4315:
232:
existing septa? The prevailing argument suggests that a strand of tissue remained attached to the previous septum as the mollusc moved forwards and deposited its next septum, producing an obstacle to the complete closure of the septum and becoming mineralised itself. 10 or more septa are found in mature individuals, occupying around a third of the shell – septa form very early and have been found in specimens as small as 2 mm in length. Septa are uniformly spaced, which is inconsistent with a gastropod affinity. Unlike monoplacophoran fossils, there is no evidence of muscle scarring in
317:
407:
131:
589:
them to recolonise shallow waters. The loss of the shell may also have resulted from evolutionary pressure to increase manoeuvrability, resulting in a more fish-like habit. This pressure may have increased as a result of the increased complexity of fish in the late
Palaeozoic, increasing the competitive pressure. Internal shells still exist in many non-shelled living cephalopod groups but most truly shelled cephalopods, such as the ammonites, became extinct at the end of the
4226:
4236:
247:
175:, none of the 30+ Cambrian cephalopod genera are known to have survived into the Ordovician. Cambrian cephalopods differ from their descendants by account of their small size (a few centimetres in length); long, tapering shells; smooth shell surfaces; closely spaced septa; and lack of deposits in their body chamber; several more specific features are also only seen in certain groups of Cambrian cephalopod.
581:, a Silurian–Triassic group of orthocones, are paraphyletic to the coleoids and ammonoids – that is, the latter groups arose from within the Bactritida. An increase in the diversity of the coleoids and ammonoids is observed around the start of the Devonian period, and corresponds with a profound increase in fish diversity. This could represent the origin of the two derived groups.
565:
328:, which were quite small; their shells were slightly curved, and the internal chambers were closely spaced. The siphuncle penetrated the septa with meniscus-like holes. This marks an important difference from the earlier cephalopods, whose siphuncle was at the edge of the septum and against the shell wall. On the basis of muscle scars preserved in such genera as
625:, which had ten arms, but the status of its shell is ambiguous as it has not been extracted from the concretion that preserves the only fossil. Accordingly, it has been interpreted as both an internal and an external shell; the specimen may represent a 'squid' or a belemnoid, although due to preservation its affinities are not known well.
588:
species. It is thought that competitive pressure from fish forced the shelled forms into deeper water, which provided an evolutionary pressure towards shell loss and gave rise to the modern coleoids, a change which led to greater metabolic costs associated with the loss of buoyancy, but which allowed
121:
as well as cephalopods – a siphuncle is essential to ally a fossil shell conclusively to the cephalopoda. Chambered gastropods can be distinguished from cephalopod shells by the absence of a siphuncle, the irregular spacing of septa, the layering of the shell and (in younger or unmetamorphosed rocks)
684:
The preservation of cephalopod soft parts is not entirely unusual; soft-bodied fossils, especially of coeloids (squid), are relatively widespread in the
Jurassic, but phosphatized remains are unknown before this period. On the other hand, soft parts – including a possible ink sac – are
441:
and they considered that animal as early form of cephalopod. Unlike other early cephalopods, it did not have a shell and appeared to possess jet propulsion in the manner of "derived" cephalopods, complicated the question of the order in which cephalopod features developed. Due to its morphology is
154:
Understanding of early cephalopod origins is by necessity biased by the available fossil material, which on the whole consists of shelly fossils. Critical fossils are detailed below; since their stratigraphic age has guided the interpretation of the fossils, they are listed in descending order of
675:
and some coeloids, appeared to be able to propel themselves forwards by directing their jet backwards. Because they had an external shell, they would not have been able to generate their jets by contracting their mantle, so must have used alternate methods, such as by contracting their funnels or
572:
The ancestors of coleoids (including most modern cephalopods) and the ancestors of the modern nautilus, had diverged by the Floian Age of the Early
Ordovician Period, over 470 million years ago. We know this because the orthocerids were the first known representatives of the neocephalopoda, were
385:
both emerged during the
Darriwilian. The direction of coiling would prove to be crucial to the future success of the lineages; endogastric coiling would only permit large size to be attained with a straight shell, whereas exogastric coiling – initially rather rare – permitted the spirals familiar
60:
of larger animals, and the earliest accepted cephalopods date to the Middle
Cambrian Period. During the Cambrian, cephalopods are most common in shallow near-shore environments, but they have been found in deeper waters too. Cephalopods were thought to have "undoubtedly" arisen from within the
231:
is the latest septate mollusc before the first sipunculate cephalopods – a point that has been taken to prove its relevance to the
Cephalopoda. The absence of this siphuncle has been taken as evidence against cephalopod ancestry – how, it is argued, could a siphuncle evolve to penetrate
376:
also appear during this time; they are restricted to shallow water and have short exogastric conchs. The mid
Ordovician saw the first cephalopods with septa strong enough to cope with the pressures associated with deeper water, and could inhabit depths greater than 100–200 m. The
393:
Early cephalopods were likely predators, near the top of the food chain. In the Early
Palaeozoic, their range was far more restricted than today: They were mainly constrained to sub-littoral regions of shallow shelves of the low latitudes, and usually occur in association with
1002:
Sumner-Rooney, Lauren H.; Schrödl, Michael; Lodde-Bensch, Eva; Lindberg, David R.; Heß, Martin; Brennan, Gerard P.; Sigwart, Julia D. (2015). "A neurophylogenetic approach provides new insight to the evolution of
Scaphopoda: A neurophylogenetic approach in Scaphopoda".
389:
Curved shells brought a number of benefits. Firstly, minerals are not required in as large quantities, as each successive whorl builds on the one before. Also, the organism is more stable (its centre of mass coincides with its centre of buoyancy) and more manoeuvrable.
340:, these animals are reconstructed with a straight body and dorsal shell, with the head at the anterior, concave surface of the shell, and the funnel (consisting of a pair of folds in the foot at the rear), not juxtaposed with the head as in later, oncocerid-like forms.
352:
Early cephalopods had fine shells that could not cope with the pressures of deep water. In the mid
Tremadoc, these were supplemented by larger shells around 20 cm in length; these larger forms included straight and coiled shells, and fall into the orders
102:
would have allowed the shells of these early forms to become gas-filled (thus buoyant) in order to support them and keep the shells upright while the animal crawled along the floor, and separated the true cephalopods from putative ancestors such as
667:
The tentacles of the ancestral cephalopod developed from the mollusc's foot; the ancestral state is thought to have had five pairs of tentacles which surrounded the mouth. Smell-detecting organs evolved very early in the cephalopod lineage.
307:
with a snorkel-like tube on one surface. The snorkel has been seized upon as characteristic of a cephalopod-like water circulatory system, or perhaps as a precursor to the siphuncle. However, neither of these theories have been borne out.
348:
The Ellesmerocerids were the only shelled cephalopods known to have survived the end-Cambrian extinction; all subsequent cephalopods are thus thought to be derived from these forms, which diversified throughout the Ordovician period.
607:
has been interpreted as the earliest fossil coleoid, and its shell may be in a partly internalized state. Belemnoids proper appear slightly later in the Early Devonian, and represent the first unambiguous coleoids.
274:
stage. None of the fossils are complete, and none show the tip or opening of the shell. Approximately half of its shell was filled with septa; 7 were recorded in a 2 cm shell. Its shell contains transverse
398:. They gradually adopted a more pelagic habit as the Ordovician progressed. Deep-water cephalopods, whilst rare, have been found in the Lower Ordovician – but only in high-latitude waters.
122:
its microstructure, and the relatively thick width of the shell. The earliest such shells do not have the muscle scars which would be expected if they truly had a monoplacophoran affinity.
2641:
Klug, Christian; Stevens, Kevin; Hoffmann, René; Zatoń, Michał; Clements, Thomas; Košťák, Martin; Weis, Robert; De Baets, Kenneth; Lehmann, Jens; Vinther, Jakob; Fuchs, Dirk (2023-12-07).
2711:
Shigeno, S.; Sasaki, T.; Moritaki, T.; Kasugai, T.; Vecchione, M.; Agata, K. (2008). "Evolution of the cephalopod head complex by assembly of multiple molluscan body parts: Evidence from
197:. Its position in this group is suggested based on its shape and the presence of chambers. Under this hypothesis, it would be a precursor to the hypseloconids and then genera such as
1907:
Pohle, Alexander; Kröger, Björn; Warnock, Rachel C. M.; King, Andy H.; Evans, David H.; Aubrechtová, Martina; Cichowolski, Marcela; Fang, Xiang; Klug, Christian (December 2022).
1432:
Yochelson, Ellis L.; Flower, Rousseau H.; Webers, Gerald F. (1973). "The bearing of the new Late Cambrian monoplacophoran genus Knightoconus upon the origin of the Cephalopoda".
584:
Unlike most modern cephalopods, most ancient varieties had protective shells. These shells at first were conical but later developed into curved nautiloid shapes seen in modern
722:
means the shell is curved so as the ventral side is longitudinally convex (belly out). Exogastric coiling allows the funnel to be pointed backwards, beneath the shell.
496:
Because the characters differentiating monoplacophora from cephalopods are few, several monoplacophora have been mistaken for cephalopod ancestors. One such genus is
418:
A number of fossils have historically been considered to represent components of the cephalopods' history, but been reinterpreted on the basis of additional material.
528:
has originally been interpreted as a cirrate octopus. But later study shows that affinities as octopus is controversial, and even considered to be a non-mollusk.
3958:
267:
4408:
2881:
Etches, S.; Clarke, J.; Callomon, J. (2009). "Ammonite eggs and ammonitellae from the Kimmeridge Clay Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Dorset, England".
1350:
Kröger, B.R.; Vinther, J.; Fuchs, D. (2011). "Cephalopod origin and evolution: A congruent picture emerging from fossils, development and molecules".
2759:
454:
This specimen from Early Cambrian was originally proposed as the earliest cephalopod shell. However, later study found that specimen is actually a
2584:
Klug, Christian; Landman, Neil H.; Fuchs, Dirk; Mapes, Royal H.; Pohle, Alexander; Guériau, Pierre; Reguer, Solenn; Hoffmann, René (2019-07-31).
4577:
637:
603:
4457:
271:
3707:
568:
An ammonitic ammonoid with the body chamber missing, showing the septal surface (especially at right) with its undulating lobes and saddles.
4272:
3007:
72:
but otherwise basal to all other major mollusc classes. The internal phylogeny of Mollusca, however, is wide open to interpretation – see
2526:
Young, R. E.; Vecchione, M.; Donovan, D. T. (1998). "The evolution of coleoid cephalopods and their present biodiversity and ecology".
2155:
2479:
540:
are a group of shells that, whilst originally aligned to the monoplacophoran ancestry of the cephalopods, have been reinterpreted as
4211:
3666:
283:
on its concave side. Its morphology matches closely to that hypothesised for the last common ancestor of all cephalopods, and the
113:
and eventually jet propulsion in more derived cephalopods. However, because chambered shells are found in a range of molluscs –
3017:
502:, which was reclassified based on a depressed groove that forms a band around the shell, which is similar to a feature seen in
3974:
3734:
1553:
1146:
927:
109:, which lacked a siphuncle. Negative buoyancy (i.e. the ability to float) would have come later, followed by swimming in the
2799:
Briggs, D.E.G.; Kear, A.J.; Martill, D.M.; Wilby, P.R. (1993). "Phosphatization of soft-tissue in experiments and fossils".
2480:"Early growth-stages and classification of orthoceridan Cephalopods of the Darriwillian (Middle Ordovician) of Baltoscandia"
3331:
482:(silica); neither was it septate. This illusion was a result of the laminated texture of the organisms' tests. Therefore,
190:
is the oldest fossil to have been assigned to the cephalopods, dating from the Early Cambrian (Atdababian and Botomian), ~
4057:
2977:
943:
Giribet, G.; Okusu, A, A.; Lindgren, A.R., A. R.; Huff, S.W., S. W.; Schrödl, M, M.; Nishiguchi, M.K., M. K. (May 2006).
3719:
3379:
945:"Evidence for a clade composed of molluscs with serially repeated structures: monoplacophorans are related to chitons"
4739:
2569:
3786:
4265:
3791:
3389:
2280:"Fossil coleoid cephalopod from the Mississippian Bear Gulch Lagerstätte sheds light on early vampyropod evolution"
4036:
4026:
3950:
3225:
1739:
Smith, M.R. (2013). "Nectocaridid ecology, diversity and affinity: Early origin of a cephalopod-like body plan".
2136:
4164:
4031:
3811:
3555:
3353:
3257:
3146:
2643:"Revisiting the identification of Syllipsimopodi bideni and timing of the decabrachian-octobrachian divergence"
4229:
3816:
3560:
3299:
3761:
4169:
3671:
4250:
2940:
1328:
655:
which contains modern octopuses and vampire squids, although it is later considered to be synonymous with
4258:
4239:
3833:
1261:
Webers, G.F.; Yochelson, E.L. (1989). Crame, J.A. (ed.). "Origins and Evolution of the Antarctic Biota".
442:
strongly dissimilar to confirmed early cephalopods, and thus their affinities to cephalopods and even to
2774:
3935:
3109:
1862:"Cephalopod origin and evolution: A congruent picture emerging from fossils, development and molecules"
556:
have been interpreted as cephalopod ancestors, but hyoliths proper are now recognized as brachiopods.
3729:
3526:
3336:
3104:
2997:
2017:"Proposed Early Cambrian cephalopods are chimaeras, the oldest known cephalopods are 30 m.y. younger"
223:
thought to represent an ancestor to the cephalopods. It had a chambered, conical shell, but lacked a
3858:
2844:"A new cephalopod with soft parts from the Upper Carboniferous Francis Creek Shale of Illinois, USA"
4152:
4016:
3988:
3963:
3920:
3823:
3756:
3631:
3504:
3472:
3435:
2163:. SEPM Book. Vol. 93. Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM). pp. 135–150. Archived from
1966:
Hildenbrand, Anne; Austermann, Gregor; Fuchs, Dirk; Bengtson, Peter; Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang (2021).
754:
34:
The class developed during the middle Cambrian, and underwent pulses of diversification during the
3636:
4157:
4087:
3996:
3724:
3606:
3374:
2970:
2344:
629:
612:
276:
4314:
2843:
2507:
718:
means the shell is curved so as the ventral or lower side is longitudinally concave (belly in);
68:
clade. However genetic studies suggest that they are more basal, forming a sister group to the
4196:
3845:
3714:
3676:
3577:
3548:
3521:
3516:
3114:
455:
3702:
792:
Kröger, B.; Yun-bai, Y. B. (2009). "Pulsed cephalopod diversification during the Ordovician".
320:
Sketch of the soft-part anatomy of early ellesmeroceridans, as reconstructed by Kröger (2007).
4137:
4011:
3930:
3925:
3910:
3895:
3885:
3801:
3776:
3611:
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3531:
3499:
3440:
3418:
3399:
3262:
3215:
3166:
3161:
3119:
1861:
1515:
Wells, M.J.; O'Dor, R.K. (July 1991). "Jet Propulsion and the Evolution of the Cephalopods".
1228:
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4006:
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1713:
1648:
1589:
1481:
1441:
1316:
1270:
1196:
956:
875:
840:
801:
731:
Ordovician orthocone nautiloids are the first for which trace fossil evidence is available.
632:
56:
were once interpreted as early cephalopods, but today these tiny fossils are recognized as
3746:
3616:
8:
4744:
4174:
4132:
4082:
4001:
3849:
3841:
3771:
3751:
3697:
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3294:
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3099:
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3060:
690:
47:
3452:
2932:
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2859:
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2642:
2495:
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2128:
1838:
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1752:
1717:
1652:
1636:
1593:
1485:
1445:
1320:
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1200:
1093:
960:
879:
844:
805:
4475:
4147:
4099:
4092:
3689:
3601:
3462:
3423:
3247:
3191:
3181:
3141:
3055:
3050:
3045:
2963:
2867:
2824:
2740:
2618:
2585:
2460:
2367:
2320:
2279:
2209:
2093:
2049:
2016:
1992:
1967:
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1908:
1889:
1764:
1612:
1577:
1497:
1453:
1375:
1286:
1028:
979:
944:
891:
852:
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from the fossil record to develop, with their corresponding large size and diversity.
922:. Vol. 12: Palaeontology and Neontology of Cephalopods. Orlando, Fla.: Acad. Pr.
4235:
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3316:
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2944:
2902:
2828:
2732:
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2623:
2605:
2565:
2452:
2325:
2307:
2085:
2054:
2036:
1997:
1948:
1930:
1881:
1846:
1807:
1725:
1682:
1674:
1617:
1549:
1501:
1414:
1367:
1332:
1290:
1209:
1168:
1142:
1020:
984:
923:
895:
2744:
2371:
1768:
1032:
686:
4374:
3781:
3348:
3326:
3134:
2936:
2898:
2863:
2816:
2724:
2678:
2662:
2613:
2597:
2535:
2499:
2464:
2444:
2402:
2359:
2315:
2299:
2253:
2132:
2044:
2028:
1987:
1979:
1938:
1920:
1893:
1873:
1842:
1803:
1756:
1721:
1664:
1656:
1607:
1597:
1541:
1489:
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1406:
1379:
1359:
1324:
1278:
1204:
1134:
1012:
974:
964:
918:
Clarke, M.R.; Trueman, E.R., eds. (1988). "Main features of cephalopod evolution".
883:
848:
809:
641:
has large internal conch which looks similar to external shell that can be seen in
147:
3626:
2234:"Pohlsepia Mazonensis, an Early 'Octopus' from the Carboniferous of Illinois, USA"
1282:
1047:
4616:
4599:
4522:
4142:
3766:
3593:
3582:
3536:
3479:
3428:
3208:
3012:
2406:
1602:
1535:
866:
Landing, Ed; Kröger, Björn (2009). "The Oldest Cephalopods from East Laurentia".
813:
479:
325:
300:
284:
220:
114:
110:
85:
65:
2385:
Landing, E.; Kröger, B. (2012). "Cephalopod ancestry and ecology of the hyolith
1968:"A potential cephalopod from the early Cambrian of eastern Newfoundland, Canada"
1576:
Kröger, B.R.; Servais, T.; Zhang, Y.; Kosnik, M. (2009). Kosnik, Matthew (ed.).
4679:
4583:
4532:
4527:
4489:
3982:
3854:
3796:
3156:
3151:
3089:
3067:
2666:
2539:
2303:
2032:
1983:
1925:
949:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
652:
647:
645:, and this genus probably shows how external shell become into internal conch.
330:
288:
258:
94:
88:-like ancestor with a curved, tapering shell, and to be closely related to the
2601:
2503:
2150:
Hagadorn, J.W.; Waggoner, B.M. (2002). "The Early Cambrian problematic fossil
1909:"Early cephalopod evolution clarified through Bayesian phylogenetic inference"
1545:
1138:
478:’s small, conical shell was not secreted but built from grains of the mineral
316:
4733:
4387:
4380:
4184:
4062:
4021:
3867:
3621:
3289:
3284:
2948:
2820:
2674:
2609:
2345:"Brachiopod identity of the alleged monoplacophoran ancestors of cephalopods"
2311:
2089:
2040:
1934:
1678:
1493:
1418:
1336:
433:
was previously described from poorly preserved specimen and considered as an
171:
73:
2258:
2233:
2072:
Lipps, J.H.; Sylvester, A.G. (1 March 1968). "The enigmatic Cambrian fossil
969:
406:
4710:
4703:
4697:
4646:
4630:
4594:
4537:
4415:
4401:
4280:
4179:
4127:
4072:
3905:
3900:
3494:
3252:
2736:
2692:
2627:
2456:
2329:
2192:
Stinchcomb, B. L. (1980). "New Information on Late Cambrian Monoplacophora
2058:
2015:
Landing, Ed; Kröger, Björn; Westrop, Stephen R.; Geyer, Gerd (2023-01-12).
2001:
1952:
1885:
1877:
1686:
1621:
1371:
1363:
1024:
988:
537:
504:
498:
474:
was a cephalopod. However discoveries of more detailed fossils showed that
470:
395:
358:
304:
266:, dating to the Upper Cambrian. Its 14 known specimens hail from the basal
212:
130:
105:
2760:"Decay and fossilization of non-mineralized tissue in coleoid cephalopods"
4626:
4590:
4482:
4468:
4450:
4350:
4206:
4077:
3806:
3341:
3171:
3077:
3035:
2421:
2363:
1410:
577:
and coleoids, and had appeared by the Floian. It is widely held that the
541:
525:
378:
336:
303:
have given rise to the "snorkel hypothesis". These fossils are aseptate
165:
62:
3646:
2448:
1660:
1001:
4690:
4684:
4653:
4640:
4636:
4622:
4560:
4506:
4462:
4429:
4356:
4303:
4282:
4067:
3968:
3890:
3877:
3511:
3311:
3198:
3176:
3129:
3124:
3072:
3040:
2955:
2728:
2213:
2097:
1397:(Helcionellida, Mollusca) from the Early Cambrian of South Australia".
1233:. Leiden, Netherlands: E.J. Brill. p. 76 – via Google Books.
1230:
Recognition of invertebrate fossil fragments in rocks and thin sections
942:
642:
590:
578:
468:
When it was discovered in 1888, it was thought that the early Cambrian
429:
382:
365:
354:
263:
135:
98:
to some gastropods was used to support this view. The development of a
69:
35:
20:
1669:
1578:"The Origin and Initial Rise of Pelagic Cephalopods in the Ordovician"
1472:
Holland, C.H. (1987). "The nautiloid cephalopods: A strange success".
1016:
887:
4717:
4571:
4549:
4436:
4343:
4201:
4052:
3661:
3279:
3027:
621:
519:
508:. The septa in this genus are either closely or irregularly spaced.
434:
373:
280:
224:
192:
186:
143:
118:
99:
89:
39:
24:
1265:. Late Cambrian molluscan faunas and the origin of the Cephalopoda.
4553:
4330:
4293:
4104:
3306:
2586:"Anatomy and evolution of the first Coleoidea in the Carboniferous"
2157:
Proterozoic-Cambrian of the Great Basin and Beyond, Pacific Section
2154:: New insights from the Basin and Range". In Corsetti, F.A. (ed.).
616:
585:
574:
443:
369:
217:
139:
57:
52:
43:
28:
2419:
1965:
1760:
4566:
4394:
3489:
3203:
246:
437:. In 2010, Martin Smith and Jean-Bernard described specimens of
2559:
16:
Origin and diversification of cephalopods through geologic time
3410:
2564:, vol. 11. Form and Function, New York: Academic Press,
1129:
Boyle, Peter; Rodhouse, Paul (2005). "Origin and Evolution".
2710:
2560:
Wilbur, Karl M.; Trueman, E.R.; Clarke, M.R., eds. (1985),
2137:
10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0805:LCFVTW>2.3.CO;2
564:
414:, enigmatic animal that is misidentified as stem-cephalopod
2919:
Chen, J. Y.; Teichert, C. (1983). "Cambrian cephalopods".
1860:
Kröger, Björn; Vinther, Jakob; Fuchs, Dirk (August 2011).
1514:
1045:
2014:
1307:
Chen, J.Y.; Teichert, C. (1983). "Cambrian cephalopods".
917:
92:(snails). The similarity of the early shelled cephalopod
84:
The cephalopods were once thought to have evolved from a
2640:
2111:
Signor, P.W.; Ryan, D.A. (1993). "Lower Cambrian fossil
1575:
2278:
Whalen, Christopher D.; Landman, Neil H. (2022-03-08).
227:. Although earlier molluscan fossils are also septate,
2798:
1906:
2941:
10.1130/0091-7613(1983)11<647:CC>2.0.CO;2
2583:
2525:
2384:
1637:"Primitive soft-bodied cephalopods from the Cambrian"
1431:
1329:
10.1130/0091-7613(1983)11<647:CC>2.0.CO;2
364:
By the mid Ordovician these orders are joined by the
324:
The earliest true cephalopod order to emerge was the
2880:
1635:
Smith, Martin R.; Caron, Jean-Bernard (2010-05-01).
1399:
Association of Australasian Palaeontologists Memoirs
368:, whose first chambers are small and spherical, and
2227:
2225:
2223:
827:Begtson, Stefan (1970). "The Lower Cambrian fossil
401:
2758:Kear, A.J.; Briggs, D.E.G.; Donovan, D.T. (1995).
2115:: The whole truth or just a piece of the beast?".
1859:
1349:
1263:Geological Society of London, Special Publications
635:contains some important genera of early coleoids.
2757:
2391:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
2231:
2187:
2185:
865:
794:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
711:
709:
4731:
2220:
2149:
1087:
1085:
1083:
2420:Moysiuk, J.; Smith, M.R.; Caron, J.-B. (2017).
1260:
826:
23:have a long geological history, with the first
2706:
2704:
2702:
2389:s.l. in the Cambrian evolutionary radiation".
2182:
2071:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1467:
1465:
1463:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
706:
201:that eventually gave rise to the cephalopods.
79:
4266:
2971:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2477:
2277:
1533:
1425:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1128:
1080:
791:
343:
279:separated by about half a millimetre, with a
38:period to become diverse and dominant in the
2918:
2143:
1814:
1781:
1699:
1306:
1094:"On the anatomy and relationships of recent
787:
785:
783:
781:
779:
777:
775:
2835:
2699:
1775:
1562:
1460:
1302:
1300:
1169:"Some lesser known features of the ancient
902:
679:
676:moving the head in and out of the chamber.
446:more broadly are rejected by most authors.
262:is arguably the earliest known crown-group
4273:
4259:
2978:
2964:
2792:
2546:
2514:
2471:
2191:
2110:
2104:
1634:
1343:
1237:
1155:
1091:
936:
859:
748:
746:
287:have been said to be the ancestors of the
4546:First appearance of long-lasting lineages
2682:
2617:
2319:
2257:
2065:
2048:
1991:
1942:
1924:
1732:
1668:
1611:
1601:
1508:
1208:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1039:
978:
968:
772:
4212:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
2985:
2751:
2336:
1820:
1476:. President's anniversary address 1986.
1297:
1226:
1222:
1220:
563:
405:
315:
245:
163:With the exception of the shelly genera
129:
2841:
2528:South African Journal of Marine Science
2422:"Hyoliths are Palaeozoic lophophorates"
1471:
743:
4732:
1393:Brock, G.A. (2004). "A new species of
1166:
1115:
4254:
3975:Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion
2959:
2273:
2271:
2269:
1821:Runnegar, B. (2011). "Once again: Is
1738:
1534:Boyle, Peter; Rodhouse, Paul (2004).
1527:
1392:
1217:
1046:Lemche, H.; Wingstrand, K.G. (1959).
134:Fossil orthoconic nautiloid from the
125:
2342:
2232:Kluessendorf, J.; Doyle, P. (2000).
752:
486:’s classification is now uncertain.
2076:and its occurrence in California".
1900:
1853:
1782:Mazurek, D.; Zatoń, M. (2011). "Is
1700:Mazurek, D.; Zatoń, M. (2011). "Is
294:
270:(north-east China) of the earliest
13:
4313:
3380:Evolutionary developmental biology
2912:
2868:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1987.tb02028.x
2266:
1537:Cephalopods: Ecology and fisheries
1454:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1973.tb01199.x
853:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1970.tb00829.x
311:
14:
4756:
2801:Journal of the Geological Society
1474:Journal of the Geological Society
1101:(Link to free full text + plates)
1066:(Link to free full text + plates)
995:
372:, whose siphuncles are thin. The
239:
4519:Earliest unambiguous cephalopods
4234:
4225:
4224:
2903:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2008.00133.x
1847:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2011.00296.x
1808:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2010.00253.x
1726:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2010.00253.x
1210:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00644.x
662:
596:
402:Fossils mistaken for cephalopods
291:, the first "true cephalopods".
4037:Extended evolutionary synthesis
3226:Gene-centered view of evolution
2874:
2634:
2577:
2413:
2378:
2008:
1959:
1693:
1628:
1386:
725:
671:The earliest cephalopods, like
531:
489:
461:
204:
4615:the earliest cephalopod group
4301:The belemnite-cuttlefish-like
4165:Hologenome theory of evolution
4032:History of molecular evolution
3258:Evolutionarily stable strategy
3147:Last universal common ancestor
820:
651:is considered as belonging to
1:
4674:Probable misidentified genera
4645:Earliest coiled cephalopods:
3959:Renaissance and Enlightenment
1283:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.047.01.04
737:
449:
421:
4286:(listed by first occurrence)
4170:Missing heritability problem
3797:Gamete differentiation/sexes
2773:(1): 105–132. Archived from
2407:10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.06.023
1603:10.1371/journal.pone.0007262
814:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.12.015
700:
573:ultimately the ancestors of
559:
511:
178:
7:
1825:a stem-group cephalopod?".
1005:Evolution & Development
755:"Origin of the cephalopoda"
697:have also been documented.
547:
357:(with wide siphuncles) and
158:
142:; an internal mold showing
80:Traditional views of origin
10:
4761:
4559:Probable coleoid ancestor
3802:Life cycles/nuclear phases
3354:Trivers–Willard hypothesis
2667:10.1038/s41467-023-42842-x
2540:10.2989/025776198784126287
2304:10.1038/s41467-022-28333-5
2033:10.1038/s42003-022-04383-9
1984:10.1038/s42003-021-01885-w
1926:10.1186/s12915-022-01284-5
1517:Bulletin of Marine Science
1227:Majewske, Otto P. (1974).
361:(with narrow siphuncles).
344:Early Ordovician diversity
4667:
4608:
4514:
4505:
4445:
4425:
4365:
4338:
4329:
4311:
4292:
4220:
4120:
4045:
3949:
3876:
3832:
3687:
3591:
3408:
3367:
3300:Parent–offspring conflict
3236:
3105:Earliest known life forms
3026:
2993:
2602:10.1038/s42003-019-0523-2
2504:10.1080/00241160600623749
1546:10.1002/9780470995310.ch2
1540:. Ames, Iowa: Blackwell.
1139:10.1002/9780470995310.ch3
1092:Wingstrand, K.G. (1985).
685:known from the Paleozoic
4740:Evolution of protostomes
4153:Cultural group selection
4017:The eclipse of Darwinism
3989:On the Origin of Species
3964:Transmutation of species
2821:10.1144/gsjgs.150.6.1035
2715:embryonic development".
1494:10.1144/gsjgs.144.1.0001
762:Acta Palaeontologica Toe
680:Exceptional preservation
4158:Dual inheritance theory
3997:History of paleontology
2259:10.1111/1475-4983.00155
2202:Journal of Paleontology
2078:Journal of Paleontology
970:10.1073/pnas.0602578103
868:Journal of Paleontology
195: million years ago
4318:
3846:Punctuated equilibrium
3167:Non-adaptive radiation
3115:Evolutionary arms race
2842:Allison, P.A. (1987).
2590:Communications Biology
2478:Kröger, Björn (2006).
2021:Communications Biology
1972:Communications Biology
1878:10.1002/bies.201100001
1364:10.1002/bies.201100001
1167:Kröger, Björn (2007).
695:cephalopod egg fossils
569:
415:
321:
254:
151:
4317:
4138:Evolutionary medicine
4012:Mendelian inheritance
3720:Biological complexity
3708:Programmed cell death
3400:Phenotypic plasticity
3120:Evolutionary pressure
3110:Evidence of evolution
3008:Timeline of evolution
2717:Journal of Morphology
2647:Nature Communications
2284:Nature Communications
567:
409:
319:
249:
133:
4112:Teleology in biology
4007:Blending inheritance
3385:Genetic assimilation
3248:Artificial selection
2987:Evolutionary biology
2780:on 28 September 2011
2364:10.4002/040.052.0107
2343:Dzik, Jerzy (2010).
633:Bear Gulch Limestone
48:Small shelly fossils
4175:Molecular evolution
4133:Ecological genetics
4002:Transitional fossil
3792:Sexual reproduction
3632:endomembrane system
3561:pollinator-mediated
3517:dolphins and whales
3295:Parental investment
2933:1983Geo....11..647J
2895:2009Letha..42..204E
2860:1987Letha..20..117A
2813:1993JGSoc.150.1035B
2659:2023NatCo..14.8094K
2496:2006Letha..39..129K
2449:10.1038/nature20804
2441:2017Natur.541..394M
2399:2012PPP...353...21L
2296:2022NatCo..13.1107W
2250:2000Palgy..43..919K
2129:1993Geo....21..805S
1839:2011Letha..44..373R
1800:2011Letha..44....2M
1753:2013Pbio...39..297S
1718:2011Letha..44....2M
1661:10.1038/nature09068
1653:2010Natur.465..469S
1594:2009PLoSO...4.7262K
1486:1987JGSoc.144....1H
1446:1973Letha...6..275Y
1321:1983Geo....11..647J
1275:1989GSLSP..47...29W
1201:2007Palgy..50..565K
1050:Neopilina galatheae
961:2006PNAS..103.7723G
880:2009JPal...83..123L
845:1970Letha...3..363B
806:2009PPP...273..174K
691:Francis Creek shale
601:The Early Devonian
4319:
4148:Cultural evolution
3263:Fisher's principle
3192:Handicap principle
3182:Parallel evolution
3046:Adaptive radiation
2729:10.1002/jmor.10564
2393:. 353–355: 21–30.
570:
416:
410:Reconstruction of
322:
268:Fengshan Formation
255:
250:Reconstruction of
152:
126:Early shell record
4727:
4726:
4663:
4662:
4501:
4500:
4409:Paleocirroteuthis
4248:
4247:
3864:Uniformitarianism
3817:Sex-determination
3322:Sexual dimorphism
3317:Natural selection
3221:Unit of selection
3187:Signalling theory
2435:(7637): 394–397.
2387:Allatheca degeeri
2170:on 1 October 2008
1823:Nectocaris pteryx
1784:Nectocaris pteryx
1702:Nectocaris pteryx
1647:(7297): 469–472.
1555:978-0-632-06048-1
1148:978-0-470-99531-0
1054:
1017:10.1111/ede.12164
955:(20): 7723–7728.
929:978-0-12-751412-3
888:10.1666/08-078R.1
753:Dzik, J. (1981).
615:biota contains a
552:Hyoliths such as
430:Nectocaris pteryx
150:, both encrusted.
74:mollusc phylogeny
4752:
4512:
4511:
4375:Muensterelloidea
4336:
4335:
4287:
4275:
4268:
4261:
4252:
4251:
4238:
4228:
4227:
4027:Modern synthesis
3787:Multicellularity
3782:Mosaic evolution
3667:auditory ossicle
3349:Social selection
3332:Flowering plants
3327:Sexual selection
2980:
2973:
2966:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2907:
2906:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2807:(6): 1035–1038.
2796:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2779:
2764:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2708:
2697:
2696:
2686:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2621:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2557:
2544:
2543:
2523:
2512:
2511:
2506:. Archived from
2475:
2469:
2468:
2426:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2349:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2323:
2275:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2229:
2218:
2217:
2189:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2169:
2162:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2052:
2012:
2006:
2005:
1995:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1946:
1928:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1786:a cephalopod?".
1779:
1773:
1772:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1704:a cephalopod?".
1697:
1691:
1690:
1672:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1615:
1605:
1573:
1560:
1559:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1469:
1458:
1457:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1304:
1295:
1294:
1258:
1235:
1234:
1224:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1164:
1153:
1152:
1126:
1113:
1112:
1102:
1089:
1078:
1077:
1067:
1052:
1048:"The anatomy of
1043:
1037:
1036:
999:
993:
992:
982:
972:
940:
934:
933:
915:
900:
899:
863:
857:
856:
824:
818:
817:
800:(3–4): 174–201.
789:
770:
769:
759:
750:
732:
729:
723:
713:
377:wide-siphuncled
301:Yochelcionellids
295:Yochelcionellids
196:
146:and half-filled
115:monoplacophorans
4760:
4759:
4755:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4750:
4749:
4730:
4729:
4728:
4723:
4659:
4617:Ellesmerocerida
4604:
4600:Phragmoteuthids
4523:Plectronocerida
4497:
4441:
4421:
4361:
4325:
4322:
4309:
4288:
4285:
4281:Notable fossil
4279:
4249:
4244:
4216:
4143:Group selection
4116:
4041:
3945:
3872:
3834:Tempo and modes
3828:
3683:
3587:
3404:
3363:
3239:
3232:
3209:Species complex
3022:
3013:History of life
2989:
2984:
2927:(11): 647–650.
2915:
2913:Further reading
2910:
2879:
2875:
2854:(78): 117–121.
2840:
2836:
2797:
2793:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2762:
2756:
2752:
2709:
2700:
2639:
2635:
2582:
2578:
2572:
2558:
2547:
2524:
2515:
2476:
2472:
2424:
2418:
2414:
2383:
2379:
2347:
2341:
2337:
2276:
2267:
2230:
2221:
2190:
2183:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2160:
2148:
2144:
2109:
2105:
2070:
2066:
2013:
2009:
1964:
1960:
1905:
1901:
1858:
1854:
1819:
1815:
1780:
1776:
1737:
1733:
1698:
1694:
1633:
1629:
1574:
1563:
1556:
1532:
1528:
1513:
1509:
1470:
1461:
1430:
1426:
1391:
1387:
1348:
1344:
1315:(11): 647–650.
1305:
1298:
1259:
1238:
1225:
1218:
1175:Ellesmerocerida
1165:
1156:
1149:
1127:
1116:
1100:
1090:
1081:
1065:
1044:
1040:
1000:
996:
941:
937:
930:
916:
903:
864:
860:
825:
821:
790:
773:
757:
751:
744:
740:
735:
730:
726:
714:
707:
703:
682:
665:
599:
562:
550:
534:
516:
494:
480:silicon dioxide
466:
452:
426:
404:
346:
326:Ellesmerocerida
314:
312:Ellesmerocerida
297:
289:Ellesmerocerids
285:Plectronocerida
244:
221:monoplacophoran
209:
191:
183:
161:
128:
111:Plectronocerida
86:monoplacophoran
82:
66:monoplacophoran
17:
12:
11:
5:
4758:
4748:
4747:
4742:
4725:
4724:
4722:
4721:
4714:
4707:
4700:
4695:
4680:Nectocarididae
4677:
4675:
4671:
4669:
4665:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4649:
4643:
4633:
4619:
4613:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4602:
4597:
4587:
4584:Syllipsimopodi
4563:
4557:
4547:
4543:
4542:
4533:Monoplacophora
4528:Plectronoceras
4515:
4509:
4503:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4495:
4494:
4493:
4490:Belemnotheutis
4486:
4479:
4466:
4455:
4453:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4439:
4433:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4419:
4412:
4405:
4398:
4391:
4384:
4377:
4372:
4370:
4369:Early coleoids
4366:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4359:
4353:
4348:
4346:
4339:
4333:
4327:
4326:
4312:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4298:
4296:
4290:
4289:
4278:
4277:
4270:
4263:
4255:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4232:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4161:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4124:
4122:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4114:
4109:
4108:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4096:
4095:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4055:
4049:
4047:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3993:
3992:
3983:Charles Darwin
3980:
3979:
3978:
3966:
3961:
3955:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3921:Non-ecological
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3882:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3861:
3852:
3838:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3821:
3820:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3694:
3692:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3679:
3674:
3672:nervous system
3669:
3664:
3659:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3598:
3596:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3502:
3492:
3482:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3438:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3421:
3415:
3413:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3244:
3242:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3218:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3172:Origin of life
3169:
3164:
3159:
3157:Microevolution
3154:
3152:Macroevolution
3149:
3144:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3090:Common descent
3087:
3086:
3085:
3075:
3070:
3068:Baldwin effect
3065:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3032:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2983:
2982:
2975:
2968:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2889:(2): 204–217.
2873:
2834:
2791:
2750:
2698:
2633:
2576:
2570:
2545:
2513:
2510:on 2012-10-20.
2490:(2): 129–139.
2470:
2412:
2377:
2335:
2265:
2219:
2181:
2142:
2103:
2084:(2): 329–336.
2064:
2007:
1958:
1899:
1872:(8): 602–613.
1852:
1813:
1774:
1747:(2): 291–321.
1731:
1692:
1627:
1561:
1554:
1526:
1507:
1459:
1424:
1385:
1358:(8): 602–613.
1342:
1296:
1236:
1216:
1195:(3): 565–572.
1154:
1147:
1133:. p. 36.
1114:
1096:Monoplacophora
1079:
1038:
1011:(6): 337–346.
994:
935:
928:
901:
874:(1): 123–127.
858:
839:(4): 363–392.
819:
771:
741:
739:
736:
734:
733:
724:
704:
702:
699:
687:Hunsrück Slate
681:
678:
664:
661:
653:Octopodiformes
648:Syllipsimopodi
598:
595:
561:
558:
549:
546:
533:
530:
515:
510:
493:
488:
465:
460:
456:chimera fossil
451:
448:
425:
420:
403:
400:
345:
342:
331:Paradakeoceras
313:
310:
296:
293:
259:Plectronoceras
252:Plectronoceras
243:
241:Plectronoceras
238:
208:
203:
182:
177:
160:
157:
127:
124:
95:Plectronoceras
81:
78:
27:found in late
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4757:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4720:
4719:
4715:
4713:
4712:
4708:
4706:
4705:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4687:
4686:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4668:Misidentified
4666:
4656:
4655:
4650:
4648:
4644:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4618:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4607:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4580:
4579:
4574:
4573:
4568:
4564:
4562:
4558:
4555:
4551:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4540:
4539:
4534:
4530:
4529:
4524:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4504:
4492:
4491:
4487:
4485:
4484:
4480:
4478:
4477:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4464:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4452:
4448:
4447:
4444:
4438:
4434:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4424:
4418:
4417:
4413:
4411:
4410:
4406:
4404:
4403:
4399:
4397:
4396:
4392:
4390:
4389:
4388:Styletoctopus
4385:
4383:
4382:
4381:Proteroctopus
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4364:
4358:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4345:
4341:
4340:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4316:
4306:
4305:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4291:
4284:
4276:
4271:
4269:
4264:
4262:
4257:
4256:
4253:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4231:
4223:
4222:
4219:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4185:Phylogenetics
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4119:
4113:
4110:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4088:Structuralism
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4063:Catastrophism
4061:
4060:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4044:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4022:Neo-Darwinism
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3981:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3971:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3948:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3936:Reinforcement
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3875:
3869:
3868:Catastrophism
3865:
3862:
3860:
3859:Macromutation
3856:
3855:Micromutation
3853:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3831:
3825:
3822:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3762:Immune system
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3686:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3622:symbiogenesis
3620:
3619:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3590:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3554:
3550:
3547:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3407:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3290:Kin selection
3288:
3286:
3285:Genetic drift
3283:
3281:
3278:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3235:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2981:
2976:
2974:
2969:
2967:
2962:
2961:
2958:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2917:
2916:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2877:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2838:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2767:Palaeontology
2761:
2754:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2694:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2637:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2580:
2573:
2571:0-12-728702-7
2567:
2563:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2474:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2416:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2381:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2358:(1): 97–113.
2357:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2260:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2238:Palaeontology
2235:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2200:(Mollusca)".
2199:
2195:
2188:
2186:
2166:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2146:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2107:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2068:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2011:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1778:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1761:10.1666/12029
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1631:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1557:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1530:
1523:(1): 419–432.
1522:
1518:
1511:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1411:1959.14/41429
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1389:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1303:
1301:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1232:
1231:
1223:
1221:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1189:Palaeontology
1186:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1150:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1110:
1106:
1099:
1097:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1075:
1071:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1051:
1042:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
998:
990:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
939:
931:
925:
921:
914:
912:
910:
908:
906:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
862:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
823:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
788:
786:
784:
782:
780:
778:
776:
768:(2): 161–191.
767:
763:
756:
749:
747:
742:
728:
721:
717:
712:
710:
705:
698:
696:
692:
688:
677:
674:
669:
663:Organ origins
660:
658:
657:Gordonioconus
654:
650:
649:
644:
640:
639:
634:
631:
630:Mississippian
626:
624:
623:
618:
614:
609:
606:
605:
597:Early fossils
594:
592:
587:
582:
580:
576:
566:
557:
555:
545:
543:
539:
529:
527:
523:
521:
514:
509:
507:
506:
501:
500:
492:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
472:
464:
459:
457:
447:
445:
440:
436:
432:
431:
424:
419:
413:
408:
399:
397:
391:
387:
384:
380:
375:
371:
367:
362:
360:
356:
350:
341:
339:
338:
333:
332:
327:
318:
309:
306:
305:helcionellids
302:
292:
290:
286:
282:
278:
273:
269:
265:
261:
260:
253:
248:
242:
237:
235:
230:
226:
222:
219:
215:
214:
207:
202:
200:
194:
189:
188:
181:
176:
174:
173:
172:Eoclarkoceras
168:
167:
156:
149:
145:
141:
137:
132:
123:
120:
116:
112:
108:
107:
101:
97:
96:
91:
87:
77:
75:
71:
67:
64:
59:
55:
54:
49:
45:
41:
37:
32:
30:
26:
22:
4716:
4711:Shelbyoceras
4709:
4704:Volborthella
4702:
4698:Kirengellida
4689:
4683:
4652:
4647:Tarphycerida
4635:Brevicones:
4631:Actinocerida
4621:Orthocones:
4595:Aulacocerids
4582:
4578:Gordoniconus
4576:
4570:
4538:Knightoconus
4536:
4535:-like form:
4526:
4518:
4488:
4481:
4474:
4461:
4416:Vampyronassa
4414:
4407:
4402:Palaeoctopus
4400:
4393:
4386:
4379:
4321:Evolution of
4320:
4302:
4197:Polymorphism
4180:Astrobiology
4128:Biogeography
4083:Saltationism
4073:Orthogenesis
4058:Alternatives
3987:
3973:
3906:Cospeciation
3901:Cladogenesis
3850:Saltationism
3807:Mating types
3730:Color vision
3715:Avian flight
3637:mitochondria
3445:
3375:Canalisation
3253:Biodiversity
2998:Introduction
2924:
2920:
2886:
2882:
2876:
2851:
2847:
2837:
2804:
2800:
2794:
2782:. Retrieved
2775:the original
2770:
2766:
2753:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2650:
2646:
2636:
2593:
2589:
2579:
2562:The Mollusca
2561:
2531:
2527:
2508:the original
2487:
2483:
2473:
2432:
2428:
2415:
2390:
2386:
2380:
2355:
2351:
2338:
2287:
2283:
2241:
2237:
2208:(1): 45–49.
2205:
2201:
2198:Shelbyoceras
2197:
2194:Hypseloconus
2193:
2172:. Retrieved
2165:the original
2156:
2152:Volborthella
2151:
2145:
2120:
2116:
2113:Volborthella
2112:
2106:
2081:
2077:
2074:Volborthella
2073:
2067:
2024:
2020:
2010:
1975:
1971:
1961:
1916:
1912:
1902:
1869:
1865:
1855:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1816:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1777:
1744:
1741:Paleobiology
1740:
1734:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1644:
1640:
1630:
1588:(9): e7262.
1585:
1581:
1536:
1529:
1520:
1516:
1510:
1477:
1473:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1402:
1398:
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1388:
1355:
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1308:
1266:
1262:
1229:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1130:
1108:
1105:Galathea Rep
1104:
1095:
1073:
1070:Galathea Rep
1069:
1061:Tryblidiacea
1060:
1056:
1053:Lemche, 1957
1049:
1041:
1008:
1004:
997:
952:
948:
938:
920:The Mollusca
919:
871:
867:
861:
836:
832:
828:
822:
797:
793:
765:
761:
727:
719:
715:
683:
672:
670:
666:
656:
646:
638:Gordoniconus
636:
627:
620:
610:
604:Naefiteuthis
602:
600:
583:
571:
553:
551:
538:Kirengellids
535:
532:Kirengellids
518:
517:
512:
505:Hypseloconus
503:
499:Shelbyoceras
497:
495:
491:Shelbyoceras
490:
484:Volborthella
483:
476:Volborthella
475:
471:Volborthella
469:
467:
463:Volborthella
462:
453:
438:
428:
427:
422:
417:
411:
396:thrombolites
392:
388:
379:Actinocerida
363:
359:Tarphycerida
351:
347:
335:
329:
323:
298:
257:
256:
251:
240:
234:Knightoconus
233:
229:Knightoconus
228:
213:Knightoconus
211:
210:
206:Knightoconus
205:
199:Knightoconus
198:
185:
184:
179:
170:
164:
162:
153:
106:Knightoconus
104:
93:
83:
51:
33:
18:
4651:Spirulid?:
4627:Orthocerida
4612:Early forms
4483:Belemnopsis
4458:Diplobelids
4351:Nautilaceae
4323:cephalopods
4283:cephalopods
4207:Systematics
4078:Mutationism
3896:Catagenesis
3824:Snake venom
3757:Eusociality
3735:in primates
3725:Cooperation
3653:In animals
3473:butterflies
3446:Cephalopods
3436:Brachiopods
3368:Development
3342:Mate choice
3095:Convergence
3078:Coevolution
3036:Abiogenesis
2723:(1): 1–17.
2653:(1): 8094.
2534:: 393–420.
2352:Malacologia
2290:(1): 1107.
1913:BMC Biology
1480:(1): 1–15.
1405:: 133–143.
1183:Cephalopoda
1179:Nautiloidea
1131:Cephalopods
716:Endogastric
693:. Putative
613:Mazon Creek
542:brachiopods
526:Mazon Creek
524:known from
383:Discocerida
366:Orthocerids
337:Levisoceras
272:Fengshanian
166:Ectenolites
21:cephalopods
4745:Teuthology
4734:Categories
4691:Nectocotis
4685:Nectocaris
4654:Shimanskya
4641:Oncocerida
4637:Ascocerida
4623:Endocerida
4591:belemnoids
4561:Bactritida
4507:Palaeozoic
4476:Belemnites
4469:Belemnites
4463:Diplobelus
4451:belemnoids
4344:nautiloids
4304:Belosaepia
4068:Lamarckism
4046:Philosophy
3969:David Hume
3931:Peripatric
3926:Parapatric
3911:Ecological
3891:Anagenesis
3886:Allopatric
3878:Speciation
3842:Gradualism
3767:Metabolism
3627:chromosome
3617:Eukaryotes
3395:Modularity
3312:Population
3238:Population
3199:Speciation
3177:Panspermia
3130:Extinction
3125:Exaptation
3100:Divergence
3073:Cladistics
3061:Reciprocal
3041:Adaptation
2596:(1): 280.
2244:(5): 919.
2123:(9): 805.
1978:(1): 388.
1833:(4): 373.
1794:(1): 2–4.
1670:1807/32368
1440:(3): 275.
1171:Cephalopod
738:References
720:exogastric
591:Cretaceous
579:Bactritida
450:NFM F-2774
439:Nectocaris
423:Nectocaris
412:Nectocaris
374:Oncocerids
355:Endocerida
264:cephalopod
216:is a Late
136:Ordovician
119:gastropods
90:gastropods
70:Scaphopoda
63:tryblidiid
36:Ordovician
25:nautiloids
4718:Pohlsepia
4589:Earliest
4572:Jeletzkya
4556:ammonoids
4550:Goniatite
4449:Advanced
4437:Nautilida
4432:ammonoids
4430:Ceratitid
4357:ammonites
4342:Advanced
4202:Protocell
4053:Darwinism
3941:Sympatric
3690:processes
3578:Tetrapods
3527:Kangaroos
3453:Dinosaurs
3390:Inversion
3359:Variation
3280:Gene flow
3273:Inclusive
3083:Mutualism
3028:Evolution
2949:0091-7613
2829:130195674
2675:2041-1723
2610:2399-3642
2312:2041-1723
2090:0022-3360
2041:2399-3642
2027:(1): 32.
1935:1741-7007
1919:(1): 88.
1866:BioEssays
1679:0028-0836
1502:128629737
1419:0810-8889
1395:Tannuella
1352:BioEssays
1337:0091-7613
1291:128682549
1269:(1): 29.
896:128877531
701:Footnotes
643:bactritid
628:The Late
622:Jeletzkya
575:ammonoids
560:Coleoidea
554:Allatheca
520:Pohlsepia
513:Pohlsepia
435:arthropod
370:Lituitids
281:siphuncle
236:fossils.
225:siphuncle
187:Tannuella
180:Tannuella
144:siphuncle
100:siphuncle
58:sclerites
40:Paleozoic
4567:coleoids
4554:ceratite
4331:Mesozoic
4294:Cenozoic
4230:Category
4105:Vitalism
4100:Theistic
4093:Spandrel
3777:Morality
3772:Monogamy
3647:plastids
3612:Flagella
3568:Reptiles
3549:sea cows
3532:primates
3441:Molluscs
3419:Bacteria
3307:Mutation
3240:genetics
3216:Taxonomy
3162:Mismatch
3142:Homology
3056:Cheating
3051:Altruism
2784:21 April
2745:13109195
2737:17654542
2713:Nautilus
2693:38062003
2684:10703834
2628:31372519
2457:28077871
2372:85622212
2330:35260548
2059:36635404
2002:33758350
1953:35421982
1886:21681989
1769:85744624
1687:20505727
1622:19789709
1582:PLOS ONE
1372:21681989
1057:Mollusca
1033:37343813
1025:26487042
989:16675549
829:Tommotia
673:Nautilus
586:nautilus
548:Hyoliths
444:molluscs
381:and the
218:Cambrian
159:Cambrian
140:Kentucky
53:Tommotia
50:such as
44:Mesozoic
31:strata.
29:Cambrian
4395:Keuppia
4121:Related
3951:History
3812:Meiosis
3747:Empathy
3742:Emotion
3642:nucleus
3583:Viruses
3573:Spiders
3485:Mammals
3468:Insects
3268:Fitness
3204:Species
3003:Outline
2929:Bibcode
2921:Geology
2891:Bibcode
2883:Lethaia
2856:Bibcode
2848:Lethaia
2809:Bibcode
2655:Bibcode
2619:6668408
2492:Bibcode
2484:Lethaia
2465:4409157
2437:Bibcode
2395:Bibcode
2321:8904582
2292:Bibcode
2246:Bibcode
2214:1304159
2125:Bibcode
2117:Geology
2098:1302218
2050:9837193
1993:7987959
1944:9008929
1894:2767810
1835:Bibcode
1827:Lethaia
1796:Bibcode
1788:Lethaia
1749:Bibcode
1714:Bibcode
1712:: 2–4.
1706:Lethaia
1649:Bibcode
1613:2749442
1590:Bibcode
1482:Bibcode
1442:Bibcode
1434:Lethaia
1380:2767810
1317:Bibcode
1309:Geology
1271:Bibcode
1197:Bibcode
1111:: 7–94.
1076:: 9–73.
980:1472512
957:Bibcode
876:Bibcode
841:Bibcode
833:Lethaia
802:Bibcode
617:decapod
148:camerae
4565:Early
4240:Portal
3916:Hybrid
3752:Ethics
3594:organs
3556:Plants
3542:lemurs
3537:humans
3522:horses
3512:hyenas
3500:wolves
3495:canids
3429:origin
2947:
2827:
2743:
2735:
2691:
2681:
2673:
2626:
2616:
2608:
2568:
2463:
2455:
2429:Nature
2370:
2328:
2318:
2310:
2212:
2174:1 June
2096:
2088:
2057:
2047:
2039:
2000:
1990:
1951:
1941:
1933:
1892:
1884:
1767:
1685:
1677:
1641:Nature
1620:
1610:
1552:
1500:
1417:
1378:
1370:
1335:
1289:
1173:order
1145:
1031:
1023:
987:
977:
926:
894:
46:seas.
4435:late
4355:True
3703:Death
3698:Aging
3677:brain
3463:Fungi
3424:Birds
3337:Fungi
3135:Event
3018:Index
2825:S2CID
2778:(PDF)
2763:(PDF)
2741:S2CID
2461:S2CID
2425:(PDF)
2368:S2CID
2348:(PDF)
2210:JSTOR
2168:(PDF)
2161:(PDF)
2094:JSTOR
1890:S2CID
1765:S2CID
1498:S2CID
1376:S2CID
1287:S2CID
1029:S2CID
892:S2CID
758:(PDF)
277:septa
155:age.
4552:and
4190:Tree
3662:hair
3602:Cell
3505:dogs
3490:cats
3480:Life
3458:Fish
3411:taxa
2945:ISSN
2786:2009
2733:PMID
2689:PMID
2671:ISSN
2624:PMID
2606:ISSN
2566:ISBN
2453:PMID
2326:PMID
2308:ISSN
2196:and
2176:2010
2086:ISSN
2055:PMID
2037:ISSN
1998:PMID
1949:PMID
1931:ISSN
1882:PMID
1683:PMID
1675:ISSN
1618:PMID
1550:ISBN
1415:ISSN
1368:PMID
1333:ISSN
1143:ISBN
1021:PMID
985:PMID
924:ISBN
689:and
611:The
536:The
334:and
299:The
169:and
117:and
42:and
19:The
4682:: (
4575:?,
3688:Of
3657:eye
3607:DNA
3592:Of
3409:Of
2937:doi
2899:doi
2864:doi
2817:doi
2805:150
2725:doi
2721:269
2679:PMC
2663:doi
2614:PMC
2598:doi
2536:doi
2500:doi
2445:doi
2433:541
2403:doi
2360:doi
2316:PMC
2300:doi
2254:doi
2133:doi
2045:PMC
2029:doi
1988:PMC
1980:doi
1939:PMC
1921:doi
1874:doi
1843:doi
1804:doi
1757:doi
1722:doi
1665:hdl
1657:doi
1645:465
1608:PMC
1598:doi
1542:doi
1490:doi
1478:144
1450:doi
1407:hdl
1360:doi
1325:doi
1279:doi
1205:doi
1135:doi
1013:doi
975:PMC
965:doi
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