3050:. The recent capture of FARC's leaders' computers, and leaked email exchanges between both groups, show that ETA members received training from FARC. Apparently, FARC asked for help from ETA to conduct future attacks in Spain, but the Anncol news agency later denied it, clarifying that the Spanish capital Madrid had been confused with a city in northern Colombia also named Madrid. Following a judicial investigation, it was reported that FARC and ETA had held meetings in Colombia, exchanging information about combat tactics and methods of activating explosives through mobile phones. The two organizations were said to have met at least three times. One of the meetings involved two ETA representatives and two FARC leaders, at a FARC camp, and lasted for a week in 2003. FARC also offered to hide ETA fugitives while requesting anti-air missiles, as well as asking ETA to supply medical experts who could work at FARC prison camps for more than a year. Besides, and more controversially, FARC also asked ETA to stage attacks and kidnappings on its behalf in Europe.
1239:. The new Spanish constitution was opposed by Basque nationalists as it was considered insufficient in terms of Basque autonomy, protection of the Basque language and providing Euskadi with no legal way towards achieving independence from Spain. Basque politicians decried the new constitution as "the continuing occupation of the Basque Country" and called for abstention from the constitutional referendum. As the result, the abstention rate in Euskadi was over 55%, and although 75% of Basque voters voted in favour of the new constitution, they represented only 31% of the Basque population. Because of this, "Euskadi remained the one region in the country in which a majority of the electorate did not support the foundational document of Spain’s democracy."
1960:, Tony Blair indicated that lessons in dealing with paramilitary separatist groups can be learned from how the Spanish administration handled ETA. Blair wrote, "governments must firmly defend themselves, their principles and their people against terrorists. This requires good police and intelligence work as well as political determination. , firm security pressure on terrorists must be coupled with offering them a way out when they realize that they cannot win by violence. Terrorist groups are rarely defeated by military means alone". Blair also suggested that Spain would need to discuss weapon decommissioning, peace strategies, reparations for victims, and security with ETA, as Britain discussed with the
954:(University of the Basque Country), asking about the views of ETA within the Basque population, obtained these results in May 2009: 64% rejected ETA totally, 13% identified themselves as former ETA sympathisers who no longer support the group. Another 10% agreed with ETA's ends, but not their means. Three percent said that their attitude towards ETA was mainly one of fear, 3% expressed indifference and 3% were undecided or did not answer. About 3% gave ETA "justified, with criticism" support (supporting the group but criticising some of their actions) and only 1% gave ETA total support. Even within Batasuna voters, at least 48% rejected ETA's violence.
1746:
8977:
864:. Their loss of sympathisers had been reflected in an erosion of support for the political parties identified with them. In the 1998 Basque parliament elections Euskal Herritarrok, formerly Batasuna, polled 17.7% of the votes. However, by 2001 the party's support had fallen to 10.0%. There were also concerns that Spain's "judicial offensive" against alleged ETA supporters (two Basque political parties and one NGO were banned in September 2008) constituted a threat to human rights. Strong evidence was seen that a legal network had grown so wide as to lead to the arrest of numerous innocent people. According to
8970:
8963:
3416:
3386:
3328:
3298:
3196:
3170:
3132:
2231:). When the bombs targeted individuals for assassination they were often surreptitiously rigged in the victim's car. The detonating systems varied. They were rarely manually ignited but instead, for example, wired so the bomb would explode on the ignition or when the car went over a set speed limit. Sometimes the bomb was placed inside a stolen car with false plates, parked along the route of the objective, and the explosive remotely activated when the target passed by (e.g. V.I.P. cars, police patrols or military vehicles).
507:
9057:
381:
1224:, on the issue of self-determination. In 1974 self-determination for the Basque Country was a part of PSOE platform, and the party asserted that "all nationalities and regions had the right to break free from the Spanish state". However, the party moved towards centralist position after 1976, and Spanish parties "abandoned all pretensions to support self-determination within a constitutional drafting committee". Basque parties connected to ETA such as KAS and the MLVN created a new far-left
2080:
2064:
1474:", under which imprisoned ETA members whom the government believed had genuinely abandoned violence could be freed and allowed to rejoin society. Claiming a need to prevent ETA from coercively impeding this reinsertion, the PSOE government decided that imprisoned ETA members, who previously had all been imprisoned within the Basque Country, would instead be dispersed to prisons throughout Spain, some as far from their families as in the Salto del Negro prison in the
845:
702:
2738:, who is rumoured to have led police to 'Thierry'. The Spanish Interior Ministry claimed the relevance of the arrests would come in time with the investigation. Furthermore, the Interior Minister said that those members of ETA now arrested had ordered the latest attacks and that senior ETA member Francisco Javier López Peña was "not just another arrest because he is, in all probability, the man who has most political and military weight in the terrorist group."
9977:
1087:
348:
359:
45:
9021:
370:
151:
1842:
member of the armed Basque group ETA, missing since April 2009 – revealed no signs of having been beaten, wounded or shot, which should rule out any suspicions that he died from unnatural causes. Nevertheless, that very magistrate denied the demand of the family asking for the presence of a family doctor during the autopsy. After this, Jon Anza's family members asked for a second autopsy to be carried out.
1278:. GAL committed 27 assassinations (all but one in France), plus several kidnappings and torture, not only of ETA members but of civilians supposedly related to those, some of whom turned out to have nothing to do with ETA. GAL activities were a follow-up of similar dirty war actions by death squads, actively supported by members of Spanish security forces and secret services, using names such as
1820:. In the week of 8 September 2008, two Basque political parties were banned by a Spanish court for their secretive links to ETA. In another case in the same week, 21 people were convicted whose work on behalf of ETA prisoners actually belied secretive links to the armed separatists themselves. ETA reacted to these actions by placing three major car bombs in less than 24 hours in northern Spain.
1568:, due to the threats by the group over the Basque courts. Under Article 509 suspected terrorists are subject to being held incommunicado for up to thirteen days, during which they have no contact with the outside world other than through the court-appointed lawyer, including informing their family of their arrest, consultation with private lawyers or examination by a physician other than the
1060:, which is considered to be the defining text of the movement. In contrast to previous Basque nationalist platforms, Krutwig's vision was anti-religious and based upon language and culture rather than race. ETA's third and fourth assemblies, held in 1964 and 1965, adopted an anti-capitalist and anti-imperialist position, seeing nationalism and the class struggle as intrinsically connected.
1492:
1859:
ceasefire was considered permanent by the group. ETA claimed that it had decided to initiate a ceasefire several months before the announcement. In the part of the video, the spokesperson said that the group was "prepared today as yesterday to agree to the minimum democratic conditions necessary to put in motion a democratic process if the
Spanish government is willing".
1232:
working class' living condition, and an autonomy statute that allowed for Basque self-determination. However, these demands were rejected by the
Spanish government, and Madrid passed a new anti-terrorist law in 1978 that reintroduced Franco-esque policing methods; Robert Clark described the law and its consequences as "the long road back to Francoism without Franco".
1154:, Franco's chosen successor and president of the government (a position roughly equivalent to being a prime minister). The assassination had been planned for months and was executed by placing a bomb in a tunnel dug below the street where Carrero Blanco's car passed every day. The bomb blew up beneath the politician's car and left a massive crater in the road.
1421:, killing 21 and injuring 45; in the last case, entire families were killed. The horror caused then was so striking that ETA felt compelled to issue a communiqué stating that they had given warning of the Hipercor bomb, but that the police had declined to evacuate the area. The police said that the warning came only a few minutes before the bomb exploded.
993:
1440:, known as "Yoyes", while she was walking with her infant son. Yoyes was a former member of ETA who had abandoned the armed struggle and rejoined civil society: they accused her of "desertion" because of her taking advantage of the Spanish reinsertion policy which granted amnesty to those prisoners who publicly renounced political violence (see below).
659:("street fight"), that is, violent acts against public transportation, political parties' offices or cultural buildings, destruction of private property of politicians, police, military, bank offices, journalists, council members, and anyone voicing criticism of ETA. Tactics included threats, graffiti of political mottoes, and rioting, usually using
1432:(known in English as Association for Peace in the Basque Country) was founded; they began to convene silent demonstrations in communities throughout the Basque Country the day after any violent killing, whether by ETA or by GAL. These were the first systematic demonstrations in the Basque Country against political violence. Also in 1986, in
1079:(DRIL) (together with four other very similar bombings committed that same day across Spain, all of them attributed to DRIL), and the attribution to ETA has been considered to be unfounded by researchers. Police documents dating from 1961, released in 2013, show that the DRIL was indeed the author of the bombing. A more recent study by the
1872:
1620:. The appearance of these groups was attributed by many to the supposed weakness of ETA, which obliged them to resort to minors to maintain or augment their impact on society after arrests of leading militants, including the "cupola". ETA also began to menace leaders of other parties besides rival Basque nationalist parties.
519:
police point towards significant changes in ETA's structures in its later years. ETA divided the three substructures into a total of eleven. The change was a response to captures, and possible infiltration, by the different law enforcement agencies. ETA intended to disperse its members and reduce the effects of detentions.
809:(MLNV) regards present police actions as violence, torture and state terrorism). Nevertheless, most of their members and certainly most of their leadership were former Batasuna supporters or affiliates. The Spanish Supreme Court unanimously considered the party to be a successor to Batasuna and declared a ban on it.
498:"definitive end" to its operations and disband completely. The group announced on 7 April 2017 that it had given up all its weapons and explosives. On 2 May 2018, ETA made public a letter dated 16 April 2018 according to which it had "completely dissolved all its structures and ended its political initiative".
896:. Largely protected from Francoist persecution, Basque-speaking priests educated members of ETA in the nationalist faith and were considered the guardians of Basque language and culture, heavily influencing Basque nationalism. Basque nationalism acquired a religious character, as evidenced by the motto of
632:("burnt out"), members freed after having been imprisoned or those that were suspected by the group of being under police surveillance. In the past, there was also the figure of the deportees, expelled by the French government to remote countries where they lived freely. ETA's internal bulletin was named
2752:
said about the arrests: "We can't say this is the only ETA unit but it was the most active, most dynamic and of course the most wanted one." Four days later French police also arrested two suspects believed to be tied to the same active cell. The two suspects were: Asier Eceiza, considered a top aide
2511:
legislation on human rights and the legal representation of detainees. Virtually all of the highest ranks within ETA –including their successive "military", "political" or finances chiefs – have been captured in French territory, from where they had been plotting their activities after having crossed
2327:
Its ability to inflict violence had declined steadily since the group was at its strongest during the late 1970s and 1980 (when it killed 92 people in a single year). After decreasing peaks in the fatal casualties in 1987 and 1991, 2000 was the last year when ETA killed more than 20 in a single year.
1862:
The announcement was met with a mixed reaction; Basque nationalist politicians responded positively and said that the
Spanish and international governments should do the same, while the Spanish interior counsellor of Basque, Rodolfo Ares, said that the committee did not go far enough. He said that he
1371:
In this regard, Amnesty
International showed concern for the continuous disregard of the recommendations issued by the agency to prevent the alleged abuses from possibly taking place. Also in this regard, ETA's manuals were found instructing its members and supporters to claim routinely that they had
763:
which bars political parties that use violence to achieve political goals, promote hatred against different groups or seek to destroy the democratic system. The bill passed the Cortes with a 304 to 16 vote. Many within the Basque nationalistic movement strongly disputed the Law, which they considered
8663:
There is no information concerning activities of these or other organizations on Cuban territory. Press reports indicate that fugitives from US justice and ETA members are living legally in Cuba, just like fugitives from Cuban justice live legally in the US. The United States says it is not aware of
1972:
described the move as "a victory for democracy, law and reason". Additionally, the effort of security and intelligence forces in Spain and France are cited by politicians as the primary instruments responsible for the weakening of ETA. The optimism may come as a surprise considering ETA's failure to
1841:
published an article that suggested that ETA member Jon Anza could have been killed and buried by
Spanish police in April 2009. The central prosecutor in the French town of Bayonne, Anne Kayanakis, announced, as the official version, that the autopsy carried out on the body of Jon Anza – a suspected
1797:
Barajas international airport. The explosion caused the collapse of the building and killed two
Ecuadorian immigrants who were napping inside their cars in the parking building. At 6:00 pm, José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero released a statement stating that the "peace process" had been discontinued.
1670:
This demand was not met by the
Spanish government and after three days Miguel Ángel Blanco was found shot dead when the deadline expired. More than six million people took out to the streets to demand his liberation, with massive demonstrations occurring as much in the Basque regions as elsewhere in
1242:
In the 1980s, ETA(pm) accepted the
Spanish government's offer of individual pardons to all ETA prisoners, even those who had committed violent crimes, who publicly abandoned the policy of violence. This caused a new division in ETA(pm) between the seventh and eighth assemblies. ETA VII accepted this
1200:
The transition to democracy did not undermine core reasons for the existence of ETA, with a large part of its members remaining committed to armed struggle and local Basque community remaining supportive of it into the 1990s. This was caused by the character of
Spanish transition, as it was based on
2506:
With the disbanding of the GAL, the French government changed its position on the matter and in the 1990s initiated the ongoing period of active cooperation with the
Spanish government against ETA, including fast-track transfers of detainees to Spanish tribunals that are regarded as fully compliant
1231:
One of the parties within Herri Batasuna, ETA-affiliated KAS, listed five conditions from ETA that would need to be fulfilled for it to abandon armed struggle - amnesty for all Basque prisoners, legalisation of separatist Basque parties, withdrawal of Spanish police from Euskadi, improvement of the
961:
showed that 88% of the Basques thought that all political parties needed to launch a dialogue, including a debate on the political framework for the Basque Country (86%). Sixty-nine percent support the idea of ratifying the results of this hypothetical multiparty dialogue through a referendum. This
1992:
This event may not alter the goals of the Basque separatist movement but will change the method of the fight for a more autonomous state. Negotiations with the newly elected administration may prove difficult with the return to the centre-right People's Party, which is replacing Socialist control,
1785:
These took place all over 2006, not free from incidents such as an ETA cell stealing some 300 handguns, ammunition and spare parts in France in October 2006. or a series of warnings made by ETA such as the one of 23 September, when masked ETA militants declared that the group would "keep taking up
1363:
at the hands of Spanish police forces. While these claims are hard to verify, some convictions were based on confessions while prisoners were held incommunicado and without access to a lawyer of their choice, for a maximum of five days. These confessions were routinely repudiated by the defendants
1355:
According to the radical nationalist group, Euskal Memoria, between 1960 and 2010 there were 465 deaths in the Basque Country due to (primarily Spanish) state violence. This figure is considerably higher than those given elsewhere, which are usually between 250 and 300. Critics of ETA cite only 56
884:
and owed its ability to survive the Francoist years of harsh repression to the support of Basque clergy, with many Basque priests having strong nationalist and separatist tendencies. With the approval of the local ecclesiastical hierarchy, ETA was able to store its weapons in churches, chapels and
835:
In February 2011, Sortu, a party described as "the new Batasuna", was launched. Unlike predecessor parties, Sortu explicitly rejects politically motivated violence, including that of ETA. However, on 23 March 2011, the Spanish Supreme Court banned Sortu from registering as a political party on the
804:
of April 2005. Its supporters claimed no heritage from Batasuna, asserting that they aimed to allow Basque citizens to freely express their political ideas, even those of independence. On the matter of political violence, Aukera Guztiak stated their right not to condemn some kinds of violence more
771:
did not necessarily require responses to individual acts of violence, but rather a declaration of principles explicitly rejecting violence as a means of achieving political goals. Defenders also argued that the ban of a political party is subject to judicial process, with all the guarantees of the
6147:
Although convictions of torturers occur, these are rare. ... examining judges and prosecutors may not always be displaying due diligence ... trials involving torture complaints are often delayed for long periods. Where torture has been found to have occurred and torturers are convicted,
3024:
and condemning the European Union as exploitative and bourgeois; the declaration also stated: "The fight against imperialism and colonialism in the Western European subcontinent calls for determined and fundamental opposition to the Common Market. The national oppression and economic exploitation
2780:
France and Spain have often shown co-operation in the fight against ETA, after France's lack of co-operation during the Franco era. In late 2007, two Spanish guards were shot to death in France when on a joint operation with their French counterparts. Furthermore, in May 2008, the arrests of four
1988:
was in office. Aznar was responsible for banning media outlets seen as subversive to the state and Batasuna, the political party of ETA. Additionally, in preparation for his party's manifesto, on 30 October 2011, Rajoy declared that the People's Party would not negotiate with ETA under threats of
1372:
been tortured while detained. Unai Romano's case was very controversial: pictures of him with a symmetrically swollen face of uncertain aetiology were published after his incommunicado period leading to claims of police abuse and torture. Martxelo Otamendi, the ex-director of the Basque newspaper
2486:. The leadership typically chose to live in France for security reasons, where police pressure was much less than in Spain. Accordingly, ETA's tactical approach had been to downplay the issue of independence of the French Basque country so as to get French acquiescence for their activities. The
1552:
During the ETA ceasefire of the late 1990s, the PSOE government brought the prisoners on the islands and in Africa back to the mainland. Since the end of the ceasefire, ETA prisoners have not been sent back to overseas prisons. Some Basque authorities have established grants for the expenses of
518:
ETA changed its internal structure on several occasions, commonly for security reasons. The group used to have a very hierarchical organization with a leading figure at the top, delegating into three substructures: the logistical, military and political sections. Reports from Spanish and French
1858:
On 5 September 2010, ETA declared a new ceasefire, its third after two previous ceasefires were ended by the group. A spokesperson speaking on a video announcing the ceasefire said the group wished to use "peaceful, democratic means" to achieve its aims, though it was not specified whether the
1289:
One consequence of GAL's activities in France was the decision in 1984 by interior minister Pierre Joxe to permit the extradition of ETA suspects to Spain. Reaching this decision had taken 25 years and was critical in curbing ETA's capabilities by denial of previously safe territory in France.
1157:
For some in the Spanish opposition, Carrero Blanco's assassination, i.e., the elimination of Franco's chosen successor was an instrumental step for the subsequent re-establishment of democracy. The government responded with new anti-terrorism laws which gave police greater powers and empowered
827:
before the elections were held. The bulk of Batasuna supporters voted in this election for PCTV. It obtained 9 seats of 75 (12.44% of votes) in the Basque Parliament. The election of EHAK representatives eventually allowed the programme of the now-illegal Batasuna to continue being represented
2515:
In response to the new situation, ETA carried out attacks against French policemen and made threats to some French judges and prosecutors. This implied a change from the group's previous low-profile in the French Basque Country, which successive ETA leaders had used to discreetly manage their
6169:
The Committee also expressed concern about: the length of judicial investigations into torture complaints, which could give rise to the granting of pardons to convicted torturers, or the failure to impose appropriate sentences, owing to the period of time that had elapsed since the crime was
2277:
or blackmail: called by ETA a "revolutionary tax", demanding money from a business owner in the Basque Country or elsewhere in Spain, under threats to him and his family, up to and including death threats. Occasionally, some French Basques were threatened in this manner, such as footballer
2235:
These bombs sometimes killed family members of ETA's target victim and bystanders. When the bombs were large car-bombs seeking to produce large damage and terror, they were generally announced by one or more telephone calls made to newspapers speaking in the name of ETA. Charities (usually
497:
ETA declared ceasefires in 1989, 1996, 1998 and 2006. On 5 September 2010, ETA declared a new ceasefire that remained in force, and on 20 October 2011, ETA announced a "definitive cessation of its armed activity". On 24 November 2012, it was reported that the group was ready to negotiate a
1685:
in the US appeared to have dealt a hard blow to ETA, owing to the worldwide toughening of "anti-terrorist" measures (such as the freezing of bank accounts), the increase in international policy coordination, and the end of the toleration some countries had, up until then, extended to ETA.
1827:
was arrested, making him the fourth consecutive ETA military chief to be captured within a single year, an unprecedented police record, further weakening the group. Violence surged in the middle of 2009, with several ETA attacks leaving three people dead and dozens injured around Spain.
4158:
540:
that functioned as an advisory committee. The eleven different substructures were: logistics, politics, international relations with fraternal organisations, military operations, reserves, prisoner support, expropriation, information, recruitment, negotiation, and treasury.
474:("Keep up on both"), referring to the two figures in its symbol, a snake (representing politics) wrapped around an axe (representing armed struggle). Between 1968 and 2010, ETA killed 829 people (including 340 civilians) and injured more than 22,000. ETA was classified as a
1481:
In the event, the only clear effect of this policy was to incite social protest, especially from nationalists and families of the prisoners, claiming cruelty of separating family members from the insurgents. Much of the protest against this policy runs under the slogan
1627:
Alternative as a minimum proposal for the establishment of Euskal Herria. The Democratic Alternative offered the cessation of all armed ETA activity if the Spanish government would recognize the Basque people as having sovereignty over Basque territory, the right to
904:, the father of Basque nationalism, argued that the Basque Country could not be truly Catholic as long as it was dependent on Spain, and portrayed his struggle for independent Euskadi not as a political project, but rather as something that was ‘about saving souls’.
2377:, Landes, France. This was its first killing after it ended its 2006 declaration of "permanent ceasefire" and the first killing committed by ETA in France of a Spanish police agent since 1976, when they kidnapped, tortured and assassinated two Spanish inspectors in
2270:
Anonymous threats: often delivered in the Basque Country by placards or graffiti. Such threats forced many people into hiding or exile from the Basque Country and were used to prevent people from freely expressing political ideas other than Basque nationalist
2155:, also received threats. Hundreds of politicians in Spain required a constant bodyguard service. Bodyguards are contingent victims as well. In 2005 ETA announced that it would no longer "target" elected politicians. Nonetheless, ETA killed ex-council member
7157:
read that "the Spanish state is a prison for the people, and this is shown by denying the national identity of the Catalan countries. The Spanish state has also become a prison for democracy since it has trampled on the rights of the Catalans"; see
2285:
Kidnapping: often as a punishment for failing to pay the blackmail known as "revolutionary tax", but was also used to try to force the government to free ETA prisoners under the threat of killing the kidnapped, as in the kidnapping and execution of
1488:("Basque prisoners to the Basque Country"; by "Basque prisoners" only ETA members are meant). It has to be noted that almost in any Spanish jail there is a group of ETA prisoners, as the number of ETA prisoners makes it difficult to disperse them.
747:
However, the party itself denied being the political wing of ETA, although double membership – simultaneous or alternative – between Batasuna and ETA was often recorded, such as with the cases of prominent Batasuna leaders like Josu Urrutikoetxea,
2357:
Actions in France usually consisted of assaults on arsenals or military industries to steal weapons or explosives; these were usually stored in large quantities in hide-outs located in the French Basque Country rather than Spain. The French judge
1877:
1875:
1889:
On 10 January 2011, ETA declared that their September 2010 ceasefire would be permanent and verifiable by international observers. Observers urged caution, pointing out that ETA had broken permanent ceasefires in the past, whereas Prime Minister
820:), a formerly unknown political party which had no representation in the Autonomous Basque Parliament. EHAK announced that they would apply the votes they obtained to sustain the political programme of the now-banned Aukera Guztiak platform.
1876:
1209:). Francoist officials in the army, police and judiciary retained their posts, and no attempt was ever made to hold the representatives of the Francoist regime responsible for political violence and oppression. Left-wing Basque nationalist
1293:
The airing of the state-sponsored "dirty war" scheme and the imprisonment of officials responsible for GAL in the early 1990s led to a political scandal in Spain. The group's connections with the state were unveiled by the Spanish journal
743:
finally declared Batasuna illegal on 18 March 2003. The court considered proven that Batasuna had links with ETA and that it constituted in fact part of ETA's structure. In 2003, the Constitutional Tribunal upheld the legality of the law.
1967:
ETA had declared ceasefires many times before, most significantly in 1999 and 2006, but the Spanish government and media outlets expressed particularly hopeful opinions regarding the permanence of this proclamation. Spanish premier
1548:
and several Nationalist town halls granted money on humanitarian reasons for relatives to visit prisoners. The long road trips have caused accidental deaths that are protested against by Nationalist Prisoner's Family supporters.
2502:
cooperation between France and Spain, with the French government considering ETA a Spanish domestic problem. At the time, ETA members often travelled between the two countries using the French sanctuary as a base of operations.
1845:
In December 2009, Spain raised its terror alert after warning that ETA could be planning major attacks or high-profile kidnappings during Spain's European Union presidency. The next day, after being asked by the opposition,
915:
repeatedly justified the actions of ETA in his statements, causing consternation and even indignation in Spain. His statement that dialogue with ETA should have begun before it even stopped the attacks was condemned by the
1690:, was outlawed and the law of parties was changed outlawing Herri Batasuna, the "political arm" of ETA (although even before the change in law, Batasuna had been largely paralysed and under judicial investigation by judge
1193:, which allowed its members to move freely through French territory, believing that in this manner they were contributing to the end of Franco's regime. There is much controversy over the degree to which this policy of "
2675:), accused of acting as a network of meeting centres for members and supporters of ETA. Batasuna was outlawed in all forms. Most taverns continue working normally as their ownership is not directly linked to Batasuna.
2319:
With its attacks against what they considered "enemies of the Basque people", ETA killed over 820 people since 1968, including more than 340 civilians. It maimed hundreds more and kidnapped dozens. ETA was opposed to
1786:
arms" until achieving "independence and socialism in the Basque country", which were regarded by some as a way to increase pressure on the talks, by others as a tactic to reinforce ETA's position in the negotiations.
1667:, with the separatist group threatening to assassinate him unless the Spanish government met ETA's demand of starting to bring all ETA's inmates to prisons of the Basque Country within two days after the kidnapping.
2017:
reported that ETA would disarm "tomorrow", including a photo of a stamped ETA letter attesting to this. The French police found 3.5 tonnes of weapons on 8 April, the following day, at the caches handed over by ETA.
1346:
These events marked the end of the armed "counter-terrorist" period in Spain and no major cases of foul play on the part of the Spanish government after 1987 (when GAL ceased to operate) have been proven in courts.
1874:
1181:
Both ETA(m) and ETA(pm) refused offers of amnesty, and instead pursued and intensified their violent struggle. The years 1978–1980 were to prove ETA's most deadly, with 68, 76, and 98 fatalities, respectively.
2954:
1364:
during trials as having been extracted under torture. There were some successful prosecutions of proven tortures during the "dirty war" period of the mid-1980s, although the penalties have been considered by
2207:
of the subterranean parking lot of the Hipercor supermarket in Barcelona which killed 21 civilians and left 45 seriously wounded, of whom 20 were left disabled; also the attack of Plaza de Callao in Madrid.
907:
ETA-supportive clergy accepted the violence of ETA, following the beliefs of liberation theology and seeing it as a part of the oppressed people's aspiration for freedom and independence. The Archbishop of
10009:
2408:, a movement born much after ETA's creation. This loose term refers to a range of political organizations that are ideologically similar, comprising several distinct organizations that promote a type of
6609:
735:
Batasuna's political status was controversial. It was considered to be the political wing of ETA. Moreover, after the investigations on the nature of the relationship between Batasuna and ETA by Judge
5474:
2342:, Navarre, and (to a lesser degree) Madrid, Barcelona, and the tourist areas of the Spanish Mediterranean coast. To date, about 65% of ETA's killings were committed in the Basque Country, followed by
1984:
expressed the need to push for the full dissolution of ETA. The People's Party has emphasized the obligation of the state to refuse negotiations with separatist movements since former Prime Minister
10004:
8555:
6951:
4448:"Council Common Position 2009/468/CFSP of 15 June 2009 updating Common Position 2001/931/CFSP on the application of specific measures to combat terrorism and repealing Common Position 2009/67/CFSP"
2679:
2392:
Although ETA used robbery as a means of financing its activities in its early days, it was accused both of arms trafficking and of benefiting economically from its political counterpart Batasuna.
8590:
5240:
2730:, also known as 'Thierry,' had been on the run for twenty years before his arrest. A final total of arrests brought in six people, including ETA members and supporters, including the ex-Mayor of
6714:
6084:
2296:, of very reduced dimensions for extended periods. Also, people robbed of their vehicles would usually be tied up and abandoned in an isolated place to allow those who carjacked them to escape.
860:
from 1975 on and ETA's progressive radicalisation had resulted in a steady loss of support, which became especially apparent at the time of their 1997 kidnapping and countdown assassination of
7572:
2987:
received Gama 2 explosives and two dozen FireBird pistols in exchange for G3 machine guns. Additionally, ETA came to harbor, in the Basque Country, two FP-25 terrorists who needed to retreat.
2389:
In 2007, police reports pointed out that, after the serious blows suffered by ETA and its political counterparts during the 2000s, its budget would have been adjusted to €2,000,000 annually.
2331:
Similarly, over the 1990s and, especially, during the 2000s, fluid cooperation between the French and Spanish police, state-of-the-art tracking devices and techniques and, apparently, police
2282:. ETA moved the extorted funds to accounts in Liechtenstein and other fiscal havens. According to French judiciary sources, as of 2008 ETA exacted an estimated €900,000 a year in this manner.
6582:
1321:
court finished its trial, which resulted in convictions and imprisonment of several individuals related to the GAL, including civil servants and politicians up to the highest levels of the
8055:
7629:
5596:
5328:
1584:
885:
monasteries. According to the US researcher Robert P. Clark, 73% of Basque priests were members of ETA in 1968. ETA was also able to survive because of profound sympathy it found in the
1624:
626:
There were also imprisoned members of the group, serving time scattered across Spain and France, that sometimes still had significant influence inside the organisation; and finally the
6800:
6403:
2551:
and its successor parties unless they explicitly condemned terrorist actions and, at times, imprisoning or trying some of its leaders who have been indicted for cooperation with ETA.
1588:
2540:) or parole. Before that date, those who did so were menaced and expelled from the group. Some were assassinated by ETA for leaving the group and going through reinsertion programs.
1197:" continued even after the transition to democracy, but it is generally agreed that after 1983 the French authorities started to collaborate with the Spanish government against ETA.
7955:
7029:
5223:
1894:(who left office in December 2011) demanded that ETA declare that it had given up violence once and for all. After the declaration, Spanish press started speculating of a possible
10024:
6502:
8702:
9189:
6665:
2837:
2735:
404:
6639:
2547:. This is a law barring political parties that support violence and do not condemn terrorist actions or are involved with terrorist groups. The law resulted in the banning of
1873:
2745:
being put on hold, police work has been on the rise. On 22 July 2008, Spanish police dismantled the most active cell of ETA by detaining nine suspected members of the group.
1113:
in San Sebastián and associated with a long record of tortures inflicted on detainees in his custody. In December 1970, several members of ETA were condemned to death in the
1105:
during a routine road check. Etxebarrieta was chased down and killed as he tried to flee. This led to retaliation in the form of the first planned ETA assassination: that of
10034:
2766:
2654:
1162:
when two ETA members were executed in September 1975, eight weeks before Franco's death, sparked massive domestic and international protests against the Spanish government.
479:
1580:
1128:
In early December 1970, ETA kidnapped the German consul in San Sebastian, Eugen Beilh, to exchange him for the Burgos defendants. He was released unharmed on 24 December.
7996:
6520:
3477:
2354:; Terra Lliure was ultimately less successful and also avoided violent actions - excluding deaths amongst its members, Terra Lliure only had a single, accidental victim.
2350:
also registered significant numbers. ETA cooperated with the Catalan nationalist movement, which had its own far-left separatist organization that based itself off ETA -
2645:
812:
After Aukera Guztiak had been banned, and less than two weeks before the election, another political group appeared born from an earlier schism from Herri Batasuna, the
6054:
4510:
2819:
safe house while being sought by the Spanish authorities. Interpol notified the judge, Eloy Velasco, that he was in either the Republic of Ireland or Northern Ireland.
2335:
allowed increasingly repeating blows to ETA's leadership and structure (between May 2008 and April 2009 no less than four consecutive "military chiefs" were arrested).
10029:
3210:
6014:
1306:
series leading to the GAL plot being discovered and a national trial initiated. As a consequence, the group's attacks since the revelation have generally been dubbed
764:
too draconian or even unconstitutional; alleging that any party could be made illegal almost by choice, simply for not clearly stating their opposition to an attack.
7053:
1863:
considered ETA's statement "absolutely insufficient" because it did not commit to a complete termination of what Ares considered "terrorist activity" by the group.
1252:
ETA VIII, after a brief period of independent activity, eventually integrated into ETA(m). With no factions existing anymore, ETA(m) reclaimed the original name of
1007:
ETA grew out of a student group called Ekin, founded in the early 1950s, which published a magazine and undertook direct action. ETA was founded on 31 July 1959 as
7906:
Buesa, Mikel; Baumert, Thomas (August 2013). "Untangling Eta's Finance: An In-Depth Analysis of the Basque Terrorist's Economic Network and the Money It Handles".
2793:
1997:
1902:
1882:
1451:
with the intent of ending ETA's violence. Weeks later on 28 January, ETA announced a 60-day "ceasefire", later prolonged several times. Negotiations known as the
8653:
The Government of Cuba maintains close relationships with other state sponsors of terrorism such as Iran and North Korea, and has provided a haven to members of
1213:
recalled: "We confront the flagrant contradiction that in the Spanish state they still have not addressed something so fundamental as the crimes of Francoism."
962:
poll also reveals that the hope of a peaceful resolution to the issue of the constitutional status of the Basque region has fallen to 78% (from 90% in April).
6617:
4682:
3453:
2106:
also provide housing for their families, thus, attacks on the barracks have also resulted in deaths of relatives, including children. As the regional police (
6744:
5478:
4994:
2845:
2050:, has said the violence ETA used in its quest for independence "should never have happened" and it ought to have laid down its arms far earlier than it did.
2039:, published on 2 May 2018, ETA formally announced that it had "completely dissolved all its structures and ended its political initiative" on 16 April 2018.
4015:
2934:; the two groups have both, at times, characterized their struggles as parallel. Links between the two groups go back to at least March 1974. ETA purchased
2193:
Economic targets: a wide array of private or public property considered valuable assets of Spain, especially railroads, tourist sites, industries, or malls.
1996:
In September 2016, French police stated that they did not believe ETA had made progress in giving up arms. In March 2017, well-known French-Basque activist
1044:, France, in 1962, during which a "declaration of principles" was formulated and following which a structure of activist cells was developed. Subsequently,
9196:
9132:
7580:
7377:
6968:
2901:
1083:
based on the analysis of police diligences at the time reached the same conclusion, naming Guillermo Santoro, member of DRIL, as the author of the attack.
8552:
7231:
5534:
3367:, where the squad of Israeli operatives pretend to be members of ETA to avoid conflict with a squad of PLO operatives whilst sharing a neutral safe house.
3025:
suffered by the Irish, Basque, and Breton people can do nothing in effect but worsen by the development of this vast and dangerous capitalist enterprise."
2979:. Later, in 1981, when Portugal and Spain were living already in full democracy, ETA exchanged weapons, explosives and provided logistical support to the
2789:
1989:
violence nor announcements of the group's termination, but would instead focus party efforts on remembering and honouring victims of separatist violence.
892:
Basque clergy was also important in terms of ideology of the organization, as it provided ETA with both new members as well as influences of the far-left
2708:
2362:
was threatened by ETA and a plot arguably aiming to assassinate her was unveiled. Only very rarely have ETA members engaged in shootings with the French
1464:
8606:
8587:
3897:
1274:, active between 1983 and 1987. The GAL's stated mission was to avenge every ETA killing with another killing of ETA exiles in the French department of
6294:
2667:
2359:
1727:
from Morocco were eventually convicted. The judicial investigation currently states that there is no relationship between ETA and the Madrid bombings.
1448:
6484:
5093:
3587:
8575:
7768:
4312:
4256:
3701:
3565:
3233:
2237:
2013:, "ETA has made us responsible for the disarmament of its arsenal, and by the afternoon of 8 April, ETA will be completely unarmed." On 7 April, the
1790:
1740:
592:
literally means "hole"). The small cellars used to hide the people kidnapped are named by ETA and ETA's supporters "people's jails". The most common
7160:
6182:
3200:
1598:
After a two-month truce, ETA adopted even more radical positions. The principal consequence of the change appears to have been the creation of the "
3995:
3224:
9251:
5289:
3016:- both organizations shared intelligence, and Breton revolutionaries received training from ETA in the Basque movement's clandestine camps in the
2959:
7522:
5945:
3497:
3240:
3174:
1454:
889:, and the support of local nationalists and clergy granted ETA safe haven in France, where it was beyond the reach of Francoist security forces.
8052:
7637:
6208:
5319:
5248:
550:
s (groups or commandos), generally composed of three to five members, whose objective was to conduct attacks in a specific geographic zone. The
10039:
7602:
6722:
5600:
3549:
3229:
2690:
8326:
8219:
8139:
8120:
7283:
6998:
6891:
6808:
2438:
There are Basque nationalist parties with similar goals as those of ETA (namely, independence) but who reject their violent means. They are:
2267:
model) were occasionally used to attack military or police bases. Their lack of precision was probably the reason their use was discontinued.
1471:
491:
7433:
4713:
4350:
2240:—DYA) were also used to announce the threat if the bomb was in a populated area. The type of explosives used in these attacks was initially
1467:("Antxon") and the then PSOE government of Spain, but no successful conclusion was reached, and ETA eventually resumed the use of violence.
1409:
in September 1985, resulting in one death (American citizen Eugene Kent Brown, employee of Johnson & Johnson) and sixteen injuries; the
10044:
9829:
8088:
5793:
Panisello Sabaté, Susana (2012). "Primera colaboración francesa en la política antiterrorista española: la deportación a terceros países".
2697:
1591:("Fiti"), often referred to collectively as the "cúpula" of ETA or as the Artapalo collective—were arrested in the northern Basque town of
1343:), something which, for some, indicated at least his knowledge of the scheme. However, his involvement with the GAL could never be proven.
772:
State of Law. Batasuna had failed to produce such a statement. As of February 2008 other political parties linked to organizations such as
449:
to a violent paramilitary group. It engaged in a campaign of bombings, assassinations, and kidnappings throughout Spain and especially the
7946:
7659:
7038:
1075:
have always showed that ETA's first victim was killed in 1968. The 1960 attack was claimed by the Portuguese and Galician left-wing group
9264:
7854:
5272:
5220:
2797:
2785:
1753:
In the context of negotiation with the Spanish government, ETA declared what it described as a "truce" several times since its creation.
9290:
8710:
5680:
2614:
2573:
1599:
1076:
6669:
4733:
1632:, and that it freed all ETA members in prison. The Spanish government ultimately rejected this peace offer as it would go against the
9770:
9125:
8885:
7798:
6643:
5419:
2908:
4400:
2091:
ETA's targets expanded from military or police-related personnel and their families to a wider array, which included the following:
1956:. The meeting did not include Spanish or French government representatives. The day after the ceasefire, in a contribution piece to
6857:
6062:
5623:
4473:
2938:
surface-to-air missiles from the IRA and in 2001 unsuccessfully attempted to shoot down a jet carrying the Spanish Prime Minister,
2598:
774:
666:
635:
109:
8519:
8499:
7210:
6160:
6138:
5564:
9746:
9608:
4950:
3397:(2008) ("A bullet in the head"), about the life of an ETA member the day he will kill two Spanish Policemen in Capbreton, France.
2435:
among others. There are often strong interconnections between these groups, double or even triple membership are not infrequent.
2292:
1159:
674:
81:
62:
8521:
Constructing the 'Third Europe'? The International Connections of Radical Nationalist Organizations in Western Europe, 1960-1980
8501:
Constructing the 'Third Europe'? The International Connections of Radical Nationalist Organizations in Western Europe, 1960-1980
8168:
6444:
6421:
5504:
3935:
Azcona Pastor, José Manuel (2011). "El nacionalismo vasco y la deriva terrorista de ETA.". In Azcona Pastor, José Manuel (ed.).
3070:
Several ex-militants were sent from France through Panama to reside in Cuba after an agreement of the Spanish government (under
2860:
2495:
1267:
872:
was still "persistent", though not "systematic". Inroads could be undermined by judicial short-cuts and abuses of human rights.
10049:
9871:
8003:
6528:
4016:"Voting or violence? Analysing political violence by ETA and Terra Lliure during and after the Spanish transition to democracy"
2589:
1236:
9105:
6984:
6234:
4501:
2894:
8427:
8355:
8291:
7261:
6351:
6320:
Informativos Telecinco.com – Internacional – Trece muertos y más de cincuenta heridos en dos atentados suicidas en Bangladesh
6271:
5892:
5867:
5842:
5772:
5743:
5402:
5205:
5160:
5135:
4779:
4426:
4142:
2972:
and Luxembourg, in 1971. These were used by ETA in the Ogro operation that resulted in the assassination of Prime Minister,
2339:
729:
17:
9433:
2804:
arrest warrant was issued against him. French judicial authorities had already ordered that he be held in prison on remand.
1410:
88:
9893:
9888:
9225:
5807:
4203:
4181:
3093:
2562:), aimed towards the support structure of ETA. This procedure started in 1998 with the preventive closure of the newspaper
2022:
1143:
9968:
8622:
6148:
awards of compensation by courts to torture victims are usually low and may take between seven and 19 years to be decided.
2807:
Spain has also sought cooperation from the United Kingdom in dealing with ETA-IRA ties. In 2008, this came to light after
716:, disbanded in 2003, pursued the same political goals as ETA and did not condemn ETA's use of violence. Formerly known as
9908:
9861:
9426:
9413:
9400:
9061:
8658:
5599:[DRIL killed Begoña Urroz, not ETA, according to Police documents] (in Spanish). EITB. 5 May 2013. Archived from
2770:
2405:
2148:
1736:
1671:
Spain, chanting cries of "Assassins" and "Basques yes, ETA no". This response came to be known as the "Spirit of Ermua".
1322:
1221:
958:
852:(2003). "ETA, the people with you" on the left, and Batasuna using several nationalist symbols asking for "Independence!"
813:
806:
783:
475:
458:
7061:
3155:: interviews about Basque nationalism and politics. Includes testimonials of ETA victims and relatives of ETA prisoners.
2419:(Nationalist Left). Other groups typically considered to belong to this independentist movement are the political party
2186:
Journalists: some of these professionals began to be labelled by ETA as targets starting with the killing of journalist
759:(the Spanish Parliament) began the process of declaring the party illegal in August 2002 by issuing a bill entitled the
441:
between 1959 and 2018, with its goal being independence for the region. The group was founded in 1959 during the era of
6261:
1772:
with a communiqué from the group announcing what it called a "permanent ceasefire" that was broadcast over Spanish TV.
486:. This convention was followed by a plurality of domestic and international media, which also referred to the group as
3979:
2964:(LUAR), which was fighting the dictatorship, brokered the contacts that allowed ETA to purchase weapons in the former
1623:
In 1995, the armed group again launched a peace proposal. The so-called "Democratic Alternative" replaced the earlier
930:
offered to negotiate with the Spanish government on behalf of ETA, but it was turned down by the Minister of Interior
724:", it was banned by the Spanish Supreme Court as an anti-democratic organisation following the Political Parties Law (
95:
9790:
8384:
7711:
5957:
5370:
4755:
3835:
3673:
3075:
2931:
1969:
1891:
1779:
1013:("Basque Homeland and Liberty" or "Basque Country and Freedom") by students frustrated by the moderate stance of the
926:. Catholic clergy then played an important role in trying to mediate the conflict; in 1998 the Catholic organisation
312:
128:
9381:
2753:
to a senior ETA operative still sought by police, and Olga Comes, whom authorities have linked to the ETA suspects.
9459:
8734:
7772:
7324:
5448:
3736:
3029:
2784:
In 2008, as ETA activity increased, France increased its pressure on ETA by arresting more ETA suspects, including
2727:
2187:
1901:
On 21 October 2011, ETA announced a cessation of armed activity via video clip sent to media outlets following the
1072:
739:, who suspended the activities of the political organisation and ordered police to shut down its headquarters, the
6752:
3437:(2021) about the meetings between Maixabel Lasa, widow of an assassinated politician, and the repenting assassins.
9999:
9733:
9296:
6696:
2965:
2580:
authorized the reopening of the newspaper and the radio, but they could not reopen due to economic difficulties.
1171:
857:
438:
219:
77:
9322:
4813:
3652:, 2016) fictional, but based on the social conflict between families of ETA members and families of the victims.
2980:
10054:
9478:
6774:
5542:
2428:
1674:
Later acts of violence included the 6 November 2001 car bomb in Madrid which injured 65 people, and attacks on
1379:
66:
3217:
2968:. The partnership continued as LUAR would later assign part of the stolen passports on Portugal consulted in
2321:
2129:". Refusal to pay has been punished with assassinations, kidnappings for ransom or bombings of their business.
1651:(PP) and was shortly after elected to the presidency of the government; there was also an abortive attempt in
10069:
10059:
9898:
8878:
8194:
8075:
6040:
4556:
3980:
FLB/ARB Délegation exterieur, Euskadi ta Askatasuna, Irish Republican Publicity Bureau (1972). "Communiqué".
2343:
8571:
6161:"AI Index: EUR 41/014/2002: 1 November 2002: Spain: A Briefing for the UN Committee against Torture: Update"
5101:
4978:
2180:
1659:. Still, the act with the largest social impact came the following year. On 10 July 1997, PP council member
951:
10074:
10064:
9920:
9882:
9804:
8452:
7976:
7742:
6139:"October 2002 AI Index: EUR 41/12/2002: SPAIN: A briefing for the United Nations Committee against Torture"
4531:
3575:
1921:(an international leader in sustainable development and public health), former Interior Minister of France
1633:
935:
663:. These groups were mostly made up of young people, who were directed through youth organisations (such as
243:
9238:
7776:
4326:
4264:
2711:, due to links with ETA accounting and fundraising, and other journalists (some of whom reported torture).
2166:
Judges and prosecutors. Particularly threatened were the members of the Spanish anti-terrorist court: the
1704:, National Police arrested two ETA members who had left dynamite in a railroad car prepared to explode in
969:, where support for Basque nationalist electoral options is weaker (around 25% of the population); or the
779:
10079:
9903:
9582:
9175:
9154:
8674:
8063:
6186:
5653:
3341:, María Dolores Katarain, also known as "Yoyes", tries to leave ETA and is killed by her former comrades.
3021:
2853:
1723:
by the outgoing government and large sections of the press. However, the group denied responsibility and
1281:
1243:
partial amnesty granted by the now democratic Spanish government and integrated into the political party
927:
9182:
8485:
8238:
3092:. Local Mapuches have classified the rumours as part of a plot by businessmen and other Argentines. The
2715:
In 2007, indicted members of the youth movements Haika, Segi and Jarrai were found guilty of a crime of
2139:
Elected parliamentarians, city councillors and ex-councillors, politicians in general: most prominently
2133:
617:("liberated members") known to the police that were on ETA's payroll and working full-time for ETA; and
522:
The leading committee comprised 7 to 11 individuals, and ETA's internal documentation referred to it as
9816:
9394:
5068:
5043:
4064:
3767:
3472:
2868:
2168:
1720:
7530:
5270:
Más del 85% apuesta por el derecho a decidir y por el diálogo Sobre el Marco – GARA – euskalherria.com
2773:
in their relevant watch lists. ETA has been a Proscribed Organisation in the United Kingdom under the
2183:. In the latter case, the shooting resulted in more than half a million people protesting against ETA.
1847:
1745:
1210:
9866:
9720:
9465:
9303:
9277:
6378:
5706:
2998:
2572:), accused of being linked to ETA, and temporary imprisoning the editor of its "investigative unit",
2144:
1981:
1682:
1644:
1386:
1275:
454:
8136:
7545:
2203:
A number of ETA attacks by car bomb caused random civilian casualties, like ETA's bloodiest attack,
2197:
2151:(PSOE) were assassinated or maimed. Some Basque nationalist politicians from the PNV party, such as
1437:
912:
10019:
9980:
9876:
9708:
9161:
9039:
8871:
8634:
8223:
8117:
8024:
7006:
6908:
6466:
6212:
4117:
2299:
Robbery: ETA members also stole weapons, explosives, machines for registration plates and vehicles.
2175:
University professors who publicly expressed ideas that countered armed Basque separatism: such as
2072:
1613:
1303:
1217:
1014:
897:
6830:
4995:""El nuevo partido de la izquierda abertzale se denomina 'Sortu'", La Vanguardia, 8 February 2011"
4243:
4231:
2781:
people in Bordeaux led to a breakthrough against ETA, according to the Spanish Interior Ministry.
1697:
With ever-increasing frequency, attempted ETA actions were frustrated by Spanish security forces.
1556:
Another Spanish "counter-terrorist" law puts suspected terrorist cases under the central tribunal
1514:
1496:
102:
10014:
9647:
7437:
6933:
4317:
4097:
3046:
The Colombian government stated that there are contacts between ETA and the Colombian guerrillas
3013:
2749:
1973:
renounce the independence movement, which has been one of the Spanish government's requirements.
1898:-type split within ETA, with hardliners forming a new more violent offshoot led by "Dienteputo".
1757:
1724:
987:
970:
611:("legal ones"), those members who did not have police records and lived apparently normal lives;
450:
307:
256:
55:
8096:
7297:
3043:, was an ally of ETA, and both organizations coordinated their actions and supported each other.
2808:
1216:
ETA members were further radicalized by the shifting position of leading left-wing parties, the
1125:(a process which, however, had by that time already been applied to some other members of ETA).
934:. ETA still enjoyed support of the Basque clergy in the 2000s, with sympathetic priests such as
586:
or underground, used to store arms, explosives or, sometimes, kidnapped people; the Basque word
9953:
9835:
9810:
9084:
8040:
5910:"Agur a las Armas. EIA, Euskadiko Ezkerra y la disolución de ETA político-military (1976–1985)"
4801:
4037:"Small arms and light weapons in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia: The nature of the problem"
3534:
2742:
1938:
1656:
1175:
1068:
920:
740:
623:("supporters") who just gave occasional help and logistics support to the group when required.
9569:
8281:
6113:
5760:
5269:
4543:
4219:
2118:
1660:
861:
9556:
8997:
8155:
7251:
6556:
6503:"Zapatero: 'He ordenado suspender Todas las iniciativas para desarrollar el diálogo con ETA'"
6333:
5909:
5733:
5025:
4769:
3262:
2939:
2704:
2483:
2455:
2114:
in Catalonia) took a greater role in combating ETA, they were added to their list of targets.
2103:
1985:
1918:
1829:
1817:
1813:
1640:
1365:
1131:
Nationalists who refused to follow the tenets of Marxism–Leninism and who sought to create a
1098:
886:
880:
Despite its far-left orientation, ETA was founded by students of the Benedictine seminary in
865:
8649:
Country Reports on Terrorism: Released by the Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism
8630:
7037:
6967:
6907:
5794:
4413:
4322:
4159:"Der Generalbundesanwalt - International terrorism with a far-left or separatist background"
9925:
9783:
9758:
9543:
9329:
9034:
5512:
4730:
4059:
3346:
3302:
2459:
2111:
1675:
1390:
1052:
perspectives developed within ETA, becoming the basis for a political programme set out in
28:
8648:
7806:
4742:
4135:
Basque Nationalism and Political Violence: The Ideological and Intellectual Origins of ETA
3327:
3169:
2610:, accused of contributing to street violence in an organized form and connivance with ETA.
2494:, when ETA members could face the death penalty in Spain. In the 1980s, the advent of the
1709:
1705:
1270:(GAL, "Antiterrorist Liberation Groups"), a paramilitary group which billed themselves as
596:
were itinerant, not linked to any specific area, and thus were more difficult to capture.
8:
9930:
9653:
9640:
9634:
9627:
9614:
9601:
9595:
9588:
9575:
9562:
9549:
9536:
9530:
9523:
9510:
9497:
9484:
9471:
9452:
9439:
9420:
9407:
9387:
9374:
9368:
9361:
9355:
9348:
9335:
9309:
9283:
9270:
9257:
9244:
9231:
9007:
7460:
7085:
5765:
The Identity of the Constitutional Subject: Selfhood, Citizenship, Culture, and Community
5241:"Gabinete de Prospección Sociológica (Gobierno Vasco): list of sociological studies 2006"
4392:
3606:
3539:
3523:
2976:
2463:
2424:
2309:
2287:
2140:
2096:
2002:
1807:
1413:
in July 1986 killed 12 members of the Guardia Civil and injured 50; on 19 June 1987, the
1186:
1151:
1091:
893:
823:
This move left no time for the Spanish courts to investigate EHAK in compliance with the
687:). Many members of ETA started their collaboration with the group as participants in the
682:
643:
276:
271:
8537:
7083:
Badcock, James (18 March 2017). "Basque terror group announces unilateral disarmament".
6865:
6583:"Amnistía Internacional condena los graves abusos de derechos humanos cometidos por ETA"
3415:
3297:
3195:
3131:
2528:. Until 2003, ETA consequently forbade them to ask penal authorities for progression to
1944:
They all signed a final declaration that was supported also by former UK Prime Minister
1326:
1106:
9948:
9764:
9621:
9316:
8854:
7923:
7382:
6164:
6142:
5571:
4962:
4864:
4396:
4087:
4036:
3989:
3630:
3460:
3389:, about the journalistic research leading to the uncovering of the state-supported GAL.
3385:
3363:
2774:
2637:
2525:
2409:
2366:. This often occurred mainly when members of the group were confronted at checkpoints.
2256:
1953:
1629:
1559:
1316:
1102:
1000:
992:
923:
717:
487:
427:
332:
251:
172:
6424:[ETA declares a permanent ceasefire to give impetus to a democratic process].
3782:
3448:
3178:
3071:
3020:. Both organizations also published a joint declaration opposing the expansion of the
2777:
since 29 March 2001. The Canadian Parliament listed ETA as a terrorist group in 2003.
2577:
2555:
2328:
After 2002, the yearly number of ETA's fatal casualties was reduced to single digits.
2156:
1691:
1393:
up to 2006. Thus, the NGO included ETA in its watchlist "Predators of Press Freedom".
1330:
736:
177:
9963:
9914:
9855:
9797:
9740:
9714:
8588:
FARC and ETA exchanged information about military tactics – report | Earth Times News
8460:
8433:
8423:
8380:
8351:
8313:
8287:
7927:
7407:
7257:
6959:
6899:
6452:
6267:
6085:"Cincuenta y seis etarras han muerto en enfrentamientos con las fuerzas de seguridad"
6034:
5988:
5953:
5917:
5888:
5863:
5838:
5803:
5768:
5739:
5398:
5366:
5201:
5156:
5131:
4775:
4544:
Spanien: Mutmaßliche Eta-Terroristen gefasst – SPIEGEL ONLINE – Nachrichten – Politik
4286:
4138:
3715:
3691:
3649:
3527:
3410:
3380:
3322:
3292:
3190:
3164:
3126:
3097:
2991:
2746:
2499:
2487:
2447:
2126:
1934:
1812:
In January 2008, ETA stated that its call for independence is similar to that of the
1612:—street struggle—and whose activities included burning buses, street lamps, benches,
1545:
1245:
1190:
1122:
931:
801:
660:
431:
8824:"National Extremism and Outcomes of State Policies in the Basque Country, 1979–2001"
8263:
6319:
1716:, a light truck with 536 kg of explosives was discovered by the Guardia Civil.
1286:
active from 1975 to 1981. They were responsible for the killing of about 48 people.
1158:
military tribunals to pass death sentences against those found guilty. However, the
27:
This article is about the former armed Basque separatist group. For other uses, see
9958:
9517:
9491:
9446:
9342:
9168:
8679:
7991:
7915:
7161:"Basque terrorist group ETA slams Madrid's opposition to Catalan independence vote"
6238:
5796:
No es país para jóvenes actas del III Encuentro de jóvenes investigadores de la AHC
4902:
4638:
4612:
4583:
4447:
3857:
3815:
3582:
3272:
2564:
2332:
2279:
2204:
2152:
2102:
Spanish military and police personnel, active duty or retired. The barracks of the
1885:(17 October 2011) led to an announcement of the cessation of armed activity by ETA.
1824:
1617:
1427:
1414:
1378:, decided to bring charges in September 2008 against the Spanish Government in the
1297:
1271:
1202:
1053:
996:
756:
511:
266:
5631:
3599:
3100:
had asked the United States aid in investigating a possible FARC-ETA-Mapuche link.
2071:
officer José "Txema" Agirre, shot dead by ETA gunmen in 1997 while protecting the
909:
8894:
8738:
8626:
8594:
8559:
8143:
8124:
8059:
7919:
7126:
7100:
6610:"El refugiado donostiarra Jon Anza está desaparecido Desde el pasado 18 de abril"
6429:
5392:
5276:
5227:
4737:
4656:
4363:
4207:
4185:
3873:
3848:
3777:
3772:
3666:
3639:
3611:
3143:
3054:
2816:
2491:
2260:
1961:
1307:
1139:
506:
462:
442:
395:
7880:
7828:
7496:
6447:[Police suspect that it was ETA who stole 350 guns yesterday in Nîmes].
5029:
4922:
4200:
4178:
1930:
9702:
8823:
8619:
7478:
7350:
6831:"Tony Blair y Jimmy Carter suman sus apoyos a la declaración de la Conferencia"
5350:
5177:
4907:
4890:
4825:
3916:
3678:
3644:
3136:
2762:
2548:
2508:
2176:
1701:
1475:
1225:
1049:
957:
A poll taken by the Basque Autonomous Government in December 2006 during ETA's
947:
818:
Euskal Herrialdeetako Alderdi Komunista/Partido Comunista de las Tierras Vascas
794:
788:
Euskal Herrialdeetako Alderdi Komunista/Partido Comunista de las Tierras Vascas
721:
706:
483:
446:
352:
347:
297:
8437:
6923:
6422:"ETA declara un alto el fuego permanente para impulsar un proceso democrático"
5975:
Talking to Terrorists: Making Peace in Northern Ireland and the Basque Country
4838:
2474:
party, also support self-determination but are not in favour of independence.
2290:. ETA often hid the kidnapped in underground chambers without windows, called
1952:, and the former US senator and former US Special Envoy for Middle East Peace
426:("Basque Homeland and Liberty" or "Basque Country and Freedom"), was an armed
9993:
9666:
9219:
8914:
8464:
8347:
8339:
8118:
Spanish government speaks of the significance of latest ETA arrests in France
6963:
6903:
5921:
5358:
5020:"Spanish supreme court bans Basque separatist party Sortu for links to ETA".
3623:
3420:
3352:
3058:
3033:
2943:
2370:
2079:
2043:
1977:
1573:
1235:
The final issue that moved ETA towards continuing the armed struggle was the
1114:
1110:
1064:
749:
385:
380:
8764:
8028:
6445:"La Policía sospecha que fue ETA Quien robó interlayer 350 pistols en Nimes"
5626:[The end of the controversy: DRIL murdered the child Begoña Urroz].
3206:
48 horas: A movie about the kidnapping of Miguel Angel Blanco and his murder
1730:
1174:(which began following Franco's death), ETA split into two separate groups:
1071:(which killed a 22-month-old child) to ETA, but statistics published by the
9118:
9092:
9077:
9002:
7236:
7215:
5362:
4714:
POLÍTICA – ETA ha modificado su estructura interna por motivos de seguridad
3465:
3356:
3199:, the testimony of some of ETA's victims in the last 30 years by filmmaker
3065:
which it got via its FARC contacts, then traded it with the Mafia for guns.
3040:
2880:
2451:
2351:
2063:
1949:
1914:
1866:
1132:
1101:
member José Pardines Arcay was shot dead after he tried to halt ETA member
901:
701:
654:
317:
7685:
7573:"ETA retoma el uso de las granadas 'Jotake' para atentar contra cuarteles"
3937:
Sociedad del bienestar, vanguardias artísticas, terrorismo y contracultura
2583:
Judicial procedure 18/98 has many ramifications, including the following:
2160:
9504:
9144:
8527:(Bachelor of Arts in History thesis). University of Victoria. p. 13.
8507:(Bachelor of Arts in History thesis). University of Victoria. p. 14.
8376:
8043:. Noticias.juridicas.com (21 January 2011). Retrieved on 30 January 2011.
7298:"Anger and doubts greet promise by Eta not to target Spanish politicians"
5279:. Gara.euskalherria.com (11 December 2006). Retrieved on 30 January 2011.
4756:
OLYMPICS – OLYMPICS – Keeping Terrorism at Bay in Barcelona – NYTimes.com
3618:
3507:
3152:
2533:
2412:
Basque nationalism that is often referred to by the Basque-language term
2363:
2042:
A leading left-wing Basque nationalist politician and former ETA member,
2035:
1926:
1922:
1603:
1544:("The Family Members"), provided support for prisoners and families. The
1334:
917:
844:
8787:
8750:
8731:
8607:
Saviano dice que ETA "es paramafiosa y trafica con cocaína" · ELPAÍS.com
8486:
Jackal: The Complete Story of the Legendary Terrorist, Carlos the Jackal
8239:"Eta terrorist Inaki de Juana Chaos to give himself up at Belfast court"
6434:(article in Spanish, text of announcement in Basque, Spanish and French.
3487:
3419:("A Bullet for the King", March 2009) about ETA's failed plot to murder
3400:
3370:
3312:
3286:
3184:
3158:
3120:
1470:
During this period, the Spanish government had a policy referred to as "
9752:
8991:
5597:"El DRIL mató a Begoña Urroz, y no ETA, según documentos de la Policía"
4113:
4044:
2716:
2432:
2107:
1945:
1906:
1531:
1443:
On 12 January 1988, all Basque political parties except ETA-affiliated
1086:
573:
434:
8675:"Acusan a la comunidad mapuche de relacionarse con ETA y con las FARC"
8228:. Typicallyspanish.com (3 October 2008). Retrieved on 30 January 2011.
3085:
1993:
due to pressure from within the party to refuse all ETA negotiations.
1832:
condemned these attacks as well as ETA's "grave human rights abuses".
1643:, a conservative politician who was the leader of the then-opposition
1368:
as unjustifiably light and lenient with co-conspirators and enablers.
8633:, Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores de Cuba. Centro de Convenciones "
7054:"La Policía francesa alerta de que ETA no avanza hacia la disolución"
4683:"Basque group ETA says has 'completely dissolved': El Diario website"
3594:
2969:
2482:
Historically, members of ETA took refuge in France, particularly the
2415:
2393:
2374:
2347:
2274:
2122:
2084:
1910:
1418:
1194:
6114:"ETA aleccionó al 'Comando' de la T-4 Sobre cómo denunciar tortures"
3441:
2121:
and Ignacio Uria Mendizabal): these are mainly targeted in order to
1385:
As a result of ETA's violence, threats and killings of journalists,
44:
10010:
2018 disestablishments in the Basque Country (autonomous community)
9726:
9695:
9111:
9099:
8834:
8453:"ETA entregó armas a las FP-25 de Portugal, según un 'arrepentido'"
8127:. Typicallyspanish.com (22 May 2008). Retrieved on 30 January 2011.
7232:"Basque leader says ETA terror deaths 'should never have happened'"
6485:"ETA cargó la bomba de Barajas con al menos 200 kilos de explosivo"
3432:
3220:
About a Basque politician who is the target of an ETA death threat.
3017:
3006:
3002:
2947:
2935:
2915:
2887:
2723:
2662:
2537:
2467:
2439:
2420:
2404:
ETA was considered to form part of what is informally known as the
2249:
2228:
2068:
2047:
2014:
2009:
1895:
1639:
Also in 1995 was a failed ETA car bombing attempt directed against
1539:
1444:
1402:
938:
consistently encouraging the Spanish government to enter dialogue.
713:
292:
8863:
8597:. Earthtimes.org (13 November 2008). Retrieved on 30 January 2011.
6801:"Annan and Adams top list of experts at Donostia Peace Conference"
4631:
4557:"Cifran en 21 los presos de ETA aquejados por enfermedades graves"
2811:, whose release from prison was cancelled on appeal, had moved to
2800:. He had been wanted by the Spanish authorities since 2007 when a
2099:, Franco's successor was killed in a bombing on December 20, 1973.
1793:
after three confusing warning calls, in a parking building at the
9823:
7183:
7101:"Eta: Basque separatists plan to unilaterally disarm on Saturday"
4692:
4687:
4657:"Eta: Basque separatists plan to unilaterally disarm on Saturday"
3762:
3424:
3306:
3081:
3062:
2973:
2812:
2801:
2731:
2471:
2443:
2378:
2245:
1652:
1569:
1460:
1433:
1360:
1045:
1041:
966:
869:
415:
10005:
1959 establishments in the Basque Country (autonomous community)
6295:"ETA ten years on: The rise and fall of the Basque terror group"
4534:. The Economist (5 February 2009). Retrieved on 30 January 2011.
3039:
A Catalan revolutionary organization that based itself off ETA,
2248:. After several successful robberies in France, ETA began using
2196:
Exceptionally, ETA also assassinated former ETA members such as
1356:
members of that organisation killed by state forces since 1975.
1121:), but international pressure resulted in their sentences being
445:, and later evolved from a pacifist group promoting traditional
9025:
8815:
8158:. Edition.cnn.com (26 July 2008). Retrieved on 30 January 2011.
6640:"CP reports verdict of death by natural causes in case of Anza"
5467:
4891:"The banning of political parties in Spain (the Batasuna case)"
2649:, which was once again accused of promoting civil disobedience.
2241:
1794:
1768:
1756:
On 22 March 2006, ETA sent a DVD message to the Basque Network
1713:
1602:", formed by young militants of ETA parallel groups (generally
1592:
1565:
1406:
1147:
973:, where support is even weaker (around 15% of the population).
881:
849:
583:
563:
363:
358:
8146:. Afp.google.com (22 July 2008). Retrieved on 30 January 2011.
5185:(Doctor of Philosophy thesis). ProQuest LLC. pp. 161–162.
5179:
Ethnicity and Violence: The Case of Radical Basque Nationalism
4963:
El Congreso aprueba la Ley de Partidos con el 95% de Los votos
4399:. UK Public General Acts. Vol. 2000 c. 11. 20 July 2000.
3918:
Ethnicity and Violence: The Case of Radical Basque Nationalism
2997:
In 1999 ETA militants teamed up with the (now self-dissolved)
1528:("Pro-Amnesty Managing Assemblies", currently illegal), later
1389:
included Spain in all six editions of its annual watchlist on
455:
hostile to the expression of non-Castilian minority identities
403:
9776:
8981:
8316:. BBC News (20 September 1998). Retrieved on 30 January 2011.
7979:. France24 (26 September 2008). Retrieved on 30 January 2011.
7660:"ETA recauda anualmente 900.000 €, según la Policía francesa"
6580:
3336:
2984:
1686:
Additionally, in 2002 the Basque nationalist youth movement,
1664:
374:
369:
150:
8538:
Colombia VP says FARC sought ETA ties for an attack in Spain
8420:
Uma história da ETA: Nação e violência em Espanha e Portugal
4210:. Goiz Argi (27 January 2002). Retrieved on 30 January 2011.
1948:, the former US president and 2002 Nobel Peace Prize winner
1775:
Talks with the group were then officially opened by Spanish
1491:
1135:
appeared as ETA-V, but lacked the support to challenge ETA.
1090:
Memorial plate at the place of the assassination of Admiral
8857:
1989 After the Conversations of Algiers. Delirium and Truce
8540:. Tehran Times (1 June 2008). Retrieved on 30 January 2011.
7881:"ETA maneja un presupuesto de dos millones de euros al ańo"
7153:
4246:. elmundo.es (24 March 2006). Retrieved on 30 January 2011.
3827:
3821:
3355:, who, prompted by the Spanish police, entered ETA to be a
3268:
3089:
3047:
2221:
1837:
1762:
1138:
The most significant assassination performed by ETA during
1017:. (Originally, the name for the organisation used the word
534:(directorial committee). There was another committee named
327:
322:
302:
8344:
The Irish War: The Military History of a Domestic Conflict
8041:
Ley Orgánica 6/2002, de 27 de Junio, de Partidos Políticos
6936:
from the original on 11 December 2021 – via YouTube.
6322:. Informativos.telecinco.es. Retrieved on 30 January 2011.
5128:
Separatyzm baskijski: historia, współczesność, perspektywy
4826:
Elecciones a las Juntas Generales del País Vasco 1979–2015
4109:
4107:
4100:
from the original on 11 December 2021 – via YouTube.
3964:
3078:
has no information on their activities on Cuban territory.
2593:, acquitted in 2001 as the "international network" of ETA.
1595:, which led to changes in ETA's leadership and direction.
8792:, Jesús Eguiguren, Arnaldo Otegi, Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba
8422:(in Portuguese). Lisbon: BookBuilders. pp. 265–282.
8220:"France arrests third alleged ETA terrorist in two weeks"
7977:
Spain looks to France for help against Basque separatists
7630:"Bank accounts linked to Eta are frozen in Liechtenstein"
6849:
5914:
Sancho el Sabio: Revista de Cultura e investigación Vasca
4865:"Batasuna (Basque org.) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia"
4546:. Spiegel.de (2 July 2007). Retrieved on 30 January 2011.
4351:
Peace at Last? | People & Places|Smithsonian Magazine
4093:
3924:(Doctor of Philosophy thesis). ProQuest LLC. p. 161.
2696:
A trial against the association of Basque municipalities
2143:(killed in 1973). Dozens of politicians belonging to the
1941:, who served as the first Downing Street Chief of Staff.
1731:
2006 ceasefire declaration and subsequent discontinuation
1228:
coalition to push for a statute of autonomy for Euskadi.
805:
than others if they did not see fit (in this regard, the
6858:"Basque group ETA announces end to campaign of violence"
5475:"Últimas víctimas mortales de ETA: Cuadros estadísticos"
2930:
ETA was known to have had 'fraternal' contacts with the
2678:
A trial against the league of Basque-language academies
2369:
Despite this, on 1 December 2007 ETA killed two Spanish
2046:, the general coordinator of the Basque coalition party
1867:
2011 permanent ceasefire and cessation of armed activity
1382:
for "not inspecting properly" cases tainted by torture.
10025:
Defunct organizations designated as terrorist in Europe
8814:
This article makes use of material translated from the
7127:"Eta disarms: French police find 3.5 tonnes of weapons"
6985:"Ending with ETA?: Elusive Peace in the Basque Country"
4279:
4104:
3275:'s film about the assassination of Luis Carrero Blanco.
2876:
Minor Basque nationalist and radical left-wing groups:
1340:
El Estado de derecho también se defiende en las cloacas
999:, the anarchist theorist of the ETA. He sought to move
728:). It generally received 10% to 20% of the vote in the
8137:
AFP: Spanish police dismantle ETA's 'most active' cell
7686:"El Culo de Aldaya y Delclaux – Los secuestros de ETA"
6987:. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute for Peace.
5624:"Fin de la polémica: el DRIL mató a niña Begoña Urroz"
2707:
in 2003 and the imprisonment and trial of its editor,
2220:
Direct attacks: killing by shooting the victim in the
1509:("Pro-Amnesty Managing Assemblies", currently illegal)
7284:
ETA asesina a un empresario Nacionalista · ELPAÍS.com
6334:"ANALYSIS-Spain's PM down but not out after ETA bomb"
6055:"474 personas han muerto por la represión desde 1960"
5570:(in Basque). Berria. 20 February 2011. Archived from
4346:
4344:
4287:"Datos significativos del conflicto vasco, 1968–2003"
3836:
1903:
Donostia-San Sebastián International Peace Conference
1883:
Donostia-San Sebastián International Peace Conference
1189:, ETA was able to take advantage of tolerance by the
828:
without having condemned violence as required by the
461:
and was the most important Basque participant in the
453:
against the regime, which was highly centralised and
10035:
Military units and formations disestablished in 2018
8400:
Krutwigh, Frederico (September 1979). "Ayer y hoy".
7030:"Peace Deal With Basque Separatists Still Tentative"
5950:
Sáenz de Santa María. El general que cambió de bando
5885:
Endgame for ETA: Elusive Peace in the Basque Country
5860:
Endgame for ETA: Elusive Peace in the Basque Country
5835:
Endgame for ETA: Elusive Peace in the Basque Country
5198:
Endgame for ETA: Elusive Peace in the Basque Country
5153:
Endgame for ETA: Elusive Peace in the Basque Country
5044:"October 25, 1998 Election Results - Euskadi Totals"
4951:
De la dirección de Batasuna a la de ETA · ELPAÍS.com
3824:
3558:("His Master's Voice", Emilio Martínez Lázaro, 2001)
2021:
ETA, for its part, issued a statement endorsing the
1905:, which was attended by former UN Secretary-General
1678:
stadiums and tourist destinations throughout Spain.
1325:(PSOE) government, such as former Homeland Minister
494:
of the group in Spain, France, and other countries.
7211:"Basque separatist group Eta announces dissolution"
6715:"ETA hardliners warns of IRA-type split within ETA"
6015:"Los etarras escriben su historia...Euskal Memoria"
5907:
4353:. Smithsonianmag.com. Retrieved on 30 January 2011.
4249:
3818:
3740:, the group was represented by the in-game faction
3248:
3088:have been accused of being trained by both ETA and
2587:A trial against a little-known organization called
1579:In 1992, ETA's three top leaders—"military" leader
900:, ‘Jaun-Goikua eta Legi Zarra’ (God and Old Laws).
544:ETA's armed operations were organized in different
69:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
7945:
6775:"Un 'histórico' dirige la posible escisión en ETA"
6259:
5557:
5477:. Spanish Ministry of the Interior. Archived from
5318:
4584:"Basque separatist group Eta 'declares ceasefire'"
4500:
4387:
4385:
4341:
2983:, a Portuguese far-left terrorist group. In 1981,
2722:In May 2008, leading ETA figures were arrested in
2576:, under similar accusations. In August 1999 Judge
2338:ETA operated mainly in Spain, particularly in the
1463:Table") took place between the ETA representative
1097:ETA's first killing occurred on 7 June 1968, when
10030:Military units and formations established in 1959
8451:Rituerto, Ricardo Martínez de (6 November 1985).
8076:ETA terror leader's arrest hailed as 'heavy blow'
7737:
7735:
7733:
7256:. DIANE Publishing. 1 August 1989. pp. 37–.
5989:"Former Spanish ministers jailed for 'terrorism'"
5972:
5735:ETA and Basque nationalism: The Fight for Euskadi
5498:
5496:
5130:(in Polish). Dom Wydawniczy ELISPA. p. 157.
4313:"ETA has killed 829 people as of 19 January 2011"
3442:Fictional films featuring ETA members and actions
1741:2006 Madrid Barajas International Airport bombing
1266:During the 1980s, a "dirty war" ensued using the
9991:
8572:Colombia: Sospechan relación de ETA con las FARC
7712:"Spanish Police Free 2 Kidnapped by the Basques"
6999:"Mariano Rajoy Says the PP Will Not Talk to ETA"
5973:Bew, John; Frampton, Martyn; Gurruchaga, Inigo.
5940:
5938:
5792:
5758:
5069:"May 13, 2001 Election Results - Euskadi Totals"
4723:
4720:(1 December 1997). Retrieved on 30 January 2011.
4364:"Leader of Eta Basque rebels arrested in France"
3232:explores his relation with his childhood friend
2095:Fascist leaders, such as Prime Minister Admiral
1636:. Changing the constitution was not considered.
1495:Banner in support of imprisoned ETA members, by
1063:Some sources attributed the 1960 bombing of the
34:Former armed Basque separatist group (1959–2018)
8703:"Le preocupaba vínculo de mapuches, FARC y ETA"
8553:Colombia: FARC sought to launch attack with ETA
7060:(in Spanish). 23 September 2016. Archived from
6550:
6548:
6546:
5802:. Vitoria-Gasteiz: Universidad del País Vasco.
5313:
5311:
4758:. New York Times. Retrieved on 30 January 2011.
4382:
4137:. Reno: Center for Basque Studies. p. 15.
3151:, 2003) about the Basque conflict by filmmaker
2490:quietly tolerated the group, especially during
2053:
1708:in Madrid. On 1 March 2004, in a place between
1077:Directorio Revolucionario Ibérico de Liberación
981:
9856:Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS
8841:International Journal on Multicultural Studies
8709:(in Spanish). 14 December 2010. Archived from
8279:
7730:
7184:"La carta en la que ETA anuncia su disolución"
6952:"Basque Separatists Halt Campaign of Violence"
6581:Amnistía Internacional España (31 July 2009).
6557:"Spain Hails Arrest of Man Seen as ETA Leader"
6153:
5738:. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 128–9.
5493:
5343:
5282:
5214:
5125:
4767:
4613:"Basque group Eta says armed campaign is over"
4607:
4605:
4128:
4126:
3744:and as playable characters on the in-game map
3181:interview local councillors threatened by ETA.
2652:A trial against the prisoner support movement
800:was formed expressly for the elections to the
9252:Assassination of Juan María de Araluce Villar
8879:
8548:
8546:
8531:
7939:
7937:
7325:"Spain cancels election rallies after murder"
6793:
6467:"Mensaje de ETA en el día del Guerrero Vasco"
6451:(in Spanish). 25 October 2006. Archived from
5944:
5935:
5828:
5826:
5541:(in Spanish). 9 February 2010. Archived from
5397:. London: C. Hurst & Co. pp. 92–97.
5230:. Alweb.ehu.es. Retrieved on 30 January 2011.
3934:
3402:
3392:
3372:
3344:
3334:
3314:
3278:
3260:
2950:from ETA in exchange for explosives training.
2822:
2399:
1700:On 24 December 2003, in San Sebastián and in
1645:
1557:
1515:
1497:
1452:
1425:
1338:
1314:
1295:
1279:
1056:'s (an anarchist of German origin) 1963 book
640:("Column"), replacing the earlier one (1962)
627:
618:
612:
600:
599:Among its members, ETA distinguished between
577:
557:
9830:Party of the Revolutionary Patriotic Workers
8565:
8370:
8264:A history of Iparretarrak, by Eneko Bidegain
8156:France arrests Basque ETA suspects – CNN.com
7905:
7523:"Prosecutor dies after 'ETA-style' shooting"
6945:
6943:
6885:
6883:
6691:
6689:
6687:
6543:
5788:
5786:
5784:
5308:
4774:. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 42–.
4578:
4576:
4574:
4305:
4169:
3994:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3430:
3057:pointed to a relationship of the group with
2373:on counter-terrorist surveillance duties in
2028:
1976:Less optimistically, Spanish Prime Minister
1607:
1537:
1529:
1521:
1503:
1483:
1373:
1253:
1008:
688:
680:
672:
664:
652:
641:
633:
606:
587:
567:
551:
545:
535:
529:
523:
469:
420:
155:
9265:Assassination of Augusto Unceta Barrenechea
8664:specific terrorist enclaves in the country.
8609:. Elpais.com. Retrieved on 30 January 2011.
8034:
7805:(in French). 28 August 2002. Archived from
7546:"Eta to end attacks on elected politicians"
7286:. Elpais.com. Retrieved on 30 January 2011.
6925:ETA Ceasefire: Politicians and Public React
6837:(in Spanish). Europa Press. 19 October 2011
6666:"Autopsy carried out without family doctor"
6237:. Reporters sans frontières. Archived from
6211:. Reporters sans frontières. Archived from
6021:. Archived from the original on 3 July 2016
5977:. London: Hurst & Co. pp. 197–202.
5679:Iglesias, María Antonia (27 January 2001).
5656:[The first day that ETA murdered].
5386:
5384:
5382:
5320:"ETA: from student group to Basque bombers"
4981:. elmundo.es. Retrieved on 30 January 2011.
4953:. Elpais.com. Retrieved on 30 January 2011.
4816:. elmundo.es. Retrieved on 30 January 2011.
4639:"Basque separatists Eta 'ready to disband'"
4602:
4234:. elmundo.es. Retrieved on 30 January 2011.
4222:. Elmundo.es. Retrieved on 30 January 2011.
4123:
3144:The Basque Ball: The Skin Against the Stone
2994:(Ilich Ramírez Sánchez) in the early 1980s.
2827:
2628:A trial against the political organization
1359:ETA members and supporters routinely claim
1337:has to defend itself "even in the sewers" (
1003:away from its ethnic and religious origins.
775:Partido Comunista de España (reconstituted)
8886:
8872:
8762:
8543:
8329:. Telegraph. Retrieved on 30 January 2011.
7934:
7799:"Paris, cible du terrorisme basque ?"
7402:
7400:
6183:"Amnesty International Report 2008: Spain"
6108:
6106:
5823:
4442:
4440:
4188:. Goiz Argi. Retrieved on 30 January 2011.
3795:
3414:
3384:
3326:
3296:
3194:
3168:
3135:, about the families of Basque politician
3130:
3028:ETA received funding and weapons from the
2741:After Lopez Pena's arrest, along with the
1850:said that warning was part of a strategy.
1749:Barajas Airport parking lot after the bomb
1146:, the December 1973 bomb assassination in
790:) was declared illegal in September 2008.
8744:
8517:
8497:
8046:
7943:
6940:
6880:
6684:
6658:
6632:
5882:
5857:
5832:
5781:
5681:"Hablan las Víctimas de Melitón Manzanas"
5621:
5349:
5221:Euskobarómetro – EUSKOBAROMETRO MAYO 2009
5195:
5175:
5150:
5121:
5119:
4946:
4944:
4906:
4839:"ETA's political wing elects new leaders"
4571:
3914:
3801:Largely as operative base and safe haven.
3724:in Spanish (Juana Cortés Amunarriz, 2021)
3061:. According to this view, ETA trafficked
2756:
2558:initiated a judicial procedure (coded as
1791:30 December 2006 ETA detonated a van bomb
129:Learn how and when to remove this message
8518:McCreanor, Kyle Thomas (28 April 2017).
8498:McCreanor, Kyle Thomas (28 April 2017).
8450:
8399:
8371:Mallie, Eamonn; Bishop, Patrick (1988).
8338:
8327:Spanish PM 'saved' by faulty IRA missile
7989:ETA pide el tercer grado para sus presos
7603:"ETA tries to justify 'tax' on Lizarazu"
7543:
7461:"Jessica, la ultima victima de Hipercor"
6131:
5731:
5725:
5678:
5390:
5379:
5200:. Oxford University Press. p. 130.
4828:(in Spanish). Retrieved on 13 July 2017.
4731:«El técnico» construyó loss zulos de ETA
4502:"Eta terrorists demand protection money"
4013:
3969:. Foesnant: Yoran Embanner. p. 136.
3331:("The Trial of ETA", Manuel Macià, 1988)
3283:("The Burgos Trial", Imanol Uribe, 1979)
2953:In the late 1960s, the Portuguese group
2462:. Also, many left-wing parties, such as
2200:as a reprisal for having left the group.
2078:
2062:
1870:
1744:
1490:
1178:or ETA(pm), and ETA military or ETA(m).
1165:
1085:
991:
843:
700:
505:
402:
9747:Communist Party of the Basque Homelands
8785:
8562:France24. Retrieved on 30 January 2011.
7855:"ETA romper la baraja en Suelo francés"
7397:
7322:
7082:
6855:
6554:
6185:. Amnesty International. Archived from
6103:
5887:. Oxford University Press. p. 49.
5862:. Oxford University Press. p. 48.
5837:. Oxford University Press. p. 46.
5155:. Oxford University Press. p. 43.
4989:
4987:
4888:
4437:
4030:
4028:
4009:
4007:
4005:
1616:, and garbage containers, and throwing
1576:term for other suspects is three days.
1478:. France has taken a similar approach.
1160:last use of capital punishment in Spain
490:. As of 2019, there were more than 260
14:
9992:
9771:People's Socialist Revolutionary Party
8612:
8488:Arcade Publishing, 1998. Pages 129-130
8413:
8411:
8314:Europe | Adams urges ETA towards peace
7375:
7027:
6607:
6253:
5707:"40 Aniversario del Proceso de Burgos"
5116:
4941:
4889:Foruria, Eduardo Vírgula (June 2015).
4474:"Eta gives terrorists disguise manual"
4414:Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs)
4393:"Schedule 2: Proscribed Organisations"
4132:
3244:a documentary about the history of ETA
3139:and his bodyguard, both killed by ETA.
2924:
2519:
1417:was an attack in a shopping centre in
1237:1978 Spanish constitutional referendum
10040:Military wings of nationalist parties
8867:
8417:
8286:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 436–.
7458:
7295:
7229:
7208:
6949:
6889:
6745:"Doce pistoleros en estado de alerta"
6376:
6235:"Spain: ETA (terrorist organization)"
5952:. Madrid: Temas de Hoy. p. 437.
5654:"El primer día en el que ETA asesinó"
5651:
5502:
5443:
5441:
4403:from the original on 21 January 2013.
4034:
3965:Lionel Henry; Annick Lagadec (2006).
3939:. Madrid: Dykinson. pp. 220–221.
3872:
3856:
3847:
2955:Liga de Unidade e Ação Revolucionária
2815:. He was thought to be staying at an
2625:). The magazine was also closed down.
2596:A trial against the youths' movement
2423:, the nationalist youth organization
778:have also been declared illegal, and
767:Defenders of the law argued that the
9570:Assassination of Miguel Ángel Blanco
9226:Assassination of Luis Carrero Blanco
9162:Grupos Antiterroristas de Liberación
9106:Autonomous Anti-Capitalist Commandos
8725:
8642:
7997:"La dispersión de los presos de ETA"
7958:from the original on 12 January 2022
7947:"Payback for Eta in the Pays Basque"
7944:Wilkinson, Isambard (2 March 2002).
7627:
7378:"Spain Turns on Rebels With Outrage"
6982:
6379:"Madrid Verdicts: Was Justice Done?"
6331:
5908:Fernández Soldevill, Gaizka (2010).
5451:[The first victim of ETA?].
5417:
5394:The Basques, the Catalans, and Spain
5331:from the original on 12 January 2022
4984:
4675:
4559:. El Mundo newspaper. 7 January 2019
4513:from the original on 12 January 2022
4498:
4025:
4002:
3898:"30 años de la disolución de ETA pm"
3516:("Counted Days", Imanol Uribe, 1994)
3228:("Asier and/ETA I", 2013) Filmmaker
3114:
3094:United States diplomatic cables leak
3084:groups in the Argentine province of
3053:Italian author and mafia specialist
2981:Forças Populares 25 de Abril (FP-25)
2861:Grupos Antiterroristas de Liberación
2023:2017 Catalan independence referendum
1663:was kidnapped in the Basque town of
1268:Grupos Antiterroristas de Liberación
1029:. However, in some Basque dialects,
696:
457:. ETA was the main group within the
67:adding citations to reliable sources
38:
10045:Military wings of socialist parties
9660:
9062:Basque National Liberation Movement
8893:
8786:Webster, Justin (27 January 2017),
8408:
7829:"'Eta attack' kills second officer"
7570:
7028:Minder, Raphael (28 October 2011).
6555:Burnett, Victoria (20 April 2009).
6266:. Ashgate Publishing. p. 147.
6263:From Freedom Fighters to Terrorists
5622:Aizpeolea, Luis R. (24 June 2020).
4085:
3949:
2895:Comandos Autónomos Anticapitalistas
2617:and his new investigation magazine
2406:Basque National Liberation Movement
1081:Memorial de Víctimas del Terrorismo
875:
836:grounds that it was linked to ETA.
814:Communist Party of the Basque Lands
807:Basque National Liberation Movement
784:Communist Party of the Basque Lands
582:(small rooms concealed in forests,
510:ETA members fire blanks during the
478:by France, the United Kingdom, the
459:Basque National Liberation Movement
202:5 September 2010 (extant ceasefire)
24:
9434:Plaza República Dominicana bombing
8855:ETA terrorism and art. Exhibition
8818:in the Spanish-language Knowledge.
7182:SL, El Diario Norte (2 May 2018).
7181:
6950:Burns, John F. (20 October 2011).
6697:"ETA declares permanent ceasefire"
6352:"Spain papers point finger at Eta"
5503:Núñez, Javier (21 February 2010).
5438:
5100:. 22 November 2008. Archived from
5073:Election Resources on the Internet
5048:Election Resources on the Internet
4923:"Basque nationalist leader jailed"
4771:The ETA: Spain's Basque terrorists
4532:Spain's rail ambitions: Ave Madrid
2568:(and its associated radio-station
2543:The Spanish Government passed the
2536:that allows single-day or weekend
2087:law courts after a bombing in 2006
1917:, former prime minister of Norway
1801:
1411:Plaza República Dominicana bombing
1396:
25:
10091:
9791:Euskal Herriko Alderdi Sozialista
9408:Assassination of Santiago Brouard
8848:
8089:"The Fall of Spain's Most Wanted"
7628:Nash, Elizabeth (31 March 2008).
7408:"Spanish cinema breaks ETA taboo"
7005:. 30 October 2011. Archived from
6983:Blum, Andrew (23 February 2011).
6807:. 17 October 2011. Archived from
5094:"Bringing an end to Eta campaign"
3076:United States Department of State
2932:Provisional Irish Republican Army
2643:A trial against the organization
1853:
1719:ETA was initially blamed for the
1587:("Txelis") and logistical leader
1485:"Euskal Presoak – Euskal Herrira"
1040:ETA held their first assembly in
839:
9976:
9975:
9862:Spanish Socialist Workers' Party
9169:Alianza Apostólica Anticomunista
9055:
9019:
8975:
8968:
8961:
8779:
8756:
8695:
8667:
8600:
8581:
8511:
8491:
8478:
8444:
8393:
8364:
8332:
8325:Govan, Fiona. (18 January 2010)
8319:
8307:
8273:
8257:
8231:
8222:. 4 October 2008. Archived from
8212:
8187:
8161:
8149:
8130:
8111:
8081:
8069:
7982:
7970:
7899:
7873:
7847:
7821:
7791:
7773:Ministry of the Interior (Spain)
7761:
7743:"Basque terrorism: Dying spasms"
7704:
7678:
7652:
7621:
7595:
7564:
7544:Knewstub, Nikki (19 June 2005).
7537:
7529:. 9 October 2000. Archived from
7515:
7489:
7471:
7459:Ortiz, Ana María (9 June 2002).
7452:
7426:
7376:Simons, Marlise (18 July 1997).
7369:
7343:
7316:
7289:
7277:
7244:
7223:
7202:
7175:
7145:
7119:
7093:
7076:
7046:
7021:
6991:
6976:
6916:
6823:
6767:
6737:
6707:
6601:
6574:
6527:. 5 January 2008. Archived from
6513:
6495:
6477:
6459:
6437:
6414:
6396:
6370:
6344:
6325:
6313:
6287:
6227:
4979:Elecciones en el País Vasco 2005
4814:Elecciones en el País Vasco 2005
3874:[eus̺kaðitaas̺katas̺una]
3814:
3737:Counter-Strike: Global Offensive
3305:when ETA prisoners escaped from
3249:Other fact-based films about ETA
3012:ETA had extensive ties with the
2693:of managing the finances of ETA.
2396:was ETA's main source of funds.
2149:Spanish Socialist Workers' Party
2033:In a letter to online newspaper
1737:ETA's 2006 ceasefire declaration
1323:Spanish Socialist Workers' Party
1249:("Left of the Basque Country").
1222:Spanish Socialist Workers' Party
1073:Spanish Ministry of the Interior
950:, the survey carried out by the
941:
379:
368:
357:
346:
149:
43:
8807:
8418:Noivo, Diogo (2020). "Ibéria".
7434:"MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base"
6890:Blair, Tony (21 October 2011).
6856:Goodman, Al (20 October 2011).
6509:(in Spanish). 30 December 2006.
6491:(in Spanish). 30 December 2006.
6377:Abend, Lisa (31 October 2007).
6332:Webb, Jason (16 January 2007).
6201:
6175:
6077:
6047:
6007:
5981:
5966:
5901:
5876:
5851:
5752:
5699:
5672:
5645:
5615:
5589:
5535:"Cómo se construye una mentira"
5527:
5418:Duva, Jesús (31 January 2010).
5411:
5290:"Basques Stir Ferment in Spain"
5263:
5233:
5189:
5169:
5144:
5086:
5061:
5036:
5013:
4972:
4956:
4915:
4882:
4857:
4831:
4819:
4807:
4795:
4768:Wayne Anderson (January 2003).
4761:
4748:
4707:
4649:
4549:
4537:
4525:
4492:
4466:
4419:
4407:
4356:
4237:
4225:
4213:
4191:
4151:
4079:
4052:
3967:FLB-ARB: L'Histoire (1966–2005)
3863:
3804:
3236:, who had become an ETA member.
3104:
2682:. The case was dropped in 2001.
1585:José Luis Alvarez Santacristina
1350:
1172:Spanish transition to democracy
858:Spanish transition to democracy
54:needs additional citations for
9969:Politics of the Basque Country
9872:Union of the Democratic Centre
9609:Madrid–Barajas Airport bombing
8683:(in Spanish). 6 September 2009
8053:Testimony by Martxelo Otamendi
7351:"Spanish prosecutor shot dead"
7323:Hamilos, Paul (8 March 2008).
7230:Jones, Sam (18 October 2021).
6521:"ETA to follow Kosovo example"
6428:. 3 March 2006. Archived from
5537:[How a lie is built].
5422:[ETA's first victim].
4499:Owen, Edward (7 August 2007).
3973:
3958:
3943:
3928:
3908:
3890:
3728:
2946:stated the IRA received fifty
2477:
2429:Langile Abertzaleen Batzordeak
2346:with roughly 15%. Navarre and
1380:European Court of Human Rights
1333:was quoted as saying that the
13:
1:
10050:National liberation movements
9899:Union, Progress and Democracy
8095:. 24 May 2008. Archived from
6608:Altuna, Iñaki (16 May 2009).
5449:"¿La primera víctima de ETA?"
5126:Llanos-Antczak, Anna (2019).
4754:Riding, Alan. (11 July 1992)
4452:Council of the European Union
4416:. Retrieved on 16 April 2013.
4014:van Dijk, Lisa (March 2018).
3883:
2703:The closing of the newspaper
2524:ETA considered its prisoners
2067:Flowers and a plate remember
1881:The final declaration of the
1583:("Pakito"), political leader
1523:Amnistiaren Aldeko Batzordeak
1505:Amnistiaren Aldeko Batzordeak
752:, Jon Salaberria and others.
572:s, support groups maintained
9889:Democratic and Social Centre
9805:Euskal Iraultzarako Alderdia
8903:
8839:originally published in the
7994:, 5 October 2003, quoted in
7920:10.1080/10242694.2012.710812
7296:Fuchs, Dale (20 June 2005).
7151:The communiqué published in
6751:(in Spanish). Archived from
6616:(in Spanish). Archived from
6209:"Spain – 2006 annual report"
5511:(in Spanish). Archived from
4263:(in Spanish). Archived from
4257:"Lista de víctimas mortales"
4232:ETA, una serpiente vacilante
3642:, 2020). Based on the novel
2384:
2054:Victims, tactics and attacks
1970:José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero
1892:José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero
1780:José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero
1634:Spanish Constitution of 1978
1037:, so the name was changed.)
982:During Franco's dictatorship
501:
198:31 July 1959 – 16 April 2018
7:
8169:"About the listing process"
8064:Universal Forum of Cultures
7908:Defence and Peace Economics
7479:"Madrid bomb injures eight"
6260:Paige Whaley Eager (2008).
5420:"La primera víctima de ETA"
4901:(1). Rio de Janeiro: 1–20.
4427:"About the listing process"
4220:Quiosco | El Mundo en ORBYT
3756:
3022:European Economic Community
2728:Francisco Javier López Peña
2655:Amnistiaren Aldeko Komiteak
2322:Lemóniz Nuclear Power Plant
2314:
2190:, assassinated in May 2000.
2188:José Luis López de la Calle
2075:(visible in the background)
1589:José María Arregi Erostarbe
730:Basque Autonomous Community
712:The former political party
208:16 April 2018 (dissolution)
78:"ETA" separatist group
10:
10096:
9817:Herriko Alderdi Sozialista
9687:Basque nationalist parties
9395:Killing of Lasa and Zabala
9176:Guerrilleros de Cristo Rey
9145:Neo-fascist paramilitaries
8245:. London. 13 November 2008
5883:Whitfield, Teresa (2014).
5858:Whitfield, Teresa (2014).
5833:Whitfield, Teresa (2014).
5767:. Routledge. p. 179.
5507:[Eclipsed truth].
5455:(in Spanish). 19 June 2010
5391:Conversi, Daniele (1997).
5196:Whitfield, Teresa (2014).
5151:Whitfield, Teresa (2014).
4908:10.12957/ballot.2015.17895
4480:. London. 15 December 2007
4163:www.generalbundesanwalt.de
4089:ETA: A history of violence
4065:Collins English Dictionary
3688:(Los peces de la amargura)
3288:Escape from Segovia (1981)
3214:, about the history of ETA
2990:ETA acquired weapons from
2869:Guerrilleros de Cristo Rey
2823:Other related armed groups
2400:Basque nationalist context
2307:
2303:
2211:
2181:Francisco Tomás y Valiente
2110:in the Basque Country and
2058:
2007:was quoted as having told
1805:
1734:
1606:), dedicated to so-called
1581:Francisco Mujika Garmendia
1401:ETA performed their first
1201:the ‘pact of forgetting’ (
985:
976:
965:These polls did not cover
952:Universidad del País Vasco
556:s were coordinated by the
205:8 April 2017 (disarmament)
26:
9943:
9894:People's Democratic Party
9845:
9721:Basque Nationalist Action
9685:
9676:
9466:Zaragoza barracks bombing
9304:July 1979 Madrid bombings
9239:Cafetería Rolando bombing
9210:
9142:
9052:
9016:
8958:
8949:
8940:
8928:
8915:21 October 2011
8901:
8859:at Fundació Antoni Tàpies
8625:30 September 2007 at the
7209:Jones, Sam (2 May 2018).
6892:"Opinion: A Basque Peace"
6039:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
5759:Michel Rosenfeld (2009).
5176:Muro Ruiz, Diego (2004).
3915:Muro Ruiz, Diego (2004).
3722:The Absent (Los Ausentes)
3656:
3431:
3403:
3393:
3373:
3345:
3335:
3315:
3279:
3261:
3096:showed the government of
2999:Breton Revolutionary Army
2646:Joxemi Zumalabe Fundazioa
2545:Ley de Partidos Políticos
2029:End of political activity
1925:, president of Sinn Féin
1683:11 September 2001 attacks
1646:
1453:
1426:
1387:Reporters Without Borders
1315:
1280:
1254:
1009:
936:Joseba Segura Etxezarraga
780:Acción Nacionalista Vasca
761:Ley de Partidos Políticos
726:Ley de Partidos Políticos
628:
613:
601:
578:
558:
512:Day of the Basque Soldier
492:imprisoned former members
421:
391:
341:
285:
242:
225:
215:
192:
165:
156:
148:
143:
9909:People's Socialist Party
9904:Navarrese People's Union
9877:Communist Party of Spain
9847:Spanish unionist parties
9709:Basque Nationalist Party
9190:Acción Nacional Española
9183:Grupos Armados Españoles
8821:Enric Martinez-Herrera,
8637:" de la Ciudad de Panamá
8078:, NZ Herald, 22 May 2008
8058:18 February 2012 at the
7636:. London. Archived from
7253:Terrorist Group Profiles
4133:Watson, Cameron (2007).
4118:Encyclopaedia Britannica
4021:. University of Utrecht.
3788:
3506:("Shadows in a Battle",
3257:(José Luis Madrid, 1977)
3211:ETA. Une histoire basque
3109:
2838:Acción Nacional Española
2828:Disbanded violent groups
2736:José Antonio Barandiarán
2636:), accused of promoting
2470:and some sectors of the
2216:ETA's tactics included:
2134:José Antonio Ortega Lara
2132:Prison officers such as
2125:them for the so-called "
2073:Guggenheim Bilbao Museum
1937:), and British diplomat
1218:Communist Party of Spain
1015:Basque Nationalist Party
928:Community of Sant'Egidio
898:Basque Nationalist Party
9667:ETA ends armed activity
9479:ETA Netherlands attacks
9291:Assassination of Argala
8737:18 October 2017 at the
8280:Tim Pat Coogan (2002).
8066:, Barcelona (May 2004).
7609:. London. 21 March 2001
7497:"European press review"
5732:Sullivan, John (1988).
5022:BBC Monitoring European
4318:Ministerio del Interior
4261:Ministerio del Interior
4244:De patrulla por Vitoria
4184:15 January 2019 at the
4114:ETA BASQUE ORGANIZATION
4035:Davis, Ian (May 2002).
3576:Manuel Gutiérrez Aragón
3574:("We are all invited",
3572:Todos estamos invitados
3478:José Antonio de la Loma
3464:("The Death of Mikel",
3423:during his holidays in
3351:, based on the life of
3014:Breton Liberation Front
2750:Alfredo Perez Rubalcaba
2512:the border from Spain.
1848:Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba
1777:Presidente del Gobierno
1758:Euskal Irrati-Telebista
1725:Islamic fundamentalists
1025:, creating the acronym
988:Opposition to Francoism
971:Northern Basque Country
451:Southern Basque Country
257:Revolutionary socialism
10000:ETA (separatist group)
9954:History of the Basques
9836:Demokrazia Hiru Milioi
9811:Basque Socialist Party
9155:Batallón Vasco Español
9085:ETA Politiko-Militarra
8904:31 July 1959
8843:, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2002.
8199:The New Zealand Herald
8173:www.publicsafety.gc.ca
5226:11 August 2011 at the
4431:www.publicsafety.gc.ca
3811:English pronunciation:
3685:The Fish of Bitterness
3586:("My Father's House",
3504:Sombras en una batalla
3032:government during the
2854:Batallón Vasco Español
2794:Esteban Murillo Zubiri
2757:International response
2685:Another trial against
2613:Another trial against
2198:María Dolores Katarain
2088:
2076:
1886:
1750:
1608:
1558:
1538:
1530:
1522:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1484:
1438:María Dolores Katarain
1374:
1339:
1296:
1282:Batallón Vasco Español
1261:
1206:
1176:ETA political-military
1094:
1069:Donostia-San Sebastian
1004:
853:
741:Supreme Court of Spain
709:
689:
681:
673:
665:
653:
651:ETA also promoted the
642:
634:
619:
607:
588:
568:
552:
546:
536:
531:Zuzendaritza Batzordea
530:
524:
515:
470:
408:
220:Greater Basque Country
10055:Nationalist terrorism
9072:Euskadi Ta Askatasuna
8998:National Police Corps
8951:State security forces
8816:corresponding article
8620:Conferencia de Prensa
8268:Euskonews & Media
6589:(in European Spanish)
5652:Staff (4 June 2008).
5275:25 April 2012 at the
3870:Basque pronunciation:
3768:José Larrañaga Arenas
3452:("The Almería Case",
2966:Czechoslovak Republic
2705:Euskaldunon Egunkaria
2516:activities in Spain.
2484:French Basque Country
2456:French Basque country
2227:Bombings (often with
2117:Businessmen (such as
2082:
2066:
1919:Gro Harlem Brundtland
1880:
1835:The Basque newspaper
1830:Amnesty International
1748:
1572:. In comparison, the
1517:Gestoras pro Amnistía
1499:Gestoras pro-Amnistía
1494:
1375:Euskaldunon Egunkaria
1366:Amnesty International
1313:In 1997, the Spanish
1255:Euskadi Ta Askatasuna
1166:During the transition
1140:Franco's dictatorship
1089:
1010:Euskadi Ta Askatasuna
995:
959:"permanent" ceasefire
887:French Basque Country
866:Amnesty International
847:
704:
528:, an abbreviation of
509:
422:Euskadi Ta Askatasuna
406:
157:Euskadi Ta Askatasuna
144:Euskadi Ta Askatasuna
18:Euskadi ta Askatasuna
10070:Resistance movements
10060:Separatism in France
9926:Carlist Party (1970)
9784:Herritarren Zerrenda
9759:Navarrese Left Union
9544:1993 Madrid bombings
9035:National Gendarmerie
8593:3 April 2015 at the
8350:. pp. 177–178.
7779:on 15 September 2010
6868:on 30 September 2020
6725:on 24 September 2010
6473:. 24 September 2006.
6455:on 11 February 2007.
6215:on 30 September 2007
6167:on 21 October 2006.
6145:on 21 October 2006.
5565:"Begoña Urroz afera"
5294:The News and Courier
5251:on 26 September 2011
4329:on 15 September 2010
4267:on 15 September 2010
4206:3 March 2016 at the
3982:Documentos Y Vol. 12
3748:(defusal group) and
3404:Una Bala Para el Rey
3303:Segovia prison break
3280:El proceso de Burgos
3122:Asesinato en febrero
2809:Iñaki de Juana Chaos
2460:Abertzaleen Batasuna
1980:of the centre-right
1721:2004 Madrid bombings
1655:on the life of King
1335:constitutional state
1276:Pyrénées Atlantiques
1211:Rafael Díez Usabiaga
437:organization in the
63:improve this article
29:eta (disambiguation)
10075:Terrorism in France
10065:Separatism in Spain
9931:Spanish Alternative
9596:2001 Madrid bombing
9583:2000 Madrid bombing
9531:1992 Madrid bombing
9421:Monbar Hotel attack
8713:on 20 November 2015
8558:4 June 2008 at the
8373:The Provisional IRA
8142:7 July 2009 at the
8123:5 July 2008 at the
7952:The Daily Telegraph
7533:on 7 December 2006.
7163:. 27 September 2017
7086:The Daily Telegraph
6932:. 21 October 2011.
6620:on 17 November 2011
6170:committed; ...
6091:. 15 September 2003
5995:. 12 September 1998
5327:. 20 October 2011.
5325:The Daily Telegraph
4645:. 25 November 2012.
4507:The Daily Telegraph
4433:. 21 December 2018.
3548:("Arián's Voyage",
3540:Michael Caton-Jones
2925:International links
2846:Anti-Terrorismo ETA
2526:political prisoners
2520:Government response
2427:, the labour union
2310:List of ETA attacks
2288:Miguel Angel Blanco
2205:the bombing in 1987
2141:Luis Carrero Blanco
2097:Luis Carrero Blanco
1998:Jean-Noël Etxeverry
1808:List of ETA attacks
1661:Miguel Ángel Blanco
1553:visiting families.
1187:Franco dictatorship
1152:Luis Carrero Blanco
1092:Luis Carrero Blanco
894:liberation theology
862:Miguel Ángel Blanco
793:A new party called
705:A pro-ETA mural in
277:European federalism
272:Liberation theology
226:Active regions
10080:Terrorism in Spain
9949:Basque nationalism
9765:Euskal Herritarrok
9661:2010 ETA ceasefire
9648:Palma Nova bombing
9622:2008 Getxo bombing
9460:Dissolution of GAL
9317:Alonsotegi bombing
9197:Antiterrorismo ETA
9133:Euskal Zuzentasuna
8639:. 7 November 2000.
8631:Felipe Pérez Roque
8574:General Commander
8226:on 4 October 2008.
8175:. 21 December 2018
7809:on 8 December 2008
7716:The New York Times
7666:. 19 February 2008
7383:The New York Times
7042:on 1 January 2022.
7034:The New York Times
7009:on 2 December 2011
6972:on 1 January 2022.
6956:The New York Times
6912:on 1 January 2022.
6896:The New York Times
6811:on 21 October 2011
6755:on 20 January 2011
6719:Barcelona Reporter
6703:. 10 January 2011.
6587:www.es.amnesty.org
6561:The New York Times
6241:on 9 February 2008
5545:on 24 October 2011
5505:"Verdad eclipsada"
4845:. 14 February 1998
4745:, 18 October 2004.
4736:8 May 2008 at the
4590:. 5 September 2010
4397:Terrorism Act 2000
4323:Gobierno de España
4293:(in Spanish). 2003
3496:("Days of Smoke",
3486:("Ander and Yul",
3461:La Muerte de Mikel
3421:Juan Carlos I
3005:from magazines in
2902:Euskal Zuzentasuna
2775:Terrorism Act 2000
2638:civil disobedience
2169:Audiencia Nacional
2161:Mondragon/Arrasate
2089:
2077:
1958:The New York Times
1954:George J. Mitchell
1887:
1751:
1657:Juan Carlos I
1630:self-determination
1560:Audiencia Nacional
1511:
1436:, ETA gunned down
1317:Audiencia Nacional
1103:Txabi Etxebarrieta
1095:
1005:
1001:Basque nationalism
924:Jose Tomas Sanchez
854:
718:Euskal Herritarrok
710:
566:"). To supply the
516:
482:, Canada, and the
428:Basque nationalist
409:
333:Republic of Srpska
252:Basque nationalism
194:Dates of operation
173:Josu Urrutikoetxea
9987:
9986:
9964:History of France
9939:
9938:
9798:Eusko Sozialistak
9741:Euskadiko Ezkerra
9715:Eusko Alkartasuna
9678:Political parties
9278:1978 Getxo attack
9206:
9205:
9048:
9047:
8935:
8934:
8651:(28 April 2006):
8429:978-989-8973-15-3
8357:978-0-00-638674-2
8293:978-0-312-29416-8
8009:on 4 January 2006
7887:. 25 January 2008
7861:. 2 December 2007
7835:. 5 December 2007
7769:"Víctimas de ETA"
7692:. 30 October 2002
7263:978-1-56806-864-0
7003:Typically Spanish
6301:. 20 October 2021
6273:978-0-7546-7225-8
5894:978-0-19-938754-0
5869:978-0-19-938754-0
5844:978-0-19-938754-0
5774:978-1-135-25327-1
5745:978-0-415-00366-7
5713:. 3 December 2010
5515:on 2 January 2013
5404:978-0-87417-362-8
5207:978-0-19-938754-0
5162:978-0-19-938754-0
5137:978-83-8017-280-7
5024:. 24 March 2011.
5001:. 8 February 2011
4781:978-0-8239-3818-6
4718:El Correo Digital
4619:. 20 October 2011
4144:978-1-877802-75-1
3954:. pp. 89–90.
3716:Fernando Aramburu
3692:Fernando Aramburu
3674:The Sands of Time
3650:Fernando Aramburu
3546:El viaje de Arián
3528:Daniel Calparsoro
3454:Pedro Costa Musté
3394:Tiro en la Cabeza
3115:Documentary films
3098:Michelle Bachelet
3074:) with Cuba. The
2992:Carlos the Jackal
2833:Anti-ETA groups:
2747:Interior Minister
2743:Basque referendum
2709:Martxelo Otamendi
2500:counter-terrorist
2488:French government
2448:Eusko Alkartasuna
2244:or self-produced
2127:revolutionary tax
2112:Mossos d'Esquadra
1878:
1760:and the journals
1710:Alcalá de Henares
1706:Chamartín Station
1618:Molotov cocktails
1546:Basque Government
1465:Eugenio Etxebeste
1405:assassination in
1272:counter-terrorist
1246:Euskadiko Ezkerra
1191:French government
1119:Proceso de Burgos
932:Jaime Mayor Oreja
913:José María Setién
802:Basque Parliament
798:(All the Options)
697:Political support
661:Molotov cocktails
401:
400:
139:
138:
131:
113:
16:(Redirected from
10087:
9979:
9978:
9959:History of Spain
9683:
9682:
9657:
9644:
9631:
9618:
9605:
9592:
9579:
9566:
9557:Vallecas bombing
9553:
9540:
9527:
9518:Mutxamel bombing
9514:
9501:
9492:Sabadell bombing
9488:
9475:
9456:
9447:Hipercor bombing
9443:
9430:
9417:
9404:
9391:
9378:
9365:
9352:
9343:1980 Orio ambush
9339:
9326:
9313:
9300:
9287:
9274:
9261:
9248:
9235:
9060:
9059:
9058:
9024:
9023:
9022:
8980:
8979:
8978:
8973:
8972:
8971:
8966:
8965:
8964:
8956:
8955:
8947:
8946:
8931:
8930:
8922:
8920:
8911:
8909:
8888:
8881:
8874:
8865:
8864:
8838:
8830:
8829:. 12 March 2020.
8828:
8801:
8800:
8799:
8797:
8783:
8777:
8776:
8774:
8772:
8763:Justin Webster.
8760:
8754:
8748:
8742:
8729:
8723:
8722:
8720:
8718:
8699:
8693:
8692:
8690:
8688:
8671:
8665:
8657:, FARC, and the
8646:
8640:
8616:
8610:
8604:
8598:
8585:
8579:
8569:
8563:
8550:
8541:
8535:
8529:
8528:
8526:
8515:
8509:
8508:
8506:
8495:
8489:
8482:
8476:
8475:
8473:
8471:
8448:
8442:
8441:
8415:
8406:
8405:
8397:
8391:
8390:
8368:
8362:
8361:
8336:
8330:
8323:
8317:
8311:
8305:
8304:
8302:
8300:
8277:
8271:
8261:
8255:
8254:
8252:
8250:
8235:
8229:
8227:
8216:
8210:
8209:
8207:
8205:
8195:"NZherald.co.nz"
8191:
8185:
8184:
8182:
8180:
8165:
8159:
8153:
8147:
8134:
8128:
8115:
8109:
8108:
8106:
8104:
8085:
8079:
8073:
8067:
8050:
8044:
8038:
8032:
8022:
8018:
8016:
8014:
8008:
8002:. Archived from
8001:
7992:Libertad Digital
7986:
7980:
7974:
7968:
7967:
7965:
7963:
7949:
7941:
7932:
7931:
7903:
7897:
7896:
7894:
7892:
7877:
7871:
7870:
7868:
7866:
7851:
7845:
7844:
7842:
7840:
7825:
7819:
7818:
7816:
7814:
7795:
7789:
7788:
7786:
7784:
7775:. Archived from
7765:
7759:
7758:
7756:
7754:
7739:
7728:
7727:
7725:
7723:
7708:
7702:
7701:
7699:
7697:
7682:
7676:
7675:
7673:
7671:
7656:
7650:
7649:
7647:
7645:
7625:
7619:
7618:
7616:
7614:
7599:
7593:
7592:
7590:
7588:
7583:on 19 March 2008
7579:. Archived from
7568:
7562:
7561:
7559:
7557:
7541:
7535:
7534:
7519:
7513:
7512:
7510:
7508:
7493:
7487:
7486:
7475:
7469:
7468:
7465:Crónica El Mundo
7456:
7450:
7449:
7447:
7445:
7440:on 5 August 2009
7436:. Archived from
7430:
7424:
7423:
7421:
7419:
7404:
7395:
7394:
7392:
7390:
7373:
7367:
7366:
7364:
7362:
7357:. 9 October 2000
7347:
7341:
7340:
7338:
7336:
7320:
7314:
7313:
7311:
7309:
7293:
7287:
7281:
7275:
7274:
7272:
7270:
7248:
7242:
7241:
7227:
7221:
7220:
7206:
7200:
7199:
7197:
7195:
7179:
7173:
7172:
7170:
7168:
7149:
7143:
7142:
7140:
7138:
7123:
7117:
7116:
7114:
7112:
7097:
7091:
7090:
7080:
7074:
7073:
7071:
7069:
7064:on 23 April 2018
7050:
7044:
7043:
7041:
7036:. Archived from
7025:
7019:
7018:
7016:
7014:
6995:
6989:
6988:
6980:
6974:
6973:
6971:
6966:. Archived from
6947:
6938:
6937:
6920:
6914:
6913:
6911:
6906:. Archived from
6887:
6878:
6877:
6875:
6873:
6864:. Archived from
6853:
6847:
6846:
6844:
6842:
6827:
6821:
6820:
6818:
6816:
6797:
6791:
6790:
6788:
6786:
6771:
6765:
6764:
6762:
6760:
6741:
6735:
6734:
6732:
6730:
6721:. Archived from
6711:
6705:
6704:
6693:
6682:
6681:
6679:
6677:
6672:on 22 March 2010
6668:. Archived from
6662:
6656:
6655:
6653:
6651:
6642:. Archived from
6636:
6630:
6629:
6627:
6625:
6605:
6599:
6598:
6596:
6594:
6578:
6572:
6571:
6569:
6567:
6552:
6541:
6540:
6538:
6536:
6517:
6511:
6510:
6499:
6493:
6492:
6481:
6475:
6474:
6463:
6457:
6456:
6441:
6435:
6433:
6418:
6412:
6411:
6410:. 23 March 2006.
6404:"ETA cease-fire"
6400:
6394:
6393:
6391:
6389:
6374:
6368:
6367:
6365:
6363:
6348:
6342:
6341:
6329:
6323:
6317:
6311:
6310:
6308:
6306:
6291:
6285:
6284:
6282:
6280:
6257:
6251:
6250:
6248:
6246:
6231:
6225:
6224:
6222:
6220:
6205:
6199:
6198:
6196:
6194:
6179:
6173:
6172:
6163:. Archived from
6157:
6151:
6150:
6141:. Archived from
6135:
6129:
6128:
6126:
6124:
6110:
6101:
6100:
6098:
6096:
6081:
6075:
6074:
6072:
6070:
6065:on 12 April 2013
6061:. Archived from
6051:
6045:
6044:
6038:
6030:
6028:
6026:
6011:
6005:
6004:
6002:
6000:
5985:
5979:
5978:
5970:
5964:
5963:
5942:
5933:
5932:
5930:
5928:
5905:
5899:
5898:
5880:
5874:
5873:
5855:
5849:
5848:
5830:
5821:
5820:
5818:
5816:
5809:978-849860-636-2
5801:
5790:
5779:
5778:
5756:
5750:
5749:
5729:
5723:
5722:
5720:
5718:
5703:
5697:
5696:
5694:
5692:
5676:
5670:
5669:
5667:
5665:
5649:
5643:
5642:
5640:
5638:
5619:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5608:
5593:
5587:
5586:
5584:
5582:
5577:on 27 April 2012
5576:
5569:
5561:
5555:
5554:
5552:
5550:
5531:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5520:
5500:
5491:
5490:
5488:
5486:
5471:
5465:
5464:
5462:
5460:
5445:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5431:
5415:
5409:
5408:
5388:
5377:
5376:
5365:). p. 254.
5347:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5336:
5322:
5315:
5306:
5305:
5303:
5301:
5296:. 1 October 1968
5286:
5280:
5267:
5261:
5260:
5258:
5256:
5247:. Archived from
5237:
5231:
5218:
5212:
5211:
5193:
5187:
5186:
5184:
5173:
5167:
5166:
5148:
5142:
5141:
5123:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5109:
5090:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5079:
5065:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5054:
5040:
5034:
5033:
5017:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5006:
4991:
4982:
4976:
4970:
4960:
4954:
4948:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4934:
4919:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4886:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4875:
4861:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4850:
4835:
4829:
4823:
4817:
4811:
4805:
4799:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4788:
4765:
4759:
4752:
4746:
4727:
4721:
4711:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4700:
4679:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4653:
4647:
4646:
4635:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4624:
4609:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4595:
4580:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4564:
4553:
4547:
4541:
4535:
4529:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4518:
4504:
4496:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4485:
4470:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4444:
4435:
4434:
4423:
4417:
4411:
4405:
4404:
4389:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4360:
4354:
4348:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4334:
4325:. Archived from
4309:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4283:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4253:
4247:
4241:
4235:
4229:
4223:
4217:
4211:
4199:
4195:
4189:
4177:
4173:
4167:
4166:
4155:
4149:
4148:
4130:
4121:
4111:
4102:
4101:
4083:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4072:
4056:
4050:
4049:
4041:
4032:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4011:
4000:
3999:
3993:
3985:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3962:
3956:
3955:
3947:
3941:
3940:
3932:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3912:
3906:
3905:
3894:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3855:
3851:
3846:
3839:
3834:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3812:
3808:
3802:
3799:
3752:(hostage group).
3742:The Separatists
3663:The Spanish Game
3583:Casa de mi padre
3564:("Those skies",
3556:La voz de su amo
3436:
3418:
3406:
3396:
3388:
3376:
3350:
3340:
3330:
3318:
3300:
3282:
3273:Gillo Pontecorvo
3266:
3218:Chronique Basque
3198:
3172:
3134:
2963:
2940:José María Aznar
2769:listed ETA as a
2719:with terrorism.
2673:people's taverns
2668:Herriko Tabernak
2661:A trial against
2360:Laurence Le Vert
2280:Bixente Lizarazu
2163:on 7 March 2008.
2153:Juan Mari Atutxa
2006:
1986:José María Aznar
1879:
1825:Jurdan Martitegi
1649:
1648:
1641:José María Aznar
1611:
1563:
1543:
1536:("Freedom") and
1535:
1525:
1519:
1507:
1501:
1487:
1458:
1457:
1449:Ajuria-Enea pact
1431:
1430:
1428:Gesto por la Paz
1415:Hipercor bombing
1377:
1342:
1327:José Barrionuevo
1320:
1319:
1301:
1285:
1284:
1257:
1256:
1107:Melitón Manzanas
1054:Federico Krutwig
1012:
1011:
997:Federico Krutwig
876:Clerical support
692:
686:
678:
670:
658:
647:
639:
631:
622:
616:
610:
604:
591:
581:
571:
561:
555:
549:
539:
533:
527:
473:
468:ETA's motto was
424:
423:
392:Battles and wars
384:
383:
373:
372:
362:
361:
351:
350:
267:Marxism-Leninism
195:
159:
158:
153:
141:
140:
134:
127:
123:
120:
114:
112:
71:
47:
39:
21:
10095:
10094:
10090:
10089:
10088:
10086:
10085:
10084:
10020:Basque conflict
9990:
9989:
9988:
9983:
9974:
9973:
9935:
9883:Alianza Popular
9848:
9841:
9688:
9679:
9672:
9651:
9638:
9625:
9612:
9599:
9586:
9573:
9560:
9547:
9534:
9521:
9508:
9495:
9482:
9469:
9450:
9437:
9424:
9411:
9398:
9385:
9382:Rentería ambush
9372:
9359:
9346:
9333:
9330:Ispaster attack
9320:
9307:
9294:
9281:
9268:
9255:
9242:
9229:
9213:
9202:
9147:
9138:
9064:
9056:
9054:
9044:
9040:National Police
9028:
9020:
9018:
9012:
8984:
8976:
8974:
8969:
8967:
8962:
8960:
8952:
8943:
8936:
8924:
8918:
8916:
8907:
8905:
8897:
8895:Basque Conflict
8892:
8851:
8846:
8832:
8826:
8822:
8810:
8805:
8804:
8795:
8793:
8784:
8780:
8770:
8768:
8765:"El fin de ETA"
8761:
8757:
8749:
8745:
8739:Wayback Machine
8730:
8726:
8716:
8714:
8701:
8700:
8696:
8686:
8684:
8673:
8672:
8668:
8647:
8643:
8627:Wayback Machine
8617:
8613:
8605:
8601:
8595:Wayback Machine
8586:
8582:
8578:in August 2001.
8576:Fernando Tapias
8570:
8566:
8560:Wayback Machine
8551:
8544:
8536:
8532:
8524:
8516:
8512:
8504:
8496:
8492:
8484:Follain, John.
8483:
8479:
8469:
8467:
8449:
8445:
8430:
8416:
8409:
8398:
8394:
8387:
8379:. p. 308.
8369:
8365:
8358:
8337:
8333:
8324:
8320:
8312:
8308:
8298:
8296:
8294:
8278:
8274:
8262:
8258:
8248:
8246:
8237:
8236:
8232:
8218:
8217:
8213:
8203:
8201:
8193:
8192:
8188:
8178:
8176:
8167:
8166:
8162:
8154:
8150:
8144:Wayback Machine
8135:
8131:
8125:Wayback Machine
8116:
8112:
8102:
8100:
8087:
8086:
8082:
8074:
8070:
8060:Wayback Machine
8051:
8047:
8039:
8035:
8020:
8012:
8010:
8006:
7999:
7995:
7987:
7983:
7975:
7971:
7961:
7959:
7942:
7935:
7904:
7900:
7890:
7888:
7879:
7878:
7874:
7864:
7862:
7853:
7852:
7848:
7838:
7836:
7827:
7826:
7822:
7812:
7810:
7797:
7796:
7792:
7782:
7780:
7767:
7766:
7762:
7752:
7750:
7749:. 6 August 2009
7741:
7740:
7731:
7721:
7719:
7710:
7709:
7705:
7695:
7693:
7684:
7683:
7679:
7669:
7667:
7664:El Confidencial
7658:
7657:
7653:
7643:
7641:
7640:on 1 April 2008
7634:The Independent
7626:
7622:
7612:
7610:
7607:The Independent
7601:
7600:
7596:
7586:
7584:
7571:Zuloaga, J. M.
7569:
7565:
7555:
7553:
7542:
7538:
7521:
7520:
7516:
7506:
7504:
7495:
7494:
7490:
7485:. 12 July 2000.
7477:
7476:
7472:
7467:. No. 347.
7457:
7453:
7443:
7441:
7432:
7431:
7427:
7417:
7415:
7406:
7405:
7398:
7388:
7386:
7374:
7370:
7360:
7358:
7349:
7348:
7344:
7334:
7332:
7321:
7317:
7307:
7305:
7294:
7290:
7282:
7278:
7268:
7266:
7264:
7250:
7249:
7245:
7228:
7224:
7207:
7203:
7193:
7191:
7180:
7176:
7166:
7164:
7159:
7150:
7146:
7136:
7134:
7125:
7124:
7120:
7110:
7108:
7099:
7098:
7094:
7081:
7077:
7067:
7065:
7052:
7051:
7047:
7026:
7022:
7012:
7010:
6997:
6996:
6992:
6981:
6977:
6948:
6941:
6922:
6921:
6917:
6888:
6881:
6871:
6869:
6854:
6850:
6840:
6838:
6829:
6828:
6824:
6814:
6812:
6799:
6798:
6794:
6784:
6782:
6773:
6772:
6768:
6758:
6756:
6743:
6742:
6738:
6728:
6726:
6713:
6712:
6708:
6695:
6694:
6685:
6675:
6673:
6664:
6663:
6659:
6649:
6647:
6646:on 28 July 2011
6638:
6637:
6633:
6623:
6621:
6606:
6602:
6592:
6590:
6579:
6575:
6565:
6563:
6553:
6544:
6534:
6532:
6519:
6518:
6514:
6501:
6500:
6496:
6483:
6482:
6478:
6465:
6464:
6460:
6443:
6442:
6438:
6432:on 25 May 2006.
6420:
6419:
6415:
6402:
6401:
6397:
6387:
6385:
6375:
6371:
6361:
6359:
6358:. 12 March 2004
6350:
6349:
6345:
6330:
6326:
6318:
6314:
6304:
6302:
6293:
6292:
6288:
6278:
6276:
6274:
6258:
6254:
6244:
6242:
6233:
6232:
6228:
6218:
6216:
6207:
6206:
6202:
6192:
6190:
6189:on 11 June 2008
6181:
6180:
6176:
6159:
6158:
6154:
6137:
6136:
6132:
6122:
6120:
6112:
6111:
6104:
6094:
6092:
6083:
6082:
6078:
6068:
6066:
6053:
6052:
6048:
6032:
6031:
6024:
6022:
6013:
6012:
6008:
5998:
5996:
5987:
5986:
5982:
5971:
5967:
5960:
5943:
5936:
5926:
5924:
5906:
5902:
5895:
5881:
5877:
5870:
5856:
5852:
5845:
5831:
5824:
5814:
5812:
5810:
5799:
5791:
5782:
5775:
5757:
5753:
5746:
5730:
5726:
5716:
5714:
5705:
5704:
5700:
5690:
5688:
5677:
5673:
5663:
5661:
5650:
5646:
5636:
5634:
5620:
5616:
5606:
5604:
5595:
5594:
5590:
5580:
5578:
5574:
5567:
5563:
5562:
5558:
5548:
5546:
5533:
5532:
5528:
5518:
5516:
5501:
5494:
5484:
5482:
5481:on 6 April 2012
5473:
5472:
5468:
5458:
5456:
5447:
5446:
5439:
5429:
5427:
5416:
5412:
5405:
5389:
5380:
5373:
5351:Kurlansky, Mark
5348:
5344:
5334:
5332:
5317:
5316:
5309:
5299:
5297:
5288:
5287:
5283:
5277:Wayback Machine
5268:
5264:
5254:
5252:
5239:
5238:
5234:
5228:Wayback Machine
5219:
5215:
5208:
5194:
5190:
5182:
5174:
5170:
5163:
5149:
5145:
5138:
5124:
5117:
5107:
5105:
5098:The Irish Times
5092:
5091:
5087:
5077:
5075:
5067:
5066:
5062:
5052:
5050:
5042:
5041:
5037:
5019:
5018:
5014:
5004:
5002:
4993:
4992:
4985:
4977:
4973:
4961:
4957:
4949:
4942:
4932:
4930:
4921:
4920:
4916:
4887:
4883:
4873:
4871:
4863:
4862:
4858:
4848:
4846:
4837:
4836:
4832:
4824:
4820:
4812:
4808:
4800:
4796:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4766:
4762:
4753:
4749:
4738:Wayback Machine
4728:
4724:
4712:
4708:
4698:
4696:
4681:
4680:
4676:
4666:
4664:
4655:
4654:
4650:
4637:
4636:
4632:
4622:
4620:
4611:
4610:
4603:
4593:
4591:
4582:
4581:
4572:
4562:
4560:
4555:
4554:
4550:
4542:
4538:
4530:
4526:
4516:
4514:
4497:
4493:
4483:
4481:
4478:The Independent
4472:
4471:
4467:
4457:
4455:
4446:
4445:
4438:
4425:
4424:
4420:
4412:
4408:
4391:
4390:
4383:
4373:
4371:
4362:
4361:
4357:
4349:
4342:
4332:
4330:
4311:
4310:
4306:
4296:
4294:
4285:
4284:
4280:
4270:
4268:
4255:
4254:
4250:
4242:
4238:
4230:
4226:
4218:
4214:
4208:Wayback Machine
4197:
4196:
4192:
4186:Wayback Machine
4175:
4174:
4170:
4157:
4156:
4152:
4145:
4131:
4124:
4120:20 October 2011
4112:
4105:
4084:
4080:
4070:
4068:
4058:
4057:
4053:
4039:
4033:
4026:
4018:
4012:
4003:
3987:
3986:
3978:
3974:
3963:
3959:
3948:
3944:
3933:
3929:
3921:
3913:
3909:
3896:
3895:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3880:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3853:
3844:
3837:
3817:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3805:
3800:
3796:
3791:
3783:Kasilda Hernáez
3778:Julen Madariaga
3773:Felix Likiniano
3759:
3731:
3702:M. Bryce Ternet
3667:Charles Cumming
3659:
3640:Aitor Gabilondo
3612:Olivier Assayas
3566:Aitzpea Goenaga
3449:El caso Almería
3444:
3255:Commando Txikia
3251:
3234:Asier Aranguren
3186:Trece entre mil
3179:Elías Querejeta
3149:La Pelota Vasca
3117:
3112:
3107:
3072:Felipe González
3055:Roberto Saviano
2957:
2927:
2830:
2825:
2790:María Lizarraga
2771:terrorist group
2759:
2578:Baltasar Garzón
2556:Baltasar Garzón
2522:
2498:still hindered
2492:Franco's regime
2480:
2402:
2387:
2317:
2312:
2306:
2238:Detente Y Ayuda
2214:
2157:Isaías Carrasco
2083:Repairs to the
2061:
2056:
2031:
2000:
1962:Provisional IRA
1939:Jonathan Powell
1871:
1869:
1856:
1810:
1804:
1802:2008 to present
1743:
1735:Main articles:
1733:
1692:Baltasar Garzón
1647:Partido Popular
1399:
1397:Under democracy
1353:
1331:Felipe González
1308:state terrorism
1264:
1207:pacto de olvido
1168:
1109:, chief of the
990:
984:
979:
944:
878:
842:
830:Ley de Partidos
825:Ley de Partidos
769:Ley de Partidos
737:Baltasar Garzón
707:Durango, Biscay
699:
504:
476:terrorist group
463:Basque conflict
443:Francoist Spain
396:Basque conflict
378:
377:
367:
366:
356:
355:
345:
337:
313:Provisional IRA
281:
238:
211:
193:
188:
185:Mikel Irastorza
161:
135:
124:
118:
115:
72:
70:
60:
48:
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10093:
10083:
10082:
10077:
10072:
10067:
10062:
10057:
10052:
10047:
10042:
10037:
10032:
10027:
10022:
10017:
10015:Anti-Francoism
10012:
10007:
10002:
9985:
9984:
9972:
9971:
9966:
9961:
9956:
9951:
9945:
9944:
9941:
9940:
9937:
9936:
9934:
9933:
9928:
9923:
9921:National Front
9918:
9911:
9906:
9901:
9896:
9891:
9886:
9879:
9874:
9869:
9867:People's Party
9864:
9859:
9851:
9849:
9846:
9843:
9842:
9840:
9839:
9832:
9827:
9820:
9813:
9808:
9801:
9794:
9787:
9780:
9773:
9768:
9761:
9756:
9749:
9744:
9737:
9730:
9723:
9718:
9711:
9706:
9703:Herri Batasuna
9699:
9691:
9689:
9686:
9680:
9677:
9674:
9673:
9671:
9670:
9664:
9658:
9645:
9635:Burgos bombing
9632:
9619:
9606:
9593:
9580:
9567:
9554:
9541:
9528:
9515:
9502:
9489:
9476:
9463:
9457:
9444:
9431:
9418:
9405:
9392:
9379:
9369:Zarautz attack
9366:
9356:Markina attack
9353:
9340:
9327:
9314:
9301:
9288:
9275:
9262:
9249:
9236:
9223:
9216:
9214:
9211:
9208:
9207:
9204:
9203:
9201:
9200:
9193:
9186:
9179:
9172:
9165:
9158:
9150:
9148:
9143:
9140:
9139:
9137:
9136:
9129:
9122:
9115:
9108:
9103:
9096:
9089:
9081:
9067:
9065:
9053:
9050:
9049:
9046:
9045:
9043:
9042:
9037:
9031:
9029:
9017:
9014:
9013:
9011:
9010:
9005:
9000:
8995:
8987:
8985:
8959:
8953:
8950:
8944:
8941:
8938:
8937:
8933:
8929:
8926:
8925:
8902:
8899:
8898:
8891:
8890:
8883:
8876:
8868:
8862:
8861:
8850:
8849:External links
8847:
8845:
8844:
8819:
8811:
8809:
8806:
8803:
8802:
8778:
8755:
8751:Asier ETA biok
8743:
8741:official site.
8732:Asier ETA biok
8724:
8694:
8666:
8641:
8611:
8599:
8580:
8564:
8542:
8530:
8510:
8490:
8477:
8459:(in Spanish).
8443:
8428:
8407:
8392:
8385:
8363:
8356:
8340:Geraghty, Tony
8331:
8318:
8306:
8292:
8272:
8256:
8230:
8211:
8186:
8160:
8148:
8129:
8110:
8099:on 27 May 2008
8080:
8068:
8045:
8033:
8021:(47.2 KB)
7981:
7969:
7933:
7914:(4): 317–338.
7898:
7872:
7846:
7820:
7790:
7760:
7729:
7703:
7677:
7651:
7620:
7594:
7563:
7536:
7514:
7488:
7470:
7451:
7425:
7414:. 4 April 2000
7396:
7368:
7342:
7315:
7288:
7276:
7262:
7243:
7222:
7201:
7174:
7144:
7133:. 8 April 2017
7118:
7107:. 7 April 2017
7092:
7075:
7045:
7020:
6990:
6975:
6939:
6915:
6879:
6848:
6822:
6792:
6779:Diario Crítico
6766:
6736:
6706:
6683:
6657:
6631:
6600:
6573:
6542:
6512:
6494:
6476:
6458:
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6413:
6395:
6369:
6343:
6324:
6312:
6286:
6272:
6252:
6226:
6200:
6174:
6152:
6130:
6102:
6076:
6046:
6019:Minuto digital
6006:
5980:
5965:
5958:
5934:
5900:
5893:
5875:
5868:
5850:
5843:
5822:
5808:
5780:
5773:
5751:
5744:
5724:
5698:
5671:
5644:
5630:(in Spanish).
5614:
5588:
5556:
5526:
5492:
5466:
5437:
5410:
5403:
5378:
5371:
5342:
5307:
5281:
5262:
5232:
5213:
5206:
5188:
5168:
5161:
5143:
5136:
5115:
5104:on 20 May 2011
5085:
5060:
5035:
5012:
4983:
4971:
4969:, 5 June 2002.
4955:
4940:
4914:
4881:
4869:Britannica.com
4856:
4830:
4818:
4806:
4794:
4780:
4760:
4747:
4722:
4706:
4674:
4663:. 7 April 2017
4648:
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4601:
4570:
4548:
4536:
4524:
4491:
4465:
4454:. 15 June 2009
4436:
4418:
4406:
4381:
4355:
4340:
4321:(in Spanish).
4304:
4278:
4248:
4236:
4224:
4212:
4190:
4168:
4150:
4143:
4122:
4103:
4078:
4051:
4024:
4001:
3984:. p. 386.
3972:
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3907:
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3885:
3882:
3879:
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3862:
3858:[ˈeta]
3803:
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3790:
3787:
3786:
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3775:
3770:
3765:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3753:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3719:
3714:) in Spanish (
3705:
3698:A Basque Story
3695:
3682:
3679:Sidney Sheldon
3670:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3627:
3615:
3603:
3591:
3579:
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3342:
3332:
3310:
3284:
3276:
3263:Operación Ogro
3258:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3237:
3225:Asier ETA biok
3221:
3215:
3207:
3204:
3182:
3156:
3140:
3137:Fernando Buesa
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3079:
3068:
3067:
3066:
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3010:
2995:
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2977:Carrero Blanco
2951:
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2920:
2919:
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2905:
2898:
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2884:
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2763:European Union
2758:
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2713:
2712:
2701:
2694:
2683:
2676:
2659:
2650:
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2611:
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2549:Herri Batasuna
2521:
2518:
2509:European Union
2479:
2476:
2401:
2398:
2386:
2383:
2340:Basque Country
2316:
2313:
2308:Main article:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2283:
2272:
2268:
2233:
2232:
2225:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2191:
2184:
2177:Manuel Broseta
2173:
2164:
2145:People's Party
2137:
2130:
2115:
2100:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2030:
2027:
1982:People's Party
1868:
1865:
1855:
1854:2010 ceasefire
1852:
1823:In April 2009
1803:
1800:
1732:
1729:
1609:"kale borroka"
1476:Canary Islands
1445:Herri Batasuna
1398:
1395:
1352:
1349:
1263:
1260:
1226:Herri Batasuna
1167:
1164:
1144:Operación Ogro
1050:third-worldist
983:
980:
978:
975:
948:Euskobarometro
943:
940:
877:
874:
841:
840:Social support
838:
795:Aukera Guztiak
722:Herri Batasuna
698:
695:
648:("Standing").
559:cúpula militar
503:
500:
484:European Union
447:Basque culture
439:Basque Country
399:
398:
393:
389:
388:
353:European Union
343:
339:
338:
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325:
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315:
310:
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298:Herri Batasuna
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182:Izaskun Lesaka
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51:
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42:
33:
9:
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9285:
9279:
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9272:
9266:
9263:
9259:
9253:
9250:
9246:
9240:
9237:
9233:
9227:
9224:
9221:
9220:Burgos trials
9218:
9217:
9215:
9209:
9199:
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9194:
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9102:
9101:
9097:
9095:
9094:
9090:
9087:
9086:
9082:
9080:
9079:
9078:ETA Militarra
9074:
9073:
9069:
9068:
9066:
9063:
9051:
9041:
9038:
9036:
9033:
9032:
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8999:
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8993:
8989:
8988:
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8957:
8954:
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8923:
8912:
8900:
8896:
8889:
8884:
8882:
8877:
8875:
8870:
8869:
8866:
8860:
8858:
8853:
8852:
8842:
8836:
8825:
8820:
8817:
8813:
8812:
8791:
8790:
8789:El fin de ETA
8782:
8766:
8759:
8752:
8747:
8740:
8736:
8733:
8728:
8712:
8708:
8704:
8698:
8682:
8681:
8676:
8670:
8662:
8660:
8654:
8650:
8645:
8638:
8636:
8632:
8629:ofrecida for
8628:
8624:
8621:
8615:
8608:
8603:
8596:
8592:
8589:
8584:
8577:
8573:
8568:
8561:
8557:
8554:
8549:
8547:
8539:
8534:
8523:
8522:
8514:
8503:
8502:
8494:
8487:
8481:
8466:
8462:
8458:
8454:
8447:
8439:
8435:
8431:
8425:
8421:
8414:
8412:
8403:
8396:
8388:
8386:0-7475-3818-2
8382:
8378:
8374:
8367:
8359:
8353:
8349:
8348:HarperCollins
8345:
8341:
8335:
8328:
8322:
8315:
8310:
8295:
8289:
8285:
8284:
8276:
8269:
8265:
8260:
8244:
8240:
8234:
8225:
8221:
8215:
8200:
8196:
8190:
8174:
8170:
8164:
8157:
8152:
8145:
8141:
8138:
8133:
8126:
8122:
8119:
8114:
8098:
8094:
8090:
8084:
8077:
8072:
8065:
8061:
8057:
8054:
8049:
8042:
8037:
8030:
8026:
8005:
7998:
7993:
7990:
7985:
7978:
7973:
7957:
7953:
7948:
7940:
7938:
7929:
7925:
7921:
7917:
7913:
7909:
7902:
7886:
7882:
7876:
7860:
7856:
7850:
7834:
7830:
7824:
7808:
7804:
7800:
7794:
7778:
7774:
7770:
7764:
7748:
7747:The Economist
7744:
7738:
7736:
7734:
7718:. 2 July 1997
7717:
7713:
7707:
7691:
7687:
7681:
7665:
7661:
7655:
7639:
7635:
7631:
7624:
7608:
7604:
7598:
7582:
7578:
7574:
7567:
7551:
7547:
7540:
7532:
7528:
7524:
7518:
7503:. 25 May 2001
7502:
7498:
7492:
7484:
7480:
7474:
7466:
7462:
7455:
7439:
7435:
7429:
7413:
7409:
7403:
7401:
7385:
7384:
7379:
7372:
7356:
7352:
7346:
7330:
7326:
7319:
7303:
7299:
7292:
7285:
7280:
7265:
7259:
7255:
7254:
7247:
7239:
7238:
7233:
7226:
7218:
7217:
7212:
7205:
7189:
7185:
7178:
7162:
7156:
7155:
7148:
7132:
7128:
7122:
7106:
7102:
7096:
7089:. p. 18.
7088:
7087:
7079:
7063:
7059:
7055:
7049:
7040:
7035:
7031:
7024:
7008:
7004:
7000:
6994:
6986:
6979:
6970:
6965:
6961:
6957:
6953:
6946:
6944:
6935:
6931:
6927:
6926:
6919:
6910:
6905:
6901:
6897:
6893:
6886:
6884:
6867:
6863:
6859:
6852:
6836:
6832:
6826:
6810:
6806:
6802:
6796:
6780:
6776:
6770:
6754:
6750:
6746:
6740:
6724:
6720:
6716:
6710:
6702:
6698:
6692:
6690:
6688:
6671:
6667:
6661:
6645:
6641:
6635:
6619:
6615:
6611:
6604:
6588:
6584:
6577:
6562:
6558:
6551:
6549:
6547:
6531:on 1 May 2009
6530:
6526:
6522:
6516:
6508:
6504:
6498:
6490:
6486:
6480:
6472:
6468:
6462:
6454:
6450:
6446:
6440:
6431:
6427:
6423:
6417:
6409:
6405:
6399:
6384:
6380:
6373:
6357:
6353:
6347:
6339:
6335:
6328:
6321:
6316:
6300:
6296:
6290:
6275:
6269:
6265:
6264:
6256:
6240:
6236:
6230:
6214:
6210:
6204:
6188:
6184:
6178:
6171:
6166:
6162:
6156:
6149:
6144:
6140:
6134:
6119:
6115:
6109:
6107:
6090:
6086:
6080:
6064:
6060:
6056:
6050:
6042:
6036:
6020:
6016:
6010:
5994:
5990:
5984:
5976:
5969:
5961:
5959:84-8460-309-1
5955:
5951:
5947:
5946:Diego Carcedo
5941:
5939:
5923:
5919:
5916:(33): 55–96.
5915:
5911:
5904:
5896:
5890:
5886:
5879:
5871:
5865:
5861:
5854:
5846:
5840:
5836:
5829:
5827:
5811:
5805:
5798:
5797:
5789:
5787:
5785:
5776:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5761:"Chapter 4.3"
5755:
5747:
5741:
5737:
5736:
5728:
5712:
5708:
5702:
5686:
5682:
5675:
5659:
5655:
5648:
5633:
5632:San Sebastián
5629:
5625:
5618:
5603:on 7 May 2013
5602:
5598:
5592:
5573:
5566:
5560:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5530:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5499:
5497:
5480:
5476:
5470:
5454:
5450:
5444:
5442:
5425:
5421:
5414:
5406:
5400:
5396:
5395:
5387:
5385:
5383:
5374:
5372:0-224-06251-4
5368:
5364:
5360:
5359:Jonathan Cape
5356:
5352:
5346:
5330:
5326:
5321:
5314:
5312:
5295:
5291:
5285:
5278:
5274:
5271:
5266:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5236:
5229:
5225:
5222:
5217:
5209:
5203:
5199:
5192:
5181:
5180:
5172:
5164:
5158:
5154:
5147:
5139:
5133:
5129:
5122:
5120:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5089:
5074:
5070:
5064:
5049:
5045:
5039:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5016:
5000:
4999:LA VANGUARDIA
4996:
4990:
4988:
4980:
4975:
4968:
4964:
4959:
4952:
4947:
4945:
4929:. 26 May 2005
4928:
4924:
4918:
4909:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4885:
4870:
4866:
4860:
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4827:
4822:
4815:
4810:
4803:
4798:
4783:
4777:
4773:
4772:
4764:
4757:
4751:
4744:
4740:
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4726:
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4715:
4710:
4694:
4690:
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4678:
4662:
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4652:
4644:
4640:
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4614:
4608:
4606:
4589:
4585:
4579:
4577:
4575:
4558:
4552:
4545:
4540:
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4370:. 16 May 2019
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4099:
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4086:Goodman, Al.
4082:
4067:
4066:
4061:
4055:
4048:. p. 55.
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3997:
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3849:[eta]
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3624:Borga Cabeaga
3621:
3620:
3616:
3613:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3601:
3600:Daniel Monzón
3598:("Cell 211",
3597:
3596:
3592:
3589:
3588:Gorka Merchán
3585:
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3514:Días contados
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3498:Antton Eceiza
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3353:Mikel Lejarza
3349:
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3333:
3329:
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3320:
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3316:Proceso a ETA
3311:
3308:
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3290:
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3281:
3277:
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3270:
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3259:
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3253:
3252:
3243:
3242:
3241:El fin de ETA
3238:
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3212:
3208:
3205:
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3175:Eterio Ortega
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3034:Yugoslav Wars
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2944:Maria McGuire
2942:. IRA member
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2119:Javier Ybarra
2116:
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2105:
2104:Guardia Civil
2101:
2098:
2094:
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2065:
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2045:
2044:Arnaldo Otegi
2040:
2038:
2037:
2026:
2024:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1978:Mariano Rajoy
1974:
1971:
1965:
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1814:Kosovo status
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1574:habeas corpus
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1455:Mesa de Argel
1450:
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1439:
1435:
1429:
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1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1394:
1392:
1391:press freedom
1388:
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1357:
1348:
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1341:
1336:
1332:
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1318:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1304:investigative
1300:
1299:
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1287:
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1277:
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1269:
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1149:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1115:Burgos trials
1112:
1111:secret police
1108:
1104:
1100:
1099:Guardia Civil
1093:
1088:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1065:Amara station
1061:
1059:
1055:
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1047:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1002:
998:
994:
989:
974:
972:
968:
963:
960:
955:
953:
949:
942:Opinion polls
939:
937:
933:
929:
925:
922:
919:
914:
911:
910:San Sebastián
905:
903:
899:
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888:
883:
873:
871:
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863:
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846:
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826:
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796:
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758:
753:
751:
750:Arnaldo Otegi
745:
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715:
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480:United States
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471:Bietan jarrai
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386:United States
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80: –
79:
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74:Find sources:
68:
64:
58:
57:
52:This article
50:
46:
41:
40:
37:
30:
19:
9915:Fuerza Nueva
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9796:
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9782:
9775:
9763:
9751:
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9732:
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9713:
9701:
9694:
9481:(1989–1990)
9195:
9188:
9181:
9174:
9167:
9160:
9153:
9131:
9124:
9119:Kale borroka
9117:
9110:
9098:
9093:Iparretarrak
9091:
9083:
9076:
9071:
9070:
9003:Spanish Army
8990:
8942:Participants
8856:
8840:
8808:Bibliography
8794:, retrieved
8788:
8781:
8769:. Retrieved
8758:
8746:
8727:
8715:. Retrieved
8711:the original
8706:
8697:
8685:. Retrieved
8678:
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8644:
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8614:
8602:
8583:
8567:
8533:
8520:
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8500:
8493:
8480:
8468:. Retrieved
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8366:
8343:
8334:
8321:
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8297:. Retrieved
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8267:
8259:
8247:. Retrieved
8242:
8233:
8224:the original
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8202:. Retrieved
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8189:
8177:. Retrieved
8172:
8163:
8151:
8132:
8113:
8101:. Retrieved
8097:the original
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8071:
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8036:
8011:. Retrieved
8004:the original
7988:
7984:
7972:
7960:. Retrieved
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7907:
7901:
7889:. Retrieved
7885:El Imparcial
7884:
7875:
7863:. Retrieved
7858:
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7837:. Retrieved
7832:
7823:
7811:. Retrieved
7807:the original
7802:
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7706:
7694:. Retrieved
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7668:. Retrieved
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7654:
7642:. Retrieved
7638:the original
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7611:. Retrieved
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7581:the original
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7566:
7554:. Retrieved
7550:The Guardian
7549:
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7531:the original
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7505:. Retrieved
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7454:
7442:. Retrieved
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7387:. Retrieved
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7359:. Retrieved
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7345:
7333:. Retrieved
7329:The Guardian
7328:
7318:
7306:. Retrieved
7302:The Guardian
7301:
7291:
7279:
7267:. Retrieved
7252:
7246:
7237:The Guardian
7235:
7225:
7216:The Guardian
7214:
7204:
7192:. Retrieved
7190:(in Spanish)
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7177:
7165:. Retrieved
7152:
7147:
7135:. Retrieved
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7121:
7109:. Retrieved
7104:
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7068:26 September
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6809:the original
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6781:(in Spanish)
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6769:
6757:. Retrieved
6753:the original
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6727:. Retrieved
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6709:
6701:The Guardian
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6674:. Retrieved
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6648:. Retrieved
6644:the original
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5997:. Retrieved
5992:
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5813:. Retrieved
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5715:. Retrieved
5710:
5701:
5689:. Retrieved
5687:(in Spanish)
5684:
5674:
5662:. Retrieved
5660:(in Spanish)
5657:
5647:
5635:. Retrieved
5627:
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5605:. Retrieved
5601:the original
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5517:. Retrieved
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5479:the original
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5426:(in Spanish)
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5393:
5363:Random House
5354:
5345:
5333:. Retrieved
5324:
5298:. Retrieved
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5249:the original
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5102:the original
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5003:. Retrieved
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4695:. 2 May 2018
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4468:
4456:. Retrieved
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2020:
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9505:Vic bombing
9008:Civil Guard
8717:18 November
8687:18 November
8470:13 February
8377:Corgi Books
8204:29 November
8013:17 December
7587:31 December
7444:29 November
6872:21 December
6676:24 December
6245:21 December
6219:21 December
6095:29 November
6069:29 November
6025:29 November
5245:Euskadi.net
5078:21 December
5053:21 December
5005:29 November
4594:5 September
3746:de_Inferno
3729:Video games
3619:Bomb Scared
3562:Esos cielos
3508:Mario Camus
3484:Ander y Yul
3267:(Operation
3160:Perseguidos
3153:Julio Medem
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2478:French role
2464:Ezker Batua
2431:(LAB), and
2364:Gendarmerie
2001: [
1927:Gerry Adams
1923:Pierre Joxe
1913:of Ireland
1472:reinsertion
1447:signed the
1185:During the
1170:During the
1150:of Admiral
1021:instead of
574:safe houses
562:("military
9994:Categories
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9212:Chronology
8992:Ertzaintza
8919:2011-10-21
8908:1959-07-31
8833:(119
8438:1247684111
8299:30 January
8029:¡Basta Ya!
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7954:. London.
7891:30 January
7865:30 January
7839:30 January
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7269:30 January
6841:19 October
6815:18 October
6624:20 October
6535:30 January
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6118:Público.es
5999:30 January
5717:21 October
5581:23 October
5549:23 October
5485:23 October
5459:23 October
5357:. London:
5335:21 October
5300:21 October
5108:30 January
4804:in Spanish
4787:30 January
4623:20 October
4563:16 January
4509:. London.
4297:19 January
4291:Eusko News
4045:Saferworld
3884:References
3708:Fatherland
3535:The Jackal
3003:explosives
2726:, France.
2717:connivance
2698:Udalbiltza
2433:Askatasuna
2416:Abertzalea
2108:Ertzaintza
1946:Tony Blair
1907:Kofi Annan
1806:See also:
1532:Askatasuna
1329:. Premier
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986:See also:
488:terrorists
435:separatist
407:ETA emblem
119:April 2024
89:newspapers
8767:. Netflix
8465:1134-6582
8243:The Times
7928:153856551
7188:El Diario
7167:5 October
7058:La Gaceta
6964:0362-4331
6904:0362-4331
6650:5 January
6305:11 August
5922:1131-5350
5453:El Correo
5030:858354060
4802:Party Law
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4179:Goiz Argi
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3271:, 1979),
3059:the Mafia
3001:to steal
2970:Rotterdam
2948:revolvers
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2786:Unai Fano
2538:furloughs
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2385:Financing
2375:Capbreton
2348:Catalonia
2275:Extortion
2229:car bombs
2147:(PP) and
2085:Balmaseda
2036:El Diario
1911:Taoiseach
1909:, former
1424:In 1986,
1419:Barcelona
1195:sanctuary
614:liberados
594:commandos
537:Zuba-hits
502:Structure
342:Opponents
262:Factions:
178:David Pla
160:'s symbol
9981:Category
9727:Batzarre
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9112:Irrintzi
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8735:Archived
8707:RioNegro
8680:El Mundo
8623:Archived
8591:Archived
8556:Archived
8342:(1998).
8249:27 March
8140:Archived
8121:Archived
8056:Archived
7962:27 March
7956:Archived
7833:BBC News
7577:La Razón
7552:. London
7501:BBC News
7483:BBC News
7412:BBC News
7361:27 March
7355:BBC News
7331:. London
7304:. London
7131:BBC News
7105:BBC News
7013:14 April
6934:Archived
6930:Euronews
6835:El Mundo
6785:23 March
6759:23 March
6749:Interviu
6729:23 March
6566:27 March
6471:El Mundo
6388:29 April
6356:BBC News
6299:euronews
6279:5 August
6035:cite web
5993:BBC News
5948:(2004).
5711:El Mundo
5519:9 August
5353:(2004).
5329:Archived
5273:Archived
5255:14 April
5224:Archived
5026:ProQuest
4967:El Mundo
4927:BBC News
4874:14 April
4843:BBC News
4743:La Razón
4734:Archived
4661:BBC News
4643:BBC News
4617:BBC News
4588:BBC News
4517:27 March
4511:Archived
4484:27 March
4401:Archived
4368:BBC News
4204:Archived
4182:Archived
4098:Archived
3854:Spanish:
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3007:Brittany
2936:Strela 2
2916:Irrintzi
2888:Iraultza
2765:and the
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2665:and the
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2250:Titadyne
2069:Ertzaina
2048:EH Bildu
2010:Le Monde
1896:Real IRA
1818:Scotland
1676:football
1600:Y Groups
1570:coroners
1540:Senideak
1403:car bomb
1298:El Mundo
1123:commuted
1058:Vasconia
921:cardinal
918:Filipino
714:Batasuna
629:quemados
432:far-left
293:Batasuna
244:Ideology
9824:Auzolan
9650:(2009)
9637:(2009)
9624:(2008)
9611:(2006)
9598:(2001)
9585:(2000)
9572:(1997)
9559:(1995)
9546:(1993)
9533:(1992)
9520:(1991)
9507:(1991)
9494:(1990)
9468:(1987)
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9436:(1986)
9423:(1985)
9410:(1984)
9397:(1983)
9384:(1982)
9371:(1980)
9358:(1980)
9345:(1980)
9332:(1980)
9319:(1980)
9306:(1979)
9293:(1978)
9280:(1978)
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9241:(1974)
9228:(1973)
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8906: (
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8283:The IRA
8270:, 2006.
8062:at the
8027:in the
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6593:27 June
6507:El País
6489:El País
6338:Reuters
6193:19 June
5927:8 March
5815:27 June
5691:19 June
5685:El País
5664:25 June
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5637:24 June
5628:El País
5430:25 June
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4693:Reuters
4688:Reuters
4667:7 April
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4333:29 July
4071:8 March
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2802:Europol
2732:Andoain
2472:EAJ-PNV
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2410:leftist
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2304:Attacks
2261:mortars
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2059:Victims
1702:Hernani
1653:Majorca
1461:Algiers
1434:Ordizia
1361:torture
1203:Spanish
1046:Marxist
1042:Bayonne
1023:Euskadi
977:History
967:Navarre
870:torture
608:legalak
602:legales
584:garrets
514:of 2006
416:acronym
308:FLB-ARB
166:Leaders
103:scholar
9734:Aralar
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9222:(1970)
9026:France
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8635:Atlapa
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1769:Berria
1714:Madrid
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1604:minors
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1566:Madrid
1407:Madrid
1148:Madrid
1033:means
1019:Aberri
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7507:2 May
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8434:OCLC
8424:ISBN
8402:Muga
8381:ISBN
8352:ISBN
8301:2011
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8251:2010
8206:2014
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7310:2010
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4073:2020
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3411:IMDb
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