1421:
214:. A Pew Research report corroborated this, finding in 2015 that 36% of those born Mormon left the religion, with 21% of born Mormons (58% of ex-Mormons) now unaffiliated, 6% evangelical Protestant, and 9% converting to other Protestant, Catholic, or a non-Christian faith. Others either retained belief in God but not in organized religion or became adherents of other faiths. Among ex-Mormons with no current religious preference, 36 percent continued the practice of
2556:
2568:
2580:
236:. Family members of some may express only disappointment and sorrow and try to reach out in understanding to their new belief system or lack thereof. Some stay under threat of divorce from spouses who still believe. Still, many ex-Mormons have given up spouses, children, and the ability to enter Mormon temples to witness important life events of family members. Ex-Mormons in geographic locations away from major
113:
cited conflict with other church members as a large factor in their decision to leave. Also, just 4 percent claimed that a significant reason for apostasy was dissatisfaction with the rules of conduct professed by the LDS Church. This corroborates the assertion that many
Mormons are satisfied with the communal aspect and attributes of LDS Church life. A 2023 survey of over 1,000 former church members in the
219:
dialogue between adherents of their new faiths and active
Mormons. Attitudes of ex-Mormons also differ regarding their church membership. Some formally resign by mailing resignation letters to request the removal of their church membership records, which the LDS Church refers to as "name removal", while others simply
112:
and other Mormon religious texts are rejected on similar grounds. A study of 3000 people who were formerly affiliated with the LDS Church recorded that 74 percent of respondents cited a disbelief in church doctrine or theology as major reason for leaving the church, but only 4 percent of respondents
218:
often or daily. Ex-Mormon attitudes toward
Mormons and Mormonism vary widely. Some ex-Mormons actively proselytize against Mormonism, while some provide only support to others leaving the religion. Other ex-Mormons prefer to avoid the subject entirely, while still others may try to encourage healthy
65:
data, around 1/3 of adults raised LDS no longer adhere to the faith (up from around 10% in the 1970s and 1980s) and in 2008 only 25% of LDS young adults were actively involved. Two surveys taken across the state of Utah between 1980 and 1981, showed that for every five converts into
Mormonism, there
120:
Individuals leave
Mormonism for a variety of reasons, although "single reason disaffiliates are rare among former Mormons." Research shows that 43 percent of ex-Mormon left due to unmet spiritual needs. Other reasons for leaving may include a belief that they are in a cult, logical or intellectual
316:
article, as of 2014, about one-third of those with a Latter-day Saint background have left the Church. Of those who leave the Church, about 58% switch to no religion or unaffiliated; 18% switch to evangelical
Protestant groups; 8% went to Mainline Protestant denominations; 10% went to generic
260:
as disaffiliates confront feelings of betrayal and loneliness, followed by self-discovery, belief exploration, spiritual guidance and connection as they leave
Mormonism. He argues that leaving may provide a renewed sense of self, confidence and peace. One ex-Mormon compared his disaffiliation
60:
may or may not affiliate but do not believe in certain doctrines or practices of the LDS Church. The distinction is important to a large segment of ex-Mormons, many of whom consider their decision to leave as morally compelling and socially risky. According to 2014
231:
Ex-Mormons who publicly leave
Mormonism often face social stigmatization. Although many leave to be true to themselves or to a new belief structure, they leave at a cost; many leave feeling ostracized and pressured and miss out on major family events such as
289:
website. Localized groups include the SLC Postmos meetup and
Facebook group (with over 2,000 members) and Utah Valley Postmos meetup and Facebook group (over 900 members). The ex-Mormon subreddit gained publicity with its involvement leaking LDS documents.
1830:
121:
appraisal, belief changes or differences, spiritual conversion to another faith, life crises, and poor or hurtful responsiveness by Mormon leaders or congregations. Of former
Mormons surveyed, 58 percent switched to other faiths or practices.
2512:
367:
307:
2213:
41:
1835:
1872:
1520:
2159:
1887:
1771:
1644:
2154:
2087:
1739:
178:
In recent years, the LDS Church has become more politically active, particularly with regard to legislation barring civil marriage for same-sex couples. Official church involvement in the
1983:
190:
After their decision to leave Mormonism and the LDS Church, ex-Mormons typically go through an adjustment period as they re-orient their lives religiously, socially, and psychologically.
1236:
2050:
2018:
1909:
281:
Many formerly LDS individuals seek community and discussion about their former beliefs in online and in-person groups. Some of these international groups include the ex-Mormon page on
2043:
273:. Still others compare their symptoms to divorce from marriage. Ex-Mormons may also have to cope with the pain of ostracism by Mormon employers, friends, spouses, and family members.
1882:
1956:
1295:
2144:
1867:
2355:
2534:
2311:
1761:
163:
as stating, "the nonconformist will find a dull social life with difficulty finding someone that will be their friend, regardless of who they are or what they believe."
2583:
1924:
1475:
2559:
2437:
1978:
1557:
946:
117:
found the following top three reported reasons for disafilliation: 1. History related to Joseph Smith; 2. The Book of Mormon; and 3. Race issues in the church.
66:
were two converts out. Many ex-Mormons experience troubles with family members who still follow Mormon teachings. Aggregations of ex-Mormons may comprise a
2479:
705:
88:
Church because of intellectual reasons for finding the religion false or practices of Mormon organizations. The foremost reasons are disbelief both in
509:
252:
Many ex-Mormons go through a psychological process as they leave Mormonism. Former Mormon Bob McCue described his disaffiliation as recovery from
202:
of ex-Mormons found that a majority of ex-Mormons do not self-identify as a member of another faith tradition, choosing to describe themselves as
1465:
438:
37:
784:
Albrecht, S.L.; Bahr, H.M. (1983). "Patterns of Religious Disaffiliation: A Study of Lifelong Mormons, Mormon Converts & Former Mormons".
2390:
786:
744:
2621:
1456:
2099:
1899:
1301:
362:
286:
79:
1359:
1069:
923:
1733:
2474:
2467:
2462:
1632:
1535:
1083:
1045:
839:
599:
537:
2606:
2077:
1936:
1840:
1721:
1505:
581:
561:
2457:
2331:
2235:
108:
evidence against the Book of Mormon in the New World. In addition to rejecting the Book of Mormon for such reasons, the
2427:
2400:
2380:
2230:
1701:
965:
101:
97:
2611:
2507:
2395:
1656:
1515:
1237:
Who Is Leaving the Church? Demographic Predictors of Ex–Latter-day Saint Status in the Pew Religious Landscape Survey
907:
876:
638:
342:
2571:
2370:
1607:
1425:
1209:
630:
607:
20:
2616:
2385:
2375:
2277:
1968:
1845:
1542:
1449:
352:
179:
105:
2252:
1815:
1686:
1031:
2109:
2094:
1783:
1130:
720:
2405:
1352:
1751:
1247:
519:
308:
Demographics of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints § Activity rates and disaffiliation
96:
as a religious and historical document. Reasons for this disbelief include issues with anthropological,
2497:
2287:
2124:
2119:
1820:
1666:
1442:
1075:
1037:
133:
412:
2321:
2272:
2240:
2220:
2203:
1990:
1973:
1892:
1681:
1676:
1180:
742:
Albrecht, S.L.; Bahr, H.M. (1989). "Strangers Once More: Patterns of Disaffiliation from Mormonism".
155:
A minority of ex-Mormons cite their personal incompatibility with Mormon beliefs or culture. A 2003
2539:
2326:
2282:
2225:
2129:
1627:
1622:
1592:
1547:
1332:
327:
160:
33:
1434:
2028:
1857:
1810:
1661:
1530:
1345:
2412:
2055:
1776:
1696:
1602:
1567:
1097:
2492:
2267:
2198:
1850:
1803:
715:
710:
542:
533:
719:
2316:
2257:
2134:
2104:
1941:
1788:
1263:
1205:
253:
8:
2529:
2522:
2038:
1793:
1727:
1710:
332:
141:
85:
62:
931:
2452:
2447:
2262:
2169:
1995:
1766:
1392:
803:
761:
233:
220:
172:
1071:
Leaving the Fold: A Guide for Former Fundamentalists and Others Leaving their Religion
2567:
2417:
2208:
2193:
2082:
2067:
2003:
1862:
1495:
1089:
1079:
1051:
1041:
903:
882:
872:
845:
835:
644:
634:
514:
485:
257:
1337:
661:
2033:
1798:
1746:
1691:
1671:
1552:
795:
753:
725:
477:
298:
Latter-day Saints generally hope ex-Mormons will return to activity in the church.
199:
156:
611:
182:
campaign was highly controversial, causing some Mormons to stop attending church.
2484:
2343:
2164:
1963:
1946:
1877:
1617:
1562:
1485:
1382:
1290:
1157:
368:
Category:People excommunicated by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
347:
137:
114:
109:
67:
57:
52:
or postmo—may neither believe in nor affiliate with the LDS Church. In contrast,
585:
395:"Abbreviations: FOR NEWBIES - Guide to abbreviations used on exmormon.org board"
132:
perspectives may view certain Mormon doctrines (including past teachings on the
2502:
2365:
2306:
2245:
2114:
1914:
1904:
1597:
1582:
1490:
1407:
1116:
270:
241:
93:
2600:
2422:
1951:
1825:
1612:
1500:
1377:
1286:
557:
489:
1313:- an organization dedicated to supporting those in transition from Mormonism
1093:
1055:
886:
849:
648:
256:. Reynolds reports that leaving involves a period of intense self-doubt and
2294:
2013:
1525:
1510:
1387:
862:
439:"Millennial Mormons leaving faith at higher rate than previous generations"
337:
266:
89:
1267:
866:
2517:
2023:
1756:
1715:
1397:
1210:"LDS Church President Monson urges disenfranchised to return to the fold"
831:
662:"Understanding Mormon Disbelief Survey – March 2012 Results and Analysis"
285:(with over 300,000 subscribers) as well as various group listings on the
53:
1217:
2338:
807:
765:
701:
394:
168:
164:
1013:
995:
690:(Kindle ed.). Castle Quay Books. pp. Kindle Locations 76–77.
2299:
465:
372:
211:
45:
799:
757:
481:
1572:
1464:
357:
237:
203:
129:
125:
948:
Some LDS members leaving church over same-sex marriage controversy
2008:
1310:
207:
1322:
466:"Strangers Once More: Patterns of Disaffiliation from Mormonism"
1305:
282:
215:
149:
145:
16:
Disaffiliate of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
966:"Religious Switching: Change in America's Religion Landscape"
1316:
2535:
Eyewitness accounts associated with the Joseph Smith Papyri
952:
262:
706:"Who is leaving the LDS Church? Eight key survey findings"
244:
such as Utah may experience less stigmatization, however.
1181:"How the ex-Mormon community has found a home on Reddit"
566:, vol. 1, Salt Lake City: Deseret News, p. 115
1328:
1158:"Dark Net: How Reddit Is Dismantling The Mormon Church"
293:
1367:
503:
501:
499:
1319:- the most prominent ex-Mormon community on the web
1325:- Information on how to resign from the LDS Church
167:views and political attitudes that challenge this
979:Hedly, David (May 30, 2004). "Leaving the fold".
496:
2598:
1014:"Thought reform and conformity within Mormonism"
868:Women and Authority: Re-emerging Mormon Feminism
464:Bahr, Howard M.; Albrecht, Stan L. (June 1989).
1467:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
84:Most ex-Mormons leave Mormonism and the LDS or
38:the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
1204:
1156:Brown, Jennings; Cuen, Leigh (10 March 2016).
175:, are cited as reasons for leaving Mormonism.
1450:
1353:
392:
265:, while others called it close to overcoming
185:
159:publication quoted a student at church-owned
1268:"Keeping members a challenge for LDS church"
978:
787:Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion
783:
779:
777:
775:
745:Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion
741:
737:
735:
688:Mormon Crisis: Anatomy of a Failing Religion
575:
573:
470:Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion
463:
1033:The Pattern of The Double-Bind in Mormonism
830:(Second ed.), Grand Rapids, Michigan:
821:
819:
817:
1457:
1443:
1360:
1346:
924:"TOPICS: LGBT - AND MORMONISM - SECTION 1"
902:. The Princeton Review. 2003. p. 33.
276:
269:or adjusting to life outside of religious
210:or simply ex-Mormon. Some can also become
80:Criticism of the Latter Day Saint movement
1155:
1119:(collection of forum posts), exmormon.org
871:, Salt Lake City, Utah: Signature Books,
772:
732:
584:. Mister Poll Enterprises. Archived from
579:
570:
413:"Why It's Not Easy Becoming an Ex-Mormon"
1831:Black temple and priesthood restrictions
1029:
825:
814:
685:
944:
556:
532:
507:
48:". Ex-Mormons—sometimes referred to as
2599:
1067:
624:
317:Christianity; and 6% went to "other".
73:
56:may believe but do not affiliate; and
1438:
1341:
1262:
861:
855:
700:
508:Lobdell, William (December 1, 2001),
436:
1426:Latter Day Saint movement portal
1128:
1011:
993:
294:Latter-day Saint views of ex-Mormons
2458:List of Book of Mormon translations
2428:Truth & Transparency Foundation
2332:Utah Property Management Associates
1900:spectrums of orthodoxy and practice
13:
2622:Subcultures of religious movements
1256:
1178:
410:
14:
2633:
2508:Mormonism and Nicene Christianity
1388:Molly Mormon and Peter Priesthood
1302:Opposing Views: Latter Day Saints
1278:
1131:"When the Saints Go Marching Out"
343:Lost boys (Mormon fundamentalism)
2578:
2566:
2555:
2554:
1419:
1129:Miet, Hannah (30 January 2014).
631:Institute for Religious Research
608:Institute for Religious Research
393:Deconstructor (September 2010),
363:Blogs about Mormonism or Mormons
247:
134:spiritual status of black people
21:List of former Latter Day Saints
2579:
2278:Deseret News Publishing Company
1241:
1230:
1198:
1172:
1149:
1122:
1110:
1061:
1023:
1005:
987:
972:
958:
938:
916:
892:
694:
679:
654:
618:
353:List of former or dissident LDS
301:
2253:Deseret Management Corporation
592:
550:
526:
457:
437:Hatch, Heidi (13 April 2016).
430:
404:
386:
1:
2513:Relationship to U.S. politics
2100:Quorum of the Twelve Apostles
945:Vanocur, Chris (2008-11-10),
379:
724:on 9 March 2024 – via
627:By His Own Hand Upon Papyrus
510:"Losing Faith and Lots More"
193:
7:
2607:Disengagement from religion
625:Larson, Charles M. (1992),
320:
40:(LDS Church) or any of its
10:
2638:
2498:Mormon History Association
2288:Beneficial Financial Group
1117:What did leaving cost you?
1076:New Harbinger Publications
826:Reynolds, Leslie (1998) ,
629:, Grand Rapids, Michigan:
445:. Sinclair Broadcast Group
305:
186:Post-disaffiliation issues
77:
18:
2573:Latter Day Saint Movement
2550:
2436:
2354:
2322:Perpetual Emigration Fund
2273:Temple Square Hospitality
2221:Church Educational System
2183:
2143:
2066:
1991:Latter-day Saints Channel
1923:
1722:For the Strength of Youth
1643:
1581:
1474:
1416:
1373:
1030:Stricker, Marion (2000),
900:The Best Western Colleges
538:"A Warning from Kirtland"
226:
2612:Former Latter Day Saints
2540:Kirtland Egyptian papers
2463:Joseph Smith Translation
2327:Perpetual Education Fund
2283:Bonneville International
1662:Apostasy and restoration
1333:Jerald and Sandra Tanner
1331:- Founded by ex-Mormons
1329:Utah Lighthouse Ministry
1068:Winell, Marlene (1993),
714:. Salt Lake City, Utah.
686:Beverley, James (2013).
328:Religious disaffiliation
261:experience to leaving a
180:California Proposition 8
161:Brigham Young University
142:role of women in society
92:as a prophet and in the
2396:Historical authenticity
1317:Recovery from Mormonism
1311:The Exmormon Foundation
1296:considered for deletion
1074:, Oakland, California:
1018:Recovery from Mormonism
1000:Recovery from Mormonism
399:Recovery from Mormonism
277:Ex-Mormon organizations
44:, collectively called "
2617:Latter Day Saint terms
2413:Mormon Stories Podcast
2105:Quorums of the Seventy
1836:Curses of Cain and Ham
1603:Doctrine and Covenants
1568:Mormonism and violence
1137:. Newsweek Media Group
534:Backman, Milton V. Jr.
2493:Mormon fundamentalism
2268:Deseret Digital Media
2241:BYU–Pathway Worldwide
2160:Statistics by country
1974:Humanitarian services
1264:Stack, Peggy Fletcher
1248:Who Leaves Mormonism?
1214:The Salt Lake Tribune
1206:Peggy Fletcher, Stack
828:Mormons in Transition
716:Religion News Service
711:The Salt Lake Tribune
604:Mormons in Transition
600:"Book of Mormon Page"
563:History of the Church
306:Further information:
2391:Geographical setting
2317:Ensign Peak Advisors
2258:Deseret Book Company
1942:Especially for Youth
1789:Baptism for the dead
1657:Apostolic succession
1628:Joseph Smith–History
1623:Joseph Smith–Matthew
1608:Pearl of Great Price
1543:LGBT Mormon timeline
1516:Good Neighbor policy
1038:Universal Publishers
666:Why Mormons Question
614:on September 3, 2011
254:cognitive dissonance
42:schismatic breakoffs
2530:Joseph Smith Papyri
1937:Cultural depictions
1734:Family Proclamation
1711:Family Home Evening
333:Exmormon Foundation
171:, and occasionally
74:Reasons for leaving
2480:FARMS organization
2453:ComeUntoChrist.org
2263:Deseret Industries
2170:Less-active Mormon
2155:Membership history
2004:Missionary service
1969:General Conference
1558:Name of the church
1548:Handcart companies
1393:Less-active Mormon
951:, Salt Lake City:
928:The Mormon Curtain
588:on March 16, 2008.
173:sexual orientation
2594:
2593:
2475:FAIR organization
2418:Salamander letter
2083:Russell M. Nelson
1863:Reformed Egyptian
1846:Pacific Islanders
1687:Plan of salvation
1633:Articles of Faith
1536:succession crisis
1496:Anthon Transcript
1432:
1431:
1272:Salt Lake Tribune
1179:Wenzke, Marissa.
1135:Newsweek Magazine
1085:978-1-879237-51-3
1047:978-1-58112-739-3
841:978-0-8010-5811-0
582:"Exmormon Survey"
515:Los Angeles Times
223:church services.
2629:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2574:
2570:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2440:
2358:
2147:
2110:Presiding Bishop
2095:First Presidency
2070:
2051:Worship services
2034:Tabernacle Choir
1929:
1841:Native Americans
1804:Temple endowment
1799:Second anointing
1794:Marriage sealing
1747:God in Mormonism
1692:Degrees of glory
1649:
1585:
1553:Mormon Battalion
1506:Church of Christ
1478:
1468:
1459:
1452:
1445:
1436:
1435:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1362:
1355:
1348:
1339:
1338:
1299:
1274:
1266:(26 July 2005),
1250:
1245:
1239:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1216:, archived from
1202:
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1147:
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1126:
1120:
1114:
1108:
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1106:
1105:
1096:, archived from
1065:
1059:
1058:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1012:Kettunen, Eric,
1009:
1003:
1002:
994:Kettunen, Eric,
991:
985:
984:
976:
970:
969:
962:
956:
955:
942:
936:
935:
930:, archived from
920:
914:
913:
896:
890:
889:
859:
853:
852:
823:
812:
811:
781:
770:
769:
739:
730:
729:
726:Internet Archive
723:
718:. Archived from
704:(8 March 2024).
698:
692:
691:
683:
677:
676:
674:
673:
658:
652:
651:
622:
616:
615:
610:, archived from
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568:
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554:
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530:
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523:
518:, archived from
505:
494:
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461:
455:
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452:
450:
434:
428:
427:
425:
423:
411:Golden, Hallie.
408:
402:
401:
390:
157:Princeton Review
124:Those who adopt
58:cultural Mormons
2637:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2584:
2572:
2560:
2546:
2438:
2432:
2371:Book of Abraham
2356:
2350:
2344:Deseret Ranches
2190:Congregational
2179:
2165:Mormon corridor
2145:
2139:
2068:
2062:
1927:
1925:
1919:
1878:Law of chastity
1752:Heavenly Mother
1647:
1645:
1639:
1618:Book of Abraham
1583:
1577:
1486:1838 Mormon War
1476:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1433:
1428:
1420:
1418:
1412:
1383:Cultural Mormon
1369:
1368:"Mormon-nomers"
1366:
1284:
1281:
1259:
1257:Further reading
1254:
1253:
1246:
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758:10.2307/1387058
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580:MPC3934849484.
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482:10.2307/1387058
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2448:Bloggernacle
2295:FamilySearch
2184:Organization
2174:
2146:Demographics
1996:
1888:Masturbation
1821:Black people
1677:Adam and Eve
1584:Sacred texts
1526:Joseph Smith
1511:First Vision
1402:
1323:MormonNoMore
1289:
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1222:, retrieved
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416:
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338:Exvangelical
313:
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302:Demographics
297:
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267:mind control
251:
230:
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90:Joseph Smith
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34:disaffiliate
32:refers to a
29:
25:
24:
2518:Senkyoshigo
2401:Linguistics
2125:Young Women
2029:Tabernacles
2024:Pioneer Day
1928:and worship
1772:Interracial
1757:Ministering
1740:Transgender
1716:Fast Sunday
1408:Anti-Mormon
1398:Jack Mormon
832:Baker Books
702:Riess, Jana
314:BYU Studies
200:online poll
30:post-Mormon
2601:Categories
2381:Archeology
2339:AgReserves
2236:BYU-Hawaii
2214:Statistics
2069:Leadership
1858:Revelation
1811:Priesthood
1784:Ordinances
1697:Exaltation
1593:Holy Bible
1224:2008-04-26
1104:2011-09-26
672:2016-03-16
476:(2): 180.
380:References
258:depression
169:conformity
140:, and the
98:linguistic
78:See also:
19:See also:
2357:Criticism
2300:RootsTech
2231:BYU-Idaho
2175:Ex-Mormon
2130:Young Men
2078:President
2056:Sacrament
1868:Sexuality
1767:Celestial
1682:Evolution
1672:Cosmology
1403:Ex-Mormon
1294:is being
1160:. Vocativ
490:0021-8294
373:Ed Decker
212:apatheist
194:Religious
46:Mormonism
26:Ex-Mormon
2561:Category
2524:Sunstone
2488:campaign
2469:Dialogue
2386:Genetics
2312:Finances
2199:District
2019:Pageants
1999:magazine
1964:Foodways
1947:Feminism
1777:Polygamy
1762:Marriage
1573:Utah War
1563:Pioneers
1287:template
1185:Mashable
1094:30314020
1056:46728224
887:25509094
865:(1992),
850:38199795
649:26140322
560:(1902),
358:Stay LDS
321:See also
238:enclaves
204:agnostic
138:polygamy
130:feminist
126:humanist
2585:Outline
2439:Related
2135:Primary
2039:Temples
2009:Mormons
1997:Liahona
1926:Culture
1910:Suicide
1893:Soaking
1851:Slavery
1667:Calling
1646:Beliefs
1477:History
808:1385774
766:1387058
208:atheist
165:Liberal
106:genetic
2406:Origin
1728:Gender
1378:Mormon
1306:Curlie
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1190:9 June
1164:9 June
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283:Reddit
227:Social
216:prayer
150:sexist
146:racist
104:, and
2204:Stake
2014:Music
1979:Hymns
1952:Films
1531:death
1285:‹The
804:JSTOR
762:JSTOR
668:(PDF)
144:) as
2209:Ward
2194:Area
2088:List
2044:List
1984:Book
1957:List
1816:Race
1192:2017
1166:2017
1143:2017
1090:OCLC
1080:ISBN
1052:OCLC
1042:ISBN
953:KTVX
904:ISBN
883:OCLC
873:ISBN
846:OCLC
836:ISBN
645:OCLC
635:ISBN
546:: 26
486:ISSN
451:2017
443:KUTV
424:2017
263:cult
86:RLDS
50:exmo
2226:BYU
1304:at
796:doi
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478:doi
240:of
198:An
148:or
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.