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Renaissance literature, while the 17th century was influenced by both
Baroque and Jacobean forms. The 18th century progressed into a period known as the Enlightenment Era for many western countries. This period of military and political advancement influenced the style of literature created by French, Russian and Spanish literary figures. The 19th century was known as the Romantic era, in which the style of writing was influenced by the political issues of the century, and differed from the previous classicist form.
1480:
1527:
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1538:(1701–1714) led to the French control over Spain. This influenced their cultural identity and, therefore, the Enlightenment period held an impact on Spanish literature in the 18th century. The court of Madrid during the 18th century saw an increase in influence from the French and the Italian, with literary influences derived increasingly from authors during the English Enlightenment period. English authors who are stated to hold influence on Spanish "Ilustrados" include
1500:, rejected the Jewish and Christian religions for their lack of depth in teaching. Spinoza discussed higher levels of philosophy in his treatise, which he suggested was only understood by elitists. This text is one of many during this period which attributed to the increasing "anti-religious" support during the time of Enlightenment. Although the book held great influence, other writers of the time rejected Spinoza's views, including theologian Lambert van Valthuysen.
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1702:, detested being grouped into a "category" of writing. Therefore, Italy was home to many isolated literary figures, with no unambiguous meaning for the term "Romanticism" itself. This was explained in the writings of Pietro Borsieri, in which he depicted the term Romanticism as being a literary movement that was self-defined by the writers. Contrastingly, it was noted by writers of the time, including
1779:
1390:
literary figures, metaphysical referring to a branch of philosophy which tries to bring meaning to and explain reality using broader and larger concepts. In order to do this, the use of literary features including conceits was common, in which the writer makes obscure comparisons in order to convey a
1619:
During the 18th century, Russia was experiencing expansions in military and geographical control, a key facet of the
Enlightenment period. This is reflected in the literature of the time period. Satire and the panegyric had influenced the development of Russian literature as seen in the Russian
1215:
during the early modern era to hold influence over the
English literature of the time. Author Paul Cefalu claims this form of "high Christology" was seen in the writings of John Donne, when he states that the "Gospel of Saint John containes all Divinity". However, it is argued by author P. M. Oliver
1508:
The time of enlightenment and advancement meant that both sacred and secular authors were pushing women to be at a higher level of literary knowledgeability. France was attempting to improve the education of young women and therefore have this be seen as a reflection of the advancement of society.
1462:
was a time of progression which spanned over the 18th century across many western countries. Upon recent years, this time of "enlightenment" was split into two degrees of progression, both a "moderate" and "radical" form, and was observed to be less harmonious across regions in its nature than
798:
and the relative importance of its defining characteristics. Different literary periods held great influence on the literature of
Western and European countries, with movements and political changes impacting the prose and poetry of the period. The 16th Century is known for the creation of
1173:
literature, being "hymnic, densely troped and symbolic, structured, inspired", became the inspiration for many poets of the period. A group of poets bloomed from this reformation, the rejection of the Pope and moving away from Roman
Catholic Church. Amongst these were the most significant
1863:
British 19th-century
Romanticism developed literature which focused on the "self-organisation of living beings, their growth and adaption into their environments and the creative spark that inspired the physical system to perform complex functions". There are observed close ties between
1653:
value. Longinus described the literary devices that the sublime creates as those that allowed the reader to experience something similar to the speaker. He had created a style of language that was not used to persuade, but merely to transport the reader into the mind of the speaker.
1760:. The one facet which held Italy together during this time of political disunity was the poetry and writings of the time period, as suggested by Berchet. The desire for freedom and the sense of "national redemption" is reflected heavily in the works of Italian Romantics, including
1725:
did classify themselves as
Romantics, however they were critiqued by others, including Gina Martegiani, who wrote in her essay "Il Romanticismo Italiano Non Esiste" of 1908 that the authors who considered themselves Romantics only created two-dimensional imitations of the works of
1263:, published on January 15, 1549, after being accepted by the House of Lords. The book, due to the political and authoritative changes of the time of the reformation, attempted to provide a "compromise" between Protestant and Roman Catholic beliefs. The author of the book,
1201:
The narrative which grew more prominent in
English literature due to this movement towards Johannine theology incorporated an increase of spiritual themes, with "supernatural forces" and an "enchantment narrative" guiding the writings of the time.
1901:
articulated how the lack of restriction, and ample artistic liberty and freedom seen through the artworks of
Raphael inspired poets of the Romantic era. Michelangelo's artworks, which "embodied the sublime", were reflected in the literature of
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and disregards the materialistic and human aspect acknowledged in
Catholic texts. It has been argued that the writings of Saint John the Evangelist, which was considered an integral part of Johannine theology, coincided with
1517:
all shared the same role of shaping young French women to lead successful and progressive lives. However, this form of education for women during the 18th century has been observed to be more oppressive than empowering.
1432:
was a prominent metaphysical poet of the 17th century. Donne's poetry explored the pleasures of life through strong use of conceits and emotive language. Donne adopted a more simplistic vernacular compared to the common
1884:
and culture during a time "when Britain was struggling to prove the value of its own visual culture". The art gave inspiration and "shaped the aesthetic" of Romantic literature for writers including the likes of author
1566:
movement of the 18th century through drama and poetic forms of literature. Only until the 20th century, however, was the Spanish Enlightenment period properly acknowledged by scholars, with past research regarding the
1470:
that the "Moderate Enlightenment preaches balance, order and religious compromise", whereas the "Revolutionary Enlightenment" attempted to "construct a new heaven and earth out of the destruction of the old".
1348:
influence which only began to be rejected during the Enlightenment period of the 18th century. European poetry during the 17th century tended to meditate on or reference the scriptures and teachings of the
1828:
There was known to be two waves of British Romantic authors; Coleridge and Wordsworth were grouped into the first wave, while a more radical and "aggressive" second wave of authors included the likes of
1227:, which is a form of poem easily distinguishable by its fourteen-line form with a structured rhyme format; and the pastoral mode, a genre of literature which is significantly attributed to English poet
1837:. Due to the adamant aggression of Byron in his poetic works which advocated for an anti-violence revolution and world in which equality existed, a form of fictional character was born named the "
1426:, in which the poet uses "unorthodox language" to describe a relatable concept. It is beneficial when trying to bring light to concepts that are difficult to explain with more common imagery.
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1509:
This led to the emergence of a new genre of literature in 18th-century France of books of conduct for girls and unmarried women. Pieces by authors including Marie-Antoinette Lenoir,
1297:
forms of literature was partly due to the increase in contact that Spain gained to other European nations including Italy. During this time, a prominent Spanish poet arose named
3631:
1317:, and was used as inspiration by subsequent poets of the time. Garcilaso integrated a variety of mythological allusions into his works, in which he took inspiration from the
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for literature was at its pinnacle during the 19th century and was a period which influenced western literature. Italian writers of the 19th century, including the likes of
1803:. These revolutions birthed a new genre of authors and poets who used their literature to convey their distaste for authority. This is seen in the works of poet and artist
3641:
1466:
Literature has been produced to comment on the different versions of "Enlightenment" that spawned across Europe during the 18th century. Henry Farnham stated in his book
1445:" in which the flea is utilised to describe the bond between Donne and his lover, explaining how just as multiple bloods are within one flea, their bond is inseparable.
1868:, a concept which was experiencing innovation during the 19th century, and Romantic English literature. British Romanticism also had influences from 13th-/16th-century
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The Spanish Enlightenment held impact on women in Spain, with more women publishing literature, becoming members as well as subscribers to publications including the
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integrated in his poetry. He used themes of religion, death and love to inspire the conceits he constructed. A famous conceit is observed in his well-known poem "
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3513:
1841:", who is known to be rebellious in character. The Byronic hero "pervades much of his work" and Byron is considered a reflection of the character he created.
1418:. These poets used wit and high intellectual standards while drawing from nature to reveal insights about emotion and rejected the romantic attributes of the
1706:, how Italian Romantics were merely mimicking the trends seen in foreign nations in a hasty way which lacked the depth of foreign writers. Authors including
4853:
1645:". The "sublime" was the linkage between Spanish Neoclassical poetry and Romantic poetry prevalent during the 18th century, and was a concept of literary,
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1580:
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Prominent forms of literature which shaped and contributed to this era of Reformation include significantly structured prose and poetry, including the
1216:
that the theology which was indoctrinated in the poetry of revelatory poets including John Donne was expanded on and created by the poets themselves.
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spanned over the course of the 16th century and was a time of development and acceleration in the arts and literature in Spain. This acceleration of
787:, and is shaped by the periods in which they were conceived, with each period containing prominent western authors, poets, and pieces of literature.
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2228:
1711:
1856:. However, there were poets who rejected the notion of mythological inspiration, including Coleridge, who preferred to take inspiration from the
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Spanish literature of the 18th century, apart from being influenced by the Enlightenment period, was influenced by the literary concept of the "
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to birth a more analytical and introspective form of writing. A common literary device during the 17th century was the use of metaphysical
1872:
as a consequence of British artists who resided in Italy during the time of Bonaparte's invasion dealing paintings to London clients from
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1231:, who created collections of poetry which portrays an idealistic version of rural living. Spenser has been "dubbed 'the English
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2403:"Spain Then and Now | Spain Then and Now. An overview of the history, literature, architecture, art and culture of Spain"
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The poetry of the Romantic era of Italy was focused greatly on the motif of nature. Romantic poets drew inspiration from
17:
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3043:
2885:
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2193:
Donne, John; King, Henry; Clarendon, Edward Hyde, first earl of; , Edward Hyde (2013-11-28). Colclough, David (ed.).
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1745:, while poets of this time period also sought to create a sense of unity within the country with their writings.
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of 1799, the term "Risorgimento" was used in the context of a movement of "national redemption" as stated by
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Significant texts from 16th-century early modern England were primarily religious in context and include:
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White, Stephen L (2003). "The Book of Common Prayer and the Standardization of the English Language".
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The Oxford Edition of the Sermons of John Donne, Vol. 3: Sermons Preached at the Court of Charles I
1734:
1402:, and during 1779 its meaning was extended to represent a group of poets of the time, then called "
1357:'s "The Holy Scriptures (II)", in which Herbert relies heavily on biblical ligatures to create his
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957:
665:
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3808:
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Cavendish, Richard (1999). "The First Book of Common Prayer January 15th, 1549 (Brief Article)".
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1770:, in which a man was forced to commit suicide due to the political persecutions of his country.
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forms originally used in Spain with Italian meters and stanza forms. The poet was influenced by
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Europe from 1700 to 1714, during the time of the Spanish Succession and the Enlightenment era
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832:
586:
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1889:. The diversity and lack of standard seen in the work of infamous Italian artists including
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and poetic literature within western regions, most prominently in England during the early
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allowed Romantic writers to celebrate new forms and ways of expression. English essayist
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2011:
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794:. The list of works in the Western canon varies according to the critic's opinions on
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2484:"Judaism in the Anti-Religious Thought of the Clandestine French Early Enlightenment"
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2015:
2003:
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diction, with imagery derived mainly from God. Donne was known for the metaphysical
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1993:
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1554:. New takes on literature began to emerge during this time, led by poets including
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is claimed to be most significant, contributed to the development of 19th-century
1591:. Numerous women who contributed to the Spanish Enlightenment period include poet
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seen in foreign nations within his work, and was able to, therefore, replace the
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81:
35:
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2085:
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1415:
1411:
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Literature written in the context of Western culture in the languages of Europe
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2007:
1804:
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1154:
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138:
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2859:
2858:
Muñoz-Basols, Javier; Lonsdale, Laura; Delgado, Manuel, eds. (2017-03-16).
2753:
2483:
2158:"The Johannine Renaissance in Early Modern English Literature and Theology"
1890:
1886:
1838:
1738:
1547:
1543:
1383:
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3271:
British Romanticism and the Reception of Italian Old Master Art, 1793–1840
3035:
2869:
2649:
2632:
2499:
2308:
2037:
Biblical readings and literary writings in early modern England, 1558-1625
1998:
1807:, who used primarily philosophical and biblical themes in his poetry, and
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1873:
1869:
1761:
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Political disunity was prevalent in 19th-century Italy, reflected in the
1691:
1399:
1395:
1387:
1267:, assisted in creating a standard version of the modern English language.
102:
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1407:
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1981:
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was prevalent in the works of British Romantic poets including Byron,
1496:, an anonymously published treatise in Amsterdam in which the author,
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4385:
4347:
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3754:
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293:
3061:"Risorgimento and Literature: The Post-Risorgimento Novel in Sicily"
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2429:
2107:
1910:, with constant analogies being made at the time comparing the two.
1825:
is claimed to have "marked the beginning of the Romantic Movement".
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4320:
4148:
4063:
4002:
3965:
2445:
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1865:
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1186:, and constituted a group of poets known as "revelatory poetics".
4718:
4573:
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1894:
1438:
1423:
2192:
4738:
3307:
2974:"The Literary Sublime in Spain: Melendez Valdes and Espronceda"
1358:
1314:
1306:
1286:
1232:
1224:
112:
2813:
The Spanish Bourbons : the history of a tenacious dynasty
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1857:
1686:, 1840–1842. Considered one of the greatest works of Manzoni.
1350:
1345:
1337:
1294:
1290:
1207:
802:
Western literature includes written works in many languages:
117:
107:
2633:"An Analysis of Metaphysical Conceits in John Donne's Poems"
1490:
Significant texts which shaped this literary period include
1333:
The Bible, displayed in Malmesbury Abbey, Wiltshire, England
4833:
2857:
1880:
Italian periods. The exposure to these artworks influenced
1162:
2430:"Mythological Themes in the Works of Garcilaso de la Vega"
3227:
Romantic autopsy : literary form and medical reading
1676:
The frontispiece of the second edition of a novel titled
1386:
period of 17th-century England gave birth to a group of
4818:
2108:"Key Aspects of Romantic Poetics in Italian Literature"
1250:
The works of Boscán and Garcilaso de la Vega in 4 books
790:
The best of Western literature is considered to be the
2072:
Zorin, Andrei (1998). "Faced with a Difficult Test".
30:
For the literary genre featuring stories set on the
1860:to produce significantly religious-inspired works.
1787:, by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge
2033:
1235:'" due to his influence on this particular genre.
4931:
3027:Classicism and Romanticism in Italian Literature
2428:Rey, Arsenio; Cammarata, Joan (September 1984).
3052:
2775:Conduct books for girls in enlightenment France
1161:attempted to separate their notoriety with the
2682:
1136:
3730:
3716:
3334:
3223:
3154:"The classic and medieval influence in Keats"
749:
2834:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2717:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2427:
2310:Spenser and Virgil : the pastoral poems
2227:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1986:SEL: Studies in English Literature 1500–1900
2683:HerausgeberIn., Ducheyne, Steffen. (2017).
1982:"Recent Studies in the English Renaissance"
1378:Portrait of English metaphysical John Donne
1242:The Great Bible, edited by Myles Coverdale.
1206:theology focused on the "divine" nature of
3723:
3709:
3341:
3327:
3023:
2861:The Routledge Companion to Iberian Studies
2771:
2563:Donne, John (1633), Gardner, Helen (ed.),
2341:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
756:
742:
2648:
2481:
2358:
1997:
1571:period as a "time of foreign imitation".
1153:was the time of reformation, in which a "
2971:
2088:– via Taylor & Francis Online.
1777:
1671:
1610:
1525:
1478:
1373:
1328:
1243:
1188:
1165:and move away from the teachings of the
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3058:
2637:Theory and Practice in Language Studies
1784:Lyrical Ballads, with a few other poems
1620:literary figures of the time including
14:
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3261:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3219:
3217:
3190:"The Oldest Dead White European Males"
3129:
2923:
2921:
2678:
2676:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2354:
2352:
2302:
2300:
2155:
3704:
3322:
3267:
3019:
3017:
3015:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2927:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2805:
2803:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2738:. New York: Oxford University Press.
2686:Reassessing the radical enlightenment
2626:
2624:
2622:
2562:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2377:
2367:: 52 – via MasterFILE Complete.
2275:
2273:
2151:
2149:
2105:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2071:
2067:
2065:
1979:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1920:Persian literature in Western culture
3187:
2306:
2241:
2205:10.1093/actrade/9780199565481.book.1
2029:
2027:
2025:
1453:
1406:". Major poets of the time included
1157:aesthetic" was developed, while the
3252:
3214:
2918:
2731:
2689:. Routledge, Taylor & Francis.
2673:
2535:"Glossary Definition: Metaphysical"
2522:
2349:
2297:
24:
3152:Sharkey, Kathleen Frances (1942).
3059:Consolo, Vincenzo (January 2003).
3024:Camilletti, Fabio A (2015-10-06).
3012:
2960:
2842:
2809:
2800:
2760:
2630:
2619:
2551:
2468:
2390:
2270:
2170:10.1093/oso/9780198808718.001.0001
2146:
2092:
2062:
1962:
1819:", whose literature including the
25:
4961:
4914:Western European and Others Group
3300:
3107:"Italian literature | Britannica"
2902:"Spanish literature | Britannica"
2022:
1937:
1562:, who contributed greatly to the
3306:
2313:. J. B. Lethbridge. Manchester.
1791:Historical events including the
1767:The Last Letters of Jacopo Ortis
725:
3181:
3145:
3123:
3099:
2928:Zorin, Andrei (December 1998).
2894:
2725:
2488:Journal of the History of Ideas
2421:
2371:
1662:
1657:
1448:
1364:
1324:
1131:
3130:Graham, Peter (October 2001).
2972:Mandrell, James (March 1991).
2577:10.1093/oseo/instance.00007224
2235:
2186:
1631:
1615:Portrait of Feofan Prokopovich
1493:Tractatus Theologico-Politicus
1484:Tractatus Theologico-Politicus
1474:
13:
1:
3268:McCue, Maureen (2016-05-23).
2934:Russian Studies in Literature
2930:"Faced with a Difficult Test"
2074:Russian Studies in Literature
1930:
1391:message or persuade a point.
1271:
3188:Knox, Bernard (1992-05-25).
2810:D., Bergamini, John (1974).
2735:The Enlightenment in America
2569:John Donne: The Divine Poems
1560:Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos
1468:The Enlightenment in America
1369:
7:
3230:. Oxford University Press.
3132:"Byron and Greek Mythology"
2772:Berenguier, Nadine (2016).
2571:, Oxford University Press,
2199:. Oxford University Press.
2156:Cefalu, Paul (2017-10-19).
2040:. Oxford University Press.
2034:Brownlee, Victoria (2018).
1913:
1137:Renaissance and Reformation
696:List of years in literature
10:
4966:
2946:10.2753/rsl1061-1975350128
2631:Du, Jiapeng (2021-08-01).
2086:10.2753/RSL1061-1975350128
1773:
1636:
1624:, Kantemir, Derzhavin and
1556:Ignacio de Luzán Claramunt
1521:
1353:, an example being orator
1141:
779:written in the context of
691:History of science fiction
29:
4684:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance
4664:
4582:
4419:
4254:
4125:Standard Average European
3993:
3822:
3742:
3650:
3612:
3354:
3139:Messolonghi Byron Society
3077:10.1179/itc.2003.21.1.149
2162:Oxford Scholarship Online
1980:Bates, Catherine (2019).
1606:
1536:War of Spanish Succession
1503:
1321:of the mid-16th century.
1313:imagery and the works of
1045:Northern Irish literature
1000:Latin American literature
602:Indian writing in English
4824:Lancaster House Treaties
4314:Christian existentialism
4274:Ancient Roman philosophy
4264:Ancient Greek philosophy
2609:|[sic]date=
2482:Sutcliffe, Adam (2003).
2285:2012books.lardbucket.org
1667:
1276:
1015:Luxembourgian literature
958:Ancient Greek literature
321:North and South American
4945:Literature by continent
4602:Equality before the law
3809:Romano-Germanic culture
2281:"The Sixteenth Century"
1949:Encyclopædia Britannica
1809:Samuel Taylor Coleridge
1515:Anne-Thérèse de Lambert
4764:Eastern European Group
4353:Continental philosophy
4284:Judeo-Christian ethics
4269:Hellenistic philosophy
3750:Cradle of civilization
3397:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3224:Hegele, Arden (2022).
3169:Cite journal requires
2732:May, Henry F. (1976).
2307:Pugh, Syrithe (2016).
2106:Betti, Franco (1997).
1788:
1764:, who wrote the story
1687:
1616:
1576:Semanario de Salamanca
1531:
1487:
1379:
1334:
1253:
1198:
1040:New Zealand literature
4884:Three Seas Initiative
4859:Pacific Islands Forum
4724:British–Irish Council
4472:Greek Orthodox Church
3931:Industrial Revolution
3901:Scientific Revolution
3280:10.4324/9781315570280
3036:10.4324/9781315655192
2870:10.4324/9781315709895
2650:10.17507/tpls.1108.12
2500:10.1353/jhi.2003.0019
2242:P.M., OLIVER (2020).
1999:10.1353/sel.2019.0009
1815:, also known as the "
1781:
1754:Neapolitan Revolution
1675:
1614:
1569:Spanish Enlightenment
1529:
1482:
1377:
1332:
1260:Book of Common Prayer
1247:
1195:Book of Common Prayer
1192:
1167:Roman Catholic Church
1060:Portuguese literature
1020:Macedonian literature
1010:Lithuanian literature
848:Belarusian literature
833:Australian literature
732:Literature portal
701:Literature by country
45:History of literature
4879:Special Relationship
4289:Christian philosophy
4234:Western Christianity
3896:Age of Enlightenment
3770:Hellenistic Kingdoms
3315:at Wikimedia Commons
1945:"Western literature"
1835:Percy Bysshe Shelley
1601:MarĂa Gertrudis Hore
1463:previously thought.
1299:Garcilaso de la Vega
1151:early modern England
1115:Ukrainian literature
1050:Norwegian literature
990:Kashubian literature
975:Icelandic literature
970:Hungarian literature
893:Colombian literature
873:Bulgarian literature
863:Brazilian literature
828:Aromanian literature
823:Argentine literature
716:Intellectual history
49:by region or country
4950:European literature
4904:West Nordic Council
4769:Eastern Partnership
4358:Analytic philosophy
4059:Classical tradition
3881:Early modern period
3837:Classical antiquity
3832:European Bronze Age
3613:States with limited
3349:European literature
3313:European literature
2565:"Occassional Poems"
1925:Oceanian literature
1831:George Gordon Byron
1801:British Romanticism
1795:, within which the
1793:European Revolution
1398:was coined by poet
1319:Italian Renaissance
1252:, published in 1543
1075:Scottish literature
1065:Romanian literature
1035:Moldovan literature
965:Georgian literature
923:Estonian literature
888:Croatian literature
878:Canadian literature
838:Austrian literature
818:American literature
813:Armenian literature
808:Albanian literature
785:languages of Europe
773:European literature
18:European literature
4363:Post-structuralism
4326:Christian humanism
3956:Universal suffrage
3111:www.britannica.com
2906:www.britannica.com
2607:Unknown parameter
2407:Spain Then and Now
1882:British literature
1813:William Wordsworth
1789:
1700:Alessandro Manzoni
1688:
1684:Alessandro Manzoni
1622:Feofan Prokopovich
1617:
1532:
1488:
1420:Elizabethan period
1404:metaphysical poets
1380:
1335:
1283:Spanish Golden Age
1254:
1199:
1125:Yiddish literature
1105:Swedish literature
1100:Spanish literature
1095:Sorbian literature
1090:Slovene literature
1080:Serbian literature
1070:Russian literature
1030:Mexican literature
1025:Maltese literature
1005:Latvian literature
985:Italian literature
933:Finnish literature
928:Faroese literature
918:English literature
898:Cypriot literature
883:Catalan literature
868:British literature
858:Bosnian literature
853:Belgian literature
769:Western literature
706:History of theatre
4927:
4926:
4754:Council of Europe
4656:International law
4609:Constitutionalism
4467:Eastern Orthodoxy
3973:Post–Cold War era
3906:Age of Revolution
3760:Greco-Roman world
3698:
3697:
3311:Media related to
3289:978-1-315-57028-0
3237:978-0-19-284834-5
2785:978-1-315-57334-2
2696:978-1-138-28004-5
2586:978-0-19-811836-7
2320:978-1-5261-0389-5
2255:978-0-367-66667-5
2214:978-0-19-956548-1
2179:978-0-19-880871-8
2047:978-0-19-881248-7
1797:French revolution
1708:Ludovico di Breme
1460:Enlightenment era
1454:Enlightenment era
1344:, had a distinct
1221:Spenserian stanza
1159:Church of England
1085:Slovak literature
1055:Polish literature
948:German literature
943:Gaelic literature
938:French literature
908:Danish literature
843:Basque literature
766:
765:
678:
677:
609:
608:
398:
397:
316:
315:
284:Poststructuralism
251:Matter of Britain
151:
150:
32:American frontier
16:(Redirected from
4957:
4799:EU Customs Union
4331:Secular humanism
4279:Christian ethics
4229:East–West Schism
4212:Physical culture
3936:Great Divergence
3886:Age of Discovery
3725:
3718:
3711:
3702:
3701:
3651:Dependencies and
3355:Sovereign states
3343:
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3329:
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3194:The New Republic
3185:
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2190:
2184:
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2153:
2144:
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2103:
2090:
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2069:
2060:
2059:
2031:
2020:
2019:
2001:
1977:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1941:
1878:High Renaissance
1723:Giovanni Berchet
1720:
1597:Frasquita Larrea
1593:Margarita Hickey
1589:
1581:Diario de Madrid
1303:literary devices
1213:Pauline theology
1197:, published 1549
1120:Welsh literature
1110:Swiss literature
995:Latin literature
980:Irish literature
953:Greek literature
913:Dutch literature
903:Czech literature
771:, also known as
758:
751:
744:
730:
729:
728:
711:History of ideas
638:Ancient Egyptian
622:
621:
434:
433:
327:
326:
304:Post-colonialism
246:Matter of France
215:
214:
87:World literature
61:
60:
50:
41:
40:
21:
4965:
4964:
4960:
4959:
4958:
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4955:
4954:
4940:Western culture
4930:
4929:
4928:
4923:
4889:UKUSA Agreement
4829:Lublin Triangle
4714:Baltic Assembly
4666:
4660:
4578:
4415:
4250:
4120:Eurolinguistics
3989:
3978:Information age
3951:Interwar period
3818:
3738:
3729:
3699:
3694:
3652:
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3632:Northern Cyprus
3614:
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3529:North Macedonia
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3065:Italian Culture
3057:
3053:
3046:
3022:
3013:
2990:10.2307/2904861
2970:
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2919:
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2220:
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2191:
2187:
2180:
2154:
2147:
2104:
2093:
2070:
2063:
2048:
2032:
2023:
1978:
1963:
1953:
1951:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1916:
1899:William Hazlitt
1846:Roman mythology
1822:Lyrical Ballads
1776:
1758:Antonio Gramsci
1728:German Romantic
1714:
1704:Giuseppe Acerbi
1670:
1665:
1660:
1639:
1634:
1609:
1583:
1524:
1511:Louise d'Épinay
1506:
1477:
1456:
1451:
1372:
1367:
1327:
1279:
1274:
1184:Thomas Traherne
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
796:Western culture
781:Western culture
762:
726:
724:
48:
47:
39:
36:Western fiction
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4963:
4953:
4952:
4947:
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4925:
4924:
4922:
4921:
4919:Westernization
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4899:Visegrád Group
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
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4839:Nordic Council
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4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
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4786:
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4776:
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4734:Bucharest Nine
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4699:Arctic Council
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4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4334:
4333:
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4318:
4317:
4316:
4309:Existentialism
4306:
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4296:
4291:
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3888:
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3861:
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3846:
3845:
3844:
3842:Late antiquity
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3653:other entities
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3624:
3618:
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3607:
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3604:United Kingdom
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3417:Czech Republic
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3301:External links
3299:
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3180:
3171:|journal=
3144:
3122:
3098:
3071:(1): 149–163.
3051:
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2984:(2): 294–313.
2959:
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2643:(8): 962–967.
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2118:(2): 185–200.
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1659:
1656:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1608:
1605:
1523:
1520:
1505:
1502:
1476:
1473:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1416:George Herbert
1412:Andrew Marvell
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1355:George Herbert
1326:
1323:
1301:. He utilised
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1265:Thomas Cranmer
1255:
1229:Edmund Spenser
1180:George Herbert
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
961:
960:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
804:
764:
763:
761:
760:
753:
746:
738:
735:
734:
721:
720:
719:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
685:
684:
683:Related topics
680:
679:
676:
675:
674:
673:
668:
663:
655:
654:
650:
649:
648:
647:
642:
641:
640:
627:
626:
618:
617:
611:
610:
607:
606:
605:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
507:Ancient Meitei
501:
500:
496:
495:
494:
493:
488:
483:
478:
470:
469:
465:
464:
463:
462:
457:
452:
447:
439:
438:
430:
429:
423:
422:
421:
420:
415:
407:
406:
400:
399:
396:
395:
394:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
355:
354:
352:Latin American
348:
347:
346:
345:
340:
335:
323:
322:
318:
317:
314:
313:
312:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
289:Deconstruction
286:
281:
273:
272:
268:
267:
266:
265:
260:
255:
254:
253:
248:
243:
241:Matter of Rome
236:Early Medieval
233:
228:
223:
211:
210:
204:
203:
202:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
158:
157:
156:Middle Eastern
153:
152:
149:
148:
147:
146:
141:
133:
132:
128:
127:
126:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
97:
96:
92:
91:
90:
89:
84:
79:
74:
72:Literary terms
69:
57:
56:
55:General topics
52:
51:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4962:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4937:
4935:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4864:PROSUR/PROSUL
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4759:Craiova Group
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4674:ABCANZ Armies
4672:
4671:
4669:
4663:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4616:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4585:
4581:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4502:
4501:
4498:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4487:
4484:
4480:
4479:Protestantism
4477:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4468:
4465:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4456:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4422:
4418:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4399:Sovereigntism
4397:
4395:
4392:
4388:
4387:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4378:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4322:
4319:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4294:Scholasticism
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4257:
4253:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4225:
4222:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4213:
4210:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4193:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4154:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4145:
4142:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4133:
4130:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4069:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4060:
4057:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3984:
3983:War on terror
3981:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3974:
3971:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3876:Modern period
3874:
3872:
3869:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3847:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3821:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3732:Western world
3726:
3721:
3719:
3714:
3712:
3707:
3706:
3703:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3665:Faroe Islands
3663:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3649:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3637:South Ossetia
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3611:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3489:Liechtenstein
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3344:
3339:
3337:
3332:
3330:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3314:
3309:
3305:
3304:
3291:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3274:. Routledge.
3273:
3272:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3233:
3229:
3228:
3220:
3218:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3184:
3176:
3163:
3155:
3148:
3140:
3133:
3126:
3112:
3108:
3102:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3055:
3047:
3045:9781315655192
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2924:
2922:
2907:
2903:
2897:
2889:
2887:9781315709895
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2862:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2837:
2831:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2814:
2806:
2804:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2781:
2778:. Routledge.
2777:
2776:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2745:0-19-502018-9
2741:
2737:
2736:
2728:
2720:
2714:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2679:
2677:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2614:
2601:
2588:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2494:(1): 97–117.
2493:
2489:
2485:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2424:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2385:
2381:
2374:
2366:
2362:
2361:History Today
2355:
2353:
2344:
2338:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2312:
2311:
2303:
2301:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2274:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2251:
2248:. ROUTLEDGE.
2247:
2246:
2238:
2230:
2224:
2216:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2189:
2181:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2152:
2150:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2068:
2066:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1936:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1805:William Blake
1802:
1798:
1794:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1735:ancient Greek
1731:
1729:
1724:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1679:The Betrothed
1674:
1655:
1652:
1651:philosophical
1648:
1644:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1613:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1552:Thomas Hobbes
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1528:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1485:
1481:
1472:
1469:
1464:
1461:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1376:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1331:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
959:
956:
955:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
805:
803:
800:
797:
793:
792:Western canon
788:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
759:
754:
752:
747:
745:
740:
739:
737:
736:
733:
723:
722:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
688:
687:
686:
682:
681:
672:
669:
667:
666:South African
664:
662:
659:
658:
657:
656:
652:
651:
646:
643:
639:
636:
635:
634:
631:
630:
629:
628:
624:
623:
620:
619:
616:
613:
612:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
577:Modern Meitei
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
504:
503:
502:
498:
497:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
473:
472:
471:
467:
466:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
442:
441:
440:
436:
435:
432:
431:
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