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crown, with some seed carried by the wind and water. Dissemination occurs mostly in spring and summer, while natural flooding occurs during winter and spring. As the tree is inextricably linked with waterways, seed dispersion would logically be facilitated by floodwater. There is some contention in this theory, however, where the CSIRO describes an experiment that demonstrated seeds were found to sink after only 36 hours. It would also seem that as the seeding and flooding do not entirely coincide, it could be inferred that the conditions for germination, such as damp soil and plenty of sunlight, are more important in the continuation of the species than seed dispersal by means of floodwater. Seeding during the flooding season would prevent desiccation of the seed, which is the main cause of a seed's failure to reproduce. Despite this apparent evolutionary advantage of the species living near watercourses to avoid seed desiccation, many seeds will be produced within an
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and sleepers, more recently it has been recognised in craft furniture for its spectacular deep red colour and typical fiddleback figure. It needs careful selection, as it tends to be quite reactive to changes in humidity (moves about a lot in service). It is quite hard, dense (about 900 kg/m (1,500 lb/cu yd)), can take a fine polish and carves well. It is a popular timber for wood turners, particularly if old and well-seasoned.
296:. The bark is smooth white or cream-coloured with patches of yellow, pink or brown. There are often loose, rough slabs of bark near the base. The juvenile leaves are lance-shaped, 80–180 mm (3.1–7.1 in) long and 13–25 mm (0.51–0.98 in) wide. Adult leaves are lance-shaped to curved, the same dull green or greyish green colour on both sides, 50–300 mm (2.0–11.8 in) long and 7–32 mm (0.28–1.26 in) wide on a
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that depend on the tree for their own survival. These changes include grazing, and water regulation for irrigation purposes. For example, grazing reduces the ability of the species to regenerate, as stock eat or trample the seedlings. However, grazing may aid regeneration by removing thick ground cover.
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Regulation causes flooding to be decreased during the winter and spring months, and water more consistently flows during the summer and autumn months. Since the river red gum disperses its seed during spring, regulating the water may affect the species' ability to disperse using water as a dispersing
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The primary result of the Cadell Fault however is that the west-flowing water of the Murray River strikes the north-south running fault and diverts both north and south around the fault in the two main channels (Edwards and ancestral
Goulburn) as well as a fan of small streams, and regularly floods a
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River red gums contribute to the provision of nutrients and energy for other species through leaf and insect fall. This is especially important to the ecology in areas of low nutrients. The tree's preferred habitat of floodplains and watercourses also gives it the role of flood mitigator, which slows
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River red gum seeds germinate readily after floods and require regular spring floods throughout their life to survive. In the Murray-Darling Basin, such floods are now rare due to river regulation for irrigation, and as a result, 75% of River red gums in the lower Murray are stressed, dead or dying.
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Red gum is so named for its brilliant red wood, which can range from a light pink through to almost black, depending on the age and weathering. It is somewhat brittle and is often cross-grained, making hand working difficult. Traditionally used in rot resistant applications like stumps, fence posts
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which exists today and through which much of the Murray River's waters still flow. Then the natural dam on the
Goulburn River failed, the lake drained, and the Murray River abruptly deviated to the south and started to flow through the smaller Goulburn River channel, creating "The Barmah Choke" and
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The predilection of the river red gum for waterways has been a successful evolutionary niche. This has resulted in a large population and range for the species, and so it is not considered endangered. Changes in its habitat, however, could be detrimental not just for the tree, but also for species
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The association of the river red gum with water makes the tree a natural habitat choice, indeed sometimes the only choice in drier areas, for other species. The trees provide a breeding habitat for fish during the flooding season, which also benefits aquatic bird life that depend on fish as a food
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Infrequent flooding due to water regulation provides inadequate water to recharge the floodplain subsoils that river red gums depend on. This will result in stunted tree growth, death of existing trees, and poor conditions for seed germination. Lack of flooding in floodplain areas will change the
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is important in supporting the ecology of its habitat through providing food, and shelter for breeding. Culturally, the species is an iconic part of
Australia. Its leaves have appeared on Australian stamps and is widely recognised due to its widespread range. The use of the waterways for seasonal
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After flowering, the stamens will detach. The fruit is the part of the flower that remains after fertilisation, which enlarges, dries, and becomes woody. Triangular valves in the fruit will open, dispersing yellow, cuboid seeds. When seeds are shed from a tree, most fall onto the ground below the
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5,000 km (1,900 sq mi) planted) (NAS, 1980a). Plantations occur in
Argentina, Arizona, Brazil, Burkina Faso, California, Egypt, Kenya, Morocco, Nepal, Nigeria, Pakistan, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Tanzania, Uruguay, and Zimbabwe. The areas of significance to
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to
Australia. It is a tree with smooth white or cream-coloured bark, lance-shaped or curved adult leaves, flower buds in groups of seven or nine, white flowers and hemispherical fruit with the valves extending beyond the rim. A familiar and iconic tree, it is seen along many watercourses across
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The species can be found along the banks of watercourses, as well as the floodplains of those watercourses. Due to the proximity to these watercourses, river red gum is subject to regular flooding in its natural habitat. River red gum prefers soils with clay content. The trees not only rely on
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During flowering, pollen from the anthers can fall onto the stigma. This can occasionally lead to self-pollination, although the stigma does not become receptive until a few days after the operculum has been detached by the expanding stamens, and the flower's pollen has already been released.
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It has been recognised since around the early 1980s that managing water more effectively would ensure the maintenance of river red gum habitat. Water management would include the removal of subsidies for irrigation, issuing water licenses, and the flooding of forests in suitable seasons.
1039:. (Though these species are currently not under threat.) The increasing scale of logging machinery is creating large areas of intensive soil disturbance and bare earth, which is likely to increase weed invasion and increase the likelihood of the extinction of rare understorey plants.
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grows under a wide range of climatic conditions from tropical to temperate, but the main areas are characterised by 5 to 20 frosts in winter and high summer temperatures. Temperature conditions may vary from a minimum of -6°C to a maximum of 54°C with a diurnal range up to 21°C.
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start to form at around 120–180 years of age, creating habitat for many wildlife species, including a range of breeding and roosting animals such as bats, carpet pythons, and birds. The dense foliage of the tree also provides shade and shelter from the sun in drier areas.
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The largest remaining stand of river red gum is the 65,000 ha (160,000 acres) Barmah-Millewa forest straddling the border of
Victoria and New South Wales, due north of Melbourne. It retains enormous cultural significance to the Indigenous traditional owners, the
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plant; they are the subject of weed management programs. Its ability to tolerate drought and soil salinity, together with its prolific seed production, and capacity to reproduce when very young, mean that it is highly adaptable, and it has been declared invasive in
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large amount of low-lying country in the area. These conditions are perfect for river red gums, which rapidly formed forests in the area. Thus the displacement of the Cadell Fault 25,000 years BP led directly to the formation of the Barmah river red gum forests.
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agent, especially in floodplain red gum forests. Natural water run-off can also be affected, leaving some trees permanently flooded due to the build-up of water behind dams, or the permanent water flow. Neither can seeds germinate in constantly flooded areas.
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About 25,000 years ago, displacement occurred along the Cadell fault, raising the eastern edge of the fault (which runs north-south) 8–12 metres (26–39 ft) above the floodplain. This created a complex series of events. A section of the original
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Nation. Like many stands of river red gum, the Barmah-Millewa has been drastically altered by over 100 years of timber harvesting. There is a paucity of old hollow-bearing trees which provide habitat for rare and threatened fauna such as the
984:, are contained in ovary chambers. These chambers are separated from the receptacle containing the male parts by a disc. From the top of the ovaries a structure called the style extends into the receptacle, to form the stigma.
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2–10 mm (0.079–0.394 in) long. Mature buds are oval to more or less spherical, green to creamy yellow, 6–9 mm (0.24–0.35 in) long and 4–6 mm (0.16–0.24 in) wide with a prominently beaked
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source during their own breeding season. Wilson, who examined the management of river red gums in NSW, suggests shelter is provided for fish in rivers and streams by fallen branches from the river red gum. The "
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suitability of river red gum habitat as a breeding ground and food source for other species. Indeed, extinctions of some species have already occurred in river red gum habitats in the Murray-Darling catchment.
354:. The most variable character is the shape and size of the operculum, followed by the arrangement of the stamens in the mature buds and the density of veins visible in the leaves. The subspecies are:
324:
The limbs of river red gums, sometimes whole trees, often fall without warning so that camping or picnicking near them is dangerous, especially if a tree has dead limbs or the tree is under stress.
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has the widest natural distribution of any eucalyptus species. It is commonly found along waterways and there are only a few locations where the species is found away from a watercourse.
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Fertilisation will therefore occur with other flowers on the same tree or other flowers on a different tree. Insects, birds, and small mammals help in the pollination of other flowers.
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has the widest distribution of the subspecies and is found in all mainland states except
Victoria. It grows in arid regions but only where there is sufficient subsoil moisture.
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has mature flower buds that are small with a conical operculum 2–4 mm (0.079–0.157 in) long and broad juvenile leaves that are usually covered with a powdery bloom;
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2–5 mm (0.079–0.197 in) long and 4–10 mm (0.16–0.39 in) wide on a pedicel 3–12 mm (0.12–0.47 in) long with the valves raised above the rim.
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Gippel, C. J.; O'Neill, I.; Finlayson, B. L; Schnatz, I. (1996). "Hydraulic guidelines for the re-introduction and management of large woody debris in lowland rivers".
848:" formed when river red gums fall into rivers such as the Glenelg, are an important part of river ecosystems, and vital habitat and breeding sites for native fish like
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was dammed by the southern end of the fault to create a natural lake. The Murray River flowed to the north around the Cadell Fault, creating the channel of the
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has mature flower buds with a pointed operculum 6–9 mm (0.24–0.35 in) long and erect stamens and broadly lance-shaped or egg-shaped juvenile leaves;
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forest before one will grow to its own reproducing stage. A gap in the forest must be available for the germinated seed to receive adequate sunlight.
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In regards to water regulation, there are two problems. One is the timing of the water flow, and the other is the minimisation of natural flooding.
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has bluish green adult leaves with only a few veins and mature flowers buds with a curved to rounded operculum 3–7 mm (0.12–0.28 in) long;
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1886:
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Dexter, B. D.; Rose, H. J.; Davies, N. (1986). "River regulation and associated forest management problems in the River Murray red gum forests".
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The formation of the noted Barmah red gum forests is due to a relatively recent geological event in the Murray-Darling Basin involving the
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is a tree that typically grows to a height of 20 metres (66 ft) but sometimes to 45 metres (148 ft) and often does not develop a
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3–7 mm (0.12–0.28 in) long. Flowering mainly occurs in summer and the flowers are white. The fruit is a woody, hemispherical
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The wood makes fine charcoal, and is successfully used in Brazil for iron and steel production. In addition, this plant is used for
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has white, powdery bark in some months and mature flower buds with a curved, conical operculum 4–7 mm (0.16–0.28 in) long;
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recreation also occurs within the habitat of the river red gum, again due their fundamental link to watercourses and floodplains.
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in Brazil and
Australia. Recently, it has been used to produce decks (Patagonian cherry) and wooden floors (Andean cherry).
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8–33 mm (0.31–1.30 in) long. The flower buds are arranged in groups of seven, nine or sometimes eleven, in leaf
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1056:"The Narrows" (where the river channel is unusually narrow), before entering into the proper Murray River channel again.
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It is also popular for use as firewood. Significant amounts of
Victoria and NSW's firewood comes from red gums in the
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channel immediately behind the fault was abandoned, and exists today as an empty channel known as Green Gully. The
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has a strongly beaked operculum, incurved or irregularly bent stamens and narrow lance-shaped juvenile leaves;
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is mainly restricted to some rivers on Cape York
Peninsula, but with some populations further south.
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The dry river beds of central Australia have sufficient underground water flow to sustain the trees.
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inland Australia, providing shade in the extreme temperatures of central Australia and elsewhere.
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477:) near the Camaldoli monastery in Naples, where Frederick Dehnhardt was the chief gardener. The
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region, along rivers flowing westwards, including along some of the tributaries of the upper
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rainfall but also on regular flooding, since flooding recharges the sub-soil with water.
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A view down the Murray River – every tree pictured is a river red gum.
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The Flooded Gum Trees: Land Use and Management of River Red Gums in New South Wales
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is endemic to tropical northern Australia, including parts of the Kimberley, the
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was engraved for a stamp in 1936 to commemorate the centenary of foundation of
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specimen was grown in the gardens from seed presumably collected in 1817 near
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10.1002/(SICI)1099-1646(199603)12:2/3<223::AID-RRR391>3.0.CO;2-#
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include agricultural, ecological, cultural, and recreational significance.
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published a description of von Mueller's specimens, formalising the name
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1107:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
461:. has a horn-shaped operculum 9–16 mm (0.35–0.63 in) long.
301:
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922:, has become naturalised via garden escapees and introduction as a
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504:, his book was largely unknown to the botanical community. In 1847
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2426:. Mirima Dawang Woorlab-gerring Language and Culture Centre. 2017.
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Miriwoong Woorlang Yawoorronga-woor - a Miriwoong Lexicon for all
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has very glossy green adult leaves with a dense network of veins;
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5–28 mm (0.20–1.10 in) long, the individual flowers on
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1840:. Euclid: Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research
1177:. Apiarists also use the tree’s flowers for honey production.
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870:, is amongst the bird species that nest in the river red gum.
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is endemic to South Australia, where it grows in the northern
2812:
Chippendale, G. M.; Johnston, R. D. (1969). Kelly, S. (ed.).
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It is one of the most widely planted eucalypts in the world (
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97:
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Center for New Crops & Plant Products, Purdue University
2746:. Vol. 1 South-eastern Australia. Sydney: Inkata Press.
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and other countries. The species, while native to parts of
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Northern Territory Aboriginal names for this species are:
2484:. Sydney: Nature Conservation Council of New South Wales.
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A river red gum in a bend of the Murrumbidgee River near
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in New South Wales. It is the only subspecies in coastal
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Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions
1930:
Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions
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river system and its tributaries. It also occurs on the
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The flower begins as an "invaginated receptacle". The
500:
Although Dehnhardt was the first to formally describe
1324:
Placard for "The Queen's Tree", Kings Park, Perth, WA
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but is absent from coastal areas and the arid inland.
1710:
Fensham, R.; Laffineur, B.; Collingwood, T. (2019).
1608:
2811:
2686:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22685072A130018368.en
1173:The speed of growth of the tree makes it a useful
1735:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T61909812A61909824.en
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1680:Mackay, Norman and David Eastburn (eds) 1990.
1547:River red gums; the Murrumbidgee River in flood.
1519:A 700-year-old tree at the Wonga Wetlands, NSW.
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1684:. Murray-Darling Basin Commission, Canberra.
973:. These filaments will extend to encircle the
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546:recognised Dehnhardt's priority and the name
473:) is a reference to a private estate garden (
2650:. Canberra: Murray–Darling Basin Commission.
1233:introducing citations to additional sources
961:The male parts of the flower consist of the
530:labelled some specimens of river red gum as
2750:
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1910:
1908:
1336:- one of the largest river red gums in the
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2742:Brooker, M. I. H.; Kleinig, D. A. (1990).
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1583:"The Queen's Tree", Kings Park, Perth, WA.
59:
29:
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2621:Regulated Rivers: Research and Management
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1990:
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1123:Learn how and when to remove this message
516:) because it had already been applied by
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1531:Many river red gums on the banks of the
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1223:Relevant discussion may be found on the
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350:have been described and accepted by the
335:was first formally described in 1832 by
275:
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1994:Catalogus Plantarum Horti Camaldulensis
1879:
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1000:Formation of the Barmah red gum forests
341:Catalogus Plantarum Horti Camaldulensis
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2764:Penfold, A. R.; Willis, J. L. (1961).
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1984:
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1340:, with a circumference of 11.6 metres;
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3484:IUCN Red List near threatened species
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2566:. Forest Research Institute, Canberra
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1805:
1385:, Perth Western Australia in 1954 by
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686:is common along rivers from south of
520:to a different species (now known as
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3321:58c8a790-11ce-4af2-8a16-7f3b780255f8
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2009:
1936:
1893:. State Herbarium of South Australia
1360:- Where celebrations were held when
1328:Examples of river red gums include:
1200:
1072:
980:The female parts of the flower, the
2846:Australian Plants on Postage Stamps
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2816:(1st ed.). Melbourne: Nelson.
2793:. CSIRO-Water for a Healthy Country
2700:
2672:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
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1958:
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1721:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
716:is the dominant eucalypt along the
13:
1997:(2nd ed.). Naples. p. 20
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14:
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2300:: CSIRO Publishing. p. 320.
1487:A river red gum near Bolin Bolin
882:The global weed compendium lists
512:but the name was illegitimate (a
493:is deposited in the herbarium of
339:who published the description in
3386:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:592777-1
2710:The Global Compendium of Weeds:
2539:. Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria
2512:. Western Australian Government
1928:. Western Australian Government
1858:
1793:. Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria
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1389:on her first visit to Australia.
1216:relies largely or entirely on a
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755:and the northern Eyre Peninsula.
736:and in some locations along the
651:is the name of this tree in the
550:for river red gum was accepted.
495:Natural History Museum of Vienna
475:L'Hortus Camaldulensis di Napoli
430:) Ian Brooker & M.W.McDonald
84:
3529:Flora of the Northern Territory
2805:
2661:BirdLife International (2018).
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2441:Flooded Forest and Desert Creek
2430:
2404:. Northern Territory Government
2402:Northern Territory Flora Online
2314:
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1785:Brooker, M. Ian; Slee, Andrew.
1696:
1400:Features of the river red gum (
3539:Trees of Mediterranean climate
3534:Trees of mild maritime climate
3504:Eucalypts of Western Australia
2606:10.1080/00049158.1986.10674459
2560:"The Ecology and Variation of
2527:Messina, Andre; Stajsic, Val.
1838:River red gum, Murray red gum"
1387:Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II
1381:The Queen's Tree - Planted in
965:, a slender filament, and the
770:hinterland as far east as the
443:Ian Brooker & M.W.McDonald
413:Ian Brooker & M.W.McDonald
385:Ian Brooker & M.W.McDonald
284:
1:
2909:Invasive species compendium:
2850:Australian National Herbarium
1991:Dehnhardt, Friedrich (1832).
1867:. Royal Botanic Garden Sydney
1665:
1569:Flinders Ranges National Park
1162:
1393:
1364:became a separate colony to
696:north west slopes and plains
7:
2896:Atlas of Living Australia:
1604:
1103:the claims made and adding
950:Reproduction and dispersion
506:Diederich von Schlechtendal
10:
3570:
3544:Garden plants of Australia
2648:Draft Fish Management Plan
1476:Examples of river red gums
1244:"Eucalyptus camaldulensis"
1003:
819:
508:gave the species the name
3514:Flora of Victoria (state)
2929:
2679:: e.T22685072A130018368.
2437:Colloff, Matthew (2014).
2293:Forest Trees of Australia
2207:. Australian Plant Census
2177:. Australian Plant Census
2147:. Australian Plant Census
2117:. Australian Plant Census
2087:. Australian Plant Census
2057:. Australian Plant Census
2027:. Australian Plant Census
1763:. Australian Plant Census
1068:
772:Gilbert River, Queensland
208:
201:
81:Scientific classification
79:
57:
48:
37:
28:
23:
3519:Flora of New South Wales
3509:Flora of South Australia
3298:Eucalyptus~camaldulensis
3122:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
3057:Eucalyptus_camaldulensis
3018:eucalyptus-camaldulensis
2961:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
2931:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
2911:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
2898:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
2840:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
2838:"Proclamation Tree, SA,
2789:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
2744:Field Guide to Eucalypts
2726:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
2712:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
2646:Lawrence, B. W. (1991).
2562:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
2531:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
2498:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
2392:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
2247:The Victorian Naturalist
2233:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
2199:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
2169:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
2139:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
2109:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
2079:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
2049:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
2019:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
1968:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
1918:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
1889:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
1863:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
1832:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
1789:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
1759:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
1728:: e.T61909812A61909824.
1714:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
1673:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
1535:, south-west Queensland.
1402:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
1168:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
829:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
813:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
676:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
663:Distribution and habitat
449:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
436:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
419:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
406:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
391:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
378:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
359:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
333:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
290:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
232:, commonly known as the
229:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
212:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
39:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
2873:. River Country Tourism
2768:. London: Leonard Hill.
2558:Turnbull, John Wright.
2366:Eucalyptus longirostris
2290:; Turner, J.D. (2006).
1063:
1033:brush-tailed phascogale
877:
532:Eucalyptus longirostris
352:Australian Plant Census
41:in the Wonga Wetlands,
3549:Drought-tolerant trees
1675:Dehnh. River Red Gum.
1374:- Where the colony of
1325:
1140:
1139:Polished red gum table
836:
672:
281:
273:
265:
257:
3499:Myrtales of Australia
1323:
1197:Population management
1138:
827:
670:
528:Ferdinand von Mueller
279:
271:
263:
255:
194:E. camaldulensis
2665:Polytelis swainsonii
2446:. CSIRO Publishing.
1660:Barmah National Park
1229:improve this article
1037:inland carpet python
346:Seven subspecies of
3524:Flora of Queensland
2594:Australian Forestry
2480:Wilson, N. (1995).
2340:Eucalyptus rostrata
1352:Spirit of Endurance
768:Gulf of Carpentaria
688:Cape York Peninsula
542:. Finally in 1934,
510:Eucalyptus rostrata
337:Friedrich Dehnhardt
328:Taxonomy and naming
51:Conservation status
3494:Trees of Australia
2282:; Johnston, R.D.;
1346:- Photographed by
1332:The Big Tree near
1326:
1316:In popular culture
1141:
1088:possibly contains
977:during flowering.
868:threatened species
837:
785:is endemic to the
673:
653:Miriwoong language
523:Eucalyptus robusta
456:Ian Brooker &
282:
274:
266:
258:
3471:
3470:
3342:Open Tree of Life
2923:Taxon identifiers
2276:Chippendale, G.M.
1294:
1293:
1279:
1175:plantation timber
1133:
1132:
1125:
1090:original research
920:Western Australia
526:). In the 1850s,
514:nomen illegitimum
460:
444:
431:
414:
397:
386:
373:
225:
224:
74:
3561:
3554:Ornamental trees
3464:
3463:
3451:
3450:
3441:
3440:
3428:
3427:
3415:
3414:
3402:
3401:
3389:
3388:
3376:
3375:
3363:
3362:
3350:
3349:
3337:
3336:
3324:
3323:
3314:
3313:
3301:
3300:
3288:
3287:
3275:
3274:
3262:
3261:
3249:
3248:
3236:
3235:
3223:
3222:
3210:
3209:
3197:
3196:
3187:
3186:
3174:
3173:
3161:
3160:
3148:
3147:
3138:
3137:
3125:
3124:
3112:
3111:
3099:
3098:
3086:
3085:
3073:
3072:
3060:
3059:
3047:
3046:
3034:
3033:
3021:
3020:
3011:
3010:
3001:
3000:
2988:
2987:
2975:
2974:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2918:
2917:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2779:
2770:
2769:
2761:
2748:
2747:
2739:
2730:
2721:
2715:
2707:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2688:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2589:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2477:
2458:
2457:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2368:F.Muell. ex Miq"
2360:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2334:
2328:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2298:Collingwood, VIC
2296:(5th ed.).
2264:
2255:
2254:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2163:
2157:
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2154:
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2133:
2127:
2126:
2124:
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2103:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1946:. Parks Victoria
1940:
1934:
1933:
1912:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1883:
1877:
1876:
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1856:
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1742:
1737:
1707:
1621:
1616:
1615:
1592:
1580:
1556:
1544:
1528:
1516:
1504:
1484:
1464:
1452:
1440:
1428:
1416:
1372:The Old Gum Tree
1289:
1286:
1280:
1278:
1237:
1209:
1201:
1187:The Old Gum Tree
1179:E. camaldulensis
1164:
1128:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1108:
1105:inline citations
1081:
1080:
1073:
994:E. camaldulensis
884:E. camaldulensis
726:Yorke Peninsulas
642:Western Arrernte
574:Eastern Arrernte
548:E. camaldulensis
536:Friedrich Miquel
502:E. camaldulensis
487:Allan Cunningham
467:specific epithet
455:
442:
425:
412:
393:
384:
365:
348:E. camaldulensis
214:
89:
88:
68:
63:
62:
33:
21:
20:
16:Species of plant
3569:
3568:
3564:
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3474:
3473:
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3467:
3459:
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3405:
3397:
3392:
3384:
3379:
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3366:
3358:
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3345:
3340:
3332:
3329:Observation.org
3327:
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3296:
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3257:
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3205:
3200:
3192:
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3182:
3177:
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3141:
3133:
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3107:
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2959:
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2892:
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2874:
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2824:
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2796:
2794:
2780:
2773:
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2740:
2733:
2722:
2718:
2708:
2701:
2691:
2689:
2659:
2655:
2644:
2640:
2627:(2–3): 223–36.
2617:
2613:
2590:
2579:
2569:
2567:
2556:
2552:
2542:
2540:
2525:
2521:
2494:
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2489:
2478:
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2362:
2361:
2357:
2347:
2345:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2325:mirror in JSTOR
2319:
2315:
2308:
2272:Brooker, M.I.H.
2265:
2258:
2237:E. longirostris
2224:
2220:
2210:
2208:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2180:
2178:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2150:
2148:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2120:
2118:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2090:
2088:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2060:
2058:
2045:
2044:
2040:
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2028:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2000:
1998:
1989:
1985:
1975:
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1963:
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1937:
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1906:
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1841:
1828:
1827:
1806:
1796:
1794:
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1764:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1740:
1738:
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1581:
1572:
1557:
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1471:
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1444:
1441:
1432:
1429:
1420:
1417:
1406:
1405:
1396:
1378:was proclaimed;
1376:South Australia
1366:New South Wales
1358:Separation Tree
1348:Harold Cazneaux
1318:
1290:
1284:
1281:
1238:
1236:
1222:
1210:
1199:
1191:South Australia
1129:
1118:
1112:
1109:
1094:
1082:
1078:
1071:
1066:
1008:
1002:
952:
880:
850:river blackfish
822:
799:Murchison River
753:Flinders Ranges
734:South Australia
730:Kangaroo Island
700:New South Wales
665:
624:, (Waramangu),
590:Pintupi Luritja
544:William Blakely
540:E. longirostris
330:
287:
238:flowering plant
221:
216:
210:
197:
83:
75:
66:Near Threatened
64:
60:
53:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3567:
3557:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
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3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3461:wfo-0000954597
3452:
3442:
3429:
3416:
3403:
3390:
3377:
3364:
3351:
3338:
3325:
3315:
3302:
3289:
3276:
3263:
3250:
3237:
3224:
3211:
3198:
3188:
3175:
3162:
3149:
3139:
3126:
3113:
3100:
3087:
3074:
3061:
3048:
3035:
3022:
3012:
3002:
2989:
2976:
2966:
2951:
2935:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2915:
2914:
2906:
2901:
2891:
2890:External links
2888:
2885:
2884:
2871:"The Big Tree"
2862:
2829:
2822:
2804:
2771:
2749:
2731:
2716:
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2519:
2487:
2459:
2452:
2429:
2415:
2381:
2355:
2329:
2313:
2306:
2288:McDonald, M.W.
2280:Hyland, B.P.M.
2256:
2227:Cleland, J. B.
2218:
2188:
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2128:
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2008:
1983:
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1935:
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1694:
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1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1636:List of named
1633:
1623:
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1317:
1314:
1292:
1291:
1285:September 2024
1227:. Please help
1213:
1211:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1131:
1130:
1113:September 2024
1085:
1083:
1076:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1049:Goulburn River
1004:Main article:
1001:
998:
951:
948:
892:Canary Islands
879:
876:
821:
818:
810:
809:
802:
779:
756:
745:
718:Murray-Darling
710:
703:
664:
661:
646:
645:
610:Pitjantjatjara
463:
462:
446:
433:
416:
403:
388:
375:
329:
326:
286:
283:
256:Trunk and bark
240:in the family
223:
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24:River red gum
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3369:
3365:
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3356:
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3343:
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3326:
3322:
3316:
3312:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3255:
3251:
3247:
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3238:
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3203:
3199:
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3189:
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3150:
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3140:
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3110:
3105:
3101:
3097:
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3013:
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3003:
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2833:
2825:
2823:0-17-006221-X
2819:
2815:
2808:
2792:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2776:
2767:
2766:The Eucalypts
2760:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2745:
2738:
2736:
2729:
2727:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2706:
2704:
2687:
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2674:
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2657:
2649:
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2634:
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2626:
2622:
2615:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2565:
2563:
2554:
2538:
2536:
2535:camaldulensis
2532:
2523:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2491:
2483:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2455:
2453:9780643109193
2449:
2445:
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2403:
2399:
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2369:
2367:
2359:
2343:
2341:
2333:
2326:
2322:
2317:
2309:
2307:0-643-06969-0
2303:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2284:Kleinig, D.A.
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2261:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2222:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2192:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2162:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2132:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2102:
2086:
2084:
2083:camaldulensis
2080:
2072:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2042:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2012:
1996:
1995:
1987:
1971:
1969:
1961:
1945:
1939:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1919:
1911:
1909:
1892:
1890:
1882:
1866:
1864:
1855:
1839:
1837:
1836:camaldulensis
1833:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1792:
1790:
1781:
1779:
1762:
1760:
1752:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1715:
1706:
1702:
1691:
1690:1-875209-05-0
1687:
1683:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1671:CSIRO, 2004.
1670:
1669:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1614:
1609:
1598:
1591:
1586:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1565:Wilpena Pound
1562:
1561:Cazneaux Tree
1555:
1550:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1527:
1522:
1515:
1510:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1463:
1458:
1451:
1446:
1439:
1434:
1427:
1422:
1415:
1410:
1409:
1403:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1344:Cazneaux Tree
1342:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1322:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1288:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1246: –
1245:
1241:
1240:Find sources:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1218:single source
1214:This section
1212:
1208:
1203:
1202:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1169:
1159:
1157:
1152:
1150:
1145:
1137:
1127:
1124:
1116:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1086:This section
1084:
1075:
1074:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1029:superb parrot
1025:
1019:
1015:
1013:
1007:
997:
995:
989:
985:
983:
978:
976:
972:
968:
964:
959:
957:
947:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
908:United States
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
886:as a weed in
885:
875:
874:silt runoff.
871:
869:
865:
864:superb parrot
860:
857:
853:
851:
847:
841:
834:
830:
826:
817:
814:
807:
803:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
754:
750:
746:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
714:camaldulensis
711:
708:
704:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
680:
679:
677:
669:
660:
658:
654:
650:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
556:
555:
554:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
524:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
471:camaldulensis
468:
459:
454:
450:
447:
441:
437:
434:
429:
424:
420:
417:
411:
407:
404:
401:
400:camaldulensis
396:
392:
389:
383:
379:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
357:
356:
355:
353:
349:
344:
342:
338:
334:
325:
322:
320:
316:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
278:
270:
262:
254:
250:
247:
243:
239:
235:
234:river red gum
231:
230:
220:
215:
213:
207:
204:
203:Binomial name
200:
196:
195:
190:
187:
186:
183:
182:
178:
175:
174:
171:
168:
165:
164:
161:
158:
155:
154:
151:
148:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
129:
128:
125:
122:
119:
116:
115:
112:
111:Tracheophytes
109:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
87:
82:
78:
72:
67:
56:
52:
47:
44:
40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2930:
2910:
2897:
2875:. Retrieved
2865:
2853:. Retrieved
2845:
2839:
2832:
2813:
2807:
2795:. Retrieved
2788:
2765:
2743:
2725:
2719:
2711:
2690:. Retrieved
2676:
2670:
2664:
2656:
2647:
2641:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2600:(1): 16–27.
2597:
2593:
2570:22 September
2568:. Retrieved
2561:
2553:
2541:. Retrieved
2534:
2530:
2522:
2507:
2501:
2497:
2490:
2481:
2442:
2439:
2432:
2423:
2418:
2406:. Retrieved
2401:
2395:
2391:
2384:
2372:. Retrieved
2365:
2358:
2346:. Retrieved
2339:
2332:
2316:
2292:
2278:; Hall, N.;
2268:Boland, D.J.
2250:
2246:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2221:
2209:. Retrieved
2202:
2198:
2191:
2179:. Retrieved
2172:
2168:
2161:
2149:. Retrieved
2142:
2138:
2131:
2119:. Retrieved
2112:
2108:
2101:
2089:. Retrieved
2082:
2078:
2071:
2059:. Retrieved
2052:
2048:
2041:
2029:. Retrieved
2022:
2018:
2011:
1999:. Retrieved
1993:
1986:
1974:. Retrieved
1967:
1960:
1948:. Retrieved
1938:
1923:
1917:
1895:. Retrieved
1888:
1881:
1869:. Retrieved
1862:
1854:
1842:. Retrieved
1835:
1831:
1795:. Retrieved
1788:
1765:. Retrieved
1758:
1751:
1739:. Retrieved
1725:
1719:
1713:
1705:
1681:
1672:
1645:Mountain ash
1637:
1628:
1619:Trees portal
1533:Barcoo River
1419:Adult leaves
1401:
1351:
1327:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1295:
1282:
1272:
1265:
1258:
1251:
1239:
1215:
1185:An image of
1184:
1178:
1172:
1167:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1142:
1119:
1110:
1087:
1058:
1053:Edward River
1045:Murray River
1041:
1020:
1016:
1012:Cadell Fault
1009:
1006:Cadell Fault
993:
990:
986:
979:
960:
953:
929:South Africa
896:South Africa
883:
881:
872:
861:
854:
842:
838:
833:Edward River
828:
812:
811:
805:
782:
759:
748:
738:Hunter River
713:
706:
683:
675:
674:
648:
647:
637:
633:
625:
621:
617:
613:
605:
601:
597:
593:
585:
577:
569:
557:
552:
547:
539:
534:and in 1856
531:
521:
509:
501:
499:
470:
464:
452:
448:
439:
435:
422:
418:
409:
405:
399:
390:
381:
377:
371:M.W.McDonald
362:
358:
347:
345:
340:
332:
331:
323:
289:
288:
233:
228:
227:
226:
211:
209:
193:
192:
180:
143:
130:
117:
104:
38:
18:
3267:NatureServe
3179:iNaturalist
2955:Wikispecies
2855:10 December
2692:11 November
1944:"Tree risk"
1859:Hill, Ken.
1741:11 November
1493:Yarra River
1024:Yorta Yorta
924:restoration
804:Subspecies
781:Subspecies
758:Subspecies
747:Subspecies
712:Subspecies
705:Subspecies
682:Subspecies
568:), aper or
367:Ian Brooker
285:Description
264:Flower buds
124:Angiosperms
3489:Eucalyptus
3478:Categories
3355:Plant List
3005:Calflora:
2390:"NT Flora
1697:References
1682:The Murray
1666:References
1650:Alpine ash
1638:Eucalyptus
1629:Eucalyptus
1467:Trunk bark
1383:Kings Park
1255:newspapers
1166:humans of
1156:beekeeping
1097:improve it
975:receptacle
933:California
904:Bangladesh
776:Queensland
692:Queensland
634:kunjumarra
626:kunjumarra
518:Cavanilles
483:Condobolin
294:lignotuber
181:Eucalyptus
3360:kew-72616
3135:200014774
3104:FloraBase
3015:Cal-IPC:
2814:Eucalypts
2797:26 August
2728:(red gum)
2509:FloraBase
2321:W 0003122
2173:refulgens
1925:FloraBase
1489:Billabong
1394:Galleries
1334:Moulamein
1225:talk page
1101:verifying
956:operculum
916:Galapagos
795:Carnarvon
783:refulgens
657:Kimberley
566:Anmatyerr
440:refulgens
315:operculum
244:, and is
242:Myrtaceae
188:Species:
170:Myrtaceae
94:Kingdom:
3433:VicFlora
3425:22101716
3420:Tropicos
3293:NSWFlora
3272:2.143883
3259:61909812
3220:10583009
3207:592777-1
3052:eFloraSA
2940:Wikidata
2877:18 April
2785:(2005).
2342:Schltdl"
2253:: 10–14.
2241:rostrata
2229:(1956).
2203:simulata
1655:Snow gum
1627:List of
1605:See also
1362:Victoria
1338:Riverina
1151:forest.
888:Portugal
806:simulata
791:Gascoyne
766:and the
742:Victoria
630:Warlpiri
622:piipalya
582:Kaytetye
562:Alyawarr
491:holotype
453:simulata
310:pedicels
306:peduncle
166:Family:
160:Myrtales
137:Eudicots
71:IUCN 3.1
3306:NTFlora
3158:3176197
3039:Ecocrop
2946:Q162822
2543:5 April
2533:subsp.
2500:subsp.
2394:subsp.
2374:4 April
2348:4 April
2211:4 April
2201:subsp.
2181:4 April
2171:subsp.
2151:4 April
2141:subsp.
2121:4 April
2111:subsp.
2091:4 April
2081:subsp.
2061:4 April
2051:subsp.
2031:4 April
2021:subsp.
2001:4 April
1976:4 April
1950:4 April
1897:4 April
1871:4 April
1844:4 March
1834:subsp.
1797:4 April
1767:4 April
1631:species
1563:, near
1491:on the
1350:in the
1269:scholar
1095:Please
982:ovaries
937:Jamaica
912:Ecuador
856:Hollows
820:Ecology
787:Pilbara
764:Top End
694:to the
655:of the
649:Dimilan
638:ngapiri
602:pipalya
598:ngapiri
586:aylpele
458:Kleinig
451:subsp.
438:subsp.
428:Blakely
421:subsp.
408:subsp.
398:subsp.
380:subsp.
361:subsp.
319:capsule
298:petiole
272:Flowers
246:endemic
176:Genus:
156:Order:
98:Plantae
69: (
3412:2950-1
3399:156637
3368:PLANTS
3347:505234
3334:117679
3318:NZOR:
3246:502465
3145:EUCCAM
3142:FoIO:
3096:175985
3070:301398
2998:254213
2969:APDB:
2820:
2791:Dehnh"
2450:
2408:7 July
2396:obtusa
2370:. APNI
2344:. APNI
2304:
2143:obtusa
2113:minima
1972:. APNI
1688:
1599:, NSW.
1271:
1264:
1257:
1250:
1242:
1149:Barmah
1069:Timber
971:pollen
967:anther
963:stamen
945:Hawaii
943:, and
914:, the
906:, the
760:obtusa
749:minima
606:yitara
423:obtusa
410:minima
395:Dehnh.
369:&
219:Dehnh.
150:Rosids
3445:WoI:
3407:SANBI
3373:EUCA2
3285:34316
3233:22596
3215:IRMNG
3194:13214
3191:IPA:
3184:64128
3171:15867
3117:FoAO2
3091:EUNIS
3083:EUCCM
3031:3BPQQ
2985:94050
2972:16466
2783:CSIRO
2724:CABI
2502:arida
2443:]
2053:arida
2023:acuta
1640:trees
1455:Seeds
1443:Fruit
1276:JSTOR
1262:books
941:Spain
900:Spain
846:snags
835:, NSW
707:arida
684:acuta
618:itara
614:apara
594:itara
578:apere
382:arida
363:acuta
304:on a
302:axils
280:Fruit
236:, of
144:Clade
131:Clade
118:Clade
105:Clade
3448:1072
3381:POWO
3311:3791
3280:NCBI
3254:IUCN
3241:ITIS
3202:IPNI
3166:GRIN
3153:GBIF
3109:5580
3078:EPPO
3044:1017
3008:3531
2993:BOLD
2980:APNI
2879:2020
2857:2010
2818:ISBN
2799:2005
2694:2021
2677:2018
2572:2024
2545:2019
2448:ISBN
2410:2018
2376:2019
2350:2019
2302:ISBN
2235:and
2213:2019
2183:2019
2153:2019
2123:2019
2093:2019
2063:2019
2033:2019
2003:2019
1978:2019
1952:2019
1899:2019
1873:2019
1846:2018
1799:2019
1769:2019
1743:2021
1726:2019
1686:ISBN
1559:The
1431:Buds
1248:news
1064:Uses
1035:and
878:Weed
866:, a
862:The
728:and
724:and
722:Eyre
636:and
558:aper
479:type
465:The
3456:WFO
3394:RHS
3228:ISC
3130:FoC
3065:EoL
3026:CoL
2681:doi
2629:doi
2602:doi
1730:doi
1597:Hay
1567:in
1231:by
1099:by
774:in
732:in
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690:in
632:),
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576:),
570:per
485:by
43:NSW
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