666:
641:-type, with "less substantial walls" but "a massive foundation for what could be a defense tower." It was connected to the top by stairs. Period III, LH3A2–LH3B2, begins with 150 years of apparent abandonment and then a limited reconstruction of a one-story structure on the terrace. The staircase was blocked. The entire ridge was intensely occupied leaving a profusion of Mycenaean pottery. The villa was burned at the end of LH3B2, leaving a destruction level. Two persons buried in the associated rubble appear to have died violently. Occupation of the hill went on through the
36:
449:
stations. Consequently, the river is intermittent; large sections are typically dry of surface water, even though water still flows in the aquifers. Flash flooding is a problem. Through flood control, the riverbed has been widened in places and straightened, and the vegetation has been removed from its sides. The lower river runs between dikes in a long, straight course.
1553:
Geologic analysis done in the 20th century hypothesized that the
Evrotas Valley in the Late Pliocene was an inland sea over the lower and middle valley several hundred m deep at the current mouth of the river. The fault-block geology had developed earlier. During the Pleistocene the sea level dropped
656:
The excavators concluded that in the "later 15th century" (BC) the ridge was "the principal settlement site in
Laconia." The shrine and its dedications identify it as the site of Homeric Sparta, capital of a ruling couple believed by the population of the Archaic Period to have been Menelaos and
440:, one of the best ancient geographers. He believed they had the same source but that the outflow stream disappeared into a chasm only to emerge at different locations as different streams. In the most exaggerated form of the myth, the Alpheios continues under the Mediterranean to Sicily or elsewhere.
428:
river in the northwestern
Peloponnese). The flow is copious except in times of drought. A recent study measured the outflow through the catchment exit every 15 days for 540 days in 2006-2007. It recorded a maximum of 1748 cubic m per hour and a minimum of 310.5 cubic m per hour. From the catchment at
576:
The town was apparently continuously occupied from the late
Neolithic to Byzantine times when it was drowned, perhaps by an earthquake. Neolithic ceramics were only 3% of the 444 items. The town was mainly Early Bronze Age, which had 40%. The early Helladic pottery is "standard ... some showing
492:
The current communities of Elos, Leimonas and Agioi
Taxiarches have been constructed on aggraded land. As Pausanias mentions that Elos was a port city, the current Elos cannot be identified with it. Skala, on the other hand, means "place of embarkation." The location of the ancient port, however, is
1451:
In the winter months, the
Evrotas is prone to flooding. On 24 November 2005 heavy floods damaged buildings and stranded automobiles in the streets, and harmed orchards, including the valley's famous orange and olive groves. The floods affected many villages along the valley as well as the town
448:
Today, the river is hydromorphologically far from its natural state. The main problem is anthropogenic abstraction of water, by many methods, from the shallow aquifer through which it flows. The valley contains about 7000 wells. Water is directly removed by irrigation ditches, weirs, and pumping
636:
During Period IA, the hill settlement was rebuilt. The structures included kilns for smelting bronze. In Period II, dated to LH3A1, a villa-type structure was built of a terrace formed from previous building material further down to the south. It was probably two-story,
1554:
500 m (1,600 ft) exposing a flat floor. Continued slippage along the Sparta Fault dropped the middle
Eurotas valley further forcing the river to cut its way through the 100–250 m hills dividing the lower from the middle valley, creating Evrotas Ravine.
572:
island off
Elafonisos. A subsequent survey in 2009 discovered even earlier parts of the town and recovered additional pottery. A chronological study was done on "442 ceramic items, an iron nail and an obsidian chip." More research on the site is planned.
552:
that were present were not overtly recorded by the surviving administrative records but by surviving copies of records. Hypothetically, if the
Leleges really were in the Eurotas valley, the time of their ascendancy would have been before Mycenaean times.
2249:
1443:
In modern times, much of the river water is used for irrigation, with the result that the
Eurotas is almost dry during the summer months. The waters of the Eurotas are used to irrigate mainly citrus crops, for which Laconia is famous. The plain of
628:
pottery in "pockets in the bedrock." The archaeologists analyzing the site recognized a building Period I, dated between LH2B–LH3A1, the latter being brought to and end about 1425 BCE by a severe earthquake. Remains of a mansion with
472:
The rich alluvial soil through which the final 10 km of the Eurotas flows was not there in antiquity. The Eurotas has aggraded the innermost bay of the gulf. The old coastline can be approximated by a line on the periphery of the plain of
1502:, which strikes in a zig-zag path along the foot of the massif and dips toward the interior of the valley. The river is on the western side. From it the scarps of the footwall of the Sparta Fault are visible at the base of Tayegetus.
2167:
249:
Vathyrema (with Kastaniotiko, Vresiotiko, Kardaris), Voutikiotis, Rasina (with Gerakaris), Kakorema, Kerasiotiko, Kotitsanis, Magoulitsa, Mylopotamos, Nikova, Kserilas, Paroritis, Verias, Skatias, Tzitziniotiko, Tyflo,
423:
Logaras Spring supplies an anciently constructed catchment basin about the size of a pond, sometimes called a lake, which exits both to irrigation channels and to the Alpheios stream (not to be confused with the
2258:
2238:
334:
The classical Evrotas was changed to Iri in the Middle Ages and only changed back to Evrotas in recent times. Evrotas, however, is not the most ancient name of the river. It does not appear in the works of
727:
The main roads from Sparta form a branching network leading out radially from the city to connect other cities and towns in the valley. A web of secondary roads fills in the spaces between the main roads.
1549:
it was a lake. In classical times, according to the ancient authors, it was swampy, but the cultivatable land exposed was very fertile. Then, as now, it was used mainly for fruit trees, especially olive.
681:
was built on the west bank of the Eurotas about halfway down the valley. The Spartans made little use of the left bank of the river: Only one permanent bridge has been found that crossed to it, at
1972:
489:
road to Vlachiotis, southeast along the edge of the rising terrain to Asteri and south from there to the coast. Due to changes in sea level, some land on the flanks of the gulf has been drowned.
2190:
589:. This archaeological scenario is not incompatible with the Aegean distribution of the Leleges, although it is not possible to say who the early and middle Bronze Age inhabitants were.
712:, as in ancient times, at a site which dominated and still dominates the valley from its central position. However, the rich-soil plain is entirely divided into villages that practice
461:. The major ones have cut deep ravines into the Taygetus Massif. The few left-bank tributaries, receiving waters from the deep aquifer, are more substantial, but still intermittent.
1513:
from Taygetus cover half the valley, making it asymmetrical. On that account it is often called the Evrotas Furrow. The Evrotas flows over a flood plain and also through a shallow
2310:
Skoulikidis, Nikos, Elias Dimitriou, and Ioannis Karaouzas (Eds.), The Rivers of Greece: Evolution, Current Status and Perspectives. Berlin: Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-662-55367-1
1631:
2277:
783:
station recorded 47.4°C. On average this station records 43 days annually with temperatures over 40.0°C. On July 30, 2021 the Kelefina Hydro Meteorological station of the
464:
The classical Oineus was changed to Kelefina in the Middle Ages and not restored to its ancient name until recent times. The current Magoulitsa was formerly the Trypiotiko.
592:
The late Bronze Age had 25% of the items. Classical and Byzantine items were minimal, indicating a probable near abandonment of the city at the end of the late Bronze Age.
1582:
600:
Archaeology has provided a more complete story for the Mycenaean period. On the left bank of the Eurotas, across from Sparta, is a ridge on which sits a temple called the
2208:
Armstrong, Pamela; Cavanagh, W. G.; Shipley, Graham (1992). "Crossing the River: Observations on Routes and Bridges in Laconia from the Archaic to Byzantine Periods".
436:. The identity of their names comes from an ancient geologic misunderstanding that the Eurotas and the Apheios were connected underground, which deceived even
2008:
1994:
518:, one of the peoples of the eastern Aegean whom the classical writers saw as autochthonous; that is, indigenous and pre-Hellenic. His son or grandson was
1533:
beds, some of which are impermeable. Under the entire valley is a deep aquifer in the limestone floor, containing water permeating downward through the
1569:
768:
winds sweep Greece during the summer, both mountains provide a constant hot foehn winds effect which strongly affects the interior of the valley.
1525:
and transmissivity are near the junction of the Xerias and the Evrotas south of Sparti. To the east are older and finer sediments of alternating
1809:
1455:
Currently the nitrate waste from fertilizers is polluting the river, aggravated by diminished flow because of the irrigation demands on it.
318:
to the west and east, respectively. The river is 82 kilometres (51 mi) long, flowing in a north-south direction and emptying into the
568:. The town extended over the entire drowned isthmus from 60 rock-cut tombs on the Pounta shore (a beach) to the remains of walls on
2286:
1537:. The Evrotas collects runoff and drains the deep aquifer on the east bank but loses water to the shallow aquifer on the west bank.
2276:
Skoulikidis, Nikolaos; Economou, Alcibiades; Karaouzas, Joannis; Amaxidis, Yorgos; Vardakas, Leonidas; Economou, Elena (May 2008),
160:
2363:
1926:
1901:
1855:
1830:
1586:
526:. Although he named the state Sparta after her, his name is now known to have most likely been the name of the Mycenaean state.
1505:
Taygetus is transected by deep ravines through which tributaries flow into the Eurotas. At the foot of the massif is a zone of
429:
an altitude of 430 m (1,410 ft) part of the water flows into the Alpheios stream, which enters the upper Eurotas.
556:
Until the late 20th century, evidence in the valley of earlier occupation seemed to be lacking. Beginning in 1968 the
1743:
2034:
791:
741:
477:
marking the border within which prehistoric archaeological sites are not found. The line on the west follows the
457:
Most of the numerous tributaries of the Eurotas are right-bank, feeding the shallow aquifer. They are, however,
2080:
1930:
1905:
1859:
1834:
1423:
810:
799:
784:
772:
665:
2353:
1653:
2322:
1654:"Operational Mechanism of Karst Spring "Logaras", near the Village "Skortsinou", Arcadia, (Peloponnesus)"
1951:
1880:
416:
Massif, but, like the other mountains of Arcadia, is a nappe raised by the compressional forces on the
764:
mountains, completely cut out from the sea on all directions, some 30 km away from the shores. As the
2358:
545:
1521:
deep, graded with the deep end downstream. The gradient of the aquifer is a steep 1–3%. The highest
358:
eurōs (εὐρώς), "mold". The adjective, eurōeis, "moldy," is genuinely ancient, used as an epithet of
605:
65:
458:
2328:
1727:. Cambridge Library collection. Cambridge; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. p. 196.
557:
522:, the last of the line. The latter had a daughter, Sparta, but no sons. An outsider married her,
433:
393:
295:
103:
74:
2257:. Taylor & Francis e-Library. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 13–14. Archived from
585:
and the northeastern Aegean." The "15% Middle Bronze Age" is represented by middle Helladic and
2368:
1522:
437:
275:
756:
in terms of summer average highs. This is due to the interior's geographical location between
560:
began a survey by underwater archaeology of a drowned town between Pounta on the mainland and
2243:. BAR Supplementary Series 28(ii). Vol. Part ii. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.
737:
506:
In Greek legend, the human ancestor of all the peoples that inhabited the Eurotas Valley was
1483:
385:
2240:
Natural Environment and Human Settlement in Prehistoric Greece based on original fieldwork
1585:(in Greek). Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change. p. 46. Archived from
1498:
ridges derived from a former sea bed. On the east side of Taygetus is the Sparta Fault, a
669:
The ruins of the ancient Theatre of Sparta. In the background, the modern town with Mount
8:
630:
351:. At some time prior to being called Evrotas, the river was the Bomycas and the Himeras.
2225:
2186:
1739:
748:). The interior of the valley records the highest summer mean maximum temperatures in
645:, reduced to the Menelaon shrine in the Archaic and Classical Periods. Dedications to
2055:
1988:
2217:
2182:
689:, which was the most convenient outlet. All others involved a trek over mountains.
613:
537:
529:
340:
294:. The river's springs are located just northwest of the border between Laconia and
388:
called Piges Evrota (Πηγές Ευρώτα, "Eurotas Springs") located near the village of
1534:
709:
625:
617:
533:
1479:
701:
642:
478:
417:
348:
323:
315:
2221:
2347:
2101:
721:
705:
650:
621:
586:
565:
355:
319:
236:
175:
162:
146:
2076:
1518:
1510:
1499:
779:
registered a record mean max temperature of 42.3°C. On August 3, 2021 the
261:
1469:
717:
713:
363:
287:
131:
110:
2229:
2168:"Hydrodynamic Characteristics and Nitrate Propagation in Sparta Aquifer"
798:
registered 46.4°C which is the highest temperature ever recorded in the
569:
561:
523:
432:
The Laconian Alpheios stream is unconnected with the Alpheios river in
420:
by the subduction of Africa. The spring is also called Logaras Spring.
397:
389:
299:
20:
685:
just south of the city. The main traffic was southward to the port of
1495:
753:
682:
609:
405:
2275:
1698:
1686:
1617:
2069:
1546:
1487:
757:
670:
646:
578:
541:
482:
425:
413:
307:
1638:. New York; Medford: Harper and Brothers; Perseus Digital Library.
1613:
1611:
704:, the massifs on either side, the two headlands, and the enclosed
1514:
1452:
of Gytheio; 170 km (66 sq mi) of land was ruined.
795:
780:
776:
765:
697:
686:
638:
608:
revealed that the entire ridge, located in the municipal unit of
549:
519:
515:
401:
344:
303:
283:
70:
1608:
1491:
1474:
761:
749:
678:
511:
486:
311:
291:
58:
41:
1506:
582:
507:
409:
359:
336:
106:
1530:
1526:
1445:
474:
1660:. Proceedings of the 12th International Congress, Patras.
1604:. Vol. V. II: Iabadius-Zymethus. London: John Murray.
1545:
Analysis of bore holes in the valley indicate that in the
35:
1975:. Laconia TV. Archived from the original on 18 March 2024
1448:
near the river's mouth is particularly fertile farmland.
771:
During July 2023 the Hydro Meteorological station of the
2207:
1796:
1784:
339:, which purport to recount the stories and geography of
653:
are found in its vicinity starting the Archaic period.
1482:
in a northeast-southwest direction. The corresponding
1431:Source 2: Precipitation from Sparta N.O.A station
1422:Source 1: Hydro Meteorological station of Evrotas,
2251:Sparta and Lakonia: A regional history 1300–362 BC
2165:
2138:
2126:
2114:
708:with its coastal islands. Its seat is the city of
700:is a political subdivision of Greece covering the
612:, ancient Therapnē, had been covered by a walled
408:ridge at a locale called Kephalari. The ridge, a
302:. The river is also fed by underwater springs at
2345:
2166:Antonakos, Andreas; Lambrakis, Nicolaos (2000).
1993:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1973:"Impressive summer data from the Evrotas Valley"
1478:, created by extensional forces acting over the
354:One etymology derives the word Eurōtas from the
1651:
501:
1636:A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges
384:The source of the Evrotas River is a surface
2320:
2285:, Institute of Inland Waters, archived from
1658:Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece
736:The Evrotas Valley enjoys a sunny and warm
604:. In the 20th century a survey by the
265:
2210:The Annual of the British School at Athens
1629:
1540:
1468:The Evrotas River occupies the floor of a
347:are not known to have been present in the
2247:
1710:
692:
396:, by the side of the road ascending from
2236:
2150:
1772:
1760:
1750:(1496). Ministry of Culture and Tourism.
1647:
1645:
664:
326:is 2,239 km (864 sq mi).
1602:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography
595:
2346:
1797:Armstrong, Cavanagh & Shipley 1992
1785:Armstrong, Cavanagh & Shipley 1992
1737:
1652:Karalemas, N.; Lekkas, S. (May 2010).
1570:Greece in Figures January - March 2018
306:and by tributaries coursing down from
2216:. British School at Athens: 293–310.
1722:
1642:
1599:
1593:
2035:"World Meteorological Organization"
1583:"Preliminary Flood Risk Assessment"
660:
286:and one of the major rivers of the
213:2,239 km (864 sq mi)
13:
2304:
2279:2nd Progress Report: ENVI Friendly
1810:"Sparta: Greece's heat superpower"
1744:Ephorate of Underwater Antiquities
1600:Smith, William (1857). "Laconia".
564:island on the eastern side of the
14:
2380:
2314:
802:fan aspirated stations network.
792:World Meteorological Organization
362:in Homer. It is, however, in the
1738:Morgan, Catherine (2010-12-07).
1463:
400:. The spring is an outlet of an
34:
2331:from the original on 2021-12-13
2144:
2132:
2120:
2108:
2094:
2048:
2027:
2013:with temperatures reaching 48C"
2009:"Evrotas Valley: The Valley of
2001:
1965:
1944:
1919:
1894:
1873:
1848:
1823:
1802:
1790:
1778:
1766:
1754:
1748:Chronique des fouilles en ligne
1731:
1723:Leake, William Martin (2010) .
1716:
1704:
19:For the river in Thessaly, see
2364:Rivers of Peloponnese (region)
2139:Antonakos & Lambrakis 2000
2127:Antonakos & Lambrakis 2000
2115:Antonakos & Lambrakis 2000
2081:National Observatory of Athens
1931:National Observatory of Athens
1906:National Observatory of Athens
1860:National Observatory of Athens
1835:National Observatory of Athens
1692:
1680:
1668:
1623:
1575:
1563:
1517:of sand and gravel 10–60
1424:National Observatory of Athens
811:National Observatory of Athens
800:National Observatory of Athens
785:National Observatory of Athens
773:National Observatory of Athens
752:and is comparable to areas of
452:
443:
343:. In that legendary time, the
154: • coordinates
1:
2187:10.1016/s0043-1354(00)00160-3
2159:
1352:Average rainfall mm (inches)
606:British School of Archaeology
81:Physical characteristics
633:pottery date from Period I.
502:Legendary pre-Hellenic tribe
496:
369:
329:
193: • elevation
118: • elevation
40:The Evrotas, outside modern
7:
1630:Autenrieth, Georg (2005) .
1490:Massif on the west and the
1142:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
1002:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
493:not yet known for certain.
374:
142: • location
99: • location
10:
2385:
2237:Bintliff, John L. (1977).
1927:"Kelefina Air Temperature"
1494:Massif on the east – both
1458:
1438:
1430:
1421:
809:Climate data for Evrotas (
808:
731:
677:The classical-era city of
459:intermittent and ephemeral
379:
279:
122:430 m (1,410 ft)
18:
2222:10.1017/s0068245400015197
2102:"N.O.A Monthly Bulletins"
1902:"Evrotas Air Temperature"
1856:"Evrotas Air Temperature"
1831:"Evrotas Air Temperature"
1351:
1281:
1211:
1141:
1071:
1001:
931:
861:
856:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
485:road to Skala, the Skala-
266:
243:
230:
222:
217:
209:
201:
191:
152:
140:
130:
126:
116:
97:
89:
85:
80:
64:
54:
49:
33:
28:
2248:Cartledge, Paul (2002).
1557:
467:
404:located in the adjacent
245: • right
1699:Skoulikidis et al. 2008
1687:Skoulikidis et al. 2008
1618:Skoulikidis et al. 2008
1541:Recent geologic history
1426:(Mar 2020 - Feb 2024)
558:University of Cambridge
282:) is the main river of
232: • left
205:82 km (51 mi)
1523:hydraulic conductivity
1509:. To the east of that
693:Post-classical Laconia
674:
1675:Description of Greece
1484:fault-block mountains
1212:Mean minimum °C (°F)
932:Mean maximum °C (°F)
738:Mediterranean climate
668:
577:close links with the
412:, is not part of the
176:36.80417°N 22.69583°E
2354:Landforms of Laconia
2141:, pp. 3979–3982
1952:"47.1C Kelefina NOA"
1725:Travels in the Morea
1589:on 15 February 2020.
862:Record high °C (°F)
787:recorded 47.1°C.
626:middle Helladic (MH)
596:Mycenaean Lacedaemon
197:0 m (0 ft)
1881:"47.4C Evrotas NOA"
1282:Record low °C (°F)
1072:Daily mean °C (°F)
622:late Helladic (LH3)
616:town, dated to the
536:Greece is known as
218:Basin features
172: /
2324:Eurotas Canyon III
2321:kaloneroairfield.
2153:, pp. 373–374
1799:, pp. 294–295
1775:, pp. 379–380
1763:, pp. 377–378
675:
624:pottery with some
314:, which flank the
181:36.80417; 22.69583
2181:(16): 3977–3986.
1435:
1434:
790:In July 2023 the
546:Hittite documents
254:
253:
2376:
2359:Rivers of Greece
2340:
2338:
2336:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2291:
2284:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2263:
2256:
2244:
2233:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2195:
2189:. Archived from
2172:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2056:"Gytheio record"
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1992:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1649:
1640:
1639:
1627:
1621:
1615:
1606:
1605:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1579:
1573:
1567:
806:
805:
661:Classical Sparta
341:Mycenaean Greece
281:
269:
268:
246:
233:
187:
186:
184:
183:
182:
177:
173:
170:
169:
168:
165:
119:
100:
38:
26:
25:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2344:
2343:
2334:
2332:
2317:
2307:
2305:Further reading
2295:
2293:
2289:
2282:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2254:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2170:
2162:
2157:
2149:
2145:
2137:
2133:
2125:
2121:
2113:
2109:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2085:
2083:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2018:
2016:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1986:
1985:
1978:
1976:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1935:
1933:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1910:
1908:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1864:
1862:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1839:
1837:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1795:
1791:
1783:
1779:
1771:
1767:
1759:
1755:
1736:
1732:
1721:
1717:
1709:
1705:
1697:
1693:
1689:, Introduction.
1685:
1681:
1673:
1669:
1664:(4): 1707–1715.
1650:
1643:
1628:
1624:
1616:
1609:
1598:
1594:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1543:
1466:
1461:
1441:
1436:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
813:) 224 m a.s.l.
734:
695:
663:
618:late Bronze Age
598:
534:late Bronze Age
504:
499:
470:
455:
446:
382:
377:
372:
332:
244:
231:
194:
180:
178:
174:
171:
166:
163:
161:
159:
158:
155:
143:
117:
98:
45:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2382:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2342:
2341:
2316:
2315:External links
2313:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2273:
2245:
2234:
2205:
2175:Water Research
2161:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2143:
2131:
2129:, p. 3978
2119:
2117:, p. 3982
2107:
2093:
2068:
2047:
2026:
2000:
1964:
1943:
1918:
1893:
1872:
1847:
1822:
1801:
1789:
1777:
1765:
1753:
1730:
1715:
1711:Cartledge 2002
1703:
1701:, Section 3.1.
1691:
1679:
1667:
1641:
1622:
1620:, Section 3.2.
1607:
1592:
1574:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1542:
1539:
1480:Hellenic Plate
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
999:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
929:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
859:
858:
855:
852:
849:
846:
843:
840:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
819:
815:
814:
804:
733:
730:
702:Evrotas Valley
698:Modern Laconia
694:
691:
662:
659:
643:Greek Dark Age
597:
594:
503:
500:
498:
495:
469:
466:
454:
451:
445:
442:
418:Hellenic Plate
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
349:Evrotas Valley
331:
328:
324:drainage basin
316:Evrotas Valley
252:
251:
247:
241:
240:
234:
228:
227:
224:
220:
219:
215:
214:
211:
207:
206:
203:
199:
198:
195:
192:
189:
188:
156:
153:
150:
149:
144:
141:
138:
137:
134:
128:
127:
124:
123:
120:
114:
113:
101:
95:
94:
91:
87:
86:
83:
82:
78:
77:
68:
62:
61:
56:
52:
51:
47:
46:
39:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2381:
2370:
2369:Eurotas basin
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2309:
2308:
2292:on 2011-09-24
2288:
2281:
2280:
2274:
2264:on 2012-03-25
2260:
2253:
2252:
2246:
2242:
2241:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2196:on 2012-03-30
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2169:
2164:
2163:
2152:
2151:Bintliff 1977
2147:
2140:
2135:
2128:
2123:
2116:
2111:
2103:
2097:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2057:
2051:
2036:
2030:
2015:. Notos Press
2014:
2012:
2004:
1996:
1990:
1974:
1968:
1953:
1947:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1882:
1876:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1811:
1805:
1798:
1793:
1787:, p. 301
1786:
1781:
1774:
1773:Bintliff 1977
1769:
1762:
1761:Bintliff 1977
1757:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1734:
1726:
1719:
1712:
1707:
1700:
1695:
1688:
1683:
1676:
1671:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1648:
1646:
1637:
1633:
1626:
1619:
1614:
1612:
1603:
1596:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1511:alluvial fans
1508:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1464:Geomorphology
1456:
1453:
1449:
1447:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
1000:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
930:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
860:
816:
812:
807:
803:
801:
797:
793:
788:
786:
782:
778:
774:
769:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
729:
725:
723:
722:arboriculture
719:
715:
711:
707:
706:Laconian Gulf
703:
699:
690:
688:
684:
680:
672:
667:
658:
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
634:
632:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
593:
590:
588:
587:middle Minoan
584:
580:
574:
571:
567:
566:Laconian Gulf
563:
559:
554:
551:
547:
543:
540:based on the
539:
538:Achaean Greek
535:
531:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
494:
490:
488:
484:
480:
476:
465:
462:
460:
450:
441:
439:
435:
430:
427:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
367:
365:
364:Ionic dialect
361:
357:
356:ancient Greek
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
327:
325:
321:
320:Laconian Gulf
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
277:
276:Ancient Greek
273:
263:
259:
248:
242:
238:
235:
229:
225:
221:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
190:
185:
157:
151:
148:
147:Laconian Gulf
145:
139:
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
115:
112:
108:
105:
102:
96:
92:
88:
84:
79:
76:
72:
69:
67:
63:
60:
57:
53:
48:
43:
37:
32:
27:
22:
2333:. Retrieved
2323:
2294:, retrieved
2287:the original
2278:
2266:. Retrieved
2259:the original
2250:
2239:
2213:
2209:
2198:. Retrieved
2191:the original
2178:
2174:
2146:
2134:
2122:
2110:
2096:
2084:. Retrieved
2071:
2059:. Retrieved
2050:
2038:. Retrieved
2029:
2017:. Retrieved
2010:
2003:
1977:. Retrieved
1967:
1955:. Retrieved
1946:
1934:. Retrieved
1921:
1909:. Retrieved
1896:
1884:. Retrieved
1875:
1863:. Retrieved
1850:
1838:. Retrieved
1825:
1813:. Retrieved
1804:
1792:
1780:
1768:
1756:
1747:
1740:"Pavlopetri"
1733:
1724:
1718:
1713:, p. 17
1706:
1694:
1682:
1674:
1670:
1661:
1657:
1635:
1625:
1601:
1595:
1587:the original
1577:
1565:
1552:
1544:
1504:
1500:normal fault
1473:
1467:
1454:
1450:
1442:
789:
770:
745:
735:
726:
696:
676:
655:
635:
601:
599:
591:
575:
555:
528:
514:king of the
505:
491:
471:
463:
456:
447:
431:
422:
383:
353:
333:
308:Mt. Taygetos
271:
262:Modern Greek
257:
255:
2327:. YouTube.
2061:27 November
2040:27 November
1815:27 November
1677:, 8.44.3-8.
1470:rift valley
794:station in
724:intensely.
718:viticulture
714:agriculture
453:Tributaries
444:Main stream
288:Peloponnese
223:Tributaries
179: /
111:Peloponnese
16:Greek river
2348:Categories
2296:2011-08-16
2268:2011-09-02
2200:2011-08-15
2160:References
581:, western
570:Pavlopetri
562:Elafonisos
524:Lacedaemon
390:Skortsinos
312:Mt. Parnon
300:Skortsinos
210:Basin size
167:22°41′45″E
164:36°48′15″N
21:Titarisios
2335:15 August
2077:"Evrotas"
1632:"εὺρῶεις"
1496:limestone
754:Andalusia
614:Mycenaean
610:Therapnes
530:Mycenaean
512:eponymous
497:Political
438:Pausanias
406:limestone
398:Kyparissi
370:Geography
330:Etymology
2329:Archived
2230:30103513
2086:12 March
2019:19 March
1989:cite web
1979:19 March
1957:12 March
1936:12 March
1911:12 March
1886:12 March
1865:12 March
1840:12 March
1547:Pliocene
1488:Taygetus
1486:are the
1417:(24.76)
1042:(103.6)
1037:(104.9)
997:(113.5)
977:(105.6)
972:(113.0)
967:(113.5)
962:(108.1)
957:(103.1)
927:(117.3)
912:(103.3)
907:(107.8)
902:(117.3)
897:(116.6)
892:(112.8)
887:(109.0)
758:Taygetus
683:Therapne
671:Taygetus
647:Menelaus
602:Menelaon
579:Cyclades
542:Linear B
483:Gytheion
426:Alpheios
414:Taygetus
375:Physical
239:, Xerias
104:Arcadian
50:Location
1746:: BSA.
1572:, p. 12
1515:aquifer
1459:Geology
1439:Ecology
1412:(3.79)
1407:(3.89)
1402:(2.54)
1397:(1.55)
1392:(0.99)
1387:(0.44)
1382:(1.72)
1377:(0.84)
1372:(1.32)
1367:(2.20)
1362:(1.50)
1357:(3.98)
1347:(20.3)
1342:(27.3)
1337:(31.1)
1332:(42.4)
1327:(46.4)
1322:(59.0)
1317:(54.9)
1312:(48.7)
1307:(42.4)
1302:(30.2)
1297:(27.5)
1292:(22.8)
1287:(20.3)
1277:(25.0)
1272:(31.8)
1267:(35.4)
1262:(45.5)
1257:(51.4)
1252:(59.9)
1247:(58.8)
1242:(51.6)
1237:(44.4)
1232:(35.1)
1227:(29.8)
1222:(25.9)
1217:(25.0)
1207:(49.6)
1202:(41.2)
1197:(45.9)
1192:(52.0)
1187:(59.2)
1182:(64.6)
1177:(64.2)
1172:(59.0)
1167:(51.6)
1162:(44.4)
1157:(38.7)
1152:(37.2)
1147:(37.0)
1137:(66.2)
1132:(53.8)
1127:(60.6)
1122:(69.1)
1117:(77.5)
1112:(84.2)
1107:(84.6)
1102:(77.9)
1097:(70.5)
1092:(61.2)
1087:(53.2)
1082:(52.0)
1077:(50.2)
1067:(82.9)
1062:(66.4)
1057:(75.2)
1052:(86.4)
1047:(95.7)
1032:(97.0)
1027:(89.6)
1022:(77.7)
1017:(67.8)
1012:(66.6)
1007:(63.3)
992:(77.4)
987:(90.3)
982:(99.5)
952:(90.9)
947:(82.6)
942:(79.7)
937:(76.5)
922:(81.7)
917:(94.1)
882:(97.7)
877:(90.5)
872:(83.7)
867:(77.7)
796:Gytheio
781:Evrotas
777:Evrotas
766:meltemi
732:Climate
687:Gytheio
657:Helen.
639:megaron
620:by the
550:Dorians
520:Eurotas
516:Leleges
434:Arcadia
402:aquifer
394:Arcadia
380:Sources
345:Dorians
304:Pellana
296:Arcadia
284:Laconia
280:Εὐρώτας
272:Eurotas
267:Ευρώτας
258:Evrotas
250:Fteroti
75:Arcadia
71:Laconia
66:Regions
55:Country
29:Evrotas
2228:
1535:horsts
1492:Parnon
1475:graben
818:Month
762:Parnon
750:Greece
742:Köppen
720:, and
710:Sparta
679:Sparta
631:Minoan
548:. The
487:Molaoi
386:spring
322:. Its
292:Greece
226:
202:Length
136:
93:
90:Source
59:Greece
42:Sparta
2290:(PDF)
2283:(PDF)
2262:(PDF)
2255:(PDF)
2226:JSTOR
2194:(PDF)
2171:(PDF)
1662:XLIII
1558:Notes
1507:scree
1472:, or
1415:629.2
1355:101.2
857:Year
651:Helen
583:Crete
532:, or
508:Lelex
479:Skala
468:Delta
410:karst
360:Hades
337:Homer
298:, at
290:, in
270:) or
237:Oenus
132:Mouth
107:Nappe
2337:2011
2088:2024
2063:2023
2042:2023
2021:2024
2011:fire
1995:link
1981:2024
1959:2024
1938:2024
1913:2024
1888:2024
1867:2024
1842:2024
1817:2023
1531:marl
1529:and
1527:clay
1446:Elos
1410:96.3
1405:98.9
1400:64.6
1395:39.3
1390:25.1
1385:11.2
1380:43.6
1375:21.3
1370:33.5
1365:56.0
1360:38.2
1345:−6.5
1340:−2.6
1335:−0.5
1320:15.0
1315:12.7
1300:−1.0
1295:−2.5
1290:−5.1
1285:−6.5
1275:−3.9
1270:−0.1
1255:10.8
1250:15.5
1245:14.9
1240:10.9
1225:−1.2
1220:−3.4
1215:−3.9
1190:11.1
1185:15.1
1180:18.1
1175:17.9
1170:15.0
1165:10.9
1135:19.0
1130:12.1
1125:15.9
1120:20.6
1115:25.3
1110:29.0
1105:29.2
1100:25.5
1095:21.4
1090:16.2
1085:11.8
1080:11.1
1075:10.1
1065:28.3
1060:19.1
1055:24.0
1050:30.2
1045:35.4
1040:39.8
1035:40.5
1030:36.1
1025:32.0
1020:25.4
1015:19.9
1010:19.2
1005:17.4
995:45.3
990:25.2
985:32.4
980:37.5
975:40.9
970:45.0
965:45.3
960:42.3
955:39.5
950:32.7
945:28.1
940:26.5
935:24.7
925:47.4
920:27.6
915:34.5
910:39.6
905:42.1
900:47.4
895:47.0
890:44.9
885:42.8
880:36.5
875:32.5
870:28.7
865:25.4
854:Dec
851:Nov
848:Oct
845:Sep
842:Aug
839:Jul
836:Jun
833:May
830:Apr
827:Mar
824:Feb
821:Jan
760:and
649:and
544:and
475:Elos
310:and
256:The
73:and
2218:doi
2183:doi
1330:5.8
1325:8.0
1310:9.3
1305:5.8
1265:1.9
1260:7.5
1235:6.9
1230:1.7
1205:9.8
1200:5.1
1195:7.7
1160:6.9
1155:3.7
1150:2.9
1145:2.8
775:in
746:Csa
2350::
2224:.
2214:87
2212:.
2179:34
2177:.
2173:.
2079:.
1991:}}
1987:{{
1929:.
1904:.
1858:.
1833:.
1742:.
1656:.
1644:^
1634:.
1610:^
744::
716:,
510:,
392:,
366:.
278::
264::
109:,
2339:.
2300:.
2271:.
2232:.
2220::
2203:.
2185::
2104:.
2090:.
2065:.
2044:.
2023:.
1997:)
1983:.
1961:.
1940:.
1915:.
1890:.
1869:.
1844:.
1819:.
1519:m
740:(
673:.
481:-
274:(
260:(
44:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
