144:
2917:
116:
2886:
333:
692:
are any modification of the wall of the pollen grain. These modifications include thinning, ridges and pores, they serve as an exit for the pollen contents and allow shrinking and swelling of the grain caused by changes in moisture content. The elongated apertures/ furrows in the pollen grain are
549:
evidence confirmed the genetic basis for the evolutionary relationships among flowering plants with tricolpate pollen grains and dicotyledonous traits. The term means "true dicotyledons", as it contains the majority of plants that have been considered dicots and have
614:, the monocots and the paleodicots) produce monosulcate pollen, with a single pore set in a differently oriented groove called the sulcus. The name "tricolpates" is preferred by some botanists to avoid confusion with the dicots, a nonmonophyletic group.
606:. Members of the group have tricolpate pollen, or forms derived from it. These pollens have three or more pores set in furrows called colpi. In contrast, most of the other
2173:
3053:
2997:
2205:
2253:
1837:
542:. These plants have a distinct trait in their pollen grains of exhibiting three colpi or grooves paralleling the polar axis.
717:
group. The core eudicots are a monophyletic group. A 2010 study suggested the core eudicots can be divided into two clades,
2089:
1919:
2041:"An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV"
3048:
559:
3002:
2198:
2170:
2133:
2015:
1671:
3043:
2232:
1935:
Moore, Michael J.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Bell, Charles D.; Burleigh, J. Gordon & Soltis, Douglas E. (2010).
2258:
2248:
563:
586:
or paleodicots, but these terms have not been widely or consistently adopted, as they do not refer to a
2920:
2191:
1652:
618:
420:
Scores of familiar plants are eudicots, including many commonly cultivated and edible plants, numerous
502:). Most leafy, mid-latitude trees are also classified as eudicots, with notable exceptions being the
143:
2243:
1937:"Phylogenetic analysis of 83 plastid genes further resolves the early diversification of eudicots"
1702:
507:
17:
2937:
1997:
3015:
2984:
2156:
1948:
8:
2084:. Systematics Association Publications. Vol. 44. Clarendon Press. pp. 169–195.
410:
402:
1952:
2975:
2904:
2238:
1971:
1936:
1821:
1804:
1766:
1741:
1683:
1675:
1625:
424:, tropicals and ornamentals. Among the most well-known eudicot genera are those of the
194:
138:
2183:
1845:
701:), which, along with pores, are a chief criterion for identifying the pollen classes.
3038:
3010:
2898:
2713:
2122:
2085:
1976:
1915:
1899:
1771:
1722:
1456:
1027:
759:
689:
583:
1687:
2910:
2495:
2324:
2294:
2112:
2052:
1966:
1956:
1907:
1903:
1879:
1816:
1761:
1753:
1714:
1667:
682:
555:
551:
41:
1718:
1662:. Structural Botany in Systematics: A Symposium in Memory of William C. Dickison.
2798:
2656:
2306:
2269:
2215:
2177:
1406:
1270:
801:
670:
364:
282:
233:
1868:"Phylogeny of basal eudicots: insights from non-coding and rapidly evolving DNA"
2821:
2778:
2723:
2395:
2319:
1538:
1468:
1049:
763:
207:
1884:
1867:
3032:
2960:
2700:
2661:
2593:
2511:
2371:
2219:
1590:
1514:
1449:
1378:
992:
748:
626:
522:
445:
298:
254:
73:
2137:
1961:
1866:
Worberg, A; Quandt, D; Barniske, A-M; Löhne, C; Hilu, KW; Borsch, T (2007).
2768:
2623:
2603:
2553:
2485:
2453:
2448:
2401:
2126:
2117:
2100:
1980:
1775:
1726:
1502:
1412:
1366:
1354:
1308:
1258:
886:
841:
793:
740:
723:
714:
659:
648:
644:
587:
554:
of the dicots. One of the genetic traits which defines the eudicots is the
539:
512:
289:
277:
168:
2969:
2836:
2831:
2760:
2676:
2598:
2540:
2529:
2430:
2419:
2389:
2361:
2288:
1578:
1572:
1495:
1424:
1372:
1301:
1294:
1121:
873:
854:
734:
611:
607:
535:
414:
406:
401:
by past authors. The current botanical terms were introduced in 1991, by
377:
372:
368:
313:
303:
181:
124:
48:
709:
The eudicots can be divided into two groups: the basal eudicots and the
2816:
2793:
2718:
2671:
2666:
2646:
2608:
2524:
2407:
2346:
2338:
2080:
pollen in a cladistic context". In
Blackmore, S.; Barnes, S.H. (eds.).
2077:
1679:
1596:
1532:
1462:
1436:
1430:
1394:
1360:
1288:
1108:
1005:
829:
755:
718:
622:
579:
571:
517:
480:
430:
318:
220:
115:
93:
58:
2057:
2040:
1757:
2846:
2826:
2783:
2773:
2490:
2351:
2282:
1584:
1566:
1554:
1520:
1508:
1264:
797:
546:
495:
475:
440:
435:
425:
272:
98:
2931:
1805:"Some Observations on the Evolution of Pollen Types in Dicotyledons"
651:" (which are distinguished from all other flowering plants by their
633:, a monophyletic group, which includes most of the (former) dicots.
2954:
2841:
2750:
2745:
2733:
2681:
2651:
2575:
2438:
2413:
2356:
1703:"Pollen aperture evolution – a crucial factor for eudicot success?"
1560:
1488:
1482:
1475:
1418:
1400:
1096:
1074:
1061:
923:
773:
This division of the eudicots is shown in the following cladogram:
767:
575:
503:
460:
450:
129:
88:
83:
68:
63:
53:
2885:
2808:
2788:
2638:
2628:
2618:
2613:
2500:
2163:
1547:
1526:
1387:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1322:
1276:
1137:
952:
911:
805:
640:
629:, of 2016) for classification of angiosperms. It is applied to a
455:
332:
267:
103:
78:
2151:
2851:
2585:
2563:
2443:
2383:
1329:
1315:
1244:
936:
898:
744:
674:
655:
603:
567:
337:
566:. The term "eudicots" has subsequently been widely adopted in
2101:"A survey of tricolpate (eudicot) phylogenetic relationships"
630:
490:
485:
470:
465:
360:
155:
2989:
2076:
Doyle, J.A.; Hotton, C.L. (1991). "Diversification of early
1653:"Morphology and Angiosperm Systematics in the Molecular Era"
1672:
10.1663/0006-8101(2002)068[0545:maasit]2.0.co;2
421:
367:(angiosperms) which are mainly characterized by having two
2038:
1865:
1742:"Evolution of DELLA function and signaling in land plants"
1898:
1243:
The following is a more detailed breakdown according to
730:
2213:
1934:
602:, a name which refers to the grooved structure of the
409:
Carol L. Hotton, to emphasize the later evolutionary
534:
The close relationships among flowering plants with
578:being the other. The remaining angiosperms include
574:(constituting over 70% of the angiosperm species),
1928:
1701:Furness, Carol A.; Rudall, Paula J. (March 2004).
3030:
1941:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
538:was initially seen in morphological studies of
2099:Judd, Walter S.; Olmstead, Richard G. (2004).
2082:Pollen and Spores. Patterns of Diversification
727:, comprising all the remaining core eudicots.
2199:
1700:
570:to refer to one of the two largest clades of
2098:
2013:
1995:
1791:
1739:
617:The name "eudicots" (plural) is used in the
2075:
1644:
393:= seed leaf). Previously, they were called
2206:
2192:
1859:
713:. Basal eudicot is an informal name for a
114:
3054:Extant Early Cretaceous first appearances
2116:
2056:
1970:
1960:
1892:
1883:
1820:
1765:
2045:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
1787:
1785:
1247:, showing within each clade and orders:
417:from earlier, less specialized, dicots.
331:
1650:
14:
3031:
1914:. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
1912:Phylogeny and Evolution of Angiosperms
1802:
582:and what are sometimes referred to as
2936:
2935:
2187:
2032:
1835:
1782:
598:The earlier name for the eudicots is
2039:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016).
1872:Organisms Diversity & Evolution
1842:University of Arizona - Geosciences
751:includes the Vitales in the rosids)
24:
2136:in Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards).
1822:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1972.tb04826.x
1740:Phokas, A.; Coates, J. C. (2021).
25:
3065:
2145:
2916:
2915:
2884:
142:
46:
2068:
1987:
704:
681:), and other groups having one
1829:
1796:
1733:
1694:
1618:
529:
526:, which is not an angiosperm.
13:
1:
1838:"Pollen Aperture Definitions"
1719:10.1016/j.tplants.2004.01.001
1612:
673:, with eudicots having three
2138:Angiosperm Phylogeny Website
2020:Angiosperm Phylogeny Website
2002:Angiosperm Phylogeny Website
754:superasterids consisting of
560:DELLA protein-encoding genes
7:
2014:Stevens, P.F. (2001–2016).
1996:Stevens, P.F. (2001–2014).
1803:Sporne, Kenneth R. (1972).
1746:Evolution & Development
739:superrosids consisting of
593:
564:most recent common ancestor
10:
3070:
2167:, Tree of Life Web Project
2105:American Journal of Botany
1651:Endress, Peter K. (2002).
658:structure). The number of
2944:
2893:
2882:
2807:
2759:
2741:
2732:
2709:
2698:
2637:
2584:
2571:
2562:
2549:
2538:
2520:
2509:
2481:
2470:
2429:
2379:
2370:
2337:
2333:
2315:
2304:
2278:
2267:
2227:
1885:10.1016/j.ode.2006.08.001
1135:
1119:
1112:
1094:
1087:
1072:
1065:
1047:
1040:
1025:
1018:
1003:
996:
950:
934:
927:
909:
902:
884:
877:
867:
852:
845:
827:
820:
790:
782:
540:shared derived characters
261:
252:
139:Scientific classification
137:
122:
113:
34:
27:Clade of flowering plants
1792:Judd & Olmstead 2004
536:tricolpate pollen grains
375:. The term derives from
3049:Early Cretaceous plants
1962:10.1073/pnas.0907801107
1707:Trends in Plant Science
341:pollen has three colpi.
2140:. Version 7, May 2006.
2118:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1627
639:is a synonym for the "
516:)—which belong to the
342:
3044:Plant unranked clades
1906:; Endress, Peter K.;
792:(paraphyletic group:
403:evolutionary botanist
335:
2157:Encyclopedia of Life
1836:Davis, Owen (1999).
1632:. Basic Biology 2020
788:basal eudicots
399:non-magnoliid dicots
127:during germination (
1953:2010PNAS..107.4623M
818:core eudicots
721:and a clade called
669:helps classify the
508:American tulip tree
405:James A. Doyle and
195:Polysporangiophytes
2176:2015-02-24 at the
1900:Soltis, Douglas E.
371:(cotyledons) upon
343:
3026:
3025:
3011:Open Tree of Life
2938:Taxon identifiers
2929:
2928:
2899:Basal angiosperms
2880:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2714:Berberidopsidales
2694:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2466:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2058:10.1111/boj.12385
1904:Soltis, Pamela S.
1758:10.1111/ede.12365
1457:Berberidopsidales
1239:
1238:
1230:
1229:
1221:
1220:
1212:
1211:
1203:
1202:
1194:
1193:
1185:
1184:
1176:
1175:
1167:
1166:
1158:
1157:
1149:
1148:
1028:Berberidopsidales
982:
981:
973:
972:
964:
963:
760:Berberidopsidales
647:group, the "true
584:basal angiosperms
381:(etymologically,
330:
329:
16:(Redirected from
3061:
3019:
3018:
3006:
3005:
2993:
2992:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2933:
2932:
2919:
2918:
2888:
2739:
2738:
2707:
2706:
2569:
2568:
2547:
2546:
2518:
2517:
2479:
2478:
2377:
2376:
2335:
2334:
2313:
2312:
2295:Austrobaileyales
2276:
2275:
2254:Acrogymnospermae
2216:flowering plants
2208:
2201:
2194:
2185:
2184:
2180:Plant Life Forms
2130:
2120:
2095:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2011:
2009:
2008:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1974:
1964:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1844:. Archived from
1833:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1800:
1794:
1789:
1780:
1779:
1769:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1660:Botanical Review
1657:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1622:
1115:
1114:
1090:
1089:
1068:
1067:
1043:
1042:
1021:
1020:
999:
998:
930:
929:
905:
904:
880:
879:
870:
869:
848:
847:
823:
822:
785:
784:
777:
776:
671:flowering plants
365:flowering plants
264:Basal eudicots:
147:
146:
118:
108:
45:
42:Early Cretaceous
38:Temporal range:
32:
31:
21:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3014:
3009:
3001:
2996:
2988:
2983:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2940:
2930:
2925:
2889:
2856:
2803:
2755:
2728:
2703:
2686:
2657:Crossosomatales
2633:
2580:
2558:
2543:
2534:
2514:
2505:
2496:Trochodendrales
2475:
2458:
2425:
2366:
2329:
2325:Ceratophyllales
2309:
2300:
2272:
2263:
2244:Marchantiophyta
2223:
2212:
2178:Wayback Machine
2148:
2143:
2111:(10): 1627–44.
2092:
2071:
2066:
2037:
2033:
2024:
2022:
2012:
2006:
2004:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1933:
1929:
1922:
1897:
1893:
1864:
1860:
1851:
1849:
1834:
1830:
1809:New Phytologist
1801:
1797:
1790:
1783:
1738:
1734:
1699:
1695:
1655:
1649:
1645:
1635:
1633:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1407:Crossosomatales
1271:Trochodendrales
1241:
1240:
1231:
1222:
1213:
1204:
1195:
1186:
1177:
1168:
1159:
1150:
983:
974:
965:
802:Trochodendrales
707:
596:
552:characteristics
532:
283:Trochodendrales
141:
109:
107:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3067:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3007:
2994:
2981:
2966:
2950:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2913:
2907:
2901:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2813:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2799:Paracryphiales
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2765:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2742:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2724:Caryophyllales
2721:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2643:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2590:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2550:
2544:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2482:
2476:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2435:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2343:
2341:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2307:Mesangiosperms
2305:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2279:
2273:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2249:Polypodiophyta
2246:
2241:
2236:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2211:
2210:
2203:
2196:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2168:
2160:
2147:
2146:External links
2144:
2142:
2141:
2131:
2096:
2090:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2031:
1986:
1947:(10): 4623–8.
1927:
1920:
1908:Chase, Mark W.
1891:
1858:
1828:
1795:
1781:
1752:(3): 137–154.
1732:
1713:(3): 154–158.
1693:
1666:(4): 545–570.
1643:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1539:Paracryphiales
1535:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1491:
1485:
1471:
1469:Caryophyllales
1465:
1459:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1397:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1375:
1369:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1325:
1311:
1297:
1291:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1050:Caryophyllales
1046:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1002:
997:
995:
989:
988:
985:
984:
980:
979:
976:
975:
971:
970:
967:
966:
962:
961:
958:
957:
949:
946:
945:
942:
941:
933:
928:
926:
920:
919:
916:
915:
908:
903:
901:
895:
894:
891:
890:
883:
878:
876:
868:
866:
863:
862:
859:
858:
851:
846:
844:
838:
837:
834:
833:
826:
821:
819:
815:
814:
811:
810:
789:
783:
781:
775:
771:
770:
764:Caryophyllales
752:
737:
706:
703:
625:, of 1998, to
621:systems (from
595:
592:
531:
528:
413:of tricolpate
356:eudicotyledons
328:
327:
326:
325:
324:
323:
322:
321:
316:
308:
307:
306:
301:
287:
286:
285:
280:
275:
270:
259:
258:
250:
249:
244:
237:
236:
231:
224:
223:
221:Spermatophytes
218:
211:
210:
205:
198:
197:
192:
185:
184:
179:
172:
171:
166:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
135:
134:
120:
119:
111:
110:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
37:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3066:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3017:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2986:
2982:
2977:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2956:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2934:
2922:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2892:
2887:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2822:Metteniusales
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2779:Escalloniales
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2701:Superasterids
2697:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2594:Zygophyllales
2592:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2512:Core eudicots
2508:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2469:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2396:Petrosaviales
2394:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2320:Chloranthales
2318:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2303:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2266:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2221:
2217:
2209:
2204:
2202:
2197:
2195:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2091:9780198577461
2087:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2073:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2021:
2017:
2003:
1999:
1990:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1931:
1923:
1921:9780878938179
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1848:on 2009-02-03
1847:
1843:
1839:
1832:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1799:
1793:
1788:
1786:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1736:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1654:
1647:
1631:
1630:Basic Biology
1627:
1621:
1617:
1598:
1594:
1592:
1591:Metteniusales
1588:
1586:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1516:
1515:Escalloniales
1512:
1510:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1450:Superasterids
1446:
1438:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1379:Zygophyllales
1376:
1374:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1283:Core eudicots
1280:
1278:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1235:
1234:
1226:
1225:
1217:
1216:
1208:
1207:
1199:
1198:
1190:
1189:
1181:
1180:
1172:
1171:
1163:
1162:
1154:
1153:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1001:
1000:
994:
993:superasterids
991:
990:
987:
986:
978:
977:
969:
968:
960:
959:
956:
954:
948:
947:
944:
943:
940:
938:
932:
931:
925:
922:
921:
918:
917:
914:
913:
907:
906:
900:
897:
896:
893:
892:
889:
888:
882:
881:
875:
872:
871:
865:
864:
861:
860:
857:
856:
850:
849:
843:
840:
839:
836:
835:
832:
831:
825:
824:
817:
816:
813:
812:
809:
807:
803:
799:
795:
787:
786:
779:
778:
774:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
750:
749:APG IV system
746:
742:
738:
736:
733:
732:
731:
728:
726:
725:
720:
716:
712:
711:core eudicots
702:
700:
696:
691:
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
661:
657:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
632:
628:
627:APG IV system
624:
620:
615:
613:
610:(that is the
609:
605:
601:
591:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
548:
543:
541:
537:
527:
525:
524:
523:Ginkgo biloba
519:
515:
514:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
492:
487:
483:
482:
477:
473:
472:
467:
463:
462:
457:
453:
452:
447:
446:forget-me-not
443:
442:
437:
433:
432:
427:
423:
418:
416:
412:
408:
407:paleobotanist
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
379:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
357:
352:
348:
340:
339:
334:
320:
317:
315:
312:
311:
309:
305:
302:
300:
299:Superasterids
297:
296:
294:
293:
291:
290:Core eudicots
288:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
265:
263:
262:
260:
256:
251:
248:
245:
242:
239:
238:
235:
232:
229:
226:
225:
222:
219:
216:
213:
212:
209:
208:Tracheophytes
206:
203:
200:
199:
196:
193:
190:
187:
186:
183:
180:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
145:
140:
136:
132:
131:
126:
121:
117:
112:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
43:
33:
30:
19:
2945:
2769:Aquifoliales
2662:Picramniales
2624:Cucurbitales
2604:Malpighiales
2554:Saxifragales
2486:Ranunculales
2472:
2454:Zingiberales
2449:Commelinales
2402:Dioscoreales
2283:Amborellales
2259:Angiospermae
2162:
2155:
2108:
2104:
2081:
2069:Bibliography
2048:
2044:
2034:
2023:. Retrieved
2019:
2005:. Retrieved
2001:
1989:
1944:
1940:
1930:
1911:
1894:
1878:(1): 55–77.
1875:
1871:
1861:
1850:. Retrieved
1846:the original
1841:
1831:
1815:(1): 181–5.
1812:
1808:
1798:
1749:
1745:
1735:
1710:
1706:
1696:
1663:
1659:
1646:
1634:. Retrieved
1629:
1620:
1546:
1503:Aquifoliales
1494:
1474:
1448:
1413:Picramniales
1386:
1367:Malpighiales
1355:Cucurbitales
1328:
1314:
1309:Saxifragales
1300:
1282:
1259:Ranunculales
1252:
1242:
1136:
1120:
1095:
1073:
1048:
1026:
1004:
951:
935:
910:
887:Saxifragales
885:
853:
842:Pentapetalae
828:
794:Ranunculales
791:
772:
741:Saxifragales
729:
724:Pentapetalae
722:
715:paraphyletic
710:
708:
705:Subdivisions
698:
694:
687:
678:
666:
662:
660:pollen grain
652:
649:dicotyledons
645:monophyletic
637:"Tricolpate"
636:
635:
616:
599:
597:
588:monophyletic
544:
533:
521:
513:Liriodendron
511:
499:
489:
479:
469:
459:
449:
439:
429:
419:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
376:
355:
354:
350:
346:
344:
336:
278:Ranunculales
246:
240:
227:
214:
201:
188:
182:Embryophytes
175:
169:Streptophyta
162:
128:
29:
2970:Wikispecies
2837:Gentianales
2832:Boraginales
2761:Campanulids
2677:Brassicales
2599:Celastrales
2541:Superrosids
2530:Dilleniales
2431:Commelinids
2420:Asparagales
2390:Alismatales
2362:Magnoliales
2289:Nymphaeales
2270:Angiosperms
2231:Supergroup
2051:(1): 1–20.
1579:Boraginales
1573:Gentianales
1496:Campanulids
1425:Brassicales
1373:Celastrales
1302:Superrosids
1295:Dilleniales
1140:(8 orders)
1124:(7 orders)
1122:campanulids
955:(8 orders)
939:(8 orders)
874:superrosids
855:Dilleniales
735:Dilleniales
612:gymnosperms
608:seed plants
600:tricolpates
572:angiosperms
556:duplication
530:Description
395:tricolpates
378:dicotyledon
373:germination
369:seed leaves
351:Eudicotidae
314:Dilleniales
304:Superrosids
234:Angiosperms
125:seed leaves
3033:Categories
2905:Alismatids
2817:Icacinales
2794:Dipsacales
2719:Santalales
2672:Huerteales
2667:Sapindales
2647:Geraniales
2609:Oxalidales
2525:Gunnerales
2408:Pandanales
2347:Canellales
2339:Magnoliids
2214:Orders of
2152:"Eudicots"
2078:angiosperm
2025:2014-11-17
2016:"Eudicots"
2007:2014-11-17
1852:2009-02-16
1626:"EUDICOTS"
1613:References
1597:Icacinales
1533:Dipsacales
1463:Santalales
1437:Sapindales
1431:Huerteales
1395:Geraniales
1361:Oxalidales
1289:Gunnerales
1109:euasterids
1006:Santalales
830:Gunnerales
756:Santalales
719:Gunnerales
697:(singular
679:tricolpate
653:tricolpate
623:APG system
580:magnoliids
518:magnoliids
481:Ranunculus
431:Helianthus
411:divergence
319:Gunnerales
2852:Vahliales
2847:Solanales
2827:Garryales
2784:Bruniales
2774:Asterales
2491:Proteales
2352:Piperales
2239:Bryophyta
1993:Based on:
1585:Garryales
1567:Vahliales
1555:Solanales
1521:Bruniales
1509:Asterales
1265:Proteales
798:Proteales
780:eudicots
690:apertures
562:in their
547:molecular
504:magnolias
500:Macadamia
496:macadamia
476:buttercup
441:Taraxacum
436:dandelion
426:sunflower
391:cotyledon
273:Proteales
152:Kingdom:
3039:Eudicots
2976:Eudicots
2955:Wikidata
2946:Eudicots
2921:Category
2911:Lilioids
2842:Lamiales
2751:Ericales
2746:Cornales
2734:Asterids
2682:Malvales
2652:Myrtales
2473:Eudicots
2439:Arecales
2414:Liliales
2384:Acorales
2372:Monocots
2357:Laurales
2174:Archived
2164:Eudicots
2134:Eudicots
2127:21652313
1981:20176954
1910:(2005).
1776:33428269
1727:15003239
1688:39486751
1561:Lamiales
1489:Ericales
1483:Cornales
1476:Asterids
1419:Malvales
1401:Myrtales
1253:Eudicots
1097:Ericales
1075:Cornales
1062:asterids
924:eurosids
768:asterids
594:Taxonomy
576:monocots
461:Brassica
451:Myosotis
385:= true;
347:eudicots
253:Clades (
247:Eudicots
130:Brassica
44:- recent
35:Eudicots
2961:Q165468
2809:Lamiids
2789:Apiales
2639:Malvids
2629:Fagales
2619:Rosales
2614:Fabales
2576:Vitales
2501:Buxales
2154:at the
1998:"Trees"
1972:2842043
1949:Bibcode
1767:9285615
1680:4354438
1548:Lamiids
1527:Apiales
1388:Malvids
1349:Fagales
1343:Rosales
1337:Fabales
1323:Vitales
1277:Buxales
1138:lamiids
953:malvids
912:Vitales
806:Buxales
693:called
688:Pollen
663:furrows
641:Eudicot
590:group.
456:cabbage
389:= two;
310:Orders
295:Clades
268:Buxales
156:Plantae
18:Eudicot
3016:431495
2586:Fabids
2564:Rosids
2444:Poales
2220:APG IV
2171:Dicots
2125:
2088:
1979:
1969:
1918:
1774:
1764:
1725:
1686:
1678:
1636:6 July
1595:order
1589:order
1583:order
1577:order
1571:order
1565:order
1559:order
1553:order
1545:clade
1537:order
1531:order
1525:order
1519:order
1513:order
1507:order
1501:order
1493:clade
1487:order
1481:order
1473:clade
1467:order
1461:order
1455:order
1447:clade
1435:order
1429:order
1423:order
1417:order
1411:order
1405:order
1399:order
1393:order
1385:clade
1377:order
1371:order
1365:order
1359:order
1353:order
1347:order
1341:order
1335:order
1330:Fabids
1327:clade
1321:order
1316:Rosids
1313:clade
1307:order
1299:clade
1293:order
1287:order
1281:clade
1275:order
1269:order
1263:order
1257:order
1251:clade
1245:APG IV
937:fabids
899:rosids
745:rosids
699:colpus
683:sulcus
656:pollen
604:pollen
568:botany
545:Later
494:) and
415:dicots
359:are a
338:Arabis
255:APG IV
3003:71240
2233:Plant
1684:S2CID
1676:JSTOR
1656:(PDF)
747:(the
695:colpi
675:colpi
667:pores
631:clade
520:—and
486:maple
471:Malus
466:apple
422:trees
361:clade
353:, or
241:Clade
228:Clade
215:Clade
202:Clade
189:Clade
176:Clade
163:Clade
133:sp.)
2998:NCBI
2123:PMID
2086:ISBN
1977:PMID
1916:ISBN
1772:PMID
1723:PMID
1638:2020
766:and
743:and
506:and
491:Acer
345:The
123:Two
49:PreꞒ
2990:283
2985:EoL
2113:doi
2053:doi
2049:181
1967:PMC
1957:doi
1945:107
1880:doi
1817:doi
1762:PMC
1754:doi
1715:doi
1668:doi
665:or
619:APG
558:of
484:),
474:),
464:),
454:),
444:),
434:),
397:or
363:of
3035::
3013::
3000::
2987::
2972::
2957::
2121:.
2109:91
2107:.
2103:.
2047:.
2043:.
2018:.
2000:.
1975:.
1965:.
1955:.
1943:.
1939:.
1902:;
1874:.
1870:.
1840:.
1813:71
1811:.
1807:.
1784:^
1770:.
1760:.
1750:23
1748:.
1744:.
1721:.
1709:.
1705:.
1682:.
1674:.
1664:68
1658:.
1628:.
808:)
804:,
800:,
796:,
762:,
758:,
685:.
643:"
387:di
383:eu
349:,
292::
257:)
243::
230::
217::
204::
191::
178::
165::
99:Pg
2909:³
2903:²
2897:¹
2422:³
2416:³
2410:³
2404:³
2398:³
2392:²
2386:²
2297:¹
2291:¹
2285:¹
2235::
2222:)
2218:(
2207:e
2200:t
2193:v
2129:.
2115::
2094:.
2061:.
2055::
2028:.
2010:.
1983:.
1959::
1951::
1924:.
1888:.
1882::
1876:7
1855:.
1825:.
1819::
1778:.
1756::
1729:.
1717::
1711:9
1690:.
1670::
1640:.
677:(
510:(
498:(
488:(
478:(
468:(
458:(
448:(
438:(
428:(
104:N
94:K
89:J
84:T
79:P
74:C
69:D
64:S
59:O
54:Ꞓ
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
