unless it be received and enforced by the teaching body, that is by the bishops of the

1533:

in July 1998 listed a number of instances of infallible pronouncements by popes and by ecumenical councils, but explicitly stated (at no. 11) that this was not meant to be a complete list. The list included as

2321:, which, with its largely Prussian measures, complemented by similar actions in several other German states, sought to curb the clerical danger by legislation restricting the Catholic Church's political power. 1143:

In his book on the First Vatican Council, August Hasler wrote, "John XXII didn't want to hear about his own infallibility. He viewed it as an improper restriction of his rights as a sovereign, and in the bull

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The infallibility of the pope was formally defined in 1870, although the tradition behind this view goes back much further. In the conclusion of the fourth chapter of its Dogmatic Constitution on the Church

1578: 4455:"Romano pontifici sub hoc ultimo respectu considerato, et ubi loquitur, ut dicunt, ex cathedra, infallibilitatem attribuunt Ultramontani theologi, quibus alii, et Galli speciatim, contradicunt" G. Finch, 1997:

Christ, the subject of Peter's truth confession in verse 16, and the revelation referred to in verse 17, who is explicitly affirmed to be the foundation of the church. White cites authorities such as

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stated: "Papal definitions or decrees, in whatever form pronounced, taken exclusively from a General Council or acceptance of the Church, oblige no one under pain of heresy to an interior assent."

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Pope John Paul II's confirming of "the doctrine on the grave immorality of direct and voluntary killing of an innocent human being" and that euthanasia is "a grave violation of the law of God" in

859:

are Latin words for "chair", a symbol of the teacher in the ancient world. Thus is the position of a university professor referred to as a "chair", and the position of a bishop as a "see" (from

1769:, over the definition of papal infallibility. The dissenters, while holding the General Councils of the Church infallible, were unwilling to accept the dogma of papal infallibility, and thus a 926:, Jesus gave Peter the mission to keep his faith after every lapse and to strengthen his brothers in it. The Catechism of the Catholic Church sees the power of the keys that Jesus promised in 518:, speaking as pastor and teacher of the Church Universal , from the seat of his episcopal authority in Rome, and meant to be believed 'by the universal church,' has the special status of an 930:

to be for Peter alone and as signifying authority to govern the house of God, that is, the Church, an authority that Jesus after his resurrection confirmed for Peter by instructing him in

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denying the infallibility of the pope, and the German Felix Blau (1754–1798), who as professor at the University of Mainz criticized infallibility without a clearer mandate in Scripture.

1297:, which was also a document on the Catholic Church itself, explicitly reaffirmed the definition of papal infallibility, so as to avoid any doubts, expressing this in the following words: 421: 195: 2339:, as Pius IX declared in an audience of 11 October 1874. Only in 1888 was the decree declared to be an absolute prohibition rather than an admonition meant for one particular occasion. 788:

any view he expresses on other matters. A well-known example of a personal opinion on a matter of faith and morals that was taught by a pope but rejected by the Church is the view that

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It gives examples of the kinds of consultations that are appropriate: assembling Ecumenical Councils, asking for the mind of the Church scattered around the world, Synods, and so on.

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A 1989–1992 survey of young people of the 15 to 25 age group (81% of whom were Catholics, 84% were younger than 19, and 62% were male) chiefly from the United States, but also from

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have documented opposition to the definition of the dogma during the First Vatican Council even by those who believed in its teaching but felt that defining it was not opportune.

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They see the prayer of Jesus for Peter, that his faith fail not (Luke 22:32) as not promising infallibility to a papal office, which they hold to be a late and novel doctrine.

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It clarifies the "inopportunist" position as largely a polite fiction and notes how it was used by Infallibilists to trivialize the nature of the opposition to papal claims.

1890:, found that 36.9% affirmed that, "The Pope has the authority to speak with infallibility," 36.9% (exactly the same proportion) denied it, and 26.2% said they did not know. 2294:

and replace it with arbitrary tyranny, and then hide these "crimes against liberty beneath a suffocating cloud of incense." Cardinal Newman famously responded with his

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theories, they understood an ecumenical council as necessarily involving the pope, and meant that the pope plus the other bishops was greater than a pope acting alone.

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Likewise, they hold that no Jewish infallible magisterium existed, but the faith yet endured, and that the Roman Catholic doctrine on infallibility is a new invention.

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does not allow any infallibility for the Church or Pope for new doctrines. Any doctrines defined must be "conformable with Sacred Scripture and Apostolic Traditions":

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was part of the "ordinary and infallible" magisterial teaching of the Catholic Church. This was restated three years later in a commentary by the same Congregation.

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It underlines the personal involvement of the pope who, despite his coy disclaimers, appears as the prime mover and driving force behind the Infallibilist campaign.

1039:(590–604) that the first four ecumenical councils were to be revered "... like the four gospels" because they had been "established by universal consent", and also 11486: 8482: 2282: 414: 3391: 2312:

feared that Pius IX and future popes would use the infallibility dogma as a weapon for promoting a potential "papal desire for international political hegemony":

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Examples of Catholics who before the First Vatican Council disbelieved in papal infallibility are French abbé François-Philippe Mesenguy (1677–1763), who wrote a

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petra: Rm. 8:33; 1 Cor. 10:4; 1 Pet. 2:8; lithos: Mat. 21:42; Mk.12:10–11; Lk. 20:17–18; Act. 4:11; Rm. 9:33; Eph. 2:20; 1 Pet. 2:4–8; cf. Dt. 32:4, Is. 28:16;

1230:, that is when in discharge of the office of pastor and doctor of all Christians, by virtue of his supreme Apostolic authority, he defines a doctrine regarding 10101: 9692: 9687: 2206:

churches do not believe in papal infallibility for reasons similar to those of Methodist and Reformed Christians. Evangelicals believe that the Bible alone is

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Alexandria, and Antioch, have erred, so also the Church of Rome hath erred, not only in their living and manner of Ceremonies, but also in matters of Faith.

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Accounts like Hasler's, which paint Pius IX and Vatican I in the most negative terms, are adequately refuted by the testimony of participants at Vatican I."

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in use in Catholic schools in England, Scotland and Wales attributed to Protestants the idea that Catholics were obliged to believe in papal infallibility:

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or otherwise err in some capacity, though he is prevented by the assistance of the Holy Spirit from issuing heretical teaching even in his non-infallible

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It details the lengths to which the papacy was prepared to go in wringing formal 'submissions' from the minority even after their defeat in the council.

1909:, have refused to accept papal infallibility as a matter of faith. Küng was sanctioned by the Church by being excluded from teaching Catholic theology. 1320:

There is debate in the Church between those who believe that infallibility is exercised rarely and explicitly and those that believe that it is common.

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will not allow the whole Body of Orthodox Christians to fall into error but leave open the question of how this will be ensured in any specific case.

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Yes; but they did so under the usual reservation – "in so far as they could then grasp the mind of the Church, and subject to her future definitions."

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and Bismarck's resistance to it may be described as shadowboxing, many statesmen of the time were of the chancellor's persuasion. The result was the

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assertion that, "The holy Roman Church imparts authority to the sacred canons but is not bound by them." Commentators on the Decretum, known as the

9757: 9486: 8183: 4089:"Concerning the Reply of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith on the Teaching Contained in the Apostolic Letter "Ordinatio Sacerdotalis"" 3670: 2651: 2596: 2290:: nothing but one giddy height of despotism, and one dead level of religious subservience." He further claimed that the Pope wanted to destroy the 1135: 5230:

Letter to the Duke of Norfolk in The Genius of John Henry Newman: Selections from His Writings. Ed. I. Ker. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990.

3841:"Philip Schaff: Creeds of Christendom, with a History and Critical notes. Volume II. The History of Creeds. – Christian Classics Ethereal Library" 3330: 756:, since the documents defining these doctrines state clearly that they are part of the divinely revealed truths. Examples of doctrines to be held 11292: 8346: 1992:

Those opposed to papal infallibility such as Geisler and MacKenzie say that it is contrary to Scripture and to the teaching of the early Church.

1942:

It weakens or demolishes the claim that papal infallibility was already a universally accepted truth, and that its formal definition merely made

765: 3709: 5346:"Bismarck's confidential diplomatic circular to German representatives abroad," Berlin, 14 May 1872, p. 43, as translated in: F.B.M. Hollyday, 286: 156: 3948: 2821: 538: 376: 11684: 11471: 10474: 9811: 8796: 8523: 2925: 1170: 918:

describes Peter as holding first place among the apostles. It speaks of Peter as the rock on which, because of Peter's faith, Christ said in

1844:

But some Catholics before the Vatican Council denied the Infallibility of the Pope, which was also formerly impugned in this very Catechism.

1742:, is possessed of the gift of inerrancy or is superior to General Councils may be denied without loss of faith or risk of heresy or schism. 10354: 8475: 8282: 4836:

Tractate 12435, The Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers Series I, Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1983, 7:450, as cited in White,

4141: 11023: 10766: 10304: 9069: 8562: 7313: 4397: 4114: 2765:

Paul II, Christifideles Laici, 24.) so that all the diverse and complementary charisms work together "for the common good." (1 Cor 12:7.)

1630: 1592: 769: 5768: 595: – that is, when (in the discharge of his office as shepherd and teacher of all Christians, and by virtue of his supreme 11679: 10708: 10611: 9451: 8750: 7645: 4168: 2231:

stated the infallibility of the prophets and the Quran, but did not point to a particular authority in the present time as infallible.

1625:, an ex-priest and emeritus Professor of Divinity at the University of Cambridge, disputes that this doctrine be truly infallible. The 1526: 686: 11644: 11506: 10424: 4254: 2255:

claim to be initiated masters and spiritual heirs of the prophet and thus are associated by the believers to the same infallibility.

1720:

In 1822, Bishop Baine declared: "In England and Ireland I do not believe that any Catholic maintains the Infallibility of the Pope."

5793: 1203:

Painting to commemorate the dogma of papal infallibility (Voorschoten, 1870). Right to left: Pope Pius IX, Christ and Thomas Aquinas

10019: 9204: 7774: 3710:"Origins of papal infallibility, 1150–1350: a study on the concepts of infallibility, sovereignty and tradition in the Middle Ages" 3671:"Origins of papal infallibility, 1150–1350: a study on the concepts of infallibility, sovereignty and tradition in the Middle Ages" 3188:"Origins of papal infallibility, 1150–1350: a study on the concepts of infallibility, sovereignty and tradition in the Middle Ages" 4681: 1596: 652:

teachings. Also considered infallible are the teachings of the whole body of bishops of the Church, especially but not only in an

11832: 11591: 10685: 8468: 8306: 7813: 7307: 5642:

Origins of Papal Infallibility, 1150–1350: A Study on the Concepts of Infallibility, Sovereignty and Tradition in the Middle Ages

3616: 3393:

Origins of papal infallibility, 1150–1350: a study on the concepts of infallibility, sovereignty and tradition in the Middle Ages

1626: 2015:

While recognizing Peter's significant role in the early church, and his initial brethren-type leadership, they contend that the

9919: 9914: 8898: 8840: 8234: 4614: 4330: 3916: 2336: 5735: 3555: 2777: 2440: 11623: 11571: 10203: 7372: 5692:"The Historical Origins of Papal Infallibility | Heft | Proceedings of the Catholic Theological Society of America" 5586: 5527:(1789/2023). A Defense of the Catholic Religion: The Necessity, Existence, and Limits of an Infallible Church. translated by 5190: 4367: 4229: 4006: 3971: 3643: 3541: 3496: 3469: 3374: 3279: 3217: 3023: 1938:, presenting the passage of the infallibility definition as orchestrated. Roger O'Toole described Hasler's work as follows: 1773:

arose between them and the Church, resulting in the formation of communities in schism with Rome, which became known as the

11561: 11297: 9815: 9750: 8708: 8604: 8229: 5143: 4881: 4692: 3047: 2269: 4716: 2856: 1731:

theologians attribute infallibility to the Bishop of Rome considered in this aspect and when he speaks, as the saying is,

1093:

over the form of poverty to observe. The Spirituals adopted extremist positions that eventually discredited the notion of

1065:

Several medieval theologians discussed the infallibility of the pope when defining matters of faith and morals, including

11601: 11431: 10339: 10086: 9570: 9468: 9355: 8178: 7838: 7474: 1668:

stated in two interviews (2013 and 2016) that John Paul II's decision was the definitive position on women's ordination.

1110:

fountainhead itself, distributed it through the channels of their teaching and life to those wishing to live perfectly."

1060: 11260: 10757: 10366: 10091: 9608: 8910: 8661: 7759: 7736: 7450: 5673: 5462: 1328:

Catholic Catechism or Creeds as required for belief. However, some Catholic theologians have in the past held that the

4772:

The Catholic faith, or, Doctrines of the Church of Rome contrary to Scripture and the teaching of the primitive church

2009:

They understand "keys" in the Matthean passage and its authority as primarily or exclusively pertaining to the gospel.

1963:

It indicates the extent to which "spontaneous popular demand" for the definition was, in fact, carefully orchestrated.

11243: 10845: 10492: 10326: 9777: 8740: 8224: 8219: 8127: 5649: 5630: 5608: 5567: 5548: 5515: 5496: 5439: 5398: 5379: 4780: 4726: 4034: 3340: 3306: 2580: 2548: 7818: 5000: 3298:

Unfehlbarkeit und Geschichte: Studien zur Unfehlbarkeitsdiskussion von Melchior Cano bis zum I. Vatikanischen Konzil

388: 364: 11757: 11305: 11058: 11003: 10868: 10603: 10599: 10344: 10129: 10076: 9511: 8991: 8881: 8197: 7769: 7546: 3013: 2325:

One example of the Catholic Church's political actions had already occurred in Italy on 29 February 1868, when the

2147: 1090: 964:

The doctrine of the Primacy of the Roman Bishops, like other Church teachings and institutions, has gone through a

915: 5030: 4907: 3734:, in: Dictionary of Catholic Theology, ed. by A. Vacant, E. Mangenor and E. Amann, Vol 5/2, Paris 1913, 2176–2177. 1363:

statement. Since the declaration of papal infallibility by Vatican I (1870), Flinn states, the only example of an

1130:, which declared "erroneous and heretical" the doctrine that Christ and his apostles had no possessions whatever. 188: 129: 11766: 11108: 11083: 11048: 11043: 11008: 10888: 10487: 10371: 9961: 9924: 9807: 9787: 9743: 9006: 8930: 8550: 8528: 8373: 8361: 5825: 3423: 2414: 2173: 1807:, notes that "All works reprinted since 1870 have been altered into conformity with Vatican ideas". For example: 1421: 99: 4280: 1323:

An example of where there is dispute over whether a subject matter is within the limits of infallibility is the

11704: 11416: 11103: 11073: 11053: 10993: 10783: 10499: 10037: 10029: 9941: 9802: 9782: 9245: 8864: 8511: 8503: 8491: 8395: 7843: 5879: 2517: 1979:

It establishes the doctrine as a key contributing element in the present "crisis" of the Roman Catholic Church.

1428: 5560:

The Gift of Infallibility: The Official Relatio on Infallibility of Bishop Vincent Gasser at Vatican Council I

2481: 2280:, stating that Roman Catholics had "forfeited their moral and mental freedom." He published a pamphlet called 1761:

Following the 1869–1870 First Vatican Council, dissent arose among some Catholics, almost exclusively German,

359: 11078: 11068: 10394: 10265: 10163: 9860: 9540: 9119: 9094: 8703: 8405: 7612: 7568: 2626: 2296: 1581:, Cardinal Ratzinger (later Pope Benedict XVI), under John Paul II's authority, stated in a formal response ( 947: 749: 612:

revealed by God and as such to be firmly and immutably held by all the faithful," or through an accompanying

596: 144: 2748: 2659: 2604: 11659: 11630: 11613: 11521: 11133: 11098: 11088: 10666: 10647: 10509: 10260: 10173: 9580: 9099: 9089: 8545: 7866: 7468: 4936: 4546: 4427: 823: 438: 271: 5726: 4751: 3247:

Abstract of John V. Kruse, "Reevaluating The Origins of Papal Infallibility" (Saint Louis University 2005)

2749:"Catechism of the Catholic Church – The Church – People of God, Body of Christ, Temple of the Holy Spirit" 1250:

So then, should anyone, which God forbid, have the temerity to reject this definition of ours: let him be

11669: 10419: 10287: 10156: 9545: 8915: 8688: 7297: 4459:(British Society for Promoting the Religious Principles of the Reformation, London 1850), vol. II, p. 846 2419: 1910: 1390:

Klaus Schatz made a thorough study, published in 1985, that claims the following list of documents to be

657: 17: 4869: 1648:'s statement on the inadmissibility of women to the priesthood was not infallible; Flinn considers that 11586: 11384: 11038: 10690: 10656: 10615: 9554: 8579: 8294: 8255: 7881: 7683: 5874: 4088: 2094: 1696:

In the Declaration and Protestation signed by the English Catholic Dissenters in 1789, the year of the

1274: 324: 4820: 2899: 796:. The limitation on the pope's infallibility "on other matters" is frequently illustrated by Cardinal 11776: 11722: 11393: 11343: 11033: 10988: 10096: 9613: 9315: 8626: 8260: 5854: 5785: 4965:

F. F. Bruce, Peter, Stephen, James and John, 86ff; Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1979

4808: 4163: 3245:

of the time give uncertain results about the existence in them of the notion of papal infallibility (

3231:

John V. Kruse, "Reevaluating The Origins of Papal Infallibility" (Saint Louis University 2005), p. 2)

39:(1846–1878), during whose papacy the doctrine of papal infallibility was dogmatically defined by the 5719: 5691: 5130: 11806: 11742: 11664: 11635: 11255: 11250: 11128: 11028: 11013: 10998: 10840: 10661: 10551: 10469: 10293: 10270: 10221: 9894: 9446: 9021: 8538: 8400: 8192: 7626: 5156: 3486: 3229:"Heft disagrees with Tierney's thesis that the roots of papal infallibility extend only to Olivi" ( 2240: 331: 5415: 4858: 4600: 4579: 4500: 4479: 3790: 3751: 3085: 637:

Hence if anyone, which God forbid, should dare willfully to deny or to call into doubt that which

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John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion, p. 1105; Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1960

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and Pius XII's cases, the popes consulted with Catholic bishops before making their declaration.

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otherwise, to be respected or submitted to (in the case of priests and religious) as part of the

641:

have defined, let him know that he has fallen away completely from the divine and Catholic Faith.

318: 5266: 4118: 2652:"Catechism of the Catholic Church – Christ's Faithful – Hierarchy, Laity, Consecrated Life §892" 2180:, goes so far as to label the Roman pontiff "Antichrist"; it contains the following statements: 134: 11847: 11796: 11737: 11732: 11366: 11172: 11093: 11018: 10898: 10576: 10464: 10404: 10081: 9969: 9535: 9421: 9134: 8449: 7912: 7886: 7512: 5779: 5508:

Humanae vitae e infallibilità: Paolo VI, il Concilio e Giovanni Paolo II (Teologia e filosofia)

4682:

https://web.archive.org/web/20150305040716/http://cdn.theologicalstudies.net/43/43.4/43.4.3.pdf

2207: 1922: 1770: 1600: 1500: 1294: 625: 474: 229: 183: 32: 4404: 4059:"Responsum ad propositum dubium concerning the teaching contained in "Ordinatio Sacerdotalis"" 3364: 952: 922:

he would build his Church, which he declared would be victorious over the powers of death. In

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Before 1870, belief in papal infallibility was not a defined requirement of Catholic faith.

10905: 10874: 10771: 10652: 10566: 10446: 10349: 10066: 10061: 9984: 9934: 9865: 9843: 9663: 9658: 9653: 9648: 9643: 9638: 9633: 9628: 9623: 9590: 9517: 9360: 9320: 9139: 9041: 9016: 8955: 8760: 8735: 8671: 8316: 8250: 8047: 8030: 7965: 7539: 3512: 2597:"Catechism of the Catholic Church – Christ's Faithful – Hierarchy, Laity, Consecrated Life" 2177: 2114: 2066: 2046: 1738:

Professor Delahogue asserted that the doctrine that the Roman Pontiff, even when he speaks

1637:

is mistaken with regard to its claims on the authority of this teaching and its grounds in

1408: 1148:(1324) condemned the Franciscan doctrine of papal infallibility as the work of the devil." 935: 864: 502:

The doctrine of infallibility relies on one of the cornerstones of Catholic dogma, that of

298: 238: 2509:

The Common Corps of Christendom: Ecclesiological Themes in the Writings of Sir Thomas More

1976:

basis of the dogma in European political conservatism, monarchism, and counter-revolution.

1654: 1559:

was also listed in the same way by the Congregation (i.e. infallible, although not taught

1269:. The final vote on 18 July saw 433 affirmative and only two negative votes, from bishops 506:, whereby the authority of the pope is the ruling agent as to what are accepted as formal 8: 11694: 11596: 11389: 11373: 10893: 10803: 10254: 10198: 10146: 10047: 10009: 9712: 9426: 9375: 9233: 9219: 9079: 8821: 8584: 8437: 7922: 7861: 7680: 7153: 6536: 5818: 5618: 5596: 5430:

By What Authority?: A Primer on Scripture, the Magisterium, and the Sense of the Faithful

5409: 4594: 4573: 4494: 4473: 4022: 3411:

Power and the Holy in the Age of the Investiture Conflict: A Brief History with Documents

2326: 1934:

Catholic priest August Bernhard Hasler (d. 3 July 1980) wrote a detailed analysis of the

1774: 1616: 1266: 783:

that: "The Pope is not an oracle; he is infallible in very rare situations, as we know."

638: 496: 5746: 3773: 3745: 3073: 2985: 828: 11714: 11531: 10389: 10381: 10124: 9825: 9792: 9724: 9501: 9270: 9194: 9162: 8981: 8950: 8787: 8775: 8636: 8574: 8351: 8289: 8214: 8020: 7978: 7972: 7432: 7426: 7321: 7173: 7168: 7133: 7002: 6982: 6902: 6801: 6776: 6766: 6666: 6651: 6175: 5903: 5896: 5451: 5428: 5321: 5118: 4752:

What Think Ye of Rome? Part Four: The Catholic-Protestant Debate on Papal Infallibility

4678: 3840: 3406: 2926:"On this day: Pope Pius IX issues the first infallible pronouncement of the modern era" 2563:. Volume 1, Part 1. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. Ltd. 1906. pp. 94–100 2396: 2366: 2287: 2211: 2110: 2071: 2002: 1509: 1372: 886:

The response demanded from believers has been characterized as "assent" in the case of

863:). Believed by Catholics to be the successor of Peter, the pope is said to occupy the " 841: 837: 761: 753: 653: 630: 585: 9290: 3620: 2236: 11837: 11674: 10910: 10235: 10115: 9882: 9838: 9670: 9575: 9350: 9336: 9310: 9295: 9199: 9184: 9114: 9104: 8973: 8905: 8806: 8770: 8666: 8015: 7960: 7507: 7340: 7273: 7268: 7188: 7183: 7158: 7092: 7067: 7047: 7007: 6957: 6922: 6877: 6842: 6832: 6822: 6806: 6791: 6751: 6736: 6706: 6631: 6611: 6571: 6456: 6310: 6255: 6109: 5669: 5645: 5626: 5604: 5582: 5563: 5544: 5511: 5492: 5485: 5458: 5435: 5394: 5375: 5186: 5099: 4776: 4722: 4664:

Germain Grisez, "Note. Infallibility and Contraception: A Reply to Garth Hallett" in

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that of bishops and elders, denoting the same office, rather than an infallible pope.

1781: 1697: 1649: 1645: 1608: 1433: 1338: 1106: 1094: 1031: 1001: 890:

declarations of the popes and "due respect" with regard to their other declarations.

845: 776: 4622: 3920: 11536: 11310: 11272: 11230: 11158: 11153: 11120: 10927: 10860: 10823: 10818: 10798: 10793: 10718: 10571: 10561: 10521: 10052: 9870: 9853: 9560: 9365: 9345: 9265: 9250: 9149: 9051: 8925: 8765: 8723: 8718: 8698: 8681: 8594: 8272: 8155: 8010: 8005: 7828: 7798: 7718: 7713: 7564: 7327: 7263: 7238: 7218: 7193: 7178: 7148: 7087: 7082: 7032: 6962: 6952: 6932: 6907: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6837: 6796: 6746: 6741: 6731: 6711: 6701: 6661: 6606: 6581: 6556: 6531: 6521: 6511: 6496: 6395: 6375: 6365: 6330: 6265: 6260: 6240: 6200: 6140: 6079: 6064: 6059: 5994: 5979: 5954: 5944: 5528: 3559: 3136: 2785: 2455: 1638: 1612: 1555: 1551: 1521: 1484: 1477: 1457: 1453: 1387: 1376: 1355: 1079: 1040: 997: 515: 470: 150: 80: 10776: 5539:

Power and the Papacy: The People and Politics Behind the Doctrine of Infallibility

5537: 5031:"Alpha and Omega Ministries, The Christian Apologetics Ministry of James R. White" 5001:"Alpha and Omega Ministries, The Christian Apologetics Ministry of James R. White" 4908:"Alpha and Omega Ministries, The Christian Apologetics Ministry of James R. White" 4882:"Alpha and Omega Ministries, The Christian Apologetics Ministry of James R. White" 4663: 4517: 3647: 3110: 2463: 139: 11771: 11654: 11511: 11476: 11282: 11277: 11202: 11197: 11138: 11063: 10813: 10743: 10275: 10216: 9766: 9618: 9585: 9529: 9523: 9380: 9285: 9189: 9001: 8495: 8460: 8311: 8209: 8202: 8170: 7808: 7616: 7532: 7366: 7333: 7253: 7163: 7138: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7042: 6977: 6942: 6927: 6862: 6852: 6827: 6781: 6761: 6726: 6716: 6696: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6646: 6641: 6591: 6576: 6501: 6481: 6461: 6446: 6441: 6421: 6385: 6370: 6290: 6275: 6270: 6235: 6225: 6210: 6170: 6160: 6145: 6135: 6125: 5989: 5934: 5838: 5663: 4770: 2860: 2385: 2343:

appropriate manner. This plan was circulated in a note, in which Bismarck wrote:

2165: 2062: 1998: 1714: 1449: 1437: 1210: 1186: 1166: 1151:

Brian Tierney has summed up his view of the part played by John XXII as follows:

836:

application of papal infallibility since its solemn declaration has been for the

793: 784: 669: 527: 487: 442: 89: 62: 4885: 3230: 2900:"The 'straight arrow' theologian and the pope | National Catholic Reporter" 2807: 1238:

to be held by the universal Church, by the Divine assistance promised to him in

956:

Supporters of the pope outside the United Nations in 2008 with a banner quoting

481:, as a corollary of indefectibility. This doctrine, defined dogmatically at the 11842: 11689: 11618: 11466: 11401: 11187: 11177: 11163: 11148: 10828: 10723: 10607: 10586: 10120: 9999: 9974: 9946: 9877: 9681: 9506: 9300: 9275: 9239: 9179: 9172: 9167: 9157: 9011: 8996: 8935: 8811: 8801: 8557: 8415: 8368: 8338: 8332: 8117: 8110: 7993: 7876: 7803: 7751: 7723: 7671: 7594: 7500: 7456: 7438: 7407: 7401: 7393: 7387: 7381: 7213: 7143: 7077: 7027: 7017: 6997: 6972: 6917: 6912: 6882: 6857: 6786: 6771: 6756: 6691: 6636: 6626: 6601: 6486: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6360: 6345: 6280: 6245: 6215: 6185: 6180: 6165: 6099: 6074: 6049: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6019: 5939: 5929: 5811: 5803: 5730: 5370: 4027:

Creative fidelity : weighing and interpreting documents of the magisterium

3457: 2853: 2459: 2408: 2390: 2203: 1464: 1306:, this Sacred Council again proposes to be firmly believed by all the faithful. 1270: 1098: 1074: 1066: 1036: 789: 466: 461:

is preserved from the possibility of error on doctrine "initially given to the

265: 8874: 4823:

speaks of the church as "built on the foundation of the apostles and prophets"

3246: 2684: 11821: 11581: 11541: 11426: 11348: 11333: 11182: 11143: 10949: 10833: 10630: 10299: 10014: 9565: 9491: 9457: 9441: 9401: 9084: 9059: 8835: 8745: 8730: 8652: 7621: 7248: 7228: 7203: 7072: 7037: 7012: 6967: 6947: 6872: 6867: 6847: 6721: 6656: 6616: 6596: 6586: 6491: 6400: 6355: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6250: 6230: 6220: 6195: 6155: 6104: 6094: 6089: 6069: 6024: 5984: 5969: 5949: 5891: 5849: 5778: 5296: 4239: 4044: 3981: 3890: 3814: 2937: 2822:"Pius IX's Ineffabilis Deus (Defining the Immaculate Conception) | EWTN" 2380: 2248: 2244: 2223: 1622: 1505: 1444: 1368: 1289: 1177: 993: 989: 797: 462: 383: 119: 84: 58: 5531:. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press. ISBN 978-0813237732. 2735:

Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith's Letter “Iuvenescit Ecclesia”, 9

1169:

school of theology at the Roman College of Saint Thomas in Rome, the future

11556: 11491: 11421: 11411: 11338: 11238: 11207: 10983: 10932: 10700: 10642: 10539: 10310: 10227: 10183: 10178: 10168: 9979: 9906: 9675: 9550: 9406: 9370: 9109: 9031: 8875: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8599: 8160: 8070: 8037: 7985: 7784: 7707: 7640: 7607: 7580: 7462: 7278: 7258: 7243: 7223: 7208: 7198: 7057: 7052: 6992: 6987: 6937: 6621: 6566: 6561: 6516: 6506: 6405: 6380: 6350: 6285: 6205: 6130: 6044: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5959: 2020: 2016: 1915: 1728: 1665: 1489: 1469: 1329: 1324: 1048: 557: 514:. "Any doctrine 'of faith or morals' issued by the pope in his capacity as 393: 276: 224: 204: 178: 36: 5480: 4695:, Saturday 25 November 1995 01:02, The Independent, Margaret Hebblethwaite 4410: 4396: 4305: 2075:

includes a discussion of papal infallibility and some possible objections.

1894: 1180:(+1682), Regent of College of St. Thomas from 1654 to 1672, writes in his 867:" and his jurisdiction as the bishop of Rome is often referred to as the " 293: 50: 11752: 11608: 11481: 11461: 11456: 11451: 11436: 10738: 10673: 10529: 10454: 10432: 10280: 10042: 10004: 9476: 9305: 9280: 9255: 9228: 9215: 9124: 9026: 8713: 8380: 8267: 8187: 8122: 8105: 8065: 7871: 7233: 7113: 7108: 7062: 6686: 6551: 6546: 6451: 6390: 6335: 6325: 6320: 6190: 6014: 5964: 5919: 5601:

Creative Fidelity: Weighing and Interpreting Documents of the Magisterium

5104:

Eminent Victorians/Cardinal Manning - Wikisource, the free online library

5008: 3966:. Encyclopedia of World Religions. New York: Facts On File. p. 267. 2627:"Catechism of the Catholic Church – The Church, Mother and Teacher §2035" 2331: 2318: 2291: 2228: 2135: 1902: 1887: 1766: 1607:

The opinion it was infallible was also stated in private commentaries by

1416: 1399: 1239: 1013: 911: 816: 561: 510:

in the Catholic Church. The use of this power is referred to as speaking

478: 450: 281: 259: 3747:

The Vatican Council and Its Definitions: A Pastoral Letter to the Clergy

1133:

The next year, the Pope responded to continued criticisms with the bull

11446: 11441: 11265: 11192: 10808: 10728: 10359: 9260: 8845: 8150: 8025: 7929: 7917: 7891: 7789: 7347: 7022: 6541: 6526: 6340: 6315: 6150: 6054: 5974: 5924: 5866: 5038: 4915: 3949:"Doctrinal Commentary on the Concluding Formula of the Professio Fidei" 3947:

Ratzinger, Cardinal Joseph; Bertone, Cardinal Tarcisio (15 July 1998).

3242: 2808:"Doctrinal Commentary on the Concluding Formula of the Professio Fideo" 2374: 2232: 1404: 1086: 973: 957: 5453:

How the Pope became infallible: Pius IX and the Politics of Persuasion

4432:. Kelly - University of Toronto. London : J. Murray. p. 101. 3785:

The Vatican Council and Its Definitions: Pastoral Letter to the Clergy

3696:

How the Pope Became Infallible: Pius IX and the Politics of Persuasion

3080:

The Vatican Council and Its Definitions: Pastoral Letter to the Clergy

1440:

of the just after death rather than only just prior to final judgment;

732:

teaching authority of bishops, but without any claim of infallibility.

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There is no complete list of papal statements considered infallible.

1473: 1044: 567: 5761: 5745: 5473:

Wie der Papst unfehlbar wurde : Macht und Ohnmacht eines Dogmas

1957:

of resistance to the definition, particularly in France and Germany.

927: 919: 748:, which is part of the deposit of divine revelation, as well as the 11791: 11699: 11526: 10625: 9994: 9719: 9074: 8828: 8816: 8444: 8410: 8385: 8090: 7740: 7658: 7589: 7572: 5886: 5579:

Papal Infallibility: A Protestant Evaluation of an Ecumenical Issue

4718:

Papal Infallibility: A Protestant Evaluation of an Ecumenical Issue

3332:

Papal Infallibility: A Protestant Evaluation of an Ecumenical Issue

2401: 2360: 1804: 1583: 1251: 1235: 1223: 1119: 1005: 985: 868: 613: 492: 9735: 4142:"Doctrinal chief Ladaria plays down possibility of female deacons" 11496: 10334: 10208: 10151: 9331: 8945: 8567: 8095: 8055: 1871: 1867: 1859: 1762: 1259:

Vatican Council, Sess. IV, Const. de Ecclesiâ Christi, Chapter iv

1126:. A year later, John XXII issued the short 12 November 1323 bull 1061:

Franciscans § Renewed controversy on the question of poverty

931: 923: 907: 879: 741: 617: 552: 507: 3962:

Flinn, Frank K. (2007). "ex cathedra (Lat.: 'from the chair')".

2113:

reject papal infallibility, a rejection given expression in the

1199: 899: 815:"Ex cathedra" redirects here. For the early music ensemble, see 11649: 10954: 10939: 10883: 10850: 9497:

Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary

8940: 8850: 8755: 7853: 2252: 2093:

for similar reasons. Eastern Orthodox Christians hold that the

1863: 1089:

found itself in open conflict between the "Spirituals" and the

903: 5374:

by Julian Fernandes, Provincial of India. Christian Classics.

1386:

Regarding historical papal documents, Catholic theologian and

11747: 10915: 10879: 8085: 8060: 7730: 7666: 5180: 4446:, vol. xliii, ed. 1875, quoted in Sparrow Simpson, pp. 101–02 3995:

O'Collins, Gerald J.; Farrugia, Mario J. (25 December 2014).

1879: 1875: 1823:

Must not Catholics believe the Pope himself to be infallible?

1579:

was prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith

1335:

Commentary on the Concluding Formula of the 'Professio fidei'

1243: 1231: 1176:

was active in defending the doctrine of papal infallibility.

1012:

Brian Tierney argued that the 13th-century Franciscan priest

780: 745: 446: 4331:"Pope Francis reaffirms John Paul II's ban on women priests" 3591:"06.10.24, Nold, Pope John XXII and his Franciscan Cardinal" 800:'s recounting how the pope mistakenly called him "Jibbons". 719:

by a Pope, confirming or re-affirming a thing taught by the

522:

statement. Vatican Council I in 1870 declared that any such

10920: 10639: 8080: 7662: 7639: 7604: 7555: 5834: 3111:"Christian Teaching Authority and the Christian's Response" 2836:"Munificentissimus Deus (November 1, 1950) | Pius XII" 1883: 454: 5623:

The Magisterium: Teaching Authority in the Catholic Church

5366:

Infallibility on Trial: Church, Conciliarity and Communion

3078:, quaest. xii, apud Rocaberti, tom. xx, p. 388, quoted in 1777:. The vast majority of Catholics accepted the definition. 526:

doctrines have the character of infallibility (session 4,

9386:

Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution

7524: 5727:

The true and the false infallibility of the Popes. (1871)

1787: 1735:. This is denied by others, in particular by Gallicans." 495:

and to have been the majority opinion at the time of the

4660:

Darkness and Light: The Analysis of Doctrinal Statements

4255:"Pope Francis reiterates a strong 'no' to women priests" 2283:

The Vatican Decrees in their Bearing on Civil Allegiance

7588: 5076:, 3d ed. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1970; p. 67 4355: 3891:"Catholic Encyclopedia: Beatification and Canonization" 1344: 1315: 4518:"Theological Studies – A journal of academic theology" 874:

The doctrine of papal infallibility, the Latin phrase

629:, Pope Pius XII's infallible definition regarding the 9417:

Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary

4083: 3994: 3690: 3688: 3484: 2685:"Catholic Encyclopedia : Theological Definition" 2138:

amended the Anglican Articles of Religion for use by

1407:, 449, on the two natures in Christ, received by the 5665:

The Infallibility of the Church in Orthodox Theology

5185:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 38. 4799:, 104–98; Crowne Publications, Southbridge, MA: 1990 4679:

http://cdn.theologicalstudies.net/43/43.4/43.4.3.pdf

3771: 3743: 3071: 2356: 1242:, is possessed of that infallibility with which the 1165:

In the period following the Counter-Reformation the

576:

and Catholic tradition, the conditions required for

4769:Treat, John Harvey; Butler, G. H. Houghton (1888). 4747: 4745: 4359:

A Companion to the Catholic Enlightenment in Europe

2714:, §45, 1 November 1950, Libreria Editrice Vaticana" 2079: 1420:, 680, on the two wills of Christ, received by the 8490: 5536: 5484: 5450: 5427: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4547:"Roman Catholic opposition to papal infallibility" 3685: 568:Conditions for teachings being declared infallible 7834:Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman Province 5789:. New York: P. F. Collier & Son Company. 5063:, New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House, 1969; p. 122 4306:"Why Pope Francis Won't Let Women Become Priests" 4164:"Confusion Over Infallibility – Church Authority" 2473: 2286:in which he described the Catholic Church as "an 893: 878:(literally, "from the chair"), was proclaimed by 779:stated during an impromptu address to priests in 770:women not being allowed to be ordained as priests 11819: 9487:Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII 5833: 5414:. London: Archibald Constable & Co. p. 4941:Plain reasons against joining the Church of Rome 4742: 4596:Roman Catholic opposition to papal infallibility 4575:Roman Catholic opposition to papal infallibility 4496:Roman Catholic opposition to papal infallibility 4475:Roman Catholic opposition to papal infallibility 4429:Roman Catholic opposition to papal infallibility 4398:"A letter addressed to the Catholics of England" 4139: 3946: 2089:The dogma of papal infallibility is rejected by 1794:Roman Catholic Opposition to Papal Infallibility 1593:ordination of women into the Catholic priesthood 1349:Prof. Frank K. Flinn states the doctrine of the 130:Apiarius of Sicca § Appeal to the bishop of Rome 5183:The Cambridge Companion to Evangelical Theology 4757: 4425: 4278: 3998:Catholicism: The Story of Catholic Christianity 3701: 2852:." Zenit, 29 July 2005, retrieved 8 July 2009, 1226:revealed that the Roman pontiff when he speaks 1171:Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, 941: 542:1881 illustration depicting papal infallibility 445:which states that, in virtue of the promise of 4754:, Christian Research Journal, Fall 1994, p. 24 4714: 4426:Sparrow-Simpson, W. J. (William John) (1909). 4411:A letter addressed to the Catholics of England 3366:Papal primacy: from its origins to the present 3328: 2028:indicating he would not accept such titles as 1367:statement thereafter took place in 1950, when 584:the Roman Pontiff (the Pope alone or with the 197:To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation 9751: 8476: 7540: 5819: 4976:Vicars of Christ: the Dark Side of the Papacy 4191:"Theologians Assess 'Ordinatio Sacerdotalis'" 3263: 3011: 685:Not all Catholic teaching is infallible. The 415: 200:§ The Third Wall: Authority to Call a Council 5557: 5157:"The Westminster Confession of Faith (1646)" 4281:"Why has the pope said no to women priests?" 3809: 3807: 3480: 3478: 3362: 2438: 2217: 2176:, which was intended in 1646 to replace the 1987: 1359:in 1854 is "generally accepted" as being an 1085:In the early years of the 14th century, the 389:Josip Juraj Strossmayer § Catholic diplomacy 377:Old Catholic Church § First Vatican Council, 5796:News article from the Catholic Register on 5658: 5425: 4768: 2850:Pope Has No Easy "Recipe" for Church Crisis 2505: 1567:(see below) was also listed an infallible. 1160: 996:, represented as guiding the ship of God's 551:The church teaches that infallibility is a 100:First Vatican Council § Papal infallibility 11680:International Alliance of Catholic Knights 9758: 9744: 9502:Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary 9452:Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart 8483: 8469: 7547: 7533: 5826: 5812: 5510:(in Italian). Libreria editrice vaticana. 4169:Wijngaards Institute for Catholic Research 4115:"Magisterial Documents and Public Dissent" 3942: 3940: 3938: 3641: 3614: 3553: 3356: 3175:Die katholischen Missionen, September 1903 3067: 3065: 2591: 2589: 1745:The 1830 edition of Berrington and Kirk's 1676: 1527:Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith 687:Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith 546: 422: 408: 145:Gregory II Youssef § First Vatican Council 5407: 5391:Infallibility: The Crossroads of Doctrine 4646:Origins of Papal Infallibility, 1150–1350 4512: 4510: 4252: 3804: 3475: 3462:Nicholas of Lyra: The Senses of Scripture 3259: 3257: 3255: 2960:"When is the pope considered infallible?" 2308:According to F.B.M. Hollyday, Chancellor 1893:A few Catholics in recent times, such as 1570: 992:, as Bishop of Rome and successor of the 792:expressed on when the dead can reach the 491:, is claimed to have existed in medieval 473:". It does not mean that the pope cannot 7775:Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls 5776: 5617: 5595: 5221:(London: John Murray, 1963), pp. 235–36. 5181:Timothy Larsen; Daniel J. Trier (2007). 4356:L. Lehner; Michael Printy, eds. (2010). 4021: 3815:"Catholic Encyclopedia: Vatican Council" 3513:"Pope Nicholas III. "Exiit qui seminat"" 2957: 2575:by Frank K. Flinn, J. Gordon Melton 207 1662:on the subject was therefore erroneous. 1452:, 1653, condemning five propositions of 1198: 984: 951: 827: 736:Examples of doctrines to be believed as 689:differentiates three kinds of doctrine: 537: 353:Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox 31: 7819:Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church 7814:Successor of the Prince of the Apostles 5639: 5534: 5475:(in German). R. Piper & Co. Verlag. 5388: 5363: 5211: 4592: 4571: 4492: 4471: 3935: 3707: 3698:(Doubleday; Garden City, NY), pp. 36–37 3668: 3491:. Vol. 1. Routledge. p. 373. 3389: 3185: 3137:"Catechism of the Catholic Church §553" 3062: 2923: 2586: 2425: 2243:divinely chosen with the privileges of 2198: 1627:Catholic Theological Society of America 1222:We teach and define that it is a dogma 723:teaching authority of bishops worldwide 289:bishops § Centralization of papal power 14: 11820: 10139: 5668:. Sydney: St Andrew's Orthodox Press. 5576: 5470: 5448: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5267:"non-expedit | Roman Catholicism" 4693:An historic decline in papal authority 4507: 3252: 2983: 2479: 2439:Avery Dulles, S. J. (September 1990). 2432: 2404:under Pope Pius IX on 8 December 1864. 2258: 2235:recognizes the familiars of Muhammad ( 1921:In 1995, the Catholic feminist writer 1788:Alteration of writings after Vatican I 1629:in a report titled "Tradition and the 1024: 980: 351:Ecclesiastical differences between the 135:Pentarchy § After the East–West Schism 9739: 8464: 7528: 5807: 5350:, Prentice-Hall (1970) pp. 42–44 4467: 4465: 4421: 4419: 4253:Brockhaus, Hannah (1 November 2016). 4215: 3961: 3781:de Constitutione Monarchica Ecclesiae 3294: 3274:: Liturgical Press. pp. 117–18. 2679: 2677: 2559:Wilhelm, Joseph and Thomas Scannell. 2130: 616:stating that anyone who deliberately 360:Ignaz von Döllinger § Papal authority 5689: 5479: 5297:"Catholic Encyclopedia: Non Expedit" 5144:Encyclical of the Eastern Patriarchs 4593:Simpson, William J. Sparrow (1909). 4572:Simpson, William J. Sparrow (1909). 4493:Simpson, William J. Sparrow (1909). 4472:Simpson, William J. Sparrow (1909). 3914: 3241:Kruse's conclusions on the basis of 2958:Horowitz, Evan (24 September 2015). 2924:Selwood, Dominic (8 December 2016). 2897: 2480:Engber, Daniel (18 September 2006). 2160: 2100: 2084: 1853: 1591:that John Paul II's decision on the 1345:Instances of infallible declarations 1316:Frequency of infallible declarations 744:, since the Gospels are part of the 740:include the sayings of Jesus in the 9765: 9356:Suppression of the Society of Jesus 7839:Sovereign of the Vatican City State 5505: 5284: 4884:. Vintage.aomin.org. Archived from 4279:Delia Gallagher (2 November 2016). 4112: 3777:Institutiones Apologetico-Polemicae 3424:"Christianity: Papal infallibility" 1684: 712:act by a Pope or Ecumenical council 24: 8911:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran 7760:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran 7737:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran 5777:Reynolds, Francis J., ed. (1921). 5683: 4715:Mark E. Powell (27 January 2009). 4462: 4416: 4117:. Catholic Culture. Archived from 3988: 2898:Sean, Michael (12 November 2010). 2784:. 20 February 1946. Archived from 2778:"Catechism of the Catholic Church" 2674: 2658:. 20 February 1946. Archived from 2058:scriptural and historical warrant. 1780:Before the First Vatican Council, 1756: 1192: 772:, and papal infallibility itself. 633:, there are attached these words: 184:Conciliarism § Modern conciliarism 25: 11859: 5089:, The Forum, Volume 5, pp. 109–10 5074:A History of the Christian Church 4990:, The Forum, Volume 5, pp. 111–13 4140:Christopher Lamb (27 June 2018). 3917:"Canonizations and Infallibility" 3536:(Cambridge University Press 2006 3413:, (Bedford; New York), pp. 81–83. 3369:. Liturgical Press. p. 118. 2984:Barney, Kevin (5 February 2016). 2566: 2019:manifests him as inferior to the 1644:Prof. Frank K. Flinn claims that 1304:and of his infallible magisterium 572:According to the teaching of the 11802: 11801: 11790: 11758:Society of Saint Vincent de Paul 11306:Criticism of the Catholic Church 9718: 9706: 9037:Fourth Council of Constantinople 8992:Second Council of Constantinople 8443: 8431: 7506: 7495: 7494: 5737:Catechism of the Catholic Church 5348:Bismarck, (Great Lives Observed) 5340: 5314: 5259: 5254:Bismarck, (Great Lives Observed) 5246: 5233: 5224: 5199: 5174: 5149: 5137: 5092: 5079: 5066: 5061:Protest of a Troubled Protestant 5053: 5023: 4993: 4980: 4968: 4959: 4946: 4930: 4900: 4874: 4863: 4852: 4843: 4826: 4813: 4802: 4789: 3396:. Brill Archive. pp. 46–47. 2541:The encyclopedia of Christianity 2359: 2172:reject papal infallibility. The 2080:Positions of some other churches 1946:what had long been acknowledged 1280: 916:Catechism of the Catholic Church 648: 620:is outside the Catholic Church. 503: 372:Papal infallibility § Objections 49: 9925:First seven ecumenical councils 9007:Third Council of Constantinople 8931:First Council of Constantinople 5357: 4721:. Wm. B. Eerdmans. p. 23. 4708: 4698: 4686: 4672: 4662:(Paulist Press, 1975), and see 4653: 4637: 4607: 4599:. London: John Murray. p. 4586: 4578:. London: John Murray. p. 4565: 4539: 4499:. London: John Murray. p. 4486: 4478:. London: John Murray. p. 4449: 4436: 4389: 4376: 4349: 4323: 4298: 4272: 4246: 4209: 4183: 4156: 4133: 4106: 4077: 4051: 4015: 3955: 3908: 3883: 3858: 3833: 3789:. D. & J. Sadlier. p. 3765: 3750:. D. & J. Sadlier. p. 3737: 3724: 3662: 3635: 3608: 3583: 3574: 3547: 3526: 3505: 3488:Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia 3451: 3438: 3416: 3400: 3383: 3335:. Wm. B. Eerdmans. p. 34. 3322: 3288: 3235: 3223: 3202: 3179: 3168: 3155: 3129: 3103: 3084:. D. & J. Sadlier. p. 3032: 3005: 2977: 2951: 2917: 2891: 2865: 2842: 2828: 2814: 2800: 2770: 2741: 2728: 2702: 2415:Union of Utrecht (Old Catholic) 2174:Westminster Confession of Faith 2109:and its sister churches in the 1422:Third Council of Constantinople 605:to be held by the whole Church. 602:concerning faith or morals, and 580:papal teaching are as follows: 371: 189:Ecumenical council § Acceptance 125:Episcopal see § Catholic Church 11833:Catholic theology and doctrine 10500:Separation of church and state 9246:Dissolution of the monasteries 8512:History of the Catholic Church 7844:Servant of the servants of God 4224:. Facts on File. p. 267. 3485:Christopher Kleinhenz (2003). 3210:Catholic, Lutheran, Protestant 3163:Fundamentals of Catholic Dogma 2644: 2619: 2553: 2533: 2499: 2400:– an encyclical issued by the 1054: 894:Scripture and primacy of Peter 808: 13: 1: 9120:Fourth Council of the Lateran 9095:Second Council of the Lateran 8704:Apostles in the New Testament 5798:Rethinking Papal Infallibilty 5625:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. 5603:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. 5426:Gaillardetz, Richard (2003). 4956:, The Forum, Volume 5, p. 111 4775:. Bishop Welles Brotherhood. 3772:Henry Edward Manning (1871). 3744:Henry Edward Manning (1871). 3409:; cf. Miller, M. C., (2005), 3301:. Matthias-Grünewald-Verlag. 3072:Henry Edward Manning (1871). 2482:"How infallible is the pope?" 2297:Letter to the Duke of Norfolk 1671: 1035:contained the declaration by 948:Primacy of the Bishop of Rome 803: 750:Immaculate Conception of Mary 485:of 1869–1870 in the document 379:Old Catholic Union of Utrecht 9234:Catholic Counter-Reformation 9100:Third Council of the Lateran 9090:First Council of the Lateran 8546:Catholic ecumenical councils 7867:Coat of arms of the Holy See 7770:Basilica of Saint Mary Major 5420:the last days of papal rome. 5408:De Cesare, Raffaele (1909). 4937:Richard Frederick Littledale 3783:, 124, Rome 1870, quoted in 3040:"The Authority of the Popes" 1310: 942:Primacy of the Roman pontiff 824:Dogma in the Catholic Church 365:Ultramontanism § Position of 27:Dogma of the Catholic Church 7: 8369:Pontifical colleges in Rome 5741:(Holy See official website) 5411:The Last Days of Papal Rome 5256:, Prentice-Hall (1970) p. 6 4222:Encyclopedia of Catholicism 4001:. OUP Oxford. p. 333. 3964:Encyclopedia of Catholicism 3165:, Bk. IV, Pt. 2, Ch. 2, §6. 2573:Encyclopedia of Catholicism 2561:Manual of Catholic Theology 2420:Infallibility of the Church 2352: 2303: 2156:or necessary to salvation. 1972:It offers insight into the 1472:, 1794, condemning several 1097:and led to condemnation by 658:Infallibility of the Church 623:For example, in 1950, with 533: 217:Catholic episcopal councils 157:Eastern Orthodox opposition 10: 11864: 11797:Catholic Church portal 8580:History of the Roman Curia 8450:Catholic Church portal 7684:properties of the Holy See 7554: 5786:Collier's New Encyclopedia 5087:From Rome to Protestantism 4988:From Rome to Protestantism 4954:From Rome to Protestantism 4838:Answers to Catholic Claims 4797:Answers to Catholic Claims 4023:Sullivan, Francis Aloysius 2460:10.1177/004056399005100304 2337:spoliation of the Holy See 2263: 2221: 1609:Cardinals Joseph Ratzinger 1287:The dogmatic constitution 1058: 945: 838:Marian Dogma of Assumption 821: 814: 528:Constitution on the Church 345:Objections and controversy 325:Cum ex apostolatus officio 11785: 11723:Aid to the Church in Need 11713: 11570: 11383: 11344:Vatican Television Center 11319: 11229: 11119: 10989:Eastern Catholic Churches 10970: 10859: 10752: 10699: 10624: 10595: 10520: 10445: 10380: 10325: 10244: 10114: 10028: 9960: 9905: 9824: 9801: 9773: 9701: 9601: 9467: 9394: 9329: 9316:European wars of religion 9213: 9148: 9050: 8972: 8863: 8786: 8646: 8635: 8627:Eastern Catholic Churches 8502: 8426: 8325: 8243: 8169: 8143: 8046: 7953: 7900: 7852: 7783: 7750: 7700: 7579: 7562: 7490: 7417: 7357: 7296: 7287: 7101: 6815: 6414: 6118: 5912: 5845: 5506:Lio, Ermenegildo (1986). 5471:Hasler, Bernhard (1979). 5449:Hasler, Bernhard (1981). 4216:Flinn, Frank K. (2007). " 4085:Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger 3018:. Eerdmans. p. 298. 2441:"Newman on Infallibility" 2218:Non-Christian equivalents 1988:Objections by Protestants 1700:, the signatories state: 840:in 1950. Painting of the 663: 599:) he defines a doctrine: 11665:Communion and Liberation 11129:Eastern Catholic liturgy 10294:Mystici Corporis Christi 10222:Sixto-Clementine Vulgate 9447:Mary of the Divine Heart 9070:Clash against the empire 9022:Second Council of Nicaea 8916:Old St. Peter's Basilica 5558:O'Connor, James (1986). 5535:McClory, Robert (1997). 2873:"Assuming Infallibility" 1218:declared the following: 1161:Post-Counter-Reformation 1078:have been attributed to 367:other apostolic churches 355:Church § Papal authority 332:Pascendi Dominici gregis 10480:Philosophy of canon law 10410:Mariology of the saints 9990:Investiture Controversy 9713:Vatican City portal 9065:Investiture Controversy 8921:First Council of Nicaea 8438:Vatican City portal 7308:During the Roman Empire 5769:Encyclopædia Britannica 5640:Tierney, Brian (1972). 5577:Powell, Mark E (2009). 5487:Infallible?: An inquiry 5389:Chirico, Peter (1983). 4400:. 1792. pp. 14–30. 3919:. Zenit. Archived from 3708:Tierney, Brian (1988). 3669:Tierney, Brian (1988). 3556:"Ad conditorem canonum" 3534:The Image of St Francis 3446:The Image of St Francis 3390:Tierney, Brian (1972). 3329:Mark E. Powell (2009). 3272:Collegeville, Minnesota 3186:Tierney, Brian (1988). 2539:Erwin Fahlbusch et al. 2274:William Ewart Gladstone 1792:Critical works such as 1677:Objections by Catholics 1544:Munificentissimus Deus, 547:Nature of infallibility 319:Development of doctrine 287:Appointment of Catholic 11733:Catholic Charities USA 11367:Acta Apostolicae Sedis 11355:Vatican Polyglot Press 10405:Mariology of the popes 10043:Protestant Reformation 9725:Catholicism portal 9536:Second Vatican Council 9422:Our Lady of La Salette 9229:Protestant Reformation 9216:Protestant Reformation 9135:Second Council of Lyon 8524:Ecclesiastical history 8283:for Vatican City State 7913:Apostolic constitution 7513:Catholic Church Portal 7373:Conflicts with the HRE 5772:(11th ed.). 1911. 5714:Cite journal requires 5660:Harkianakis, Stylianos 5364:Bermejo, Luis (1990). 5219:Gladstone: A Biography 5207:Encyclopedia of Islam. 4615:"University of Dayton" 4457:The Romish Controversy 4362:. Brill. p. 428. 3694:Hasler, A. B., (1981) 3295:Horst, Ulrich (1982). 3264:Schatz, Klaus (1996). 3012:Hans Schwartz (2000). 2712:Munificentissimus Deus 2377:– opposed the doctrine 2350: 2323: 2196: 2191: 2186: 2158: 2128: 1932: 1923:Margaret Hebblethwaite 1899:Infallible? An Inquiry 1851: 1833: 1711: 1635:Ordinatio sacerdotalis 1601:Ordinatio sacerdotalis 1572:Ordinatio sacerdotalis 1565:Ordinatio sacerdotalis 1501:Munificentissimus Deus 1308: 1295:Second Vatican Council 1262: 1204: 1158: 1091:Conventual Franciscans 1009: 978: 960: 849: 721:ordinary and universal 680: 643: 626:Munificentissimus Deus 543: 516:successor to St. Peter 43: 11487:Good Shepherd Sisters 11329:Holy See Press Office 10567:Doctors of the Church 10400:Immaculate Conception 10355:Anointing of the Sick 9890:History of the papacy 9432:First Vatican Council 9130:First Council of Lyon 8894:Constantine the Great 8590:Christian monasticism 8406:Sexually active popes 8357:Pontifical university 8101:Ring of the Fisherman 7940:Ecclesiastical letter 7935:Apostolic exhortation 7824:Patriarch of the West 7809:Vicar of Jesus Christ 7289:History of the papacy 5780:"Infallibility" 5763:"Infallibility" 5753:Catholic Encyclopedia 5747:"Infallibility" 5562:. St. Paul Editions. 4834:On the Gospel of John 4025:(2003). "chapter 6". 3617:"Cum inter nonnullos" 3363:Klaus Schatz (1996). 3212:(Self-published 2007 3208:Gregory Lee Jackson, 2512:. Brill. p. 33. 2345: 2314: 2192: 2187: 2182: 2153: 2119: 2045:They say that at the 1936:First Vatican Council 1927: 1839: 1836:In the 1895 revision: 1818: 1798:W. J. Sparrow Simpson 1775:Old Catholic Churches 1727:, Delahogue stated: " 1702: 1519:A 1998 commentary on 1508:, 1950, defining the 1494:Immaculate Conception 1492:, 1854, defining the 1351:Immaculate Conception 1299: 1220: 1216:First Vatican Council 1202: 1153: 1115:Ad conditorem canonum 1059:Further information: 988: 962: 955: 831: 675: 635: 574:First Vatican Council 541: 483:First Vatican Council 41:First Vatican Council 35: 11360:L'Osservatore Romano 11298:Role in civilisation 11024:Croatian and Serbian 10772:Episcopal conference 10734:St. Peter's Basilica 10092:Sexual abuse scandal 10048:Catholic Reformation 9609:Sexual abuse scandal 9518:Mit brennender Sorge 9361:Age of Enlightenment 9140:Bernard of Clairvaux 9017:Byzantine Iconoclasm 8956:Council of Chalcedon 8736:Council of Jerusalem 8605:Role in civilization 8585:Religious institutes 8517:By country or region 8401:Popes by nationality 8317:Sistine Chapel Choir 8251:College of Cardinals 7882:Regalia and insignia 7765:St. Peter's Basilica 7451:Revolutionary Papacy 7445:Age of Enlightenment 5794:Catholicregister.org 5690:Heft, James (1980). 5434:. Liturgical Press. 5059:Harold O. J. Brown, 4795:James Robert White, 4259:Catholic News Agency 3532:Brooke, Rosalind B. 2506:Brian Gogan (1982). 2426:References and notes 2276:, publicly attacked 2199:Evangelical churches 2178:Thirty-Nine Articles 2117:of Religion (1571): 2115:Thirty-Nine Articles 2047:Council of Jerusalem 1811:The 1860 edition of 1803:Sparrow Simpson, an 1531:L'Osservatore Romano 1476:propositions of the 1409:Council of Chalcedon 865:Chair of Saint Peter 299:Papal deposing power 239:The Ratzinger Report 140:Pope John XIX § Life 11695:Neocatechumenal Way 11660:Charismatic Renewal 11374:Annuario Pontificio 10972:Particular churches 10648:Ecumenical councils 10420:Perpetual virginity 10255:Communitas perfecta 10199:Sermon on the Mount 9437:Papal infallibility 9427:Our Lady of Lourdes 9376:Shimabara Rebellion 9220:Counter-Reformation 7298:Antiquity and Early 7102:17th–21st centuries 6816:13th–16th centuries 5581:. Wm. B. Eerdmans. 4666:Theological Studies 4382:Lehner and Printy, 4113:Bertone, Tarcisio. 4093:Catholicculture.org 3595:Scholarworks.iu.edu 3580:Brooke, pp. 100–101 3407:Dictatus Papae 1090 3050:on 12 February 2017 2859:8 June 2011 at the 2662:on 6 September 2010 2607:on 6 September 2010 2448:Theological Studies 2327:Sacred Penitentiary 2259:Political reactions 1631:Ordination of Women 1617:Luis Ladaria Ferrer 1267:Franco-Prussian War 1128:Cum inter nonnullos 1025:Ecumenical councils 981:Theological history 936:feed Christ's sheep 597:apostolic authority 497:Counter-Reformation 465:and handed down in 435:Papal infallibility 171:Ecumenical councils 95:Papal infallibility 11532:Premonstratensians 9915:Ante-Nicene period 9793:Lists of Catholics 9482:Our Lady of Fátima 9271:Ignatius of Loyola 9195:Catherine of Siena 9163:Pope Boniface VIII 8982:Benedict of Nursia 8951:Council of Ephesus 8788:Ante-Nicene period 8741:Split with Judaism 8575:Crusading movement 8352:Pontifical academy 8347:Orders of chivalry 7433:Reformation Papacy 7427:Renaissance Papacy 7369:(1012–1044 / 1048) 7322:Ostrogothic Papacy 6415:9th–12th centuries 5241:Newman's Challenge 5100:"Cardinal Manning" 5072:Williston Walker, 4952:E. J. V. Huiginn, 4625:on 20 October 2014 4619:Campus.udayton.edu 4527:. 30 November 2016 4029:. Wipf and Stock. 3915:McNamara, Edward. 3650:on 12 January 2012 3623:on 12 January 2012 3562:on 12 January 2012 2397:Syllabus of Errors 2367:Catholicism portal 2329:issued the decree 2148:Methodist Articles 2131:Methodist Churches 2111:Anglican Communion 2072:Eminent Victorians 2036:also by Catholics. 2003:Augustine of Hippo 1953:It emphasizes the 1813:Keenan's Catechism 1747:Faith of Catholics 1723:In his 1829 study 1650:Cardinal Ratzinger 1510:Assumption of Mary 1373:Assumption of Mary 1205: 1010: 961: 912:1 Corinthians 15:5 850: 762:Transubstantiation 754:Assumption of Mary 693:to be believed as 654:ecumenical council 631:Assumption of Mary 586:College of Bishops 544: 159:to papal supremacy 44: 11815: 11814: 11225: 11224: 10618: 10441: 10440: 10133: 10110: 10109: 10102:COVID-19 pandemic 10072:French Revolution 10062:Thirty Years' War 9970:Islamic conquests 9883:Apostolic fathers 9818: 9733: 9732: 9693:COVID-19 pandemic 9671:Pope Benedict XVI 9576:Pope John Paul II 9351:Pope Benedict XIV 9337:French Revolution 9321:Thirty Years' War 9311:Robert Bellarmine 9296:John of the Cross 9200:Pope Alexander VI 9185:Council of Vienne 9115:Francis of Assisi 9105:Pope Innocent III 8974:Early Middle Ages 8968: 8967: 8964: 8963: 8906:Arian controversy 8859: 8858: 8807:Apostolic Fathers 8458: 8457: 8225:Prelate of Honour 7792: 7696: 7695: 7692: 7691: 7522: 7521: 7486: 7485: 7378:Wandering Papacy 7341:Saeculum obscurum 7314:Under Constantine 6119:5th–8th centuries 5913:1st–4th centuries 5897:papal resignation 5619:Sullivan, Francis 5597:Sullivan, Francis 5588:978-0-8028-6284-6 5252:F.B.M. Hollyday, 5192:978-0-521-60974-6 5041:on 4 October 2009 5035:Vintage.aomin.org 5011:on 30 August 2009 5005:Vintage.aomin.org 4918:on 4 October 2009 4912:Vintage.aomin.org 4369:978-90-04-18351-3 4337:. 1 November 2016 4231:978-0-8160-7565-2 4121:on 9 October 2007 4065:. 28 October 1995 4008:978-0-19-104392-5 3973:978-0-8160-7565-2 3730:Remigius Coulon, 3542:978-0-521-78291-3 3498:978-0-415-93930-0 3470:978-90-04-11295-7 3376:978-0-8146-5522-1 3281:978-0-8146-5522-1 3218:978-0-615-16635-3 3115:Vatican2voice.org 3025:978-0-8028-4733-1 2991:By Common Consent 2689:www.newadvent.org 2310:Otto von Bismarck 2170:Reformed churches 2161:Reformed churches 2107:Church of England 2101:Anglican churches 2091:Eastern Orthodoxy 2085:Eastern Orthodoxy 1854:Modern objections 1782:John Henry Newman 1698:French Revolution 1646:Pope John Paul II 1633:" concluded that 1587:) to an inquiry ( 1434:Pope Benedict XII 1339:divinely revealed 1275:Edward Fitzgerald 1107:Pope Nicholas III 1103:Exiit qui seminat 1095:apostolic poverty 1032:Decretum Gratiani 1029:The 12th-century 1002:Friedrich Stummel 777:Pope Benedict XVI 738:divinely revealed 695:divinely revealed 432: 431: 313:compared to popes 254:compared to popes 219:compared to popes 173:compared to popes 114:compared to popes 16:(Redirected from 11855: 11805: 11804: 11795: 11794: 11537:Redemptoristines 11385:Religious orders 11311:Anti-Catholicism 11261:Church buildings 11121:Catholic liturgy 10861:Consecrated life 10719:Apostolic Palace 10686:Synod of Bishops 10622: 10621: 10598: 10204:Ten Commandments 10137: 10136: 10119: 10020:Age of Discovery 9854:Great Commission 9822: 9821: 9806: 9760: 9753: 9746: 9737: 9736: 9723: 9722: 9711: 9710: 9709: 9688:Patriarch Kirill 9561:Pope John Paul I 9366:Anti-clericalism 9346:Pope Innocent XI 9266:Society of Jesus 9251:Council of Trent 9205:Age of Discovery 9150:Late Middle Ages 9052:High Middle Ages 9042:East–West Schism 8926:Pope Sylvester I 8872: 8871: 8861: 8860: 8771:General epistles 8766:Pauline epistles 8699:John the Baptist 8682:Great Commission 8644: 8643: 8595:Catholic culture 8485: 8478: 8471: 8462: 8461: 8448: 8447: 8436: 8435: 8434: 8273:Apostolic Camera 8230:Prince assistant 8156:Sedia gestatoria 7829:Primate of Italy 7788: 7719:Papal apartments 7714:Apostolic Palace 7681:extraterritorial 7637: 7636: 7586: 7585: 7549: 7542: 7535: 7526: 7525: 7510: 7498: 7497: 7418:Early Modern and 7328:Byzantine Papacy 7294: 7293: 5828: 5821: 5814: 5805: 5804: 5790: 5782: 5773: 5765: 5757: 5749: 5739:on infallibility 5723: 5717: 5712: 5710: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5679: 5655: 5636: 5614: 5592: 5573: 5554: 5542: 5529:Ulrich L. Lehner 5521: 5502: 5490: 5476: 5468: 5456: 5445: 5433: 5422: 5404: 5385: 5351: 5344: 5338: 5337: 5335: 5333: 5318: 5312: 5311: 5309: 5307: 5293: 5282: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5263: 5257: 5250: 5244: 5239:Stanley Jaki in 5237: 5231: 5228: 5222: 5215: 5209: 5203: 5197: 5196: 5178: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5167: 5153: 5147: 5141: 5135: 5134: 5128: 5124: 5122: 5114: 5112: 5110: 5096: 5090: 5085:E.J.V. Huiginn, 5083: 5077: 5070: 5064: 5057: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5037:. Archived from 5027: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5016: 5007:. Archived from 4997: 4991: 4986:E.J.V. Huiginn, 4984: 4978: 4972: 4966: 4963: 4957: 4950: 4944: 4934: 4928: 4927: 4925: 4923: 4914:. Archived from 4904: 4898: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4878: 4872: 4870:Revelation 22:18 4867: 4861: 4856: 4850: 4847: 4841: 4830: 4824: 4817: 4811: 4806: 4800: 4793: 4787: 4786: 4766: 4755: 4749: 4740: 4739: 4737: 4735: 4712: 4706: 4702: 4696: 4690: 4684: 4676: 4670: 4657: 4651: 4641: 4635: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4621:. 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Archived from 2445: 2436: 2369: 2364: 2363: 2144:those in America 2067:Cardinal Manning 2065:'s biography of 1901:, and historian 1685:Before Vatican I 1613:Tarcisio Bertone 1597:apostolic letter 1556:Evangelium Vitae 1548:Benedictus Deus. 1540:Ineffabilis Deus 1522:Ad Tuendam Fidem 1485:Ineffabilis Deus 1478:Synod of Pistoia 1388:church historian 1381:Ineffabilis Deus 1377:article of faith 1356:Ineffabilis Deus 1260: 1178:Vincentius Ferre 1087:Franciscan Order 1080:Pope Gregory VII 976: 898:On the basis of 766:Sacramental Seal 717:non-defining act 463:apostolic Church 424: 417: 410: 294:Concordat § List 252:Political rulers 231:Christus Dominus 151:Ravenna Document 81:Primacy of Peter 53: 46: 45: 21: 11863: 11862: 11858: 11857: 11856: 11854: 11853: 11852: 11818: 11817: 11816: 11811: 11789: 11781: 11760: 11743:Relief Services 11709: 11655:Catholic Action 11645:Military orders 11582:Confraternities 11574:of the faithful 11573: 11566: 11388: 11379: 11315: 11221: 11115: 10974: 10966: 10899:Prior, Prioress 10855: 10748: 10744:Vatican Museums 10695: 10628: 10614: 10610: 10606: 10602: 10597: 10591: 10516: 10470:Social teaching 10437: 10376: 10321: 10276:One true church 10240: 10217:Sixtine Vulgate 10213:Official Bible 10127: 10123: 10118: 10106: 10024: 9956: 9901: 9871:Petrine primacy 9814: 9810: 9805: 9797: 9769: 9767:Catholic Church 9764: 9734: 9729: 9717: 9707: 9705: 9697: 9619:World Youth Day 9597: 9586:World Youth Day 9530:Pacem in terris 9524:Pope John XXIII 9463: 9390: 9381:Edict of Nantes 9339: 9335: 9325: 9291:Teresa of Ávila 9286:Tridentine Mass 9222: 9218: 9209: 9190:Knights Templar 9144: 9046: 9002:Gregorian chant 8960: 8886: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8867: 8855: 8782: 8651: 8639: 8631: 8498: 8496:Catholic Church 8489: 8459: 8454: 8442: 8432: 8430: 8422: 8391:Canonised popes 8321: 8312:Cappella Giulia 8239: 8203:Papal majordomo 8165: 8139: 8042: 7949: 7896: 7848: 7787: 7779: 7752:Major basilicas 7746: 7688: 7643: 7635: 7617:Diocese of Rome 7592: 7575: 7558: 7553: 7523: 7518: 7482: 7465:(1929–present) 7419: 7413: 7367:Tusculan Papacy 7359: 7353: 7334:Frankish Papacy 7299: 7283: 7097: 6811: 6410: 6114: 5908: 5841: 5839:Catholic Church 5832: 5760: 5744: 5715: 5713: 5704: 5703: 5696: 5694: 5686: 5684:Further reading 5676: 5652: 5633: 5611: 5589: 5570: 5551: 5518: 5499: 5469:Translation of 5465: 5442: 5401: 5382: 5360: 5355: 5354: 5345: 5341: 5331: 5329: 5320: 5319: 5315: 5305: 5303: 5295: 5294: 5285: 5275: 5273: 5265: 5264: 5260: 5251: 5247: 5238: 5234: 5229: 5225: 5217:Philip Magnus, 5216: 5212: 5204: 5200: 5193: 5179: 5175: 5165: 5163: 5155: 5154: 5150: 5142: 5138: 5126: 5125: 5116: 5115: 5108: 5106: 5098: 5097: 5093: 5084: 5080: 5071: 5067: 5058: 5054: 5044: 5042: 5029: 5028: 5024: 5014: 5012: 4999: 4998: 4994: 4985: 4981: 4974:Peter De Rosa, 4973: 4969: 4964: 4960: 4951: 4947: 4935: 4931: 4921: 4919: 4906: 4905: 4901: 4891: 4889: 4880: 4879: 4875: 4868: 4864: 4857: 4853: 4848: 4844: 4831: 4827: 4818: 4814: 4807: 4803: 4794: 4790: 4783: 4767: 4758: 4750: 4743: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4713: 4709: 4703: 4699: 4691: 4687: 4677: 4673: 4658: 4654: 4642: 4638: 4628: 4626: 4613: 4612: 4608: 4591: 4587: 4570: 4566: 4556: 4554: 4545: 4544: 4540: 4530: 4528: 4520: 4516: 4515: 4508: 4491: 4487: 4470: 4463: 4454: 4450: 4444:Vatican Decrees 4441: 4437: 4424: 4417: 4409: 4405: 4394: 4390: 4381: 4377: 4370: 4354: 4350: 4340: 4338: 4329: 4328: 4324: 4314: 4312: 4304: 4303: 4299: 4289: 4287: 4277: 4273: 4263: 4261: 4251: 4247: 4232: 4214: 4210: 4200: 4198: 4197:on 2 March 2009 4189: 4188: 4184: 4174: 4172: 4162: 4161: 4157: 4147: 4145: 4138: 4134: 4124: 4122: 4111: 4107: 4097: 4095: 4082: 4078: 4068: 4066: 4057: 4056: 4052: 4037: 4020: 4016: 4009: 3993: 3989: 3974: 3960: 3956: 3945: 3936: 3926: 3924: 3913: 3909: 3899: 3897: 3889: 3888: 3884: 3874: 3872: 3866:"Lumen gentium" 3864: 3863: 3859: 3849: 3847: 3839: 3838: 3834: 3824: 3822: 3813: 3812: 3805: 3795: 3793: 3779:, apud Bianchi 3770: 3766: 3756: 3754: 3742: 3738: 3729: 3725: 3715: 3713: 3712:. 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Brill Archive 3184: 3180: 3173: 3169: 3160: 3156: 3146: 3144: 3135: 3134: 3130: 3120: 3118: 3109: 3108: 3104: 3090: 3088: 3070: 3063: 3053: 3051: 3038: 3037: 3033: 3026: 3010: 3006: 2996: 2994: 2986:"Infallibility" 2982: 2978: 2968: 2966: 2964:BostonGlobe.com 2956: 2952: 2942: 2940: 2922: 2918: 2908: 2906: 2896: 2892: 2882: 2880: 2871: 2870: 2866: 2861:Wayback Machine 2847: 2843: 2834: 2833: 2829: 2820: 2819: 2815: 2806: 2805: 2801: 2791: 2789: 2776: 2775: 2771: 2757: 2755: 2747: 2746: 2742: 2733: 2729: 2719: 2717: 2716:. W2.vatican.va 2708: 2707: 2703: 2693: 2691: 2683: 2682: 2675: 2665: 2663: 2650: 2649: 2645: 2635: 2633: 2625: 2624: 2620: 2610: 2608: 2595: 2594: 2587: 2571: 2567: 2558: 2554: 2538: 2534: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2504: 2500: 2490: 2488: 2478: 2474: 2466: 2443: 2437: 2433: 2428: 2386:Papal supremacy 2365: 2358: 2355: 2306: 2266: 2261: 2226: 2220: 2201: 2163: 2142:, particularly 2133: 2103: 2087: 2082: 2063:Lytton Strachey 1999:John Chrysostom 1990: 1856: 1845: 1824: 1790: 1759: 1757:After Vatican I 1715:King George III 1687: 1679: 1674: 1575: 1538:pronouncements 1450:Pope Innocent X 1438:beatific vision 1436:, 1336, on the 1429:Benedictus Deus 1400:Tome to Flavian 1347: 1318: 1313: 1285: 1261: 1258: 1244:Divine Redeemer 1211:Pastor aeternus 1197: 1194:Pastor aeternus 1187:Dominic Gravina 1163: 1063: 1057: 1027: 983: 977: 972: 950: 944: 896: 826: 820: 813: 806: 794:beatific vision 785:Pope John XXIII 670:Pastor aeternus 666: 570: 549: 536: 504:papal supremacy 488:Pastor aeternus 457:when he speaks 443:Catholic Church 428: 399: 398: 378: 366: 354: 352: 346: 338: 337: 314: 312: 304: 303: 288: 255: 253: 245: 244: 220: 218: 210: 209: 199: 191:of the councils 190: 174: 172: 164: 163: 158: 115: 113: 105: 104: 90:Papal supremacy 76: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11861: 11851: 11850: 11845: 11840: 11835: 11830: 11813: 11812: 11810: 11809: 11799: 11786: 11783: 11782: 11780: 11779: 11774: 11769: 11764: 11761: 11755: 11750: 11745: 11740: 11735: 11730: 11725: 11719: 11717: 11711: 11710: 11708: 11707: 11702: 11697: 11692: 11690:Legion of Mary 11687: 11682: 11677: 11672: 11667: 11662: 11657: 11652: 11647: 11642: 11641: 11640: 11639: 11638: 11628: 11627: 11626: 11619:Lay Carmelites 11616: 11606: 11605: 11604: 11599: 11594: 11589: 11578: 11576: 11568: 11567: 11565: 11564: 11559: 11554: 11549: 11544: 11539: 11534: 11529: 11524: 11519: 11514: 11509: 11504: 11499: 11494: 11489: 11484: 11479: 11474: 11469: 11467:Conceptionists 11464: 11459: 11454: 11449: 11444: 11439: 11434: 11429: 11424: 11419: 11414: 11409: 11404: 11402:Assumptionists 11398: 11396: 11381: 11380: 11378: 11377: 11370: 11363: 11356: 11353: 11352: 11351: 11346: 11341: 11331: 11325: 11323: 11317: 11316: 11314: 11313: 11308: 11303: 11300: 11295: 11290: 11285: 11280: 11275: 11270: 11269: 11268: 11258: 11253: 11248: 11247: 11246: 11235: 11233: 11227: 11226: 11223: 11222: 11220: 11219: 11218: 11217: 11216: 11215: 11210: 11205: 11200: 11190: 11185: 11180: 11170: 11169: 11168: 11167: 11166: 11156: 11151: 11146: 11141: 11136: 11125: 11123: 11117: 11116: 11114: 11113: 11112: 11111: 11106: 11104:Syro-Malankara 11101: 11096: 11091: 11086: 11081: 11076: 11071: 11066: 11061: 11056: 11054:Italo-Albanian 11051: 11046: 11041: 11036: 11031: 11026: 11021: 11016: 11011: 11006: 11001: 10996: 10986: 10980: 10978: 10968: 10967: 10965: 10964: 10963: 10962: 10957: 10952: 10942: 10937: 10936: 10935: 10925: 10924: 10923: 10918: 10908: 10903: 10902: 10901: 10896: 10891: 10886: 10872: 10865: 10863: 10857: 10856: 10854: 10853: 10848: 10843: 10838: 10837: 10836: 10831: 10826: 10821: 10816: 10811: 10806: 10801: 10796: 10791: 10781: 10780: 10779: 10774: 10763: 10761: 10750: 10749: 10747: 10746: 10741: 10736: 10731: 10726: 10724:Lateran Treaty 10721: 10716: 10711: 10705: 10703: 10697: 10696: 10694: 10693: 10688: 10683: 10682: 10681: 10671: 10670: 10669: 10664: 10650: 10645: 10636: 10634: 10619: 10593: 10592: 10590: 10589: 10584: 10579: 10574: 10569: 10564: 10559: 10554: 10549: 10544: 10543: 10542: 10537: 10526: 10524: 10518: 10517: 10515: 10514: 10513: 10512: 10507: 10497: 10496: 10495: 10485: 10482: 10477: 10472: 10467: 10462: 10460:Moral theology 10457: 10451: 10449: 10443: 10442: 10439: 10438: 10436: 10435: 10430: 10427: 10422: 10417: 10412: 10407: 10402: 10397: 10392: 10386: 10384: 10378: 10377: 10375: 10374: 10369: 10364: 10363: 10362: 10352: 10347: 10342: 10337: 10331: 10329: 10323: 10322: 10320: 10319: 10314: 10307: 10302: 10297: 10290: 10285: 10284: 10283: 10278: 10268: 10263: 10258: 10250: 10248: 10242: 10241: 10239: 10238: 10233: 10232: 10231: 10224: 10219: 10211: 10206: 10201: 10196: 10191: 10186: 10181: 10176: 10171: 10166: 10161: 10160: 10159: 10154: 10143: 10141: 10134: 10112: 10111: 10108: 10107: 10105: 10104: 10099: 10094: 10089: 10084: 10079: 10074: 10069: 10064: 10059: 10058: 10057: 10056: 10055: 10045: 10034: 10032: 10026: 10025: 10023: 10022: 10017: 10012: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9992: 9987: 9982: 9977: 9975:Pope Gregory I 9972: 9966: 9964: 9958: 9957: 9955: 9954: 9949: 9947:Biblical canon 9944: 9942:Late antiquity 9939: 9938: 9937: 9932: 9922: 9917: 9911: 9909: 9903: 9902: 9900: 9899: 9898: 9897: 9887: 9886: 9885: 9878:Church fathers 9875: 9874: 9873: 9868: 9858: 9857: 9856: 9851: 9846: 9841: 9830: 9828: 9819: 9812:Ecclesiastical 9799: 9798: 9796: 9795: 9790: 9785: 9780: 9774: 9771: 9770: 9763: 9762: 9755: 9748: 9740: 9731: 9730: 9728: 9727: 9715: 9702: 9699: 9698: 9696: 9695: 9690: 9685: 9678: 9673: 9668: 9667: 9666: 9661: 9656: 9651: 9646: 9641: 9636: 9631: 9626: 9616: 9611: 9605: 9603: 9599: 9598: 9596: 9595: 9594: 9593: 9583: 9578: 9573: 9568: 9563: 9558: 9548: 9543: 9538: 9533: 9526: 9521: 9514: 9509: 9507:Lateran Treaty 9504: 9499: 9494: 9489: 9484: 9479: 9473: 9471: 9465: 9464: 9462: 9461: 9454: 9449: 9444: 9439: 9434: 9429: 9424: 9419: 9414: 9409: 9404: 9398: 9396: 9392: 9391: 9389: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9342: 9340: 9332:Baroque period 9330: 9327: 9326: 9324: 9323: 9318: 9313: 9308: 9303: 9301:Peter Canisius 9298: 9293: 9288: 9283: 9278: 9276:Francis Xavier 9273: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9240:Exsurge Domine 9236: 9231: 9225: 9223: 9214: 9211: 9210: 9208: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9180:Pope Clement V 9177: 9176: 9175: 9173:Avignon Papacy 9168:Western Schism 9165: 9160: 9158:Thomas Aquinas 9154: 9152: 9146: 9145: 9143: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9077: 9072: 9067: 9062: 9056: 9054: 9048: 9047: 9045: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9012:Saint Boniface 9009: 9004: 8999: 8997:Pope Gregory I 8994: 8989: 8984: 8978: 8976: 8970: 8969: 8966: 8965: 8962: 8961: 8959: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8936:Biblical canon 8933: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8902: 8901: 8890: 8888: 8869: 8865:Late antiquity 8857: 8856: 8854: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8838: 8833: 8832: 8831: 8826: 8825: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8812:Pope Clement I 8802:Church Fathers 8799: 8793: 8791: 8784: 8783: 8781: 8780: 8779: 8778: 8773: 8768: 8763: 8758: 8753: 8743: 8738: 8733: 8728: 8727: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8685: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8658: 8656: 8641: 8633: 8632: 8630: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8608: 8607: 8602: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8571: 8570: 8565: 8563:Biblical canon 8558:Catholic Bible 8555: 8554: 8553: 8543: 8542: 8541: 8531: 8526: 8521: 8520: 8519: 8508: 8506: 8500: 8499: 8488: 8487: 8480: 8473: 8465: 8456: 8455: 8453: 8452: 8440: 8427: 8424: 8423: 8421: 8420: 8419: 8418: 8416:Western Schism 8408: 8403: 8398: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8377: 8376: 8374:Major Seminary 8366: 8365: 8364: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8343: 8342: 8333:Papal nobility 8329: 8327: 8323: 8322: 8320: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8303: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8286: 8285: 8275: 8265: 8264: 8263: 8258: 8247: 8245: 8241: 8240: 8238: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8207: 8206: 8205: 8195: 8190: 8181: 8175: 8173: 8167: 8166: 8164: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8147: 8145: 8144:Transportation 8141: 8140: 8138: 8137: 8132: 8131: 8130: 8120: 8118:Sub-cinctorium 8115: 8114: 8113: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8052: 8050: 8044: 8043: 8041: 8040: 8035: 8034: 8033: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8003: 8002: 8001: 7991: 7990: 7989: 7982: 7970: 7969: 7968: 7957: 7955: 7951: 7950: 7948: 7947: 7942: 7937: 7932: 7927: 7926: 7925: 7915: 7910: 7904: 7902: 7898: 7897: 7895: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7877:Keys of Heaven 7874: 7869: 7864: 7858: 7856: 7850: 7849: 7847: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7804:Bishop of Rome 7801: 7795: 7793: 7781: 7780: 7778: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7756: 7754: 7748: 7747: 7745: 7744: 7734: 7728: 7727: 7726: 7724:Sistine Chapel 7721: 7711: 7704: 7702: 7698: 7697: 7694: 7693: 7690: 7689: 7687: 7686: 7677: 7676: 7675: 7672:Lateran Treaty 7655: 7653: 7634: 7633: 7632: 7631: 7630: 7629: 7600: 7598: 7595:Full communion 7583: 7577: 7576: 7563: 7560: 7559: 7552: 7551: 7544: 7537: 7529: 7520: 7519: 7517: 7516: 7504: 7491: 7488: 7487: 7484: 7483: 7481: 7480: 7479: 7478: 7472: 7460: 7457:Roman Question 7454: 7448: 7447:(c. 1640–1740) 7442: 7439:Baroque Papacy 7436: 7430: 7423: 7421: 7415: 7414: 7412: 7411: 7408:Western Schism 7405: 7402:Avignon Papacy 7399: 7398: 7397: 7391: 7385: 7376: 7370: 7363: 7361: 7355: 7354: 7352: 7351: 7348:Crescentii era 7345: 7337: 7331: 7325: 7319: 7318: 7317: 7304: 7302: 7291: 7285: 7284: 7282: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7154:Alexander VIII 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7105: 7103: 7099: 7098: 7096: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6819: 6817: 6813: 6812: 6810: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6537:Anastasius III 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6418: 6416: 6412: 6411: 6409: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6122: 6120: 6116: 6115: 6113: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5916: 5914: 5910: 5909: 5907: 5906: 5901: 5900: 5899: 5889: 5884: 5883: 5882: 5877: 5869: 5864: 5863: 5862: 5857: 5846: 5843: 5842: 5831: 5830: 5823: 5816: 5808: 5802: 5801: 5791: 5774: 5758: 5742: 5733: 5731:Joseph Fessler 5724: 5716:|journal= 5685: 5682: 5681: 5680: 5675:978-1920691981 5674: 5656: 5650: 5644:. E.J. Brill. 5637: 5631: 5615: 5609: 5593: 5587: 5574: 5568: 5555: 5549: 5532: 5522: 5516: 5503: 5497: 5477: 5464:978-0385158510 5463: 5446: 5440: 5423: 5405: 5399: 5393:. M. Glazier. 5386: 5380: 5371:imprimi potest 5359: 5356: 5353: 5352: 5339: 5328:. 22 June 2011 5313: 5283: 5271:Britannica.com 5258: 5245: 5232: 5223: 5210: 5198: 5191: 5173: 5148: 5136: 5127:|website= 5091: 5078: 5065: 5052: 5022: 4992: 4979: 4967: 4958: 4945: 4929: 4899: 4888:on 8 June 2015 4873: 4862: 4851: 4842: 4825: 4821:Ephesians 2:20 4812: 4801: 4788: 4781: 4756: 4741: 4727: 4707: 4697: 4685: 4671: 4652: 4636: 4606: 4585: 4564: 4553:. 21 July 2010 4538: 4506: 4485: 4461: 4448: 4435: 4415: 4403: 4388: 4375: 4368: 4348: 4322: 4297: 4271: 4245: 4230: 4208: 4182: 4155: 4132: 4105: 4076: 4063:www.vatican.va 4050: 4035: 4014: 4007: 3987: 3972: 3954: 3934: 3907: 3882: 3870:www.vatican.va 3857: 3832: 3803: 3764: 3736: 3732:Ferre: Vincent 3723: 3700: 3684: 3661: 3634: 3607: 3582: 3573: 3546: 3525: 3504: 3497: 3474: 3458:Philip D. Krey 3450: 3437: 3415: 3399: 3382: 3375: 3355: 3341: 3321: 3307: 3287: 3280: 3251: 3234: 3222: 3201: 3178: 3167: 3154: 3128: 3102: 3061: 3044:Catholic Front 3031: 3024: 3004: 2976: 2950: 2916: 2890: 2864: 2841: 2827: 2813: 2799: 2769: 2740: 2727: 2701: 2673: 2643: 2618: 2585: 2565: 2552: 2543:Eradman Books 2532: 2518: 2498: 2486:Slate Magazine 2472: 2454:(3): 434–449. 2430: 2429: 2427: 2424: 2423: 2422: 2417: 2412: 2409:Sola scriptura 2405: 2393: 2391:Ultramontanism 2388: 2383: 2378: 2371: 2370: 2354: 2351: 2305: 2302: 2288:Asian monarchy 2270:Prime Minister 2265: 2262: 2260: 2257: 2219: 2216: 2200: 2197: 2162: 2159: 2132: 2129: 2102: 2099: 2086: 2083: 2081: 2078: 2077: 2076: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2033: 2025: 2013: 2010: 2007: 1989: 1986: 1981: 1980: 1977: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1961: 1958: 1951: 1855: 1852: 1838: 1837: 1817: 1816: 1789: 1786: 1758: 1755: 1686: 1683: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1574: 1569: 1525:issued by the 1514: 1513: 1497: 1481: 1465:Auctorem fidei 1461: 1441: 1425: 1412: 1353:proclaimed by 1346: 1343: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1284: 1279: 1271:Aloisio Riccio 1256: 1196: 1191: 1162: 1159: 1136:Quia quorundam 1099:Pope John XXII 1075:Dictatus papae 1067:Thomas Aquinas 1056: 1053: 1037:Pope Gregory I 1026: 1023: 982: 979: 970: 946:Main article: 943: 940: 895: 892: 812: 807: 805: 802: 790:Pope John XXII 734: 733: 726: 725: 724: 713: 697: 665: 662: 609: 608: 607: 606: 603: 589: 569: 566: 548: 545: 535: 532: 430: 429: 427: 426: 419: 412: 404: 401: 400: 397: 396: 391: 386: 381: 374: 369: 362: 357: 347: 344: 343: 340: 339: 336: 335: 328: 321: 315: 311:Existing dogma 310: 309: 306: 305: 302: 301: 296: 291: 284: 279: 274: 269: 266:Patronato real 262: 256: 251: 250: 247: 246: 243: 242: 235: 227: 221: 216: 215: 212: 211: 208: 207: 202: 193: 186: 181: 175: 170: 169: 166: 165: 162: 161: 154: 147: 142: 137: 132: 127: 122: 116: 111: 110: 107: 106: 103: 102: 97: 92: 87: 77: 74: 73: 70: 69: 55: 54: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11860: 11849: 11848:Papal primacy 11846: 11844: 11841: 11839: 11836: 11834: 11831: 11829: 11826: 11825: 11823: 11808: 11800: 11798: 11793: 11788: 11787: 11784: 11778: 11775: 11773: 11770: 11768: 11765: 11762: 11759: 11756: 11754: 11751: 11749: 11746: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11738:Home Missions 11736: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11721: 11720: 11718: 11716: 11712: 11706: 11703: 11701: 11698: 11696: 11693: 11691: 11688: 11686: 11683: 11681: 11678: 11676: 11673: 11671: 11668: 11666: 11663: 11661: 11658: 11656: 11653: 11651: 11648: 11646: 11643: 11637: 11634: 11633: 11632: 11631:Saint Francis 11629: 11625: 11622: 11621: 11620: 11617: 11615: 11614:Saint Dominic 11612: 11611: 11610: 11607: 11603: 11600: 11598: 11595: 11593: 11590: 11588: 11585: 11584: 11583: 11580: 11579: 11577: 11575: 11569: 11563: 11560: 11558: 11555: 11553: 11550: 11548: 11545: 11543: 11540: 11538: 11535: 11533: 11530: 11528: 11525: 11523: 11520: 11518: 11515: 11513: 11510: 11508: 11505: 11503: 11500: 11498: 11495: 11493: 11490: 11488: 11485: 11483: 11480: 11478: 11475: 11473: 11470: 11468: 11465: 11463: 11460: 11458: 11455: 11453: 11450: 11448: 11445: 11443: 11440: 11438: 11435: 11433: 11430: 11428: 11427:Bethlehemites 11425: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11415: 11413: 11410: 11408: 11405: 11403: 11400: 11399: 11397: 11395: 11391: 11386: 11382: 11376: 11375: 11371: 11369: 11368: 11364: 11362: 11361: 11357: 11354: 11350: 11349:Vatican Radio 11347: 11345: 11342: 11340: 11337: 11336: 11335: 11334:Vatican Media 11332: 11330: 11327: 11326: 11324: 11322: 11318: 11312: 11309: 11307: 11304: 11301: 11299: 11296: 11294: 11291: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11267: 11264: 11263: 11262: 11259: 11257: 11254: 11252: 11249: 11245: 11242: 11241: 11240: 11237: 11236: 11234: 11232: 11228: 11214: 11211: 11209: 11206: 11204: 11201: 11199: 11196: 11195: 11194: 11191: 11189: 11186: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11176: 11175: 11174: 11171: 11165: 11162: 11161: 11160: 11157: 11155: 11152: 11150: 11147: 11145: 11142: 11140: 11137: 11135: 11132: 11131: 11130: 11127: 11126: 11124: 11122: 11118: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11102: 11100: 11097: 11095: 11092: 11090: 11087: 11085: 11082: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11072: 11070: 11067: 11065: 11062: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11052: 11050: 11047: 11045: 11042: 11040: 11037: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11027: 11025: 11022: 11020: 11017: 11015: 11012: 11010: 11007: 11005: 11002: 11000: 10997: 10995: 10992: 10991: 10990: 10987: 10985: 10982: 10981: 10979: 10977: 10973: 10969: 10961: 10958: 10956: 10953: 10951: 10948: 10947: 10946: 10943: 10941: 10938: 10934: 10931: 10930: 10929: 10926: 10922: 10919: 10917: 10914: 10913: 10912: 10909: 10907: 10904: 10900: 10897: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10887: 10885: 10881: 10878: 10877: 10876: 10873: 10870: 10867: 10866: 10864: 10862: 10858: 10852: 10849: 10847: 10844: 10842: 10839: 10835: 10832: 10830: 10827: 10825: 10822: 10820: 10817: 10815: 10812: 10810: 10807: 10805: 10802: 10800: 10797: 10795: 10792: 10790: 10787: 10786: 10785: 10782: 10778: 10775: 10773: 10770: 10769: 10768: 10765: 10764: 10762: 10759: 10755: 10751: 10745: 10742: 10740: 10737: 10735: 10732: 10730: 10727: 10725: 10722: 10720: 10717: 10715: 10712: 10710: 10707: 10706: 10704: 10702: 10698: 10692: 10689: 10687: 10684: 10680: 10677: 10676: 10675: 10672: 10668: 10665: 10663: 10660: 10659: 10658: 10654: 10651: 10649: 10646: 10644: 10641: 10638: 10637: 10635: 10632: 10631:List of popes 10627: 10623: 10620: 10617: 10613: 10609: 10605: 10601: 10594: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10575: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10553: 10550: 10548: 10545: 10541: 10538: 10536: 10533: 10532: 10531: 10528: 10527: 10525: 10523: 10519: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10503: 10502: 10501: 10498: 10494: 10491: 10490: 10489: 10486: 10483: 10481: 10478: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10468: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10452: 10450: 10448: 10444: 10434: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10415:Mother of God 10413: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10396: 10393: 10391: 10388: 10387: 10385: 10383: 10379: 10373: 10370: 10368: 10365: 10361: 10358: 10357: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10346: 10343: 10341: 10338: 10336: 10333: 10332: 10330: 10328: 10324: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10312: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10300:People of God 10298: 10296: 10295: 10291: 10289: 10288:Infallibility 10286: 10282: 10279: 10277: 10274: 10273: 10272: 10269: 10267: 10264: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10256: 10252: 10251: 10249: 10247: 10243: 10237: 10234: 10230: 10229: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10214: 10212: 10210: 10207: 10205: 10202: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10164:Body and soul 10162: 10158: 10155: 10153: 10150: 10149: 10148: 10145: 10144: 10142: 10138: 10135: 10132: 10131: 10126: 10122: 10117: 10113: 10103: 10100: 10098: 10095: 10093: 10090: 10088: 10085: 10083: 10080: 10078: 10075: 10073: 10070: 10068: 10067:Enlightenment 10065: 10063: 10060: 10054: 10051: 10050: 10049: 10046: 10044: 10041: 10040: 10039: 10038:Protestantism 10036: 10035: 10033: 10031: 10027: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10015:Scholasticism 10013: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10001: 10000:Schism (1378) 9998: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9985:Schism (1054) 9983: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9967: 9965: 9963: 9959: 9953: 9950: 9948: 9945: 9943: 9940: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9927: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9912: 9910: 9908: 9904: 9896: 9893: 9892: 9891: 9888: 9884: 9881: 9880: 9879: 9876: 9872: 9869: 9867: 9864: 9863: 9862: 9859: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9837: 9836: 9835: 9832: 9831: 9829: 9827: 9823: 9820: 9817: 9813: 9809: 9804: 9800: 9794: 9791: 9789: 9786: 9784: 9781: 9779: 9776: 9775: 9772: 9768: 9761: 9756: 9754: 9749: 9747: 9742: 9741: 9738: 9726: 9721: 9716: 9714: 9704: 9703: 9700: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9683: 9679: 9677: 9674: 9672: 9669: 9665: 9662: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9652: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9640: 9637: 9635: 9632: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9622: 9621: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9606: 9604: 9600: 9592: 9589: 9588: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9566:Mother Teresa 9564: 9562: 9559: 9556: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9531: 9527: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9519: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9492:Pope Pius XII 9490: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9474: 9472: 9470: 9466: 9460: 9459: 9458:Rerum novarum 9455: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9445: 9443: 9442:Pope Leo XIII 9440: 9438: 9435: 9433: 9430: 9428: 9425: 9423: 9420: 9418: 9415: 9413: 9412:United States 9410: 9408: 9405: 9403: 9402:Pope Pius VII 9400: 9399: 9397: 9393: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9333: 9328: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9241: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9217: 9212: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9174: 9171: 9170: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9155: 9153: 9151: 9147: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9085:Scholasticism 9083: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9060:Pope Urban II 9058: 9057: 9055: 9053: 9049: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8979: 8977: 8975: 8971: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8900: 8897: 8896: 8895: 8892: 8891: 8889: 8885: 8877: 8873: 8870: 8866: 8862: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8836:Justin Martyr 8834: 8830: 8827: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8809: 8808: 8805: 8804: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8785: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8748: 8747: 8746:New Testament 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8709:Commissioning 8707: 8706: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8664: 8663: 8660: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8653:Apostolic Age 8649: 8645: 8642: 8638: 8634: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8597: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8560: 8559: 8556: 8552: 8549: 8548: 8547: 8544: 8540: 8539:Papal primacy 8537: 8536: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8518: 8515: 8514: 8513: 8510: 8509: 8507: 8505: 8501: 8497: 8493: 8486: 8481: 8479: 8474: 8472: 8467: 8466: 8463: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8439: 8429: 8428: 8425: 8417: 8414: 8413: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8375: 8372: 8371: 8370: 8367: 8363: 8360: 8359: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8340: 8336: 8335: 8334: 8331: 8330: 8328: 8324: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8295:Congregations 8293: 8291: 8288: 8284: 8281: 8280: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8270: 8269: 8266: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8253: 8252: 8249: 8248: 8246: 8242: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8204: 8201: 8200: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8176: 8174: 8172: 8168: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8148: 8146: 8142: 8136: 8133: 8129: 8126: 8125: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8112: 8109: 8108: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8053: 8051: 8049: 8045: 8039: 8036: 8032: 8029: 8028: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8000: 7997: 7996: 7995: 7992: 7988: 7987: 7983: 7980: 7976: 7975: 7974: 7971: 7967: 7964: 7963: 7962: 7959: 7958: 7956: 7952: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7924: 7921: 7920: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7908:Infallibility 7906: 7905: 7903: 7901:Proclamations 7899: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7862:Coats of arms 7860: 7859: 7857: 7855: 7851: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7786: 7782: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7757: 7755: 7753: 7749: 7742: 7738: 7735: 7732: 7729: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7716: 7715: 7712: 7709: 7706: 7705: 7703: 7699: 7685: 7682: 7678: 7673: 7670: 7669: 7668: 7664: 7660: 7657: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7647: 7642: 7638: 7628: 7625: 7624: 7623: 7620: 7619: 7618: 7614: 7610: 7609: 7606: 7602: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7591: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7578: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7561: 7557: 7550: 7545: 7543: 7538: 7536: 7531: 7530: 7527: 7515: 7514: 7509: 7505: 7503: 7502: 7493: 7492: 7489: 7476: 7473: 7470: 7467: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7458: 7455: 7452: 7449: 7446: 7443: 7440: 7437: 7434: 7431: 7428: 7425: 7424: 7422: 7416: 7409: 7406: 7403: 7400: 7395: 7392: 7389: 7386: 7383: 7380: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7371: 7368: 7365: 7364: 7362: 7358:High and Late 7356: 7349: 7346: 7343: 7342: 7338: 7335: 7332: 7329: 7326: 7323: 7320: 7315: 7312: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7305: 7303: 7301: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7286: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7174:Benedict XIII 7172: 7170: 7169:Innocent XIII 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7134:Alexander VII 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7106: 7104: 7100: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7003:Innocent VIII 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6983:Callixtus III 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6903:Boniface VIII 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6820: 6818: 6814: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6802:Celestine III 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6777:Alexander III 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6767:Anastasius IV 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6667:Sylvester III 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6652:Benedict VIII 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6419: 6417: 6413: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6176:Anastasius II 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6123: 6121: 6117: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5917: 5915: 5911: 5905: 5902: 5898: 5895: 5894: 5893: 5892:Pope emeritus 5890: 5888: 5885: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5872: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5852: 5851: 5850:List of popes 5848: 5847: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5829: 5824: 5822: 5817: 5815: 5810: 5809: 5806: 5799: 5795: 5792: 5788: 5787: 5781: 5775: 5771: 5770: 5764: 5759: 5755: 5754: 5748: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5734: 5732: 5728: 5725: 5721: 5708: 5693: 5688: 5687: 5677: 5671: 5667: 5666: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5651:90-04-08884-9 5647: 5643: 5638: 5634: 5632:1-59244-060-6 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5610:1-59244-208-0 5606: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5584: 5580: 5575: 5571: 5569:0-8198-3042-9 5565: 5561: 5556: 5552: 5550:0-7648-0141-4 5546: 5541: 5540: 5533: 5530: 5526: 5523: 5519: 5517:88-209-1528-6 5513: 5509: 5504: 5500: 5498:0-385-18483-2 5494: 5491:. Doubleday. 5489: 5488: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5466: 5460: 5457:. Doubleday. 5455: 5454: 5447: 5443: 5441:0-8146-2872-9 5437: 5432: 5431: 5424: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5412: 5406: 5402: 5400:0-89453-296-0 5396: 5392: 5387: 5383: 5381:0-87061-190-9 5377: 5373: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5361: 5349: 5343: 5327: 5323: 5322:"non-expedit" 5317: 5302: 5301:Newadvent.org 5298: 5292: 5290: 5288: 5272: 5268: 5262: 5255: 5249: 5242: 5236: 5227: 5220: 5214: 5208: 5205:Ahl al-Bayt, 5202: 5194: 5188: 5184: 5177: 5162: 5158: 5152: 5145: 5140: 5132: 5120: 5105: 5101: 5095: 5088: 5082: 5075: 5069: 5062: 5056: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5026: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4996: 4989: 4983: 4977: 4971: 4962: 4955: 4949: 4943:, pp. 157–59. 4942: 4938: 4933: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4903: 4887: 4883: 4877: 4871: 4866: 4860: 4855: 4846: 4839: 4835: 4829: 4822: 4816: 4810: 4809:Matthew 16:18 4805: 4798: 4792: 4784: 4782:9780837085555 4778: 4774: 4773: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4753: 4748: 4746: 4730: 4728:9780802862846 4724: 4720: 4719: 4711: 4701: 4694: 4689: 4683: 4680: 4675: 4669: 4667: 4661: 4656: 4649: 4647: 4640: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4610: 4602: 4598: 4597: 4589: 4581: 4577: 4576: 4568: 4552: 4548: 4542: 4526: 4519: 4513: 4511: 4502: 4498: 4497: 4489: 4481: 4477: 4476: 4468: 4466: 4458: 4452: 4445: 4439: 4431: 4430: 4422: 4420: 4412: 4407: 4399: 4392: 4385: 4379: 4371: 4365: 4361: 4360: 4352: 4336: 4332: 4326: 4311: 4307: 4301: 4286: 4282: 4275: 4260: 4256: 4249: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4212: 4196: 4192: 4186: 4171: 4170: 4165: 4159: 4143: 4136: 4120: 4116: 4109: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4080: 4064: 4060: 4054: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4036:1-59244-208-0 4032: 4028: 4024: 4018: 4010: 4004: 4000: 3999: 3991: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3969: 3965: 3958: 3950: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3922: 3918: 3911: 3896: 3895:Newadvent.org 3892: 3886: 3871: 3867: 3861: 3846: 3842: 3836: 3820: 3819:Newadvent.org 3816: 3810: 3808: 3792: 3788: 3787: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3768: 3753: 3749: 3748: 3740: 3733: 3727: 3711: 3704: 3697: 3691: 3689: 3672: 3665: 3649: 3645: 3638: 3622: 3618: 3611: 3596: 3592: 3586: 3577: 3561: 3557: 3550: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3529: 3514: 3508: 3500: 3494: 3490: 3489: 3481: 3479: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3454: 3447: 3441: 3425: 3419: 3412: 3408: 3403: 3395: 3394: 3386: 3378: 3372: 3368: 3367: 3359: 3344: 3342:9780802862846 3338: 3334: 3333: 3325: 3310: 3308:9783786709848 3304: 3300: 3299: 3291: 3283: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3268: 3267:Papal Primacy 3260: 3258: 3256: 3248: 3244: 3238: 3232: 3226: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3205: 3189: 3182: 3176: 3171: 3164: 3161:Ott, Ludwig. 3158: 3142: 3138: 3132: 3116: 3112: 3106: 3099: 3087: 3083: 3082: 3079: 3075: 3068: 3066: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3035: 3027: 3021: 3017: 3016: 3008: 2993: 2992: 2987: 2980: 2965: 2961: 2954: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2930:The Telegraph 2927: 2920: 2905: 2904:Ncronline.org 2901: 2894: 2878: 2874: 2868: 2862: 2858: 2855: 2851: 2845: 2837: 2831: 2823: 2817: 2809: 2803: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2773: 2766: 2754: 2750: 2744: 2736: 2731: 2715: 2713: 2705: 2690: 2686: 2680: 2678: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2647: 2632: 2628: 2622: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2592: 2590: 2582: 2581:0-8160-5455-X 2578: 2574: 2569: 2562: 2556: 2550: 2549:0-8028-2416-1 2546: 2542: 2536: 2521: 2515: 2511: 2510: 2502: 2487: 2483: 2476: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2442: 2435: 2431: 2421: 2418: 2416: 2413: 2411: 2410: 2406: 2403: 2399: 2398: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2387: 2384: 2382: 2381:Papal primacy 2379: 2376: 2373: 2372: 2368: 2362: 2357: 2349: 2344: 2340: 2338: 2334: 2333: 2328: 2322: 2320: 2313: 2311: 2301: 2299: 2298: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2284: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2256: 2254: 2251:. Many Sunni 2250: 2249:infallibility 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2224:Infallibility 2215: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2181: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2157: 2152: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2127: 2123: 2118: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2074: 2073: 2068: 2064: 2061:Chapter 7 of 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2034: 2031: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1995: 1994: 1993: 1985: 1978: 1975: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1952: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1940: 1939: 1937: 1931: 1926: 1924: 1919: 1917: 1912: 1911:Brian Tierney 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1891: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1850: 1848: 1843: 1835: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1825: 1822: 1814: 1810: 1809: 1808: 1806: 1801: 1799: 1795: 1785: 1783: 1778: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1754: 1750: 1748: 1743: 1741: 1736: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1725:On the Church 1721: 1718: 1716: 1710: 1706: 1701: 1699: 1694: 1692: 1682: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1661: 1657: 1656: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1623:Nicholas Lash 1620: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1605: 1603: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1585: 1580: 1573: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1529:published on 1528: 1524: 1523: 1517: 1511: 1507: 1506:Pope Pius XII 1503: 1502: 1498: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1486: 1482: 1480:as heretical; 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1466: 1462: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1446: 1445:Cum occasione 1442: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1430: 1426: 1423: 1419: 1418: 1413: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1401: 1397: 1396: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1384: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1369:Pope Pius XII 1366: 1362: 1358: 1357: 1352: 1342: 1340: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1307: 1305: 1298: 1296: 1292: 1291: 1290:Lumen gentium 1283: 1282:Lumen gentium 1278: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1255: 1253: 1248: 1245: 1241: 1240:Blessed Peter 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1219: 1217: 1213: 1212: 1201: 1195: 1190: 1188: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1174: 1168: 1157: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1146:Qui quorundam 1141: 1138: 1137: 1131: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1083: 1081: 1077: 1076: 1070: 1068: 1062: 1052: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1033: 1022: 1018: 1015: 1008:Shrine 1903). 1007: 1003: 1000:(painting by 999: 995: 994:Apostle Peter 991: 990:Pope Leo XIII 987: 975: 969: 967: 959: 954: 949: 939: 937: 933: 932:John 21:15–17 929: 928:Matthew 16:19 925: 921: 920:Matthew 16:18 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 891: 889: 884: 881: 877: 872: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 847: 843: 839: 835: 830: 825: 818: 811: 801: 799: 798:James Gibbons 795: 791: 786: 782: 778: 775:In July 2005 773: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 731: 727: 722: 718: 714: 711: 708: 704: 703: 702: 698: 696: 692: 691: 690: 688: 683: 679: 674: 672: 671: 661: 659: 655: 651: 650: 642: 640: 634: 632: 628: 627: 621: 619: 615: 604: 601: 600: 598: 594: 590: 587: 583: 582: 581: 579: 575: 565: 563: 559: 554: 540: 531: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 500: 498: 494: 490: 489: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 425: 420: 418: 413: 411: 406: 405: 403: 402: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 384:Sedevacantism 382: 380: 375: 373: 370: 368: 363: 361: 358: 356: 349: 348: 342: 341: 334: 333: 329: 327: 326: 322: 320: 317: 316: 308: 307: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 267: 263: 261: 258: 257: 249: 248: 241: 240: 236: 234: 233:§ Controversy 232: 228: 226: 223: 222: 214: 213: 206: 205:Ultrajectines 203: 201: 198: 194: 192: 187: 185: 182: 180: 177: 176: 168: 167: 160: 155: 153: 152: 148: 146: 143: 141: 138: 136: 133: 131: 128: 126: 123: 121: 120:Papal primacy 118: 117: 109: 108: 101: 98: 96: 93: 91: 88: 86: 85:Papal primacy 82: 79: 78: 72: 71: 68: 67:infallibility 64: 60: 59:Papal primacy 57: 56: 52: 48: 47: 42: 38: 34: 30: 19: 11828:Pope Pius IX 11777:Universities 11609:Third orders 11572:Associations 11562:Visitandines 11557:Trinitarians 11507:Mercedarians 11492:Hieronymites 11437:Camaldoleses 11422:Benedictines 11412:Augustinians 11372: 11365: 11358: 11339:Vatican News 11293:Distinctions 11099:Syro-Malabar 10984:Latin Church 10906:Grand master 10804:Metropolitan 10701:Vatican City 10596:Organisation 10475:Philosophers 10340:Confirmation 10317:In canon law 10311:Subsistit in 10309: 10305:Three states 10292: 10253: 10246:Ecclesiology 10228:Nova Vulgata 10226: 10184:Original sin 10179:Nicene Creed 10169:Divine grace 10128: 10010:Universities 9980:Papal States 9907:Great Church 9849:Resurrection 9826:Early Church 9680: 9676:Pope Francis 9602:21st century 9551:Pope Paul VI 9528: 9516: 9469:20th century 9456: 9436: 9407:Pope Pius IX 9395:19th century 9371:Pope Pius VI 9238: 9110:Latin Empire 9080:Universities 9032:Pope Leo III 8899:Christianity 8884:state church 8876:Great Church 8677:Resurrection 8640:(30–325/476) 8637:Early Church 8622:Latin Church 8617:Papal States 8612:Vatican City 8161:Shepherd One 8021:Inauguration 7986:Urbi et Orbi 7984: 7907: 7799:His Holiness 7708:Vatican City 7701:Headquarters 7641:Vatican City 7603: 7581:Jurisdiction 7511: 7499: 7469:World War II 7463:Vatican City 7339: 7310:(until 493) 7274:Benedict XVI 7269:John Paul II 7189:Clement XIII 7184:Benedict XIV 7159:Innocent XII 7093:Clement VIII 7068:Gregory XIII 7048:Marcellus II 7008:Alexander VI 6958:Innocent VII 6923:Benedict XII 6878:Nicholas III 6843:Alexander IV 6833:Celestine IV 6823:Honorius III 6807:Innocent III 6792:Gregory VIII 6752:Celestine II 6737:Callixtus II 6707:Alexander II 6632:Sylvester II 6612:Benedict VII 6572:Stephen VIII 6457:Benedict III 6311:Adeodatus II 6256:Boniface III 6110:Anastasius I 5797: 5784: 5767: 5751: 5736: 5729:, by bishop 5707:cite journal 5695:. Retrieved 5664: 5641: 5622: 5600: 5578: 5559: 5538: 5507: 5486: 5472: 5452: 5429: 5419: 5410: 5390: 5369: 5365: 5358:Bibliography 5347: 5342: 5330:. Retrieved 5325: 5316: 5304:. Retrieved 5300: 5274:. Retrieved 5270: 5261: 5253: 5248: 5240: 5235: 5226: 5218: 5213: 5206: 5201: 5182: 5176: 5164:. Retrieved 5161:Reformed.org 5160: 5151: 5139: 5107:. Retrieved 5103: 5094: 5086: 5081: 5073: 5068: 5060: 5055: 5043:. Retrieved 5039:the original 5034: 5025: 5013:. Retrieved 5009:the original 5004: 4995: 4987: 4982: 4975: 4970: 4961: 4953: 4948: 4940: 4932: 4920:. Retrieved 4916:the original 4911: 4902: 4890:. Retrieved 4886:the original 4876: 4865: 4854: 4845: 4837: 4833: 4828: 4815: 4804: 4796: 4791: 4771: 4732:. Retrieved 4717: 4710: 4700: 4688: 4674: 4665: 4659: 4655: 4648:(Brill 1972) 4645: 4639: 4627:. Retrieved 4623:the original 4618: 4609: 4595: 4588: 4574: 4567: 4555:. Retrieved 4550: 4541: 4529:. 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Retrieved 3507: 3487: 3464:(Brill 2000 3461: 3453: 3445: 3440: 3428:. Retrieved 3418: 3410: 3402: 3392: 3385: 3365: 3358: 3346:. Retrieved 3331: 3324: 3312:. Retrieved 3297: 3290: 3266: 3237: 3225: 3209: 3204: 3192:. Retrieved 3181: 3174: 3170: 3162: 3157: 3145:. Retrieved 3140: 3131: 3119:. Retrieved 3114: 3105: 3096: 3089:. Retrieved 3081: 3077: 3074: 3052:. Retrieved 3048:the original 3043: 3034: 3014: 3007: 2995:. Retrieved 2989: 2979: 2967:. Retrieved 2963: 2953: 2941:. Retrieved 2929: 2919: 2907:. Retrieved 2903: 2893: 2881:. Retrieved 2876: 2867: 2849: 2844: 2830: 2816: 2802: 2790:. Retrieved 2786:the original 2781: 2772: 2763: 2756:. Retrieved 2752: 2743: 2730: 2718:. Retrieved 2711: 2704: 2692:. Retrieved 2688: 2664:. Retrieved 2660:the original 2655: 2646: 2634:. Retrieved 2630: 2621: 2609:. Retrieved 2605:the original 2600: 2572: 2568: 2560: 2555: 2540: 2535: 2523:. Retrieved 2508: 2501: 2491:15 September 2489:. Retrieved 2485: 2475: 2464:the original 2451: 2447: 2434: 2407: 2395: 2346: 2341: 2330: 2324: 2315: 2307: 2295: 2281: 2267: 2227: 2202: 2193: 2188: 2183: 2166:Presbyterian 2164: 2154: 2134: 2124: 2120: 2104: 2088: 2070: 2029: 2021:apostle Paul 2017:Book of Acts 1991: 1982: 1973: 1954: 1947: 1943: 1933: 1928: 1920: 1916:Wittgenstein 1906: 1905:, author of 1898: 1897:, author of 1892: 1886:, Spain and 1857: 1846: 1841: 1840: 1827: 1826: 1820: 1819: 1812: 1802: 1793: 1791: 1779: 1760: 1751: 1746: 1744: 1739: 1737: 1732: 1729:Ultramontane 1724: 1722: 1719: 1712: 1707: 1703: 1695: 1688: 1680: 1666:Pope Francis 1664: 1659: 1653: 1643: 1634: 1621: 1606: 1599: 1588: 1582: 1576: 1571: 1564: 1560: 1554: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1530: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1499: 1490:Pope Pius IX 1483: 1470:Pope Pius VI 1463: 1443: 1427: 1414: 1398: 1391: 1385: 1380: 1371:defined the 1364: 1360: 1354: 1348: 1334: 1330:canonization 1325:canonization 1322: 1319: 1303: 1300: 1288: 1286: 1281: 1263: 1249: 1227: 1221: 1209: 1206: 1193: 1181: 1172: 1164: 1154: 1150: 1145: 1142: 1134: 1132: 1127: 1123: 1114: 1113:By the bull 1112: 1102: 1084: 1073: 1071: 1064: 1049:conciliarist 1030: 1028: 1019: 1011: 963: 897: 887: 885: 875: 873: 860: 856: 852: 851: 833: 809: 774: 758:definitively 757: 737: 735: 729: 720: 716: 715:following a 709: 706: 705:following a 700: 694: 684: 681: 676: 668: 667: 647: 644: 636: 624: 622: 610: 592: 577: 571: 558:New Covenant 550: 523: 519: 511: 501: 486: 458: 434: 433: 394:Ultrajectine 330: 323: 277:Febronianism 264: 237: 230: 225:Febronianism 196: 179:Conciliarity 149: 94: 66: 37:Pope Pius IX 29: 11767:Health care 11753:Pax Christi 11705:Schoenstatt 11670:Sant'Egidio 11502:Legionaries 11482:Franciscans 11457:Cistercians 11452:Carthusians 11407:Annonciades 11266:Altarpieces 11159:West Syriac 11154:East Syriac 11134:Alexandrian 10758:Holy orders 10739:Swiss Guard 10679:Dicasteries 10674:Roman Curia 10572:Evangelists 10530:Holy Family 10465:Personalism 10455:Natural law 10433:Josephology 10367:Holy orders 10005:Inquisition 9962:Middle Ages 9952:Monasticism 9920:Constantine 9844:Crucifixion 9682:Laudato si' 9477:Pope Pius X 9306:Philip Neri 9281:Pope Pius V 9256:Thomas More 9125:Inquisition 9027:Charlemagne 8987:Monasticism 8797:Persecution 8689:Holy Spirit 8672:Crucifixion 8551:First seven 8381:Swiss Guard 8300:Dicasteries 8278:Commissions 8268:Roman Curia 8188:Swiss Guard 7961:Arbitration 7790:Papal names 7679:along with 7477:(1945–1991) 7471:(1939–1945) 7459:(1870–1929) 7453:(1775–1848) 7441:(1585–1689) 7435:(1534–1585) 7429:(1417–1534) 7410:(1378–1417) 7404:(1309–1378) 7396:, 1228–1304 7390:, 1262–1297 7384:, 1257–1281 7375:(1048–1257) 7360:Middle Ages 7300:Middle Ages 7264:John Paul I 7239:Benedict XV 7219:Gregory XVI 7194:Clement XIV 7179:Clement XII 7149:Innocent XI 7088:Innocent IX 7083:Gregory XIV 7033:Clement VII 6963:Gregory XII 6953:Boniface IX 6933:Innocent VI 6908:Benedict XI 6898:Celestine V 6893:Nicholas IV 6888:Honorius IV 6838:Innocent IV 6797:Clement III 6747:Innocent II 6742:Honorius II 6732:Gelasius II 6712:Gregory VII 6702:Nicholas II 6662:Benedict IX 6607:Benedict VI 6582:Agapetus II 6557:Stephen VII 6532:Sergius III 6522:Benedict IV 6512:Theodore II 6497:Boniface VI 6396:Stephen III 6376:Gregory III 6366:Constantine 6331:Benedict II 6266:Adeodatus I 6261:Boniface IV 6241:Pelagius II 6201:Boniface II 6141:Celestine I 6080:Sylvester I 6065:Marcellus I 6060:Marcellinus 5995:Callixtus I 5980:Eleutherius 5955:Telesphorus 5945:Alexander I 5867:Papal names 5697:22 December 5543:. Triumph. 5332:22 December 5306:22 December 5276:22 December 5166:22 December 5109:21 December 5045:21 December 5015:21 December 4922:22 December 4892:22 December 4832:Augustine, 4734:22 December 4629:22 December 4557:22 December 4551:Archive.org 4531:22 December 4442:Gladstone, 4413:, Para 7–8. 4264:4 September 4218:ex cathedra 4175:10 February 4125:10 November 4098:22 December 3900:22 December 3850:18 February 3825:22 December 3796:17 February 3757:22 December 3716:21 December 3677:21 December 3600:22 December 3430:22 December 3348:22 December 3314:21 December 3243:papal bulls 3194:21 December 3147:21 December 3121:21 December 3091:17 February 3054:14 February 3015:Eschatology 2997:31 December 2969:31 December 2943:31 December 2909:22 December 2883:31 December 2792:21 December 2758:21 December 2694:25 December 2666:21 December 2636:21 December 2611:21 December 2525:22 December 2332:Non Expedit 2319:Kulturkampf 2292:rule of law 2245:sinlessness 2237:Ahl al-Bayt 2229:Sunni Islam 2204:Evangelical 2151:Scripture: 2136:John Wesley 2095:Holy Spirit 2030:Holy Father 1974:ideological 1903:Garry Wills 1888:Switzerland 1740:ex cathedra 1733:ex cathedra 1561:ex cathedra 1536:ex cathedra 1417:Pope Agatho 1392:ex cathedra 1365:ex cathedra 1361:ex cathedra 1228:ex cathedra 1105:, in which 1055:Middle Ages 1014:Peter Olivi 966:development 888:ex cathedra 876:ex cathedra 834:ex cathedra 817:Ex Cathedra 810:Ex cathedra 699:to be held 649:ex cathedra 593:ex cathedra 578:ex cathedra 562:Magisterium 524:ex cathedra 520:ex cathedra 512:ex cathedra 479:Magisterium 459:ex cathedra 282:Cisalpinism 272:Josephinism 260:Gallicanism 18:Ex cathedra 11822:Categories 11522:Oratorians 11477:Dominicans 11447:Carmelites 11442:Camillians 11390:institutes 11203:Tridentine 11139:Antiochian 11059:Macedonian 11004:Belarusian 10894:Provincial 10809:Archbishop 10729:Roman Rota 10691:Properties 10616:By country 10612:Precedence 10577:Confessors 10557:Archangels 10547:Patriarchs 10447:Philosophy 10425:Veneration 10390:Assumption 10360:Last rites 10327:Sacraments 10271:Four marks 10082:Vatican II 10030:Modern era 9866:Succession 9555:coronation 9261:Pope Leo X 8846:Tertullian 8776:Revelation 8751:Background 8235:Theologian 8179:Camerlengo 8151:Popemobile 8011:Consistory 8006:Coronation 7979:Pontifical 7966:Deposition 7954:Activities 7930:Encyclical 7892:Umbraculum 7565:Episcopate 7420:Modern Era 7350:(974–1012) 7254:John XXIII 7164:Clement XI 7139:Clement IX 7129:Innocent X 7124:Urban VIII 7119:Gregory XV 7043:Julius III 6978:Nicholas V 6943:Gregory XI 6928:Clement VI 6863:Innocent V 6853:Clement IV 6828:Gregory IX 6782:Lucius III 6762:Eugene III 6727:Paschal II 6717:Victor III 6697:Stephen IX 6682:Damasus II 6677:Clement II 6672:Gregory VI 6647:Sergius IV 6642:John XVIII 6592:Benedict V 6577:Marinus II 6502:Stephen VI 6482:Adrian III 6462:Nicholas I 6447:Sergius II 6442:Gregory IV 6422:Stephen IV 6386:Stephen II 6371:Gregory II 6291:Theodore I 6276:Honorius I 6271:Boniface V 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