349:
hypertension than white people. These racial disparity-related risk factors are less conspicuous. Discrimination may have both a direct and indirect effect on hypertension. Chronic stress, like that caused by discrimination, has been linked to a number of health problems. Access to social, financial, and educational resources that can enhance one's health is unequally impacted by racial prejudice. Numerous studies have demonstrated the connection between feeling discriminated against and having elevated blood pressure. In comparison to participants who reported low levels of lifetime discrimination, a study from the
Jackson Heart Study indicated that those people who reported high or medium levels of prejudice were more likely to acquire hypertension. Racial inequities are rarely acknowledged as significant risk factors in the healthcare industry.
335:, providing evidence that genetic loci related to blood pressure contribute to cardiovascular outcomes. Twins have been included in studies measuring ambulatory blood pressure; from these studies it has been suggested that there is a large genetic influence on essential hypertension. Supporting data has emerged from animal studies as well as clinical studies in human populations. The majority of these studies support the concept that the inheritance is probably multifactorial or that a number of different genetic defects each has an elevated blood pressure as one of its
61:
672:
may ask the patient to come into the office on different days and at different times. The health care provider also may ask the patient to check readings at home or at other locations that have blood pressure equipment and to keep a written log of results. The health care provider usually takes 2–3 readings at several medical appointments to diagnose high blood pressure. Using the results of the blood pressure test, the health care provider will diagnose prehypertension or high blood pressure if:
569:
118:
388:
filtration rate is related to aging and this results in decreasing efficiency of sodium excretion. The developing of certain diseases such as renal microvascular disease and capillary rarefaction may relate to this decrease in efficiency of sodium excretion. There is experimental evidence that suggests that renal microvascular disease is an important mechanism for inducing salt-sensitive hypertension.
145:, which is a common occurrence among the elderly. These readings are based on the average of seated blood pressure readings that were properly measured during 2 or more office visits. In adults, hypertension is considered to be present when a person's blood pressure is consistently at least 140 mmHg systolic or 90 mmHg diastolic. Patients with blood pressures over 130/80 mmHg along with
2101:
404:(BMI) greater than 25. A definitive link between obesity and hypertension has been found using animal and clinical studies; from these it has been realized that many mechanisms are potential causes of obesity-induced hypertension. These mechanisms include the activation of the sympathetic nervous system as well as the activation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system.
357:
An unhealthy diet, which includes excessive consumption of unhealthy food, is a recognized risk factor for hypertension. A balanced diet is recommended for both its prevention and control. Dietary sodium intake also contributes to blood pressure. Approximately one third of the essential hypertensive
348:
In the United States, essential hypertension is four times more common in black than white people, accelerates more rapidly and is often more severe with higher mortality in black patients.There are numerous racial inequities that contribute to black individuals having higher prevalence of essential
318:
Having a personal family history of hypertension increases the likelihood that an individual develops it. More than 50 genes have been examined in association studies with hypertension, and the number is constantly growing. One of these genes is the angiotensinogen (AGT) gene, studied extensively by
671:
For most patients, health care providers diagnose high blood pressure when blood pressure readings are consistently 140/90 mmHg or above. A blood pressure test can be done in a health care provider's office or clinic. To track blood pressure readings over a period of time, the health care provider
339:
expressions. However, the genetic influence on hypertension is not fully understood at the moment. It is believed that linking hypertension-related phenotypes with specific variations of the genome may yield definitive evidence of heritability. Another view is that hypertension can be caused by
362:
into the blood vessels. This causes the arterial pressure to rise as the cardiac output will increase. Local autoregulatory mechanisms counteract this by increasing the vascular resistance to blood flow in order to maintain normal pressure in the capillary blood vessels . As arterial pressure
387:
and lifestyle, and if this is the case, it is likely to be multifactorial. One possible mechanism involves a reduction in vascular compliance due to the stiffening of the arteries. This can build up due to isolated systolic hypertension with a widened pulse pressure. A decrease in glomerular
534:
is associated with cardiovascular risk factors. It has been observed that individuals with a vitamin D deficiency have higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures than average. Vitamin D inhibits renin secretion and its activity, it therefore acts as a "negative endocrine regulator of the
683:
Once the health care provider determines the severity, he or she may order additional tests to determine if the blood pressure is due to other conditions, medications, or if there is primary high blood pressure. Health care providers can use this information to develop a treatment plan.
2069:
Pervichko E, Ostroumova T, Darevskaya M, Perepelova E, Perepelov V, Vartanov A, et al. (2018). "A psychophysiological study ofcognitive disorders in naivemiddle-age patients withuncomplicated essential hypertensionand white matter lesions".
1431:
A Missing Link
Between a High Salt Intake and Blood Pressure Increase: Makoto Katori and Masataka Majima, Department of Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan February 8,
535:
renin–angiotensin system". Hence, a deficiency in vitamin D leads to an increase in renin secretion. This is one possible mechanism of explaining the observed link between hypertension and vitamin D levels in the
2150:
399:
can increase the risk of hypertension to fivefold as compared with normal weight, and up to two-thirds of hypertension cases can be attributed to excess weight. More than 85% of cases occur in those with a
924:"Resistant hypertension: diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment. A scientific statement from the American Heart Association Professional Education Committee of the Council for High Blood Pressure Research"
367:
intake, urinary sodium excretion increases but this higher excretion of salt is maintained at the expense of increased arterial blood pressure. The increased sodium ion concentration stimulates
494:
loops. Insulin resistance can lead to increased arterial stiffening, inappropriate activation of the renin-angiotensin system, and inappropriate activation of the sympathetic nervous system.
358:
population is responsive to sodium intake. When sodium intake exceeds the capacity of the body to excrete it through the kidneys, blood volume will expand due to movement of fluids by
85:
without an identifiable physiologic cause. It is the most common type affecting 85% of those with high blood pressure. The remaining 15% is accounted for by various causes of
319:
Kim et al. They showed that increasing the number of AGT increases the blood pressure and hence this may cause hypertension. In single variant tests, it has been shown that
1781:
618:. The pathophysiology of essential hypertension is an area of research, and until now remains not well understood, but many theories have been proposed to explain this.
435:. Consequently, some hypertensive patients have been defined as having low-renin and others as having essential hypertension. Low-renin hypertension is more common in
1188:
1808:
Lee JH, O'Keefe JH, Bell D, Hensrud DD, Holick MF (December 2008). "Vitamin D deficiency an important, common, and easily treatable cardiovascular risk factor?".
705:
1939:
Sagnella GA, Swift PA (June 2006). "The renal epithelial sodium channel: genetic heterogeneity and implications for the treatment of high blood pressure".
306:
The etiology of hypertension differs widely amongst individuals within a large population. While essential hypertension has no identifiable cause, several
2038:
1782:
Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health (2010),
412:
Excessive alcohol consumption can increase blood pressure over time. Alcohol also contains a high density of calories and may contribute to obesity.
1462:
1257:"Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction"
3018:
1089:
1338:
1041:"Trans-ancestry genome-wide association study identifies 12 genetic loci influencing blood pressure and implicates a role for DNA methylation"
1339:"Prevalence of hypertension in the US adult population. Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1991"
2239:
2812:
629:(TPR) normal; over time cardiac output drops to normal levels but TPR is increased. Three theories have been proposed to explain this:
1788:
How
Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease: The Biology and Behavioral Basis for Smoking-Attributable Disease: A Report of the Surgeon General
2118:
294:
Resistant hypertension is defined as the failure to reduce blood pressure to normal levels following an adequate trial of three
663:
Essential hypertension can lead to impaired white matter of the brain, which is accompanied by specific cognitive impairment.
2584:
1893:
1023:
792:
764:
1604:
Rahmouni K, Correia ML, Haynes WG, Mark AL (January 2005). "Obesity-associated hypertension: new insights into mechanisms".
2589:
883:"Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure"
554:
advises 150 minutes (2 hours and 30 minutes) of moderate-intensity aerobic activity per week to help prevent hypertension.
22:
2165:
594:
is normally dependent on the balance between cardiac output and peripheral resistance. Cardiac output is determined by
443:, and may explain why African Americans tend to respond better to diuretic therapy than drugs that interfere with the
830:
2739:
2356:
2371:
2232:
563:
2690:
320:
264:
142:
679:
A child's blood pressure numbers are outside average numbers for children of the same age, gender, and height.
2502:
332:
89:. Essential hypertension tends to be familial and is likely to be the consequence of an interaction between
2807:
2727:
2432:
2205:
1843:
Forman JP, Giovannucci E, Holmes MD, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Tworoger SS, Willett WC, et al. (May 2007).
1642:
634:
444:
21:"Idiopathic hypertension" redirects here. For the condition of raised blood pressure within the skull, see
1974:
Johnson JA, Turner ST (June 2005). "Hypertension pharmacogenomics: current status and future directions".
1127:
2822:
2817:
2544:
2534:
1366:
626:
583:
1444:
Salt
Sensitivity of Blood Pressure in Humans Myron H. Weinberger Indiana University School of Medicine,
2923:
2574:
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1883:
645:
503:
2094:
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2002:
428:
90:
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2519:
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2176:
328:
150:
146:
60:
2988:
2970:
2452:
2447:
2411:
2381:
551:
507:
371:
and thirst mechanisms, leading to increased reabsorption of water in the kidneys, a concentrated
2960:
2943:
2928:
2769:
2705:
2347:
2248:
1101:
881:
Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL, et al. (December 2003).
86:
3013:
2965:
2710:
2569:
2561:
2529:
2416:
1088:
Kotchen TA, Kotchen JM, Grim CE, George V, Kaldunski ML, Cowley AW, et al. (July 2000).
506:
by nicotine. Chronic tobacco use is also linked to a variety of medical conditions including
295:
1668:
Unger T, Borghi C, Charchar F, Khan NA, Poulter NR, Prabhakaran D, et al. (June 2020).
1142:
2879:
2874:
2678:
2470:
471:
384:
1428:
1337:
Burt VL, Whelton P, Roccella EJ, Brown C, Cutler JA, Higgins M, et al. (March 1995).
8:
2955:
2722:
1918:
1461:
Carrera-Bastos P, Fontes-Villalba M, O'Keefe JH, Lindeberg S, Cordain L (March 9, 2011).
1449:
502:
Smoking directly causes a temporary increase in blood pressure through activation of the
483:
808:
298:. Guidelines for treating resistant hypertension have been published in the UK, and US.
2869:
2779:
2361:
2030:
2018:
1861:
1844:
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Also, some authorities claim that potassium might both prevent and treat hypertension.
455:
1742:
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846:
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For an adult, systolic or diastolic readings are consistently higher than 120/80 mmHg.
641:
and retention of sodium and water. The increase in blood volume leads to hypertension.
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1983:
1956:
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1237:
1208:"Racial differences in hypertension: Implications for high blood pressure management"
1119:
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1019:
991:
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922:
Calhoun DA, Jones D, Textor S, Goff DC, Murphy TP, Toto RD, et al. (June 2008).
904:
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531:
511:
491:
153:
49:
2181:
2034:
1884:
Eva May
Nunnelley Hamilton, Eleanor Noss Whitney, Frances Sienkiewicz Sizer (1991).
1670:"2020 International Society of Hypertension Global Hypertension Practice Guidelines"
1544:
1165:
1039:
Kato N, Loh M, Takeuchi F, Verweij N, Wang X, Zhang W, et al. (November 2015).
862:
2665:
2314:
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2014:
1948:
1886:
Fifth
Edition Annotated Instructor's Edition Nutrition Concepts & Controversies
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1052:
981:
935:
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842:
638:
459:
436:
1189:"Discrimination, high blood pressure, and health disparities in African Americans"
610:. Peripheral resistance is determined by functional and anatomic changes in small
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2487:
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2322:
1460:
1223:
401:
364:
138:
1273:
1256:
1141:
Williams B, et al. (British
Hypertension Society) (2006). Sutters M (ed.).
731:"Essential hypertension - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice"
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1952:
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730:
622:
591:
579:
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324:
122:
1727:"Hypertension in Diabetes: An Update of Basic Mechanisms and Clinical Disease"
1397:
1090:"Genetic determinants of hypertension: identification of candidate phenotypes"
117:
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2774:
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1750:
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182:
130:
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1903:
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568:
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1987:
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133:("heart beats"), showing the definitions of systolic and diastolic pressure
82:
1362:
1282:
1115:
1014:
Loscalzo J, Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL (2008).
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157:
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2001:
Izawa H, Yamada Y, Okada T, Tanaka M, Hirayama H, Yokota M (May 2003).
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599:
336:
54:
2142:
2650:
2391:
2327:
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2266:
2261:
1845:"Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of incident hypertension"
1143:"Hypertension Etiology & Classification – Secondary Hypertension"
822:
710:
331:, coronary heart disease and kidney function in previously published
1298:"Differences in hypertension between blacks and whites: an overview"
1056:
801:
2864:
2466:
2403:
2337:
2288:
2200:
611:
487:
475:
98:
94:
1255:
Haffner SM, Lehto S, Rönnemaa T, Pyörälä K, Laakso M (July 1998).
1166:"Study: Racial discrimination can increase hypertension in blacks"
2104:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
479:
467:
463:
396:
359:
102:
2170:
1295:
2257:
2154:
696:, in the 1940s, little was known about essential hypertension.
519:
515:
424:
2059:
Bello
Inumidun Taofik (2017). diagnosis impact of hypertension
1919:"Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts – Mean Arterial Pressure"
1463:"The western diet and lifestyle and diseases of civilization"
657:
420:
372:
126:
106:
1509:
Kosugi T, Nakagawa T, Kamath D, Johnson RJ (February 2009).
1013:
692:
Prior to the work of
Australian cardiovascular physiologist
383:
Hypertension can also be age-related when associated with a
2633:
1508:
1254:
970:"Genetic basis of hypertension: revisiting angiotensinogen"
880:
652:
It is also known that hypertension is highly heritable and
340:
mutations in single genes, inherited on a Mendelian basis.
177:
1511:"Uric acid and hypertension: an age-related relationship?"
1807:
1603:
550:
Regular physical exercise reduces blood pressure. The UK
1336:
1087:
660:
have been postulated in the etiology of this condition.
1667:
1429:
http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jphs/100/5/370/_pdf
1296:
Lindhorst J, Alexander N, Blignaut J, Rayner B (2007).
431:
of the kidney and indirectly stimulates the release of
137:
Blood pressure is classified as normal blood pressure,
2000:
1038:
921:
706:
Comparison of international blood pressure guidelines
2247:
2132:
828:
759:(Twelfth ed.). Saunders/Elsevier. p. 225.
1009:
1007:
1005:
656:(caused by more than one gene) and a few candidate
1442:http://hyper.ahajournals.org/content/27/3/481.full
1790:, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
1379:
785:Ferri's clinical advisor 2019 : 5 books in 1
3005:
2119:"World authority on blood pressure: Paul Korner"
2097:. National Institutes of Health. March 24, 2022.
1002:
478:. Its main purpose is to regulate the levels of
2095:"Diagnosis of High Blood Pressure - NHLBI, NIH"
1910:
1561:Haslam DW, James WP (October 2005). "Obesity".
829:Messerli FH, Williams B, Ritz E (August 2007).
97:factors. Hypertension can increase the risk of
16:Medical condition without an identifiable cause
1556:
1554:
1380:Mills KT, Stefanescu A, He J (February 2020).
967:
963:
961:
959:
757:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology
423:elevation is another risk factor. Renin is an
2233:
2003:"Prediction of genetic risk for hypertension"
1994:
1973:
1967:
1938:
1810:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
375:, and thirst with a higher intake of water.
1932:
1289:
1212:The American Journal of the Medical Sciences
625:is raised early in the disease course, with
1560:
1551:
1330:
1248:
956:
915:
323:were enriched for variants associated with
2813:Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency
2240:
2226:
1016:Harrison's principles of internal medicine
59:
1976:Current Opinion in Molecular Therapeutics
1860:
1758:
1724:
1693:
1637:
1635:
1526:
1478:
1405:
1382:"The global epidemiology of hypertension"
1313:
1272:
1231:
1186:
1163:
1105:
1064:
985:
939:
898:
1916:
1205:
1140:
648:, leading to increased stress responses.
567:
462:, can also contribute to hypertension.
116:
1467:Research Reports in Clinical Cardiology
778:
776:
572:A diagram explaining factors affecting
3006:
2089:
2087:
2085:
1632:
876:
874:
872:
141:, hypertension (stages I and II), and
3019:Medical conditions related to obesity
2585:Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
2221:
782:
525:
474:, which are contained throughout the
288:: American Heart Association (2003).
2590:Generalized essential telangiectasia
968:Dickson ME, Sigmund CD (July 2006).
809:"Hypertension: eMedicine Nephrology"
773:
754:
23:Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
2125:. Fairfax Media. November 30, 2012.
2082:
1261:The New England Journal of Medicine
1134:
869:
748:
545:
13:
2041:from the original on June 18, 2009
2019:10.1161/01.HYP.0000065618.56368.24
1862:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.087288
1725:Jia G, Sowers JR (November 2021).
1618:10.1161/01.HYP.0000151325.83008.b4
1187:Hedgepeth C (September 21, 2020).
987:10.1161/01.HYP.0000227932.13687.60
941:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.189141
900:10.1161/01.HYP.0000107251.49515.c2
723:
557:
14:
3030:
1743:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.121.17981
1686:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15026
1164:Wazlowski S (September 1, 2020).
121:The variation in pressure in the
112:
2740:Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
2099:
1302:Cardiovascular Journal of Africa
2111:
2062:
2053:
1877:
1836:
1801:
1775:
1718:
1661:
1597:
1502:
1454:
1435:
1422:
1373:
1199:
1180:
1157:
1081:
1032:
564:Pathophysiology of hypertension
301:
2691:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
602:; stroke volume is related to
363:increases in response to high
143:isolated systolic hypertension
1:
2503:Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva
2357:Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis
1941:Current Pharmaceutical Design
1575:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67483-1
1515:Journal of Human Hypertension
847:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61299-9
716:
2808:Chronic venous insufficiency
2433:Aortoiliac occlusive disease
1224:10.1097/MAJ.0000000000000308
666:
586:are the two determinants of
296:antihypertensive medications
7:
2823:Inferior vena cava syndrome
2818:Superior vena cava syndrome
2545:Vertebral artery dissection
2535:Intracranial berry aneurysm
1888:. West Publishing Company.
1450:doi:10.1161/01.HYP.27.3.481
1274:10.1056/NEJM199807233390404
699:
627:total peripheral resistance
530:It has been suggested that
450:
313:
160:require further treatment.
10:
3035:
2924:Hypertensive heart disease
2575:Arteriovenous malformation
2550:Familial aortic dissection
1953:10.2174/138161206777585157
1822:10.1016/j.jacc.2008.08.050
1145:. Armenian Medical Network
687:
646:sympathetic nervous system
561:
504:sympathetic nervous system
497:
407:
391:
20:
2979:
2949:Renovascular hypertension
2914:
2905:
2892:Hepatic artery thrombosis
2840:
2800:
2755:
2659:
2641:
2632:
2600:
2560:
2540:Carotid artery dissection
2493:Abdominal aortic aneurysm
2465:
2425:
2402:
2343:Intermittent claudication
2313:
2306:Peripheral artery disease
2304:
2274:
2256:
2191:
2136:
1784:"Cardiovascular Diseases"
1398:10.1038/s41581-019-0244-2
1386:Nature Reviews Nephrology
787:. Elsevier. p. 729.
470:secreted by cells in the
429:juxtaglomerular apparatus
284:
171:
168:
165:
48:
40:
35:
2934:Hypertensive nephropathy
2747:Post-thrombotic syndrome
2728:Paget–Schroetter disease
2520:Coronary artery aneurysm
2498:Thoracic aortic aneurysm
831:"Essential hypertension"
635:Renin–angiotensin system
604:myocardial contractility
445:renin–angiotensin system
415:
378:
2989:Orthostatic hypotension
2971:White coat hypertension
2448:Fibromuscular dysplasia
2412:Carotid artery stenosis
1355:10.1161/01.HYP.25.3.305
1018:. McGraw-Hill Medical.
606:and to the size of the
552:National Health Service
508:coronary artery disease
352:
343:
79:idiopathic hypertension
2961:Pulmonary hypertension
2944:Secondary hypertension
2939:Essential hypertension
2929:Hypertensive emergency
2770:Portacaval anastomosis
2706:Portal vein thrombosis
2348:Critical limb ischemia
2249:Cardiovascular disease
621:What is known is that
576:
310:have been identified.
134:
87:secondary hypertension
71:Essential hypertension
36:Essential hypertension
2966:Systolic hypertension
2711:Renal vein thrombosis
2570:Arteriovenous fistula
2562:Vascular malformation
2530:Intracranial aneurysm
2417:Renal artery stenosis
2123:Sydney Morning Herald
1116:10.1161/01.HYP.36.1.7
584:peripheral resistance
571:
120:
2880:Paradoxical embolism
2875:Cholesterol embolism
2701:May–Thurner syndrome
2696:Budd–Chiari syndrome
2679:Deep vein thrombosis
2674:primarily lower limb
2453:Raynaud's phenomenon
1917:Klabunde RE (2007).
1528:10.1038/jhh.2008.110
1369:on December 5, 2012.
1206:Lackland DT (2014).
735:bestpractice.bmj.com
608:vascular compartment
532:vitamin D deficiency
472:islets of Langerhans
129:(red line) over two
125:(blue line) and the
75:primary hypertension
44:Primary hypertension
2956:Benign hypertension
2072:European Psychiatry
1480:10.2147/RRCC.S16919
1170:The Nation's Health
172:Diastolic pressure
2870:Pulmonary embolism
2780:Esophageal varices
2718:upper limb / torso
2362:Arteriolosclerosis
2192:External resources
1649:. October 23, 2017
1569:(9492): 1197–209.
577:
526:Vitamin deficiency
456:Insulin resistance
169:Systolic pressure
135:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2841:Arteries or veins
2836:
2835:
2661:Venous thrombosis
2628:
2627:
2610:Cherry hemangioma
2510:Aortic dissection
2461:
2460:
2296:Buerger's disease
2215:
2214:
1895:978-0-314-81092-2
1051:(11): 1282–1293.
1025:978-0-07-147691-1
841:(9587): 591–603.
794:978-0-323-53042-2
766:978-1-4160-4574-8
588:arterial pressure
574:arterial pressure
512:pulmonary disease
492:negative feedback
466:is a polypeptide
437:African Americans
292:
291:
265:Isolated systolic
68:
67:
30:Medical condition
3026:
2912:
2911:
2723:Mondor's disease
2666:Thrombophlebitis
2639:
2638:
2315:Arteriosclerosis
2311:
2310:
2272:
2271:
2242:
2235:
2228:
2219:
2218:
2134:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2091:
2080:
2079:
2066:
2060:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2046:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1864:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1762:
1737:(5): 1197–1205.
1722:
1716:
1715:
1697:
1680:(6): 1334–1357.
1665:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1639:
1630:
1629:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1558:
1549:
1548:
1530:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1482:
1458:
1452:
1439:
1433:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1409:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1365:. Archived from
1334:
1328:
1327:
1317:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1276:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1235:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1130:on July 8, 2012.
1126:. Archived from
1109:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1068:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1011:
1000:
999:
989:
965:
954:
953:
943:
919:
913:
912:
902:
878:
867:
866:
826:
820:
819:
817:
815:
805:
799:
798:
783:Ferri F (2019).
780:
771:
770:
752:
746:
745:
743:
741:
727:
639:vasoconstriction
546:Lack of exercise
484:antagonistically
460:hyperinsulinemia
427:secreted by the
213:Prehypertension
163:
162:
64:
63:
33:
32:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2993:
2975:
2901:
2858:Microangiopathy
2853:Macroangiopathy
2832:
2796:
2765:Gastric varices
2751:
2664:
2655:
2624:
2596:
2556:
2488:Aortic aneurysm
2474:
2457:
2443:Erythromelalgia
2421:
2398:
2323:Atherosclerosis
2300:
2264:
2252:
2246:
2216:
2211:
2210:
2187:
2186:
2145:
2131:
2130:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2100:
2093:
2092:
2083:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2044:
2042:
1999:
1995:
1972:
1968:
1947:(18): 2221–34.
1937:
1933:
1923:
1921:
1915:
1911:
1896:
1882:
1878:
1841:
1837:
1816:(24): 1949–56.
1806:
1802:
1793:
1791:
1780:
1776:
1723:
1719:
1666:
1662:
1652:
1650:
1641:
1640:
1633:
1602:
1598:
1559:
1552:
1507:
1503:
1493:
1491:
1459:
1455:
1440:
1436:
1427:
1423:
1378:
1374:
1335:
1331:
1294:
1290:
1253:
1249:
1204:
1200:
1185:
1181:
1162:
1158:
1148:
1146:
1139:
1135:
1107:10.1.1.560.4838
1086:
1082:
1057:10.1038/ng.3405
1045:Nature Genetics
1037:
1033:
1026:
1012:
1003:
966:
957:
920:
916:
879:
870:
827:
823:
813:
811:
807:
806:
802:
795:
781:
774:
767:
755:Hall J (2011).
753:
749:
739:
737:
729:
728:
724:
719:
702:
690:
669:
566:
560:
558:Pathophysiology
548:
528:
500:
453:
441:white Americans
418:
410:
402:Body mass index
394:
381:
365:sodium chloride
355:
346:
329:type 2 diabetes
316:
304:
266:
166:Classification
139:prehypertension
115:
81:) is a form of
58:
31:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3032:
3022:
3021:
3016:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2985:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2920:
2918:
2909:
2907:Blood pressure
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2767:
2761:
2759:
2757:Varicose veins
2753:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2670:
2668:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2647:
2645:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2620:Spider angioma
2617:
2612:
2606:
2604:
2602:Vascular nevus
2598:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2580:Telangiectasia
2577:
2572:
2566:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2522:
2517:
2515:Aortic rupture
2512:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2480:
2478:
2476:pseudoaneurysm
2463:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2408:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2387:Oxycholesterol
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2319:
2317:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2280:
2278:
2269:
2254:
2253:
2245:
2244:
2237:
2230:
2222:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2173:
2162:
2146:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2137:Classification
2129:
2128:
2110:
2081:
2061:
2052:
2013:(5): 1035–40.
1993:
1966:
1931:
1909:
1894:
1876:
1835:
1800:
1774:
1717:
1660:
1631:
1596:
1550:
1501:
1453:
1434:
1421:
1392:(4): 223–237.
1372:
1329:
1288:
1247:
1218:(2): 135–138.
1198:
1193:Harvard Health
1179:
1156:
1133:
1080:
1031:
1024:
1001:
955:
934:(6): 1403–19.
914:
893:(6): 1206–52.
868:
821:
800:
793:
772:
765:
747:
721:
720:
718:
715:
714:
713:
708:
701:
698:
689:
686:
681:
680:
677:
668:
665:
650:
649:
644:An overactive
642:
633:An overactive
623:cardiac output
592:blood pressure
580:Cardiac output
562:Main article:
559:
556:
547:
544:
527:
524:
499:
496:
452:
449:
417:
414:
409:
406:
393:
390:
380:
377:
354:
351:
345:
342:
315:
312:
303:
300:
290:
289:
282:
281:
278:
275:
272:
269:
261:
260:
257:
254:
251:
248:
244:
243:
240:
237:
234:
231:
227:
226:
223:
220:
217:
214:
210:
209:
206:
203:
200:
197:
193:
192:
189:
186:
180:
174:
173:
170:
167:
158:kidney disease
131:cardiac cycles
123:left ventricle
114:
113:Classification
111:
66:
65:
52:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3031:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3009:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2793:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2775:Caput medusae
2773:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2438:Degos disease
2436:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2243:
2238:
2236:
2231:
2229:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2207:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2107:
2106:public domain
2096:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2077:
2073:
2065:
2056:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1989:
1985:
1982:(3): 218–25.
1981:
1977:
1970:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1935:
1924:September 29,
1920:
1913:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1887:
1880:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1855:(5): 1063–9.
1854:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1804:
1789:
1785:
1778:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1721:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1664:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1636:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1557:
1555:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1505:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1430:
1425:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1349:(3): 305–13.
1348:
1344:
1340:
1333:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1292:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1267:(4): 229–34.
1266:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1202:
1194:
1190:
1183:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1160:
1144:
1137:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1084:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1035:
1027:
1021:
1017:
1010:
1008:
1006:
997:
993:
988:
983:
979:
975:
971:
964:
962:
960:
951:
947:
942:
937:
933:
929:
925:
918:
910:
906:
901:
896:
892:
888:
884:
877:
875:
873:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
825:
810:
804:
796:
790:
786:
779:
777:
768:
762:
758:
751:
736:
732:
726:
722:
712:
709:
707:
704:
703:
697:
695:
685:
678:
675:
674:
673:
664:
661:
659:
655:
647:
643:
640:
636:
632:
631:
630:
628:
624:
619:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
596:stroke volume
593:
589:
585:
581:
575:
570:
565:
555:
553:
543:
540:
538:
533:
523:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
495:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
448:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
413:
405:
403:
398:
389:
386:
376:
374:
370:
366:
361:
350:
341:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
311:
309:
299:
297:
287:
283:
279:
276:
273:
270:
268:
263:
262:
258:
255:
252:
249:
246:
245:
241:
238:
235:
232:
229:
228:
224:
221:
218:
215:
212:
211:
207:
204:
201:
198:
195:
194:
190:
187:
184:
181:
179:
176:
175:
164:
161:
159:
155:
152:
148:
144:
140:
132:
128:
124:
119:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
91:environmental
88:
84:
80:
76:
73:(also called
72:
62:
56:
53:
51:
47:
43:
39:
34:
28:
24:
19:
3014:Hypertension
2938:
2916:Hypertension
2828:Venous ulcer
2734:
2717:
2685:
2673:
2643:Inflammation
2524:
2483:
2372:Hyperplastic
2333:Fatty streak
2276:Inflammation
2199:
2175:
2164:
2149:
2122:
2113:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2055:
2043:. Retrieved
2010:
2007:Hypertension
2006:
1996:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1922:. Retrieved
1912:
1885:
1879:
1852:
1849:Hypertension
1848:
1838:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1792:, retrieved
1787:
1777:
1734:
1731:Hypertension
1730:
1720:
1677:
1674:Hypertension
1673:
1663:
1651:. Retrieved
1646:
1643:"Prevention"
1609:
1606:Hypertension
1605:
1599:
1566:
1562:
1518:
1514:
1504:
1492:. Retrieved
1470:
1466:
1456:
1446:Hypertension
1445:
1437:
1424:
1389:
1385:
1375:
1367:the original
1346:
1343:Hypertension
1342:
1332:
1308:(4): 241–7.
1305:
1301:
1291:
1264:
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1215:
1211:
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1192:
1182:
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1169:
1159:
1147:. Retrieved
1136:
1128:the original
1097:
1094:Hypertension
1093:
1083:
1048:
1044:
1034:
1015:
980:(1): 14–20.
977:
974:Hypertension
973:
931:
928:Hypertension
927:
917:
890:
887:Hypertension
886:
838:
834:
824:
812:. Retrieved
803:
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738:. Retrieved
734:
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682:
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549:
541:
537:blood plasma
529:
501:
482:in the body
454:
419:
411:
395:
385:western diet
382:
356:
347:
317:
308:risk factors
305:
302:Risk factors
293:
285:
267:hypertension
136:
83:hypertension
78:
74:
70:
69:
27:
18:
2981:Hypotension
2525:head / neck
2377:Cholesterol
2267:capillaries
1794:February 8,
1695:10394/34842
1612:(1): 9–14.
1521:(2): 75–6.
1494:February 9,
1149:December 2,
1100:(1): 7–13.
694:Paul Korner
433:aldosterone
191:kPa (kN/m)
41:Other names
3008:Categories
2897:Vasculitis
2887:Thrombosis
2848:Angiopathy
2792:Varicocele
2785:Hemorrhoid
2615:Halo nevus
2471:dissection
2262:arterioles
2182:D000075222
717:References
616:arterioles
600:heart rate
337:phenotypic
242:12.0–13.2
236:18.7–21.2
225:10.8–11.9
219:16.1–18.5
55:Cardiology
2651:Phlebitis
2392:Trans fat
2328:Foam cell
2284:Arteritis
2251:(vessels)
1751:0194-911X
1704:0194-911X
1653:April 11,
1591:208791491
1473:: 15–35.
1102:CiteSeerX
711:DASH diet
667:Diagnosis
654:polygenic
637:leads to
325:adiposity
280:<12.0
208:8.0–10.5
50:Specialty
2865:Embolism
2467:Aneurysm
2404:Stenosis
2338:Atheroma
2289:Aortitis
2258:Arteries
2201:Orphanet
2039:Archived
2035:18017653
2027:12654703
1988:15977418
1961:16787251
1904:22451334
1871:17372031
1830:19055985
1769:34601960
1712:32370572
1626:15583075
1583:16198769
1545:20887832
1537:18754017
1416:32024986
1324:17940670
1242:24983758
1124:10904005
1075:26390057
996:16754793
950:18391085
909:14656957
863:26414121
855:17707755
740:July 30,
700:See also
612:arteries
490:through
488:glucagon
476:pancreas
451:Diabetes
314:Genetics
247:Stage 2
233:140–159
230:Stage 1
216:120–139
202:12–15.9
154:diabetes
109:events.
99:cerebral
2686:abdomen
2367:Hyaline
2045:June 9,
1760:8516748
1489:3231706
1407:7998524
1363:7875754
1315:4170224
1283:9673301
1233:4108512
1176:(7): 5.
1066:4719169
814:June 5,
688:History
590:and so
498:Smoking
480:glucose
468:hormone
464:Insulin
458:and/or
408:Alcohol
397:Obesity
392:Obesity
360:osmosis
277:<90
199:90–119
196:Normal
185:(kN/m)
103:cardiac
95:genetic
2206:243761
2171:145500
2078:: 114.
2033:
2025:
1986:
1959:
1902:
1892:
1869:
1828:
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1647:nhs.uk
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1563:Lancet
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994:
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861:
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835:Lancet
791:
763:
520:stroke
518:, and
516:cancer
425:enzyme
286:Source
274:≥18.7
259:≥13.3
253:≥21.3
239:90–99
222:80–89
205:60–79
151:Type 2
147:Type 1
105:, and
57:
2801:Other
2634:Veins
2484:torso
2426:Other
2031:S2CID
1587:S2CID
1541:S2CID
1485:S2CID
1448:1996
859:S2CID
658:genes
486:with
439:than
421:Renin
416:Renin
379:Aging
373:urine
271:≥140
256:≥100
250:≥160
188:mmHg
156:, or
127:aorta
107:renal
77:, or
2735:head
2265:and
2177:MeSH
2166:OMIM
2047:2009
2023:PMID
1984:PMID
1957:PMID
1926:2008
1900:OCLC
1890:ISBN
1867:PMID
1826:PMID
1796:2024
1765:PMID
1747:ISSN
1708:PMID
1700:ISSN
1655:2018
1622:PMID
1579:PMID
1533:PMID
1496:2021
1432:2006
1412:PMID
1359:PMID
1320:PMID
1279:PMID
1238:PMID
1151:2007
1120:PMID
1071:PMID
1020:ISBN
992:PMID
946:PMID
905:PMID
851:PMID
816:2009
789:ISBN
761:ISBN
742:2020
614:and
598:and
582:and
353:Diet
344:Race
333:GWAS
321:SNPs
178:mmHg
93:and
2382:LDL
2160:I10
2151:ICD
2076:48S
2015:doi
1949:doi
1857:doi
1818:doi
1755:PMC
1739:doi
1690:hdl
1682:doi
1614:doi
1571:doi
1567:366
1523:doi
1475:doi
1402:PMC
1394:doi
1351:doi
1310:PMC
1269:doi
1265:339
1228:PMC
1220:doi
1216:348
1112:doi
1061:PMC
1053:doi
982:doi
936:doi
895:doi
843:doi
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369:ADH
183:kPa
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